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  • Springer  (44,784)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (44,784)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (44,784)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (44,784)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale du développement de grandes larves ayant hiverné, chez 4 espèces deMyrmica. Utilisant une gamme de températures de 15°C à 25°C, nous avons montré que: 1. Il n'y a pas de différences entre les espèces quant à l'effet de la température sur les durées de développement. Toutes suivent le modèle: log. durée de développement =a-b T°C, avec la même valeur pour b. Ceci donne un Q10 effectif d'environ 3,1. Ce résultat est en accord avec les estimations de respirométrie chez les ouvrières de fourmis. 2. Les valeurs de a diffèrent de façon significative entre la plupart des espèces, ce qui confirme la différence intrinsèque que nous avions démontrée à la température constante de 22,5°C dans un précédent travail. Les durées de développement larvaire peuvent être ainsi classées, de la plus rapide à la plus lente:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. etMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. A toutes les températures, il faut 1,5 fois plus de temps àM. sabuleti qu'àM. ruginodis pour qu'une grande larve ayant hiverné se transforme en nymphe blanche. 3. Nous n'avons pas observé de grandes différences dans la survie des larves et la production des reines, aux températures utilisées dans nos expériences. La plupart des espèces survivent le mieux à 22°C environ. 4. Les résultats sont brièvement discutés en fonction de la distribution écologique des 4 espèces dans le Sud de l'Angleterre. 5. Nous discutons les effets possibles d'un régime de température variable. Nous suggérons que l'amplitude des variations peut ne pas avoir un effet important alors que la périodicité des variations pourrait avoir un effet plus important.
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature upon the development of large hibernated larvaæ of fourMyrmica species has been tested experimentally. Over the viable temperature range of 15–25°C, it was found that: 1. There are no differences between the species in the effect of temperature upon development times. All fit the model log Dev. time=a-b T°C with a common value for b. This gives an effective Q10 of about 3.1 which agrees with respirometrical estimates for worker ants. 2. The value for the intercept (a) differs significantly between most species confirming the intrinsic difference that has been demonstrated at a constant 22.5°C in previous work. The development times of larvæ can be ordered from fastest to slowest being:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl.,Myrmica rubra L.,Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. andMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. At any temperature it takesM. sabuleti about 1.5 times as long asM. ruginodis to grow from a large hibernated larva to a white pupa. 3. No large differences in larval survival or gyne production could be detected between the temperature treatments. There was an indication that most species, survived best at about 22°C. 4. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the ecological distribution of the four species in the South of England. 5. The possible effects of a fluctuating temperature regime are discussed, it is suggested that the amplitude of fluctuations may not have any great effect whereas the periodicity could be more important.
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 40 Ameisenarten werden mitgeteilt. Für 22 Arten wird zusätzlich der Karyotyp vorgelegt. Die haploiden Chromosomenzahlen bewegen sich zwischen n=8 und n=26. Bemerkenswert sind die Karyotypen der GattungLasius. Diese Karyotypen besitzen, abgesehen von einem oder zwei mediozentrischen Paaren, ausschliesslich acrozentrische Chromosomen. Alle übrigen Karyotypen bestehen überwiegend aus medio- bzw. submediozentrischen Chromosomen. In der GattungCamponotus entspricht die Gruppierung in Untergattungen auch einer Gruppierung von unterschiedlichen Chromosomenzahlen. Für die GattungenAphœnogaster undLeptothorax gilt diese Entsprechung nicht.
    Notes: Summary The chromosome numbers of 40 ant species are reported. For 22 species the karyotypes as well as the chromosome numbers are presented. The chromosome numbers range between n=8 and n=26. Remarkable karyotypes are those of the genusLasius in exhibiting mainly acrocentric chromosomes. In all other karyotypes the majority of chromosomes show medio- or submediocentric centromere position. Differences in chromosome numbers in the genusCamponotus reflect the grouping in subgenera with the exception ofTanœmyrmex. This pattern is not true for the generaAphœnogaster andLeptothorax, where a variety of chromosome numbers were found in the different subgenera.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 210-220 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Density effects inEublaberus distanti have been tested upon larvæ in groups of 20, 100 and 500 individuals. Increased density leads to higher larval mortality, particularly in young larvæ, a larger difference between slow development and rapid development, and a decrease in adult size. Density effects in cockroaches can be explained in terms of population dynamics comparable to phasic modifications of desert Locusts.
    Notes: Resume Les effets de la densité ont été testés sur des lots de larves de l'espèceEublaberus distanti, lots de 20, 100 et 500 individus par 615 cm2. Lorsque la densité augmente, la mortalité larvaire s'accroit, surtout chez les larves jeunes. L'augmentation de densité accentue les différences entre individus à développement rapide et développement plus lent, de même qu'elle implique une réduction de taille chez les adultes. Les effets de la densité s'expliquent par la dynamique de la régulation des populations de Blattes, comparable aux modifications phasaires des Acridiens migrateurs.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Volk vonHarpagoxenus sublœvis wurde in einem naturnahen Habitat künstlich angesiedelt. Am 7. und 8. Juli 1981, zwischen 2015 und 2130 MEZ, konnte erstmalig unter Freilandbedingungen das Locksterzelverhalten ergatomorpher Jungweibchen in Nestnähe beobachtet werden. Gleichzeitig fand am 7. Juli ein Sklavenraubzug desHarpagoxenus-Volkes auf ein benachbartesLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius)-Nest statt. Das bisher nur aus Laborbeobachtungen bekannte Sexualverhalten wird somit unter Freilandbedingungen in gleicher Form gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary A colony ofHarpagoxenus sublœvis was artificially established in a near-natural habitat. The sexual calling behavior of young ergatomorphic queens was observed for the first time under field conditions on July 7 and 8 1981, between 2015 and 2130 Central European Time. Simultaneously, on July 7, theHarpagoxenus colony conducted a slave raid on a neighboring nest ofLeptothorax acervorum (Fabricius). Previously the sexual behavior was known only from laboratory studies, these observations now show that it is performed in an identical manner under natural conditions.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author proposes a new method of marking (with wire rings) which renders possible the individual identification of all the members of the colony.
    Notes: Resume L'auteur propose une nouvelle méthode de marquage, au moyen de ceintures de métal, permettant d'identifier chaque membre de la société.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the antCataglyphis cursor, four categories of workers can be defined: minim, small, medium, large and very large. In each category, the workers are able to lay reproductive eggs and to produce, by parthenogenesis, queens, males and new workers of all sizes. Medium sized workers show the higher productivity. Average egg size and fecundity are related to workers size. All eggs seem able to develop. Difference between workers appear more quantitative than qualitative; the monophasic polymorphism of this species corresponds to this biological resemblance.
    Notes: Resume Chez la fourmiCataglyphis cursor, on peut définir 4 catégories d'ouvrières: minimes, petites, moyennes, grandes et très grandes. Dans chaque catégorie, les ouvrières sont capables de pondre et de produire par parthénogenèse, des reines, des mâles et de nouvelles ouvrières de toutes tailles. Les ouvrières moyennes présentent la plus forte productivité. La grosseur moyenne des œufs et la fécondité varient avec la taille des ouvrières; tous les œufs semblent capables de se développer. Les différences entre ouvrières apparaissent donc davantage comme quantitatives que qualitatives; le polymorphisme monophasique de l'espèce correspond bien à cette similitude biologique.
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  • 7
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les reines du frelon oriental sont agressives l'une envers l'autre au début de la saison active, pendant les mois de mai, juin et juillet: elles défendent leur “Lebenraum” à l'intérieur du nid et ne permettent à aucune autre reine de pénétrer dans leur territoire. A cette période, toute rencontre de 2 reines, dans le nid de l'une ou dans tout autre endroit, déclenche un comportement agressif mutuel. Le combat qui s'ensuit peut durer des heures et dans son déroulement, si l'une des reines défait l'autre elle la pique au cou jusqu'à la mort. Cependant, dans de nombreux exemples, le combat n'apporte pas de solution: les combattants épuisés se retirent avant de reprendre le combat. D'autres fois, l'une des reines peut réussir à mutiler sa rivale en amputant l'extrémité de ses pattes. La reine estropiée abandonne le combat en adoptant une posture d' “infériorité” à l'égard du vainqueur et en offrant de la nourriture. Nous avons décrit en détail les différentes phases du combat entre les reines mises par deux.
    Notes: Summary Queens of the Oriental hornet are aggressive towards one another in the beginning of the active season, during the months of May, June and July: they defend their “Lebenraum” within the nest and do not enable any other queen to enter their territory. At that period any encounter between two queens, whether within the nest of the one or anawhere else, releases mutual aggressive behavior. The ensuing combat may last for hours and in its course, if the one queen beats the other, it stings it to death in the neck. In many instances, however, the combat remains unresolved and the exhausted combatants withdraw to recuperate before resuming their battle. At other times, one of the queens may succeed in maiming its rival by amputating the tips of its limbs at which point the disabled queen concedes the fight by assuming an “inferior” posture towards the victor and making a food offering. The various phases in the combat between queen pairs are described in detail.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les distributions de trois «formes», en réalité des espèces jumelles d'Iridomyrmex purpureus furent étudiées près de Morgan en Australie du Sud, où la précipitation annuelle est de 230 mm. La dispersion des colonies a été décrite en détail pour une «forme bleue» et pour la formepurpureus sens. strict. qui existait dans cette région bien au-delà de ses limites pour les basses précipitations. Une colonie exceptionnellement grande d'I. purpureus couvrait un territoire de 10 ha: comprenant plus de 85 nids, elle avait plus de 1 500 entrées individuelles. Nous avons décrit les interactions entre les ouvrières des différentes formes, et leurs interactions au sein et entre les colonies de la même forme. La totalité de la faune de fourmis de la région et les faunes qui accompagnaient les différentes espèces d'Iridomyrmex furent étudiées au moyen de récoltes faites à la main et de piègeages dans des fosses. La diversité (abondance d'espèces) et la présence d'espèces de fourmis sans adaptations particulières sont liées au type de végétation et auxIridomyrmex associées. Les prises dans les pièges suggérant que le nombre d'individus et le nombre d'espèces d'autres taxons actifs à la surface du sol, en particulier les collemboles, sont affectés par le nombre de fourmis, en particulier les espèces d'Iridomyrmex et d'autres fourmis sans adaptations particulières. Au niveau évolutif, lesIridomyrmex influencent aussi la faune associé. On a noté la présence d'araignées zodariides présentant un mimétisme de couleur par rapport aux espèces presque identiques d'I. purpureus, dont ils sont des prédateurs. Nous avons noté et discuté des cas possibles de mimétisme d'I. purpureus par des fourmis du genreCamponotus.
    Notes: Summary The distributions of three “forms”, actually sibling species, of meat ant were studied near Morgan, South Australia, an area with mean annual rainfall of 230 mm. Colony dispersion is described for a “blue form” and for formpurpureus sens. strict. which occurs in this locality far beyond its normal low rainfall limit. An unusually large colony ofpurpureus had a territory covering 10 ha with more than 85 nests and over 1,500 individual nest entrances. Worker interactions between forms, and within and between colonies within forms are described. The ant fauna of the locality as a whole and the faunas accompanying differentIridomyrmex species were investigated by means of hand collections and pitfall trapping. Diversity (species — richness) and the occurrence of widely adapted ant species are related to vegetation type and associatedIridomymex. Catches of pitfall traps suggested that the numbers of individuals and species of other taxa active on the soil surface, predominantly Collembola, were affected by numbers of ants, particularlyIridomyrmex species and other, widely adapted ants.Iridomyrmex also influence associated fauna at an evolutionary level. The presence of zodariid spiders which are sibling species-specific colour mimics and predators of meat ants is noted. Possible cases of mimicry of meat ants by ants of the genusCamponotus are recorded and discussed.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fat body ; Basement membrane ; Ageing ; Transplantation ; Monoclonal antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hemocytes oftu-Sz ts melanotic tumor larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster encapsulate heterospecific and surface-modified homospecific tissue implants, but do not encapsulate unmodified homospecific implants (R. Rizki and Rizki 1980). In the present study we usedtu-Sz ts hosts to assay changes in larval fat body surfaces during development. Donor fat bodies from various ages of larvae were accepted (remained unencapsulated) intu-Sz ts hosts whereas fat bodies from donors with everted spiracles and all subsequent stages of development that were tested were rejected (encapsulated). Since the demarcation between acceptance and rejection by thetu-Sz ts blood cells did not coincide with the gross morphological changes that appear in the fat body during metamorphosis (dissolution of the basement membrane and dispersal of the freed fat body cells at pupation), we compared acceptable and nonacceptable fat body surfaces by three other methods. Fat body surface ultrastructure was examined, fat bodies were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins, and fat body surfaces were reacted with a monoclonal antibody specific for basement membrane. These approaches did not uncover fat body surface changes associated with eversion of the anterior spiracles, suggesting that recognition of tissue surface heterogeneities by the insect hemocytes exceeds the resolving power of the other three methods. However, the monoclonal antibody fails to bind to the basement membrane ofD. virilis larvae, whose fat body is always rejected intu-Sz ts hosts. This supports our suggestion that the molecular architecture of the basement membrane may be important in eliciting the encapsulation response.
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  • 10
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra carnea ; Fertilization ; Sperm-egg interactions ; Site-specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization in the freshwater hydrozoanHydra carnea has been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sperm penetrate the jelly coat which covers the entire egg surface only at the site of the emission of the polar bodies. The egg surface exhibits a small depression, the so called fertilization pit at this site. Sperm-egg fusion takes place only at the bottom of the fertilization pit.Hydra sperm lack a structurally distinct acrosome and in most of the observed cases, fusion was initiated by contact between the membrane of the lateral part of the sperm head and the egg surfacce. Neither microvilli nor a fertilization cone are formed at the site of gamete fusion. The process of membrane fusion takes only a few seconds and within 1 to 2 min sperm head and midpiece are incorporated in the egg. Electron dense material is released by the egg upon insemination but cortical granule exocytosis does not occur and a fertilization envelope is not formed. The possible polyspermy-preventing mechanisms in hydrozoans are discussed. Hydra eggs can be cut into halves whereupon the egg membranes reseal at the cut edges and the fragments assume a spherical shape. Fragments containing the female pronucleus can be inseminated and exhibit normal cleavage and development. The observation that in such isolated parts the jelly coat will not fuse along the cut edges was used to determine its role in site-specific gamete fusion. These experiments indicate that site-specificity of gamete fusion can be attributed to special membrane properties at the fertilization pit.
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  • 11
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Budding ; Polarity ; Positional information ; Ascidian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the polysteelid ascidian,Polyandrocarpa misakiensis, buds can arise at any antero-posterior positional level around the basal margin of a functional zooid. In this study, each bud was cut into anterior and posterior halves along its proximo-distal axis. When an anterior half was combined with a posterior half from a higher (more posterior) level, the future zooid developed the same anteroposterior polarity as a normal bud. When the same operation was performed with a posterior half from a lower (more anterior) level, the antero-posterior polarity was inverted, resulting in a reversed body asymmetry (situs inversus viscerum). Bud polarity depended not on the size or the growth stage of the fragmented buds, but on the difference in parental positional levels from which respective buds to be fused had originated. Surgically constructed doublehalf buds developed a single polarity instead of a pattern reduplication. Insertion experiments with bud pieces showed that the gap between the positional levels was recognized at the proximal region of operated buds. The results of this study are inconsistent with the predictions of the polar coordinate model for pattern formation. It is concluded that a parent zooid possesses antero-posterior position-specific potential for determining bud polarity.
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  • 12
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tunicamycin ; Exogastrulation ; Neural induction ; Cell permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bufo arenarum eggs at late blastula and gastrula were treated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycoprotein glycosylation, to investigate its effects on morphogenesis and neural induction. Because of the low permeability of the amphibian egg to a number of drugs, the blastocoel was opened surgically prior to treatment. Almost all of the eggs treated with the antimetabolite, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, from late blastula stage for 24h exhibited exogastrulation. The effect is dose- and stage-dependent as shown by the lower proportion of exogastrulae obtained when eggs are treated at a lower concentration (5 μg/ml) or after the onset of gastrulation. Treatment with the antimetabolite did not interfere with neural induction, as partial exogastrulae developed a small neural tube. The most striking biochemical effect was an enhanced uptake of glucose, mannose and leucine. The incorporation of mannose into acid-insoluble material was severely inhibited by tunicamycin, with a concomitant decrease of leucine incorporation into the acid-soluble pool.
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  • 13
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 51-51 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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  • 14
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Immunofluorescence ; Telotrophic Meroistic Ovary ; Postribosomal Particles ; Insect Oogenesis ; Early Insect Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During previtellogenesis, the oocytes of the telotrophic meroistic ovary ofDysdercus are provided with ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles by the nurse cells. At the end of vitellogenesis, the oocyte itself becomes active as shown by autoradiography. The proteins synthesized by the oocyte are stored in cytoplasmic postribosomal particles which are preformed by the tropharium. The proteins of these particles were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gels and their endogenous oocyte proteins revealed by fluorography. The synthesis, transport, and storage of the postribosomal particles are demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. The young oocytes of previtellogenic follicles show a diffuse distribution of these particles. In late vitellogenesis, fluorescence becomes more and more concentrated in spots throughout a distinct region in the middle part of the oocyte. Thus, in freshly laid eggs, the periplasm is free of fluorescence. During migration of the cleavage nuclei the postribosomal particles were shifted into the cortex. Fluorescence is then most intense in the periplasmic region. During blastoderm formation, however, fluorescence decreases.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gastropoda ; Mesoderm induction ; Dorsoventral polarity ; Epigenetics ; Mosaic/regulative development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In equally cleaving gastropods, the interactions between micromeres and macromeres involved in the determination of the mesentoblast mother cell (3D) were studied by changing the spatial arrangement of the micromeres by deleting one first quartet micromere or its progeny. A fixed relation was found between the deletion site and the place of origin of 3D; therefore, a fixed relation also exists in the configuration of the three remaining first quartet micromeres and the 3D. These results argue against the possibility that the animal-vegetal interactions do not choose between macromeres, but only permit the expression of a choice already made in another way and at another moment. The results are consistent with a stochastic model in which accidental differences between the macromeres in the number or extent of contacts with first quartet micromeres play a discriminating role during micromere — macromere interactions, that lead to 3D determination. Embryos which lack a given first quartet micromere show a total absence of regulation in the larval head pattern; only the cephalic plates show regulative abilities while forming the adult head structures. Therefore, in later stages new activating and restraining factors seem to play a part in the head development.
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  • 18
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; Pattern formation ; Differentiation markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The appearance and spatial distrubution of ultrastructural markers ofDictyostelium discoideum differentiation were quantitatively analysed. Our results combined with data from the literature on the functions of cells at various stages of development lead to the following conclusions. When food is no longer available all amoebae initially develop an autophagic apparatus in order to sustain metabolism. After slugs have been formed, autophagy is suppressed in the prespore cells. During aggregation a number of cells gradually form prespore characteristics. These cells arise at random but later they become located in the basal part of the tip-forming aggregate. From the early slug stage onwards, cells of the posterior two third region gradually enter into the prespore pathway. During prolonged slug migration the optimal acquirement of prespore characteristics is blocked. Cells of the anterior region show no active differentiation but they maintain the morphology and most of the functions of aggregating cells. At the rear-guard of the slug and later on in the basal region of the maturing fruiting body, a second anteriorlike region appears. Actual stalk cell differentiation takes place only at the apex and at the base of the developing fruiting body.
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  • 19
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Polychaeta ; Typosyllis ; Reproduction ; Endocrine control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When exposed to a “winter” light-temperature cycle, reproduction in the polychaeteTyposyllis prolifera is inhibited by a hormone from the proventriculus. When exposed to a “summer” cycle, worms show periodic reproduction following an endogenous lunar rhythmictiy. The endocrine system mediating the stimulation of reproduction by summer conditions, was studied by extirpation and transplantation of prostomium and/or proventriculus. A previously unknown prostomial hormone was found to play a major role in this process. Summer conditions induce a temporary endocrine activity in the prostomium. This homone probably does not act directly on peripheral targets, but stimulates reproduction by inactivating the proventricular endocrine system. The experimental evidence of a hierarchic neuroendocrine system governing reproductive activity in syllid polychaetes is discussed.
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  • 20
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Fetal human brain ; Acetylcholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlative histological, histochemical and biochemical investigations on laminar compartments from four different areas of fetal human neopallium at 28 weeks of gestation revealed discrete distribution of gangliosides in the cerebral wall. Highest level of total ganglioside concentration was found in the layers of cortical anlage (cortical plate and “subplate layer”) which are concomittantly characterized by highest activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and which are known to be involved in intensive synaptogenesis at this stage of cortical development. In three of four areas the proportion of GD1a — ganglioside from total ganglioside amount tended to increase and that of GT1b to decrease from inside (ventricle) to outside (cortical anlage) throughout the cerebral wall.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 120-129 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Intracellular inhibition ; Polar lobe-Polychaeta ; Embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The embryo ofSabellaria cementarium (Polychaeta) forms a polar lobe at each of the first two cleavage divisions which becomes absorbed into one of the blastomeres at the end of the division. Lobe removal experiments show that the polar lobe preceding first cleavage is necessary for the development of the apical tuft and the posttrochal region of the trochophore larva. The polar lobe preceding second cleavage is smaller than the first polar lobe and is necessary only for post-trochal region development. In blastomere isolation experiments, isolates containing the C but not the D blastomere form apical tufts. Isolates containing the D but not the C blastomere do not form apical tufts. When the polar lobe preceding second cleavage is removed and the C and D blastomeres are separated and raised in isolation, each can form an apical tuft. When the second cleavage is equalized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) such that both the C and the D blastomeres receive second polar lobe material, no apical tuft is formed. These results suggest that apical tuft determinants are distributed to both the C and D blastomeres at second cleavage but that the second polar lobe contains an inhibitor for apical tuft formation which is shunted to the D blastomere after the completion of second cleavage.
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  • 22
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vegetalizing factor ; Inducer concentration ; Incubation time with inducer ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (Xenopus laevis) has been treated with vegetalizing factor using the sandwich technique, varying the period of incubation and the inducer concentration. The pattern of induced tissues depends on three factors: the inducer concentration, the size of inducer pellet and the time of exposure of ectodermal target cells to inducer. Short treatment with inducer will result in the formation of blood cells and heart structures. An increase in incubation time or inducer concentration, or both, will cause the formation of increasing amounts of such dorsal mesodermal structures as pronephros, somites and notochord. Neural structures can only be observed in explants with considerable amounts of somites and notochord. Ectoderm treated with high concentrations of vegetalizing factor for the whole period of competence will differentiate into endoderm. Furthermore, the results show thatX. laevis ectoderm does not show any autoneuralizing tendency under our experimental conditions. It therefore seems to be a suitable tool for the study of primary embryonic induction.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse embryogenesis ; Cytochalasin B ; Polyploid ; Chromosome replication ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cleavage of fertilized mouse eggs was prevented during cytochalasin B incubation and consequently these eggs became tetraploid the following day during in vitro culture. When the eggs were cultured further in normal medium, they cleaved and gave rise to tetraploid blastocysts. Protein synthesis was analysed in these embryos at different developmental stages using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein synthesis pattern of one-cell tetraploid eggs was intermediate between those of normal one- and two-cell embryos. Tetraploid two-cell embryos expressed protein sets equivalent to those of untreated four-cell embryos, and tetraploid four-cell embryos synthesized proteins similar to those of four- to eight-cell controls. At subsequent pre-implantation stages the asynchrony was no longer detectable. When fertilized eggs were cultured continuously in the presence of cytochalasin B, they became tetraploid, octoploid and more and more polyploid without cleavage occurring. The protein synthesis patterns expressed by these one-cell polyploid eggs did not resemble that of normal fertilized eggs, but were similar to those of cleaving control embryos and blastocysts of equivalent age and nuclear division. These results strongly suggest that in early mouse embryos stage-specific translation is temporally correlated with chromosome replication (karyokinesis) and independent of cell division (cytokinesis) or cell interaction.
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  • 24
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 152-158 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Calliphora ; Fat body ; RNA polymerase ; Ecdysteroids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vivo labelling of RNA polymerases I and II with S35-methionine shows that ecdysterone causes a de novo synthesis of both enzymes in nuclei of fat body cells inCalliphora 3rd instar larvae. Binding experiments with H3-α-amanitin demonstrate that the concentration of RNA polymerase II molecules increases two- to threefold within 3 h after ecdysterone treatment. The enhanced polymerase concentration coincides with an enhanced enzymatic activity and an increase in RNA synthesis in response to ecdysteroids.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Embryonic induction ; Epithelial cell differentiation ; Organ culture ; Immunoperoxidase
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    Notes: Summary Undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymes, when grown in transfilter contact with an inductor tissue, differentiate into epithelial kidney tubules. The segregation of these tubules into the different segments of the nephron was studied. In explants grown in continuous transfilter contact with the inductor, immunohistological and histochemical markers specific for the glomerular epithelial, proximal tubule, and distal tubule cells appeared by 4 1/2 to 5 days, 4 days, and 5 days of culture, respectively. Electron microscopy confirmed segmentation of the tubules: Avascular glomeruli with glomerular basement membrane material, proximal tubules with brush border formation, and distal tubules were revealed in the explants after 5 days of culture. A short (18 h) transfilter induction pulse, followed by a prolonged subculture in the absence of the inductor, resulted sulted in the formation of only a small number of tubules in about half of the explants while the rest remained undifferentiated. These scarce tubules showed the markers specific for the proximal tubules only. The segregation of all three aspects of the nephron seems to be programmed during the transfilter culture, but apparently the time needed for the induction of the different segments varies.
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  • 26
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: RNA synthesis ; Early insect embryogenesis ; Nucleotide pools
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The total amount of ATP and UTP was measured in embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster andBruchidius obtectus at different development stages. The pool-sizes were measured by their ability to enhance poly(AU) synthesis in an in vitro test, using RNA polymerase ofE. coli, poly-d(AT), ATP, and3H-UTP. In embryos ofD. melanogaster, the amount of UTP decreased from 4.5 pmoles/ embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to 2 pmoles at later stages. The ATP pool decreased from 14 pmoles/ embryo to 6 pmoles at the same developmental stages. In embryos ofB. obtectus, the UTP pool expanded from about 1 pmole/embryo during cleavage and early blastoderm to about 3 pmoles during gastrulation and organogenesis. Much more ATP was found inB. obtectus embryos: during fertilization 23 pmoles/embryo were found. At late syncytial blastoderm stages the amount of ATP rose to about 50 pmoles/embryo. At cellular blastoderm stages and during gastrulation only 26 pmoles/embryo of ATP were found. During organogenesis the ATP pool decreased to about 14 pmoles/embryo.
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  • 27
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pattern formation ; Molecular asymmetries ; Mirror-image doublets ; Cortical pattern ; Ciliate
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mirror-image doublets of the hypotrich ciliateParaurostyla weissei were induced by modifying culture conditions. Successive steps of doublet formation involve inhibiting the separation of daughter cells during cell division and the shifting of these to attain a parallel configuration. The posterior part of the adoral band of membranelles in the right component then turns to the left and fuses with the distal terminal of the membranellar band in the left component. In effect, part of the adoral band and some of the paroral membranelles become apposed upside down, and the paroral membranelles of the right component are located on the left side of the adoral membranelles. A new site of oral primordium formation is initiated at the junction of the two oral apparatuses, the ciliature of which is arranged in a mirror-image pattern. During further cortical reorganization, the whole body ciliature of the right component becomes organized as a mirror-image of the normal left component. Both components of the doublet show the same ultrastructure of body ciliature and lack the right marginal cirri; the symmetry-reversal half, however, possesses multiple rows of left marginal cirri. The individual adoral membranelles and paroral membranelles in the symmetry-reversal component are rotated anteroposteriorly. Some aspects of the patterning of cortical structures are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 222-227 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Silkmoth chorion ; Transcription ; Northern analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones for two distinct families ofBombyx mori chorion protiens, Class A (m2774) and Class Hc (m5000), were used to study the developmental regulation of specific chorion mRNAs. Individual follicles from maturing ovarioles were assayed by Northern blotting techniques and amino acid pulse-labeling to determine concomitant RNA accumulation and protein synthesis patterns with a temporal resolution of 2.2–2.6 h of developmental age. RNAs hybridizing to the two cloned chorion sequences at high criterion showed distinctive, non-overlapping patterns of accumulation during the middle-late and very late stages of choriogenesis. Moreover, the periods of expression of these RNAs coincided exactly with the synthetic periods of two distinct subsets of chorion proteins, one containing Class A and B components, and the other containing Class Hc components alone. These results suggest that chorion gene transcription and translation are tightly coupled.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Cleavage cycle ; Gastrulation ; Asymmetry ; Time-lapse cinematography
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The animal and the vegetative side of 15 embryos ofXenopus laevis were studied from the 5th cleavage to gastrulation by means of time-lapse cinematography. The duration of cleavage cycles, defined for the embryo as a whole as the period between the earliest blastomere divisions of one cycle to those of the next, varies quite a lot between individual embryos, both with respect to synchronous and lengthened cycles. Cycle lengthening may start at either cycle 10, 11 or 12. Cycle 13 deviates from the individual rhythm, and moreover its duration is inversely correlated with the period elapsing from the beginning of this cycle to the onset of gastrulation which occurs in cycles 14 or 15. In each cleavage cycle, the regional sequence of first blastomere divisions is visible on films as a “cleavage wave” runming over the animal cap. The direction of the waves varies in different embryos during the synchronous period but begins to change from cycle 10 onwards, resulting in a similar direction in most embryos prior to gastrulation: from the ventral/left to the dorsal/right half. This change reflects an asymmetry in the lengthening of the cycles in the animal cap: more dorsally than ventrally, and more on the right than on the left. The possible significance of the results for the timing of gastrulation and for the pattern of the future embryo is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell fusion ; Oogenesis ; Somatic nurse cells ; Dipteran insect
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formation of the oocyte-nurse chamber complex in the cecidomyid insectMycophila speyeri was studied in situ and in vitro by electron microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. At the end of the oogonial divisions each oogonium passes through a mitotic division with incomplete cytokinesis. This division gives rise to two sister cells, a prospective nurse cell and the oocyte, which remain connected by an intercellular bridge. In two phases of nurse chamber formation, first four and then (usually) one or two ovarian cells of mesodermal origin fuse with the prospective nurse cell. This results in a syncytial nurse chamber containing one germ-cell-derived nucleus and a varying number of mesoderm-cell-derived nuclei. In two subsequent fusion steps, two mesodermal cells fuse with the oocyte, giving rise to an oocyte containing one large and two small nuclei. Thus, four fusion steps lead to the formation of the complete oocyte-nurse chamber complex. Characteristics of the cell fusions are: (1) in each case one or more somatic cell(s) fuse with a germ-line cell and (2) cell contact between the fusing cells is established by the somatic cell, which approaches the germ-line cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 248-255 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Ooplasmic segregation ; Polar Lobe ; Cell surface ; cytochalasin B
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofSabellaria alveolata specific morphogenetic determinants are segregated into the vegetal part of the egg which is constricted off to form a polar lobe during the first cleavages. Segregation is supposed to take place during meiosis. In this paper we describe the appearance of a patch of small blebs at the vegetal pole of the eggs after both the first and the second meiotic division and after the first cleavage, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy. We investigated the possible functional relationship between the segregation process and the modulation of the surface architecture at the vegetal pole by treating the eggs with cytochalasin B during meiosis. As a result, both the appearance of the blebs and the development of lobe-dependent structures in the larva are suppressed. From this result it is argued that cortical processes at the vegetal pole are likely to be involved in the segregation of morphogenetic determinants.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. A3 
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  • 33
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Determination ; Mesoderm ; Dorsal marginal zone ; Cynops
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stepwise process of the formation and determination of mesoderm inCynops pyrrhogaster was analyzed. The presumptive ectoderm (PE) of the early gastrula was transformed into mesoderm within 12 h when transplanted into the upper half of the dorsal marginal zone of the same stage. The self-differentiation capacity and the neural-inducing activity of this newly mesodermized PE (MPE) were examined by both isolation and sandwich cultures. The MPE showed self-differentiation for notochord and muscle in the isolation culture. In the sandwich culture, the MPE made contact with the PE of the successive gastrula stages. The MPE was capable of inducing neural tissues even in the PE of the mid-gastrula, which has high neural competence but loses it within a short period of 6 h. These results show that firstly the mesodermization of the PE is completed within 12 h and secondly both the self-differentiation capacity and the neural-inducing activity are established immediately after the mesodermization of the PE.
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  • 34
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitamin A (Retinoic acid) ; Chick embryo ; Integument Morphogenesis ; Ptilopody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intra-amniotic injection of 125 μg of retinoic acid to 10-day old chick embryos causes the formation of feathers on the scales of the anterior face of the tarsometatarsus. The early effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the chick foot integument have been studied between 12 h and 72 h following RA injections by two methods. Firstly, sequential fixation in glutaraldehyde and then osmium tetroxide to follow the early changes at the macroscopical and ultrastructural levels. Secondly, sequential grafts of contralateral samples on to chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of nontreated chick embryos to test their morphogenetic performance and to determine the minimum time for RA to take effect. Results show that during the first 24 h RA causes morphological changes of both epidermal and dermal cells in almost half of the injected embryos. In particular, the dermal-epidermal junction is transformed from scale-type into feather-type. However, the development of grafted samples shows that feather morphogenesis is irreversibly undertaken only 24 to 48 h after the treatment. At this stage, roundish feather-like placodes are formed instead of the normal rectangular, scale placodes. The scales, the formation of which has been temporarily inhibited, resume their development between 48 h and 72 h after the the injection, proximally to the feather buds, so that feathers are finally carried by the distal tips of the scales.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellin ; Yolk granule ; Yolk protein ; Silkworm ; Embryogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vitellin was purified from eggs of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, by a new method in which vitellin was extracted from isolated yolk granules. The purified vitellin had a molecular weight of 540,000. An antibody against purified vitellin was prepared in rabbits. It reacted with the hemolymph vitellogenin as well as with purified vitellin, but not with other proteins in the hemolymph or in the extract from yolk granules. The anti-vitellin IgG was used to immunocytochemically locate vitellin in theBombyx non-diapause egg during early developmental stages. In the egg, just after oviposition, vitellin was located in internal yolk granules and in small yolk granules of the periplasm. During the early developmental stages studied, vitellin was not metabolized uniformly throughout the egg. The vitellin of the internal yolk granules located at the posterior-dorsal part and of the small peripheral yolk granules was utilized in 16 h and 2 days, respectively, after oviposition. A thin, very vitellin-poor layer was located between the periplasm and the vitellin-rich interior in the newly laid egg. it was always in close contact with the periphery where blastoderm and germ-band cells developed.
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  • 36
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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  • 37
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Digestive tract ; Endoderm ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-differentiation potency of the endoderm of the chick embryo was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. Endodermal fragments isolated from 4- to 6-day stomach or small intestine were cultured in the absence of mesenchyme and were able to differentiate in vitro into organ-specific epithelia. Endodermal fragments isolated from the stomach region differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium with periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm, while those from the small intestinal region differentiated into a simple columnar epithelium with a striated border which was positive in alkaline phosphatase activity. These features are comparable with those of the mucous secretory epithelium of the normal embryonic stomach and the absorptive epithelium of normal embryonic small intestine, respectively. Next, the self-differentiation potencies were investigated of the upper and lower layers of the blastoderms, at stages 1–5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (H. and H.). Both stomach-type and small-intestine-type epithelia developed only when fragments of the lower layer isolated from the blastoderms older than stage 3 of H. and H. were cultured, suggesting that cells possessing the potency to differentiate into the stomach- and small-intestine-type epithelia exist in the definitive endoderm at the beginning of its formation.
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  • 38
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 189-195 
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    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Embryo Metabolism ; Protein biosynthesis ; Ovary ; Growth and development egg yolk
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    Notes: Summary The accumulation of endogenously synthesized non-yolk proteins, and of exogenously derived yolk, was quantitated during oogenesis and embryogenesis ofDrosophila. Rates of non-yolk protein accumulation were calculated, and were correlated with polysome content at each developmental stage. Three distinct phases of non-yolk protein accumulation were observed: 1) relatively slow accumulation, lasting to stage 9 of oogenesis; 2) very rapid accumulation between stages 10 and 12 of oogenesis, when half of the protein of the mature egg is accumulated in less than 4 h; and 3) no further protein accumulation from stage 12 of oogenesis through at least the gastrula stage of embryogenesis. During phases 1 and 2, rates of non-yolk protein accumulation correlate well with the polysome content of egg chambers. Surprisingly, during the entire phase 3 the content of polysomes remains at high levels, even though no detectable protein accumulation occurs. This finding is in agreement with the low levels of protein synthesis that have been measured during early embryogenesis, and strongly suggests that late in oogenesis the efficiency of translation suddenly drops by about 20-fold. Moreover, our results imply that polysome content cannot always be directly correlated with protein synthetic activity.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Balbiani ring ; Cell-free translation ; Chironomus messenger RNA ; Secretory proteins
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    Notes: Summary Cell-free translation of salivary gland RNA or of purified Balbiani ring RNA (75S) in a reticulocyte lysate system gives rise to high molecular weight translational products (HMTP). In addition to a common size (approx. 1×106 daltons) HMTP share imunogenic determinants with the giant secretory proteins of salivary glands. This suggests that HMTP correspond to in vivo secreted proteins and thus, corroborates the notion that 75S-RNA is the messenger for these proteins. The time course of HMTP synthesis and the lack of appearance of lower molecular weight components as translational products of 75S-RNA indicate that the synthesis of HMTP (and of secretory proteins) occurs in one piece by an uninterrupted process. HMTP are regarded the largest polypeptides so far synthesized in a cell-free system.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Laminin ; Skin ; Scale morphogenesis
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    Notes: Summary Collagen types I and III were purified from the skin of 3-or 7-week-old chickens, collagen type IV from bovine skin or EHS mouse tumour, fibronectin from human serum, and laminin from EHS mouse tumour. Antibodies were produced in rabbits or sheep, and used in indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of 9-to 16-day-old normal or mutant (scaleless) chick-embryo foot skin. In normal scale-forming skin and inscaleless skin, the distribution of anti-laminin and anti-type IV collagen label was uniform along the dermal-epidermal junction and showed no stage-related variations, except for fluorescent granules located in the dermis of early scale rudiments. By contrast, in normal scale-forming skin, the density of anti-types I and III label decreased in the dermis within scale rudiments, whereas it gradually increased in interscale skin. Conversely, anti-fibronectin label accumulated at a higher density within scale rudiments than in interscale skin. In the dermis of thescaleless mutant, anti-types I and III label and antifibronectin label were distributed evenly: the density of anti-collagen label increased with age, while that of antifibronectin decreased and almost completely vanished in 16-day-old skin, except around blood vessels. The microheterogeneous distribution of some extracellular matrix components, namely interstitial collagen types I and III and fibronectin, is interpreted as part of the morphogenetic message that the dermis is known to transmit to the epidermis during the formation of scales. The even distribution of these components in mutantscaleless skin is in agreement with this view. Basement membrane constituents laminin and type-IV collagen do not appear to be part of the dermal morphogenetic message.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
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    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
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    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Leafhopper egg ; Combination of germ anlage parts ; Test for regeneration
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immerging U-shaped germ bands of the leafhopperEuscelis plebejus were cut twice by constriction in order to combine the anterior and posterior ends of the embryo. Although these terminal parts fused in a number of cases, no intercalary regeneration was observed. In addition, the experiments revealed that constriction during anatrepsis (germ anlage extension) causes gaps of varying size in the abdominal part of the segment pattern. The data suggest that “differential adhesion” between yolk cells and the surface of the germ anlage might play a part in the immersion of the germ anlage into the yolk.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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  • 45
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Adenylate cyclase ; cAMP phosphodiesterase ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.1.) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) (E.C. 3.1.4.17.) in the ectoderm of the developmental stage 4 chick embryo was studied. Adenylate cyclase was localized in the lateral surfaces of the ectodermal cells. In the primitive streak cells the enzymatic activity was observed on all the lateral surfaces, whereas in the periphery of the blastoderm the reaction product was localized in the apical parts of the lateral plasma membranes only. cAMP PDE localized in the apical cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells, with highest activity in the globular projections.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 45-47 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neuralizing factor ; Transmission ; Mesoderm ; Extracellular material ; Triturus embryo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The neural plates of very early neurula stages of Triturus alpestris were removed, the material which is released from the extracellular space between mesoderm and neural plate to the medium in which the embryos were dissected was isolated and extracted with phenol. The protein isolated from the phenol layer showed neural inducting activity. Proteoglycans isolated from the aqueous layer did not show such inducing activity. These results together with previously published experiments (Wilhelm Roux's Arch 184: 285–299) suggest that a neuralizing factor which is released from the mesoderm acts on the inner surface of the overlying dorsal ectoderm.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell Surface ; Drosophila melanogaster ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; protein changes ; Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila cell lines have provided popular material for study of the mechanisms by which steroid hormones regulate cellular events. Previous investigations at the organismic or organ level have suggested that ecdysteroids are bound by a cytoplasmic receptor, and that the resulting complex translocates to the nucleus where it results in active transcription of a few genes. The protein products of these primary responding genes then modulate a larger series of secondary transcriptional changes. In cultured cells, other investigators have detected the hormonally-induced synthesis of only 4–5 new polypeptides through 72 h of treatment. Although these proteins may represent the gene products associated with the primary response, this small number of changes is surprising in view of the rapid morphological alteration of the cells and changes in such surface-mediated behavior as substrate adhesion and agglutinability observed within the same time interval. In this report, we show that lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination followed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography provide an effective protocol for visualizing cell surface proteins of a Drosophila cell line. Among the more than 175 labeled species detected, comparisons of control cells with those treated by 20-hydroxyecdysone for 72 h shows at least 27 differences. We interpret these differences as the result of the secondary transcriptional response to the hormone.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra ; Morphogen ; Inhibitor I ; Head inhibitor ; Foot inhibitor
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    Notes: Summary A fraction has been purified from crude extracts ofHydra, termed inhibitor I, which inhibits budding as well as head and foot regeneration. This fraction has been proposed by others to contain (at least) two substances, a head inhibitor (HI) and a foot inhibitor (FI), which preferentially inhibit head and foot regeneration respectively. The present study indicates that the reported fractionation is an artefact produced by the chromatographic procedure used. Substances can be eluted from virgin Dowex 50 which preferentially inhibit head regeneration. These substances are formed in the resin if left standing in its hydrogen form. Further, we have not been able to confirm that the extract from heads preferentially inhibits head regeneration and the extract from feet preferentially inhibits foot regeneration. Rather it appears that the inhibitor I is contained both in the head and in the foot.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Self and non-self recognition ; Follicle cells ; Ascidian
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-sterility ofHalocynthia roretzi from Mutsu Bay, Japan, was examined. This sterility is strict and not a single egg can be fertilized in self-sterile animals. Less than 2% of the animals were self-fertile (with 100% cross-fertility). All heterologous sperm can fertilize all eggs, although there are pairs of individuals in which the coelomocytes recognize each other as self. Eggs deprived of follicle cells cannot be fertilized by either autologous or heterologous spermatozoa. Detached autologous or heterologous follicle cells can reattach to the chorion in calcium-enriched sea water and the reconstituted eggs recover their ability to be fertilized. A “mosaic egg” can therefore be obtained, which consists of oocyte, test cells and chorion originating from one individual and follicle cells from another. The “mosaic egg” was used to determine the site of recognition of self and non-self. The results indicate that the recognition resides in the chorion and/or test cells, probably the chorion. The relationship between somatic alloreactivity, previously found in coelomocytes ofH. roretzi, and gamete reactivity is discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Genital disc ; Compartments ; Evolution
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    Notes: Summary The genital imaginal disc ofDrosophila differentiates the terminalia, i.e. the genitalia and analia, of both sexes. It represents a composite anlage, containing a female genital primordium, a male genital primordium and an anal primordium. In normal males and females, only one of the two genital primordia differentiates; the other is developmentally repressed. Therefore, cell-lineage relationships between the male and female genital primordia can only be studied in sexual mosaics which differentiate female and male cells. We producedMinute (M)‖non-Minute(M+) gynandromorphs and selected those with sexually mosaic terminalia for a cell-lineage analysis. In these mosaics, either the male (XO) or female (XX) cells wereM + and thus had a growth advantage. The differential growth rates served as a tool to detect clonal restrictions. In control gynandromorphs (M +‖M +), the amount of female genitalia differentiated was largely independent of the amount of male genitalia present. In contrast, male and female anal structures, as a rule, added up to one full set. The same was true for the experimentalM‖M + gynandromorphs, but the contribution ofXX andXO cells to mosaic terminalia changed drastically due toM + cells competing successfully against the more slowly growingM cells. Specific subsamples ofM‖M + gynandromorphs showed thatM cells in a non-mosaic primordium are shielded from cell competition taking place in the neighbouring mosaic primordium. We conclude that the three primordia of the genital disc represent developmental compartments. In the genital primordia, even developmentally repressedM + cells compete successfully against developmentally activeM cells.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 119-120 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les résultats sont établis à partir d'expériences concernant l'action de la reine sur la croissance et le développement des grosses larves hivernantes appartenant à 6 espèces deMyrmica. Elles montrent que: - Chez toutes les espèces, les reines empêchent le développement des «gynes» (jeunes reines non fécondées) à partir des grosses larves et tendent à diminuer le temps qui s'écoule entre le début de la croissance et la nymphose. - Le mécanisme de reconnaissance et d'inhibition des larves sexuées a été déjà étudié en détail chezMyrmica rubra L. parM.V. Brian. Il est actuellement démontré que ce mécanisme est commun à toutes les espèces deMyrmica; le développement des larves sexuées de chacune des espèces peut être supprimé par l'action des reines et des ouvrières de n'importe quelle autre espèce. - les larves des différentes espèces se développent à des vitesses différentes, quelle que soit l'espèce des ouvrières nourrices. De la plus rapide à la plus lente, on trouve le plus souvent:Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. (à la fois les variétésmacrogyna et microgyna), Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl.,M. rubra, Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. etMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. - Les espèces peuvent être rangées dans le même ordre quand elles élèvent des larves appartenant à la même espèce, quelle que soit cette espèce. Cela montre qu'il s'agit d'une caractéristique propre à la fois aux larves et aux ouvrières nourrices.
    Notes: Summary The results are given from experiments on the effect of a queen upon the growth and development of large hibernated larvæ of six species ofMyrmica. These show that: - In all the species queens suppress the development of gynes (young unfertilised queens) from large larvae and tend to decrease the time between onset of growth and pupation. - The mechanism by which workers recognise and suppress gyne potential larvæ has been studied in detail previously forMyrmica rubra L. byM.V. Brian. This is now shown to be the same in the other commonMyrmica species; larvæ of any species can be suppressed by the queens and workers of any other species. - The larvæ of the different species develop at different rates regardless of the species of the workers rearing them. The larvæ rank:—Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. (both vars.,macrogyna andmicrogyna), Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl.,M. rubra, Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. andMyrmica sabuleti Meinert—in order from the fastest to the slowest grower. - The species also rank in this order when they all rear the same larval species, regardless of the species of larvæ, showing that this is a trait of the nurse workers as well as a trait of the larvæ.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 123-133 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The large ponerine antPachycondyla tridentata possesses 28 abdominal dermal complex glands, inclusive the poison gland and the atrophied Dufour's gland. This is the maximal number of abdominal glands ever found in ants and other hymenoptera. Most of them are intersegmental complex glands and glands which are associated with the sting apparatus. On the other hand, the Dufour's gland is atrophied to a small amount of cells restricted to the base of the aculeus (Maschwitz et al., 1981). Intersegmental tergal and sternal glands of various size were found between the IIIrd and IVth, IVth and Vth, Vth and VIth, and between the VIth and VIIth abdominal tergites and sternites. Tergo-sternal glands are located at the junction of the tergite and sternite in each gaster segment. In addition we found intersegmental dorsolateral and lateroventral glands between the IVth and Vth, Vth and VIth and between the VIth and VIIth abdominal sternites and tergites. With exception of the Janet's gland (tergal gland, ab. tergite VI/VII, pygidial gland sensuKugler, 1978) distinct reservoirs are lacking. At the ventral glands S2 (sternites IV/V) and S3 (sternites V/VI) we found enlarged intersegmental membranes, which can be used as a reservoir. Well developed epithelial glandular cells were found on the Vth and VIth abdominal sternites. Here the epithelial layers are sunked into a depression of the sternites. Other, less developed epithelial glandular cells are situated on both sides of the VIIth abdominal sternite. Glands which are associated with the sting apparatus were found at the spiracular plates, at the triangular plates, at the quadrate plates, in the gonostyli and on the base of the gonostyli. There are two types of gland cells in the gonostyli, some single gland cells, each drained by a cuticular ductule, and epithelial glandular cells. In the smallPachycondyla tesserinoda these glands are partly lacking. The functions of the glands are unknown. They probably do not all produce pheromones.P. tridentata is extremely hard sclerotized. Because of this, these glands possibly have to grease the intersegmental area, for a better mobility of the ant. This would not exclude pheromonal or further functions. Further comparative investigations on strongly sclerotized ants are planned.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die große PonerinePachycondyla tridentata verfügt über 28 abdominale Hautdrüsen, einschließlich der Gift- und der Dufourdrüse. Das ist das Maximum an Abdominaldrüsen, das bisher bei Ameisen und auch bei anderen Hymenopteren gefunden wurde. Die Dufourdrüse ist dagegen bis auf wenige Zellen im Aculeus atrophiert. Die meisten dieser Drüsenorgane finden sich intersegmental zwischen den Abdominalsegmenten und den Skleriten des Stachelapparates. Komplexdrüsen unterschiedlicher, Größe liegen tergal wie sternal zwischen dem III. und IV., IV. und V., V. und VI. und VI. und VII. Abdominalsegment. Nahe den Tergit- und Sternitecken finden sich z. T. große, hier als Tergosternaldrüsen bezeichnete Ansammlungen von Drüsenzellen. Zusätzlich sind Drüsenorgane dorsolateral und lateroventral zwischen dem IV. und V., V. und VI. sowie zwischen dem VI. und VII. Abdominalsegment angelegt. Die Sekrete dieser Organe gelangen über die abführenden Kanäle nach außen. Mit Ausnahme bei der Janetschen Drüse fehlen distinkte Reservoire. Bei den ventralen Drüsen S1 (Segment IV/V) und S3 (Segment V/VI) sind Ansätze zu einem Reservoir vorhanden. Weiterhin befinden sich zwei Epitheldrüsen auf dem V. und VI. Abdominalsternit. Beide sind in der Form eines Ovals fenstherähnlich indie Sternite eingesenkt. Eine weitere epitheliale Drüse befindet sich zu beiden Seiten des VII. Abdominalsternits. Drüsen innerhalb der Stachelkammer fanden wir an den Spirakularplatten, an den Triangulären Platten, an den Quadratischen Platten, in den Stachelscheiden und auf der Stachelscheidenbasis. Der nahe verwandten kleinenPachycondyla tesserinoda fehlt ein Teil dieser Drüsen. Die Funktionen der neuaufgefundenen Drüsenorgane sind unbekannt. Sicherlich haben sie nicht alle Pheromon- oder Allomonfunktionen.P. tridentata zeichnet sich durch ein besonders hart sklerotisiertes Integument aus. Die Sekrete dieser Drüsen könnten als “Schmierdrüsen” fungieren, zur besseren Beweglichkeit des Abdomens und des Stachelapparates. Dies schließt pheromonale oder andere Funktionen nicht aus. Weitere Untersuchungen an hart sklerotisierten Ameisenarten sind geplant.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume On décrit pour la première fois chez le mâle deParischnogaster nigricans serrei (Du Buysson) etP. mellyi (Saussure), des glandes tégumentaires monocellulaires situées au bord antérieur du troisième tergite gastral. Le rôle de la sécrétion produite par ces glandes pourrait être lié à l'exhibition de bandes blanches abdominales relatives à la stratégie d'accouplement de ces espèces.
    Notes: Summary Tegumental glands, described for the first time, clustered along the anterior margin of the third gastral tergite of maleParischnogaster nigricans serrei (Du Buysson) andP. mellyi (Saussure) produce a secretion whose function may be connected with the white stripes display and mating system of these species.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 443-454 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Lorsque des reines vierges de la fourmi de feu sont soustraites à l'influence de la phéromone inhibitrice produite par la reine, elles perdent leurs ailes plus facilement en présence d'ouvrières qu'en leur absence. Lorsqu'elles sont isolées pendant 72 heures après la levée de l'inhibition, un nombre significativement plus grand de reines vierges ayant hiverné perdent leurs ailes, par rapport aux reines vierges élevées au printemps. Toutefois, les nombres d'individus perdant leurs ailes en présence d'ouvrières sont similaires. Après désinhibition, quelques reines vierges immatures perdent leurs ailes. Les sexués vierges désailés sont capables de prévenir la perte des ailes chez d'autres sexués vierges. Les divers facteurs influençant la déalation chez les reines vierges ont été utilisés afin de développer un essai biologique pour la phéromone inhibitrice produite par la reine deS. invicta.
    Notes: Summary Virgin queens of the fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren, that were removed from the influence of the inhibitory queen pheromone, dealated more readily in the presence of workers than in their absence. During 72 hours after disinhibition, a significantly greater number of overwintered virgin queens than spring-reared virgin queens dealated when they were isolated, but the numbers that dealated in the presence of workers were very similar. Some sexually immature virgin queens dealated after disinhibition. Virgin dealates were found to be capable of preventing other virgin queens from dealating. The various factors that influence dealation by virgin queens were used to develop a bioassay for the inhibitory queen pheromone ofS. invicta.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Arbeiter in jungen Laborkolonien vonMacrotermes michaelseni undOdontotermes montanus produzieren Fäkalienhäufchen, können diese aber nicht mit Pilz inokulieren. Diese Häufchen werden wieder aufgefressen und die Kolonien sterben, wenn zum Zeitpunkt des Fouragierbeginns der ersten arbeiter kein Pilzgarten von einer Feldkolonie zugegeben wird. in dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob Arbeiter dieser beiden Arten Pilzgarten produzieren, wenn sie mit Basidiosporen der entsprechendenTermitomyces Art gefüttert wurden. Wurde den ersten Arbeitern Basidiosporen auf Filterpapier angeboten, so produzierten 92.5 % derM. michaelseni Kolonien und 85 % derO. montanus Kolonien Pilzgarten. Wurden Basidiosporen in einer Wassersuspension auf die innere Nestoberfläche vonO. montanus Kolonien verabreicht, bildeten 82.5 % der Kolonien Pilzgarten.
    Notes: Summary Wonkers in incipient laboratory colonies ofMacrotermes michaelseni andOdontotermes montanus build fæcal combs but are unable to inoculate these combs with fungus. These combs are eaten up and the colonies die unless fungus comb from a field colony is introduced when the first workers start foraging. This study investigated whether workers of the two species could produce fungus comb when fed on basidiospores of the appropriateTermitomyces species. When the first workers were offered basidiospores on filter paper, 92.5 % ofM. michaelseni colonies and 85 % ofO. montanus colonies produced fungus combs. When basidiospores were offered toO. montanus in a water suspension on the inner surface of the nest, 82.5 % of colonies produced fungus combs.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 45-56 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Plusieurs loci allozymiques polymorphes (amylase, esterase-1, esterase-3) ont servi de marqueurs génétiques pour l'analyse de quelques aspects du comportement social de deux formes de couleur différente (en réalité des espèces jumelles) de la fourmi à viande,Iridomyrmex purpureus. Quelques données laissent penser que les mâles haploïdes proviennent d'œufs pondus par la reine, et non pas d'œufs pondus par les ouvrières. Il semble qu'une assez grande proportion de colonies d'I. purpureus s.s. et de la forme bleue puisse avoir plus d'une reine. ChezI. purpureus s.s., l'organisation des colonies est souple: on observe de petites colonies qui ont leur propre territoire, dans lesquelles les ouvrières se distinguent génétiquement comme de simples unités de famille, et des grandes colonies à plusieurs nids avec de fréquents échanges d'ouvrières entre les nids. On peut considérer cette souplesse d'organisation comme une réponse aux types très variables d'habitat qu'occupe cette forme de fourmi à viande.
    Notes: Summary Several polymorphic allozyme loci (Amylase, Esterase-1, Esterase-3) have been used as genetic markers for the analysis of some aspects of social behaviour in two colour forms (actually sibling species) of meat ants,Iridomyrmex purpureus. A small amount of data suggests that haploid males are probably produced from eggs laid by the queen, and not by the workers. It appears that a substantial proportion of colonies of bothI. purpureus sens. strict, and the blue form of meat ants, may contain more than one queen. InI. purpureus sens. strict, colony organization is flexible, ranging from small, territorially distinct colonies in which the workers are recognizable genetically as single family units, to very large multi-nest colonies with considerabe exchange of workers between nests. This flexibility is seen as a response to the very variable types of habitat in which this form of meat ant occurs.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 100-105 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des intermédiaires morphologiques entre les espècesLasius alienus etLasius niger s'avèrent occuper un espace phénotypique différent de ces espèces lorsqu'on utilise les isozymes-estérases et la morphologie comme critères de séparation. Ces résultats contrastent avec ceux obtenus précédemment parWilson (1955), sur la base du seul (et même) critère morphologique.
    Notes: Summary Morphological intermediates between the ant speciesLasius alienus andLasius niger are shown to occupy a different phenotypic space toL. alienus andL. niger, using esterase isozymes and morphology as the criteria for separation. This finding contrasts with a previous investigation byWilson (1955), based on (the same) morphological criteria alone.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 367-375 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une bourgade deLasioglossum (E.) laticeps fut découverte sur les falaises de Charmouth, Dorset, où des nids débouchaient dans des fissures de la glaise. Les rayons de couvain de printemps et d'été étaient entourés par une cavité, agrandie à mesure de l'augmentation du nombre de cellules.L. (E.) laticeps est une abeille sociale primitive, comme le démontre la proportíon élevée des mâles dans le premier couvain (24 %) et les faibles différences morphologiques dans la caste femelle: les ouvrières sont, en moyenne, 8 % plus petites que les reines. Cette espèce semble avoir une organisation plus primitive parmi les quatre espèces du groupe deL. (E.) malachurum sur lesquelles on a des informations.
    Notes: Summary An aggregation ofLasioglossum (Evylaeus) laticeps (Schenck) was discovered on the cliffs at Charmouth, Dorset, where nests were initiatied in cracks in the clay soil. The cell clusters of both spring and summer broods were surrounded by a cavity which was enlarged as the number of cells increased.L. (E.) laticeps appears to have the most primitive social organisation of the four species of theL. (E.) malachurum species group for which data are available. Thus there is a high proportion of males in the first brood (24 %) and the morphological caste differences are slight: workers are, on average, 7 % smaller than the queens.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 376-383 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le temps requis pour l'élevage des reines et l'essaimage des abeilles mellifères d'une race de souche européenne est décrit. Les cellules royales furent construites en moins d'une journée après le retrait de la reine. Plus de 91 % des reines qui ont éclos étaient au stade d'œuf lors du retrait de la reine. Les cellules royales furent distribuées uniformément sur la surface des rayons, et 4 % du couvain élevé pour la production de reines fut déplacé des cellules d'ouvrières aux cellules royales. Il y eut de considérables variations quant au nombre de cellules royales qui furent viables, avortées et inoccupées. Suivant l'absence de la reine, le taux de mortalité du couvain fut élevé. Avec l'émergence de reines vierges, l'essaimage s'est formé dans 6 des 8 colonies étudiées. Ces résultats diffèrent d'études antérieures sur la perte royale chez des abeilles mellifères d'évolution tropicale en ce qui concerne le temps requis pour produire une nouvelle reine, la fréquence d'essaimage lié à la perte de la reine, ainsi que le déplacement du couvain par les ouvrières.
    Notes: Summary The timing of queen rearing and swarming are described after queens were removed from colonies of European-derived honey bee races. Queen cell construction began within one day of queen loss, and 91 % of the queens which emerged were eggs at the time of queen loss. Queen cells were evenly distributed over the comb face, and 4 % of the brood reared as queens were moved from worker cells to queen cups. There was considerable variation in the number of queen cells which were viable, aborted, and unoccupied. Brood mortality was high following queen loss. Six of the eight study colonies swarmed following the emergence of a virgin queen. These results differ from previous studies of queen loss in tropically-evolved honey bees in the timing of new queen production and the frequency of queen-loss swarming and of brood movement by workers.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 461-465 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei diesen Formen handelt es sich um Interkasten mit männlichen Einflüssen in den Kutikulastrukturen. Bei der PharaoameiseMonomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidæ) fanden wir Gynergatandromorphe, Ergatogynandromorphe, Androgynergatomorphe und Androergatogynomorphe. Beobachtungen über die Biologie und Verhalten dieser Formen, die experimentell erzeugt werden können, werden mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Summary The new forms are intercasts with male influences in the cuticle structures. In the pharaoh's antMonomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidæ) we found gynergatandromorphs, ergatogynandromorphs, androgynergatomorphs and androergatogynomorphs. Observations on the biology and behaviour of these forms which can be produced experimentally are included.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le comportement de tissage du cocon du dernier stade larvaire et les modifications ontogéniques durant le stade pupal (temps compris entre l'operculation et l'émergence) sont décrits dans cet article pourPolistes annularis. La durée moyenne de ce stade est de 18.80±1.12 jours soumis aux conditions naturelles autour d'Athens. Un tableau et une clef de détermination peuvent être utilisés pour déterminer l'âge de la pupe selon l'apparence externe.
    Notes: Summary Spinning behavior of the last larval instar and ontogenetic changes during the pupal stage (the period of time from capping to emergence) inPolistes annularis are described. The average duration of this stage is 18.80±1.12 days under natural conditions in the Athens area. A table and a key which may be used to determine pupal age according to their external appearance are provided.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 466-481 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les ouvrières chezOdontomachus bauri reconnaissent les homospécifiques d'autres colonies et les fourmis d'espèces différentes comme étant étrangères. La reconnaissance spécifique de la colonie est basée sur la présence d'odeurs endogènes dans les différentes parties du corps. Les substances responsables de ces odeurs sont volatiles, insolubles dans l'eau et solubles dans CH2Cl2. On n'a pas pu détecter une influence du milieu sur le système de reconnaissance. On démontre l'existence de différences dans les proportions relatives des substances volatiles des phéromones céphaliques et abdominales entre les colonies. On propose done que la reconnaissance des compagnons du nid est basée sur quelques différences dans les proportions relatives des substances volatiles produites dans les différentes parties du corps. On présente aussi des preuves de défense territoriale. Contrairement à ce que l'on trouve chez d'autres espèces, le marquage chimique du territoire n'est pas nécessaire pour la reconnaissance du territoire. Finalement, on analyse la possibilité d'une relation entre les systèmes de reconnaissance des compagnons du nid et le comportement territorial, et on présente une hypothèse évolutive sur leurs développements.
    Notes: Summary Odontomachus bauri workers recognize conspecifics from other colonies and ants from different species as aliens. Colony specific recognition is based on endogenous odours, present in the different body parts. The chemicals responsible for these odours are volatiles, insoluble in water and soluble in CH2Cl2. No influence of the environment on the recognition signals could be detected. Evidence of intercolony differences in the relative proportions of the different volatile substances of cephalic and abdominal pheromones are presented. Thus, it is postulated that nestmate recognition is based on relative proportions of volatiles produced by the ant in different parts of the body. On the other hand, evidence of territorial defence is presented. Territorial pheromones, in case they exist in this species, are not necessary for recognition of territories, as is the case in other ant species. The possible relationship between nestmate recognition systems and territorial behaviour is discussed and an evolutionary hypothesis of their development is presented.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 482-495 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume On a recherché les effets de trois variables—isolement social, hormone juvénile et protéines alimentaires—sur le volume des corps allates des ouvrières de l'abeille domestique. Une régression négative a été trouvée entre le traitement par l'hormone juvénile et le volume des CA. L'isolement social, ainsi que les protéines alimentaires dans certains contextes sociaux, ont un effet positif significatif sur le volume des CA. Les effets de ces variables sur le comportement ont été mesurés en isolant une ouvrière avec une reine et en enregistrant les éventuelles interactions agressives. Dans tous les cas, il existe une relation positive entre le volume des CA et l'agressivité. Donc, le traitement par l'hormone juvénile a un effet négatif sur l'agressivité aussi bien que sur le volume des CA. L'isolement social et l'augmentation des protéines alimentaires ont tous deux des effets positifs sur l'agressivité et le volume des CA.
    Notes: Summary The effects of three variables—social isolation, juvenile hormone treatment, and dietary protein—on the volume of the corpora allata in worker honeybees were tested. A significant negative regression was found between juvenile hormone treatment and CA volume. Social isolation has a significant positive effect on CA volume, as does dietary protein in some social contexts. The behavioral effects of these treatment variables were measured by pairing an individual worker with a queen and recording aggressive interactions, if they occurred. In all cases a positive relationship exists between CA volume and aggressiveness. Thus JH treatment has a negative effect on aggressiveness as well as on CA volume. Social isolation and increasing dietary protein both have positive effects on aggressiveness and CA volume.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 221-234 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Myrmica hirsuta Elmes est un parasite social inhabituel deMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. La récolte de plusieurs centaines de nids deM. sabuleti révèle que moins de 2% des nids contiennent des individus deM. hirsuta. M. sabuleti vit habituellement en parairie, de sorte que la présence du parasite ne peut habituellement être détectée que par l'excavation du nid. Pratiquement, cela signifie que le parasite ne peut être trouvé que par hasard. Nos expérience ayant été faites sur un matériel biologique ainsi récolté, elles ne sont pas aussi équilibrées et répétées que dans le cas où l'échantillon expérimental est illimité. Malgré ces réserves, les expériences révèlent quelques différences intéressantes entre la physiologie sociale deM. hirsuta et celle de son hôte. M. hirsuta a 2 types de reines: des petits individus non fécondés qui n'ont aucun effet réel sur une colonie et des formes fécondées, plus grandes, qui ont sur les larves deM. sabuleti un ≪effet royal≫ similaire à celui des reines deM. sabuleti. Les grandes reines proviennent de larves de taille moyenne qui sont passées par une période d'hibernation. Le type plus petit de reine se développe plus probablement à partir de petites larves dont la croissance n'a pas été suffisante avant l'hibernation ou peut-être à partir de larves partiellement ≪réprimées≫ par ≪l'effet royal≫. En conséquence, celles-ci constituent un type de caste ouvrière. Généralement, les larves deM. hirsuta ne paraissent pas affectées par le type de ≪répression≫ ≪effet de la reine≫. Les reines deM. hirsuta commencent à pondre plus tôt que les reines deM. sabuleti et paraissent capables de retarder le début de l'oviposition des reines hôtes lorsqu'elles sont élevées ensemble. Une preuve indirecte suggère que le fait que des œufs soient disponibles en tant que nourriture peut être important pour la survie des larves du parasite. Nous proposons un cycle de vie pourM. hirsuta à partir du petit mombre de faits rapportés dans cet article.
    Notes: Summary Myrmica hirsuta Elmes is an uncommon social parasite ofMyrmica sabuleti Meinert. Collection of several hundredM. sabuleti nests indicate that less than 2% are infested byM. hirsuta. M. sabuleti usually live in grassland so that the presence of the parasite can be detected only by nest excavation; practically, this means that it is not possible to obtain experimental material other than by chance. The experiments reported in this paper have been made on material collected in this way and consequently they are not as well balanced or replicated as would be desired were unlimited experimental stock available. Despite these reservations the experiments do show some interesting differences between the social physiology ofM. hirsuta and its host. M. hirsuta has two types of queen, either small unfertilised individuals that have no real effect on a colony or larger fertilised forms that have a “queen effect” on are produced from medium sized larvæ that have had a period of hibernation. The smaller type of queen most likely develop from small larvæ that had not grown sufficiently before hibernation or perhaps from larvæ partly suppressed by “queen effect”. These are in effect a type of worker caste. GenerallyM. hirsuta larvæ seem unaffected by the suppression type “queen effect”. M. hirsuta queens start egg-laying earlier thanM. sabuleti queens and seem to be able to retard the onset of oviposition by the host queens when cultured together. Indirect evidence suggest that the availability of eggs as food may be important to the survival of the parasitic larvæ. A conjectural life cycle is proposed forM. hirsuta, based upon the present meagre evidence.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Leptothorax grouvellei Bondroit is described again for the worker caste, described for the unknown queens and males, using material from Dieulefit (Drôme, France) and compared withL. niger Forel.L. grouvellei is a supramediterranean species, calcicolous and less thermophilous thanL. niger. It is monogynic and nests in ground. Laboratory rearing demonstrates the presence of overwintering brood, rapid brood and late eggs. Workers can live at least two years. Swarming takes place early in the morning.
    Notes: Resume Leptothorax grouvellei Bondroit est redécrit pour la caste ouvrière, décrit pour les reines et les mâles d'après des exemplaires de Dieulefit (Drôme, France) et comparé avecL. niger Forel, espèce la plus proche.L. grouvellei est une espèce supraméditerranéenne, des terrains calcaires, moins thermophile queL. niger. L'espèce est monogyne et installe son nid en pleine terre. En élevage, on observe la présence de couvain hivernant, de couvain rapide et d'œufs tardifs. La longévité moyenne des ouvrières est de deux ans au moins. L'essaimage a lieu le matin, de bonne heure.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 259-273 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le parasite social obligatoire,Vespula austriaca (Panzer), après avoir réussi à s'introduire dans une colonie, a montré une dominance ouverte et physique sur les ouvrières de l'espèce hôte,V. acadica (Sladen). Des comportements agonistiques, tels que l' «écharpement», la poursuite et la «flagellation» des ouvrières, ont été souvent observés au cours de l'observation des 5 colonies parasitisées. Les parasites sollicitent plus souvent les ouvrières que les larves pour la nourriture liquide, et participent ordinairement à des trophallaxies tant typiques que forcées. L'agressivité du parasite est plus marquée pendant les premiers stades de l'occupation de la colonie; elle est moins fréquente et marquée aux stades ultérieurs de la colonie. Une période d'oviposition brève et probablement «intense», s'est produite au moment où l'agressivité parasitaire était augmentée. Cette espèce parasite présente de nombreuses activités semblables à celles d'une autre espèce de Vespinés,Dolichovespula arctica (Rohwer), telles que hyperactivité, traînement de l'abdomen, construction minimum du nid et absence de défense de la colonie. Mais elle a aussi des interactions différentes. Il n'y a pas d'attraction des ouvrières pour le parasite; il y a inhibition du développement ovarien chez les ouvrières, par le parasite; l'agressivité diminue dans les derniers stades de développement de la colonie. Nous admettons comme hypothèse queV. austriaca maintient son contrôle sur la colonie par une combinaison d'interactions directes et forcées avec les ouvrières, au moyen de phéromones.
    Notes: Summary The obligate social parasite,Vespula austriaca (Panzer), after successfully usurping a colony, displayed overt physical dominance of the host workers,V. acadica (Sladen). Agonistic inquiline behavior such as mauling, chasing workers, and flailing were commonly observed during observations of 5 parasitized colonies. The parasites solicited workers more frequently than larvæ for liquid nourishment, and commonly engaged in both typical and forced trophallaxis. Aggressiveness of the parasite was more intense during the early stages of colony occupation, and was less frequent and vigorous in the later stages of the colony. A brief, and probably intense, oviposition period occurred during the period of heightened parasite aggression. This species exhibited many activities similar to those of another vespine inquiline,Dolichovespula arctica (Rohwer), such as hyperactivity, gastral dragging, minimal nest construction and lack of colony defense, but also displayed some contrasting interactions. There was an absence of worker attraction to the inquiline, an inhibition of worker ovarian development by the parasite, and decreased aggression in later colony stages. It is hypothesized thatV. austriaca maintains colony control through an interplay of direct and forceful interactions with workers and by the use of pheromones.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 287-297 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume La polygynie et le vol nuptial ont été étudiés dans une super-colonie de fourmis rousses japonaisesFormica (Formica) yessensis Forel à Ishikari Coast, Hokkaido, Japon. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants: 1. La distribution verticale des reines dans les nids varie en fonction de la saison: les reines préfèrent les zones profondes en hiver (40 à 60 cm sous la surface du sol) et les zones peu profondes en été (10 à 40 cm). Cette distribution est positivement corrélée avec celle des ouvrières, excepté entre mi-juillet et la période de pré-hibernation. 2. Dans les nids, les reines tendent à s'agréger dans les mêmes chambres sans hostilité. Toutes ont des ovaires développés pendant la période de production du couvain. 3. La production des sexués est généralement abondante, mais peut parfois faire complètement défaut. 4. Les nouvelles reines «fécondées» tendent à retourner à la colonie-mère, alors que la plupart des femelles vierges essayent de voler plus loin.
    Notes: Summary Polygyny and nuptial flight were observed in a supercolony of a Japanese red wood antFormica (Formica) yessensis Forel at Ishikari Coast, Hokkaido, Japan. The main results are: 1. The vertical distribution of queens in nests seasonally fluctuated, preferring deeper parts (mainly 40 to 60 cm below the ground surface) in hibernation season but shallower parts (10 to 40 cm) in summer. This fluctuation was significantly correlative with that of the vertical distribution of workers except mid July to prehibernation season. 2. In nests the queens tended to aggregate with each other at same chambers without hostility. They all had developed ovaries in egg laying season. 3. Abundant sexuals were produced in the average year, but occasional absence of such mass production was also possible. 4. The inseminated new queens tended to return to the mother colony, while most virgins tried to fly away.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 3-8 
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 9-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The selective marking of individuals allowed us to analyse and quantify closely the digging activity of workers ofReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis, thus showing an obvious link between progression through the different stages and building activities. The young workers stay in the vicinity of the nest, engaging in frequent contacts with their congeners (lickings, trophallaxy, palpations, etc...) while the older individuals exhibit increased building and exploratory behaviours, with greater independence. A progression according to the different stages appears in the duration and repetition of digging activities, as well as in velocity and regularity of gallery digging. However for stages 7 and 8, the progression is no longer significant, all the older workers seeming to possess the same adaptations for building. As workers progress from one stage to another, they are inclined to spend less time in trophallaxy or licking and more time in other activities. Nevertheless, our results tend to suggest that the division of labor is extremely complex among the Isoptera and that the behavioural variability and plasticity of the workers prevent any rigid assignment of activities for any stage. It seems that the differences in the activities are due to different adaptations which might come from a maturation process.
    Notes: Resume Le marquage sélectif des individus a permis d'analyser et de quantifier rigoureusement l'activité de construction des ouvriers deReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis, mettant ainsi en évidence une corrélation entre la progression des stades et cette activité. Les jeunes ouvriers restent de préférence autour du couvain, procédant à des attouchements fréquents avec leurs congénères (léchage, trophallaxie, palpations ...), tandis que les ouvriers des stades âgés ont un comportement constructeur et exploratoire qui leur confère une grande indépendance vis-à-vis du couvain. Une progression s'établit en fonction des stades, tant en ce qui concerne la durée et la répétition des actes de forage, que la vitesse et la régularité de construction des galeries. Toutefois, à partir du state 7, la progression n'est plus significative, les ouvriers des stades supérieurs semblent tous posséder la même adaptation au travail de construction. Ainsi, en évoluant d'un stade à un autre, les ouvriers ont tendance à passer moins de temps en trophallaxie et en léchage et plus à d'autres activités. Néanmoins, nos résultats montrent que la division du travail est extrêment complexe chez les Isoptères, et que la variabilité et la plasticité des comportements des ouvriers empêchent des conclusions rigides quant à la réelle activité de chaque stade. Il semble que les différences d'activités sont dues à des différences d'adaptation pouvant relever d'une ≪maturation≫.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nasutitermes octopilis Banks est une espèce de termite abondante dans la région de Kartabo et d'autres régions forestières de Guyane. Elle vit dans du bois mort humide et développe des galeries semblables à celles de certaines espèces de Rhinotermitidæ. Elle ne construit pas de chemins couverts, mais creuse des tunnels dans le sol et la litière de la forêt. Les soldats deNasutitermes octopilis peuvent soutenir une attaque et attaquer plus efficacement que les soldats des autres espèces deNasutitermes communes dans la région. Leurs sécrétions sont répulsives pour les fourmis et rendent moins acceptables, en tant que nourriture pour certaines espèces de fourmis, des ouvriers de termite pris dans des groupes d'ouvriers et de soldats qui ont combattu avec une ou plusieurs fourmis. Les différences dans la composition chimique des sécrétions de soldats deN. octopilis et des autres individus du genre sont à mettre en parallèle avec les différences de réactions induites chez les fourmis. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune preuve du caractère toxique ou de différence de «viscosité» dans les sécrétions de soldats chez les individus appartenant à d'autres espèces du même genre. Les soldats deN. octopilis sont très lents à émettre leur sécrétion et ne se précipitent pas à l'extérieur lorsque les galeries sont endommagées. Ils restent avec les ouvriers et, en émettant peu, ils peuvent fournir une protection pendant des intervalles plus longs que lesNasutitermes de même taille qui émettent plus facilement et plus vite. En outre, les sécrétions des autres espèces deNasutitermes ne semblent pas rendre moins acceptables, en tant qu'éléments de nourriture, leurs ouvriers qui ont déjà combattu. L'abondance des autres espèces deNasutitermes paraît être liée à la construction de chemins couverts et de nids cartonnés durables.
    Notes: Summary Nasutitermes octopilis Banks is an abundant termite in the Kartabo area and other forested regions of Guyana. It lives in moist dead wood, with a gallery development similar to that seen in some species of Rhinotermitidæ. It does not build covered runways; instead, it tunnels in soil and forest floor litter.N. octopilis soldiers can withstand ant attack more effectively than soldiers of other commonNasutitermes species in the erea. Their secretion appears to be repellent to ants, and renders worker termites selected from groups of workers and soldiers that have been in combat with one or more ants less acceptable as food to certain ant species. Pronounced differences in chemical composition between the secretions ofN. octopilis soldiers and other members of the genus are paralleled by differences in reactions elicited from ants. No evidence of toxicity or difference in “stickiness” from soldier secretions of members of other species of the genus was obtained.N. octopilis soldiers are very slow to fire their secretion, and do not rush out when the galleries are disturbed. Instead, they remain with the workers, and, by firing sparingly, can provide protection for longer intervals than similar-sized nasutes which fire more readily. In addition, secretions of otherNasutitermes species do not seem to render their combat-veteran workers less acceptable as food items. The abundance of the other species ofNasutitermes seems to be related to the building of covered runways and durable carton nests.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 317-322 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume 1. Pheidole fallax est une fourmi jamaïcaine commune qui est capable de rapporter au nid de très grands échantillons de nourriture. 2. Lorsque l'échantillon de nourriture est grand, des soldats sont aussi recrutés, et sont capables de protéger la nourriture contre des espèces compétitrices, ou même de les évincer. 3. Il n'y a pas de différence dans le taux de recrutement des ouvrières selon que la source de nourriture se présente en masse compacte ou qu'elle est dispersée. Cependant, un plus grand nombre d'ouvrières ont tendance à s'accumuler sur les sources de nourriture compactes. 4. Par comparaison avec les sources de nourriture dispersées, davantage de soldats sont attirés par les sources de nourriture compactes. 5. L'existence d'un approvisionnement de masse et d'un recrutement de soldats apparaît comme des adaptations qui compensent le coût entraîné par les systèmes de recrutement des ouvrières.
    Notes: Summary 1. Pheidole fallax is a common Jamaican ant that is capable of retrieving large whole food items. 2. When the food item is large, soldiers are also recruited and are capable of protecting the food against competitors or even displacing competitors. 3. There is no difference in worker recruitment rate to clumped or dispersed food sources. However, more workers do tend to accumulate at the clumped resource. 4. In comparison to the dispersed food source, more soldiers are attracted to the clumped resource. 5. The use of mass food retrieval and soldier recruitment appears to be useful adaptations that compensate for the costs associated with worker recruitment systems.
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  • 73
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les cycles d'activité annuels des fourmis-charpentières et des termites souterrains ont été déduits des relevés poursuivis par le service coopératif des entomologistes dans le Connecticut, le Maryland, le New Jersey, la Caroline du Nord et l'Ohio. Les autocorrélations suggèrent une forte structure cyclique des plaintes issues du public, avec une régularité augmentée du sud au nord. L'analyse spectrale révèle que les Etats les plus au nord présentaient des pics de plaintes à des fréquences plus grandes, alors que les Etats plus au sud avaient des fluctuations de fréquences plus courtes, comme on pouvait s'y attendre si les facteurs climatiques réglaient le système. De tels résultats peuvent être de grande valeur pour les expériences conduites dans la nature.
    Notes: Summary Annual activity cycles of carpenter ants and subterranean termites were extracted from data maintained by cooperative extension service entomologists in Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina and Ohio. Autocorrelations suggested a strong cyclic patterning of public complaints, which increased in regularity from south to north. Spectral analysis revealed that the more northern states had complaint peaks occurring at longer frequencies, while more southern states had shorter frequency fluctuations, as expected if climatological factors drive the system. The existence of data such as these can be of great value in designing field experiments.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume 1. Au cours de la saison d'activité, des rayons sont construits dans le nid du Frelon oriental (Vespa orientalis Linné, 1775). Les changements dans le volume interne des cellules qui forment le rayon et, en conséquence, les changements dans les proportions de petites femelles (les ouvrières) et de grandes femelles (les reines) sont directement affectés par les changements nycthéméraux et par les changements dans la durée du jour. 2. Lorsque la durée du jour augmente et lorsque le taux de changement journalier diminue, des cellules plus petites sont construites alors que de plus en plus de grandes cellules sont construites pendant les jours les plus courts et le taux croissant des changements journaliers de juillet à octobre.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the course of the active season combs are built in the nest of Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis Linné, 1775). Changes in the internal volume of the cells comprising the combs and consequently in the proportion of small hornet females (workers) and large ones (queens) are directly affected by the rate of nycthemeral changes and by changes in the length of the day. 2. As the days lengthen and the rate of the daily changes diminishes, smaller cells are built whereas increasingly larger cells are constructed during the briefer days and the increasing rate of daily changes occurring in July–October.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 347-360 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une étude du recrutement global, menée chezTetramorium impurum, a mis en évidence ses principales caractéristiques. La croissance de la population participant au recrutement est de typè logistique. De plus, des oscillations amorties sont observées. Celles-ci ont deux origines: les délais temporels dans les recrutements et l'effet de l'encombrement à la source. Un modèle mathématique permettant de reproduire ces différents effets et de quantifier les paramètres pertinents est présenté.
    Notes: Summary A study of global recruitment inTetramorium impurum has shown its main characteristics. The growth of population in the neighbourhood of the food source is a logistic curve. Damped oscillations are observed. These oscillations are the result of time delay in recruitment and crowding around the food source. A mathematical model is able to reproduce these different effects and it allows one to identify and give quantitative values to pertinent parameters.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 361-361 
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 402-411 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une preuve génétique indique que les fourmis morphologiquement intermédiaires entreLasius alienus etLasius niger sont hybrides. Ces colonies hybrides résultent apparement de fécondations entre des reines deL. alienus et des mâles deL. niger. La distribution des patrons d'allozymes est cohérente par rapport au concept précédemment établi de monogynie et monoandrie chez ces espèces (sauf pour un seul nid deL. alienus). Cette distribution fournit également un argument en faveur d'une production des mâles par la reine chezL. alienus et par les ouvrières chezL. niger. Un mâle exceptionnel (d'un génotype hétérozygote), trouvé dans un nid hybride, était probablement diploïde. La taille supérieure des ouvrières hybrides peut signifier une production accrue de mâles par leurs mèresL. alienus, compensant au moins partiellement le défaut de reines sœurs fertiles.
    Notes: Summary Genetic evidence indicates that ants morphologically intermediate betweenLasius alienus andLasius niger are hybrids. These hybrid colonies apparently result from matings betweenL. atienus queens andL. niger males. The distribution of allozyme patterns is consistent with the previously-established concept of habitual monogyny and monoandry in these species (with oneL. alienus nest found to be an exception) and also provides tentative evidence for males being habitually produced by the queen inL. alienus colonies but by the workers inL. niger. An exceptional male (of heterozygous genotype) found in a hybrid nest was probably diploid. The greater size of hybrid workers may lead to increased male production by theirL. alienus mothers, at least partially compensating them for the lack of fertile daughter queens.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 412-415 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer anfänglich sozialen Wespe,Parischnogaster mellyi, werden die Nester von einzelnen Gründerinnen gebaut. Weil die Nester oft verlassen werden, und aber darauf von den anderen Weibchen wiederbesetzen, die Stiefmutter-Stieftochter Assoziationen häufig werden geformt. Einige Töchter bauen ihre eigenen Nester, nachdem sie etwa 20 Tage lang in den Geburtsnester als subordinierte Arbeiterinnen dienen. Die obersten herrschenden Weibchen verlassen selten das Nest und monopolizieren die Eiablage, während die subordinierten alle anderen Arbeiten ausführen.
    Notes: Summary A primitively social wasp,Parischnogaster mellyi founds nests by single foundresses. As nests are often abandoned but soon reoccupied by other females, stepmother-stepdaughter associations are frequently formed. Some daughters found own nests after serving as subordinate workers in the natal nests for about 20 days. Top-dominants rarely leave the nest and probably monopolyze the oviposition, while subordinates take charge of all other tasks.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 384-401 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Nothomyrmecia macrops Arbeiterinnen furagieren einzeln; Rekrutierungsverständigung oder Eintragen von Beute in Gruppen wurde nicht beobachtet. Die Beutestücke sind gewöhnlich nicht länger als 0.4 cm. Die Jägerinnen packen die lebenden Beuteinsekten mit den Mandibeln und Vorderbeinen und jede Beute wird von der Ameise gestochen. 2. Beobachtungen im Freiland und Laboratorium bestätigen, dass Arbeiterinnen von benachbarten Nestern am selben Baum Futter suchen können. Im Furagier-Areal wurde kein antagonistiches Verhalten zwischen gleichartigen Fremden beobachtet. Gleichartige Arbeiterinnen können jedoch angegriffen werden, wenn sie in ein fremdes Nest eindringen. 3. Chemische Spuren spielen offensichtlich keine wesentliche Rolle bei der Heimfinde-Orientierung. ObgleichNothomyrmecia bei Nacht furagiert, scheint sie sich hauptsächlich visuell zu orientieren. Erste Versuche deuten darauf hin, dass das “Baumdach-Muster” dabei eine wesentliche Rolle spielen könnte. Am Nesteingang könnten jedoch auch chemische Marken entscheidende Erkennungs-und Orientierungshilfen darstellen. 4. Die Nesttreue von Furagier-Ameisen wird durch die genaue Heimfinde-Orientierung und durch eine Bevorzugung von Nestgenossen gesichert. Arbeiterinnen vom selben Nest zeigen im Versuch eine grössere Tendenz in dichten Gruppen zu sitzen als fremdeNothomyrmecia Arbeiterinnen. Dennoch haben wir im Laboratorium Arbeiterinnen-Austausch zwischen Kolonien beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse mehrerer Versuche deuten darauf hin, dass der Verlust der Königin in einer Kolonie das Abwandern von Arbeiterinnen begünstigt. Diese Ergebnisse erklären teilweise die genetischen Befunde vonWard undTaylor (1981), wonachNothomyrmecia Nestgenossen nicht immer volle Geschwister sind. 5. Alle bisherigen Ausgrabungen von voll entwickelten Kolonien (10) deuten darauf hin, dassNothomyrmecia in monogynen Kolonien lebt. Neue Kolonien können jedoch pleometrotisch gegründet werden (Taylor, 1978). In einer experimentell zusammengesetzten Gruppe bestehend aus 15 Arbeiterinnen und zwei Königinnen (keine davon war die Mutter der Arbeiterinnen), zeigte eine Königin Dominanzverhalten gegenüber der anderen. Die untergeordnete Königin wurde schliesslich von den Arbeiterinnen ausgestossen. 6. Nothomyrmecia setzt ein chemisches Alarm-Kommunikationssystem ein, wenn Ameisen anderer Arten versuchen, in ihr Nest einzudringen. Unsere Versuche zeigen, dass das Mandibeldrüsen-Sekret ein besonders effektives Alarmpheromon darstellt. Auch das Sekret der Dufourschen Drüse löst Attraktion aus, jedoch ist die Reaktion der Ameisen langsamer. Das Sekret der Pygidialdrüse scheint als Alarm-Repellent-Substanz gegen andere Ameisenarten eingesetzt zu werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. Nothomyrmecia macrops workers forage individually; no recruitment communication or group retrieval of prey has been observed; prey items measure less than 4 mm in length; huntresses grasp live prey with the mandibles and forelegs and sting it to death. 2. Field and laboratory observations confirm that workers from neighboring nests can forage on a single tree without antagonism. Alien conspecifics might be attacked, however, if attempting to enter foreign nests. 3. Field and laboratory observations suggest that chemical trails do not play an important role during homing by foragers, indeed they might not be produced. Although strictly nocturnal,Nothomyrmecia seems to navigate primarily by visual cues, possibly using the canopy silhouette overhead. However, chemical markers might be important in localization and recognition of nest entrances. 4. No antagonistic behavior has been observed between foragers from different colonies, yet in a laboratory test nestmates appear to show a greater tendency to cluster than non-nestmates. Worker interchange between neighboring laboratory nests was observed and experiments suggest that it is facilitated by loss of the queen in one colony. These results explain in part the findings ofWard andTaylor (1981) thatNothomyrmecia nestmates are not always full sibs. 5. All records to date indicate that matureNothomyrmecia colonies are monogynous, but can be founded by pleometrosis (Taylor, 1978). In an experimentally assembled group of 15 workers with 2 queens (neither of which was the mother of any of the workers) one queen exhibited dominance behavior towards the other. The subordinate was finally expelled by the workers. 6. Nothomyrmecia employs chemical alarm communication when other ant species attempt to enter its nests. The mandibular gland secretion is an effective close-range alarm pheromone. Dufour's gland secretions also elicit attraction, but the ants react more slowly. Secretions from the pygidial gland appear to function as an alarm-repellent substance.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 416-422 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Le dimorphisme reine/ouvrière est distinct chezRopalidia montana. La taille du corps est significativement différente entre les castes pour les 7 mesures suivantes: largeur de la tête, largeur du mésonotum, longueur du mésosome, longueur et largeur des premier et deuxième tergites du gastre. Il n'y a pas de recoupement de taille entre les reines et les ouvrières pour les mesures suivantes: largeur du premier tergite du gastre et longueur du deuxième tergite du gastre. La ratio reine/ouvrière pour la longueur du mésosome est égale à 1,14. La croissance allométrique chez cette espèce semble être monosphasique.
    Notes: Summary Queen/worker dimorphism is distinct inRopalidia montana. The body size differs significantly between the castes in seven parts measured: Head width, width of mesonotum, alitrunk length, widths and lengths of first and second gastral tergites. There is no size overlap between queens and workers with respect to the width of first gastral tergite and the length of second gastral tergite. Queen/worker ratio of alitrunk length is 1.14. Allometric growth in this species seems to be monophasic.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 423-442 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The antennal activities of twoCamponotus vagus workers engaged in trophallactic contact were analysed, and possible relationship between these activities and the flux of trophallactic substance were investigated. Among the antennæ positions and movements involved in these activities, several distinct behavioural units can be defined, which combine in variable sequences. The antennal activities of the donor ant are more complex and variable than those of the receiver. Certain behavioural units nevertheless occupy a definite place in the sequence of acts performed by the donor; but a continuous recording of the trophallactic flux (labelled with radioactive gold) on which the donor's antennal movements were simultaneously plotted showed that the onset of these behavioural units brought about no change in the flux. It seems unlikely that any of these units convey particular signals to the receiver ant.
    Notes: Resume L'activité antennaire de deux ouvrières deCamponotus vagus engagées dans un contact trophallactique est analysée, ainsi que les relations éventuelles de cette activité avec le flux de substance qui est transmise. Dans les positions et les mouvements d'antennes qui constituent cette activité, peuvent être définies des unités comportementales distinctes, qui se combínent de manière variable. L'activité antennaire de l'ouvrière donneuse est plus complexe et plus variable que celle de la receveuse. Certaines unités comportementales ont cependant une place déterminée dans la séquence d'actes présentée par la donneuse; mais l'enregistrement en continu du flux trophallactique (marqué par de l'or radioactif) et, simultanément, des mouvements d'antennes de la donneuse indique que l'apparition d'aucune de ces unités comportementales n'entraîne de modification de ce flux. II est permis de penser qu'aucune de ces unités n'a valeur de signal pour la receveuse.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 177-183 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Chaque fourmi éclaireuse est capable de communiquer la disponibilité, le lieu et la qualité des ressources trouvées. Les fourmis ouvrières recrutées peuvent, pour récolter ces ressources, reconnaître les différences des stimuli de recrutement de chaque éclaireuse et y répondre. D'une manière significative, davantage d'ouvrières suivent le chemin de l'éclaireuse qui a trouvé la source de nourriture la plus riche. Ces résultats suggèrent que le recrutement dans les colonies de fourmis est déterminé par les ouvrières recrutées qui «savent analyser» les stimuli de recrutement des fourmis éclaireuses revenant à la fourmilière.
    Notes: Summary Individual scouts ofFormica oreas are capable of communicating resource availability, location and quality to nest mates. Recruited foragers can perceive and respond to differences in recruitment stimuli of individual scouts. Significantly more workers followed the path of an individual scout from a more rewarding food source than from a less rewarding food source. These findings suggest recruitment in ant colonies is regulated by recruited workers “weighing” recruitment stimuli of scouts returning from numerous areas about the nest.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Following the discovery of numerous pseudogynes (= secretergates) in a polycalic colony ofFormica lugubris Zett, the author describes the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the distribution of individuals inside the nest. Workers are distributed in three clusters, the first (21 %) could consist of foragers, living in the upper part of the nest, and is distinguished by a low percentage of secretergates (1 %). The two others contain mainly domestic workers. Queens inhabit two areas (intermediate and deep). The percentage of secretergates increases with depth in the nest. Measurements of normal workers and secretergates show that the latter are significantly smaller.
    Notes: Resume Suite à la découverte de nombreuses ouvrières pseudogynes (= sécrétergates) dans une colonie polycalique deFormica lugubris Zett, l'auteur aborde le problème de la distribution qualitative et quantitative des individus à l'intérieur de la fourmilière. Les ouvrières sont distribuées en trois groupes, le premier (21 %) pourrait être celui des fourrageuses («Aussendiensttiere») se tenant dans la partie apicale du nid, il est caractérisé par un faible pourcentage de sécrétergates (1 %); les deux autres groupes contenant essentiellement des ouvrières du service intérieur (“Innendiensttiere”). Les reines occupent deux zones (intermédiaire et profonde). On constate une augmentation du pourcentage de sécrétergates en fonction de la profondeur dans la fourmilière. D'autre part, des mesures de la taille des ouvrières normales et des sécrétergates montrent que ces dernières sont significativement plus petites.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 165-176 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Myrmicaria eumenoides is one of the commonest soil dwelling ant species of the west african Sudan savannas. This species extends its distribution towards the south and the Guinea savannas. In a given geographic area, the distribution of the nests is typically clumped. In a given “clump” of nests, the distribution is random. A given nest is not always occupied by the same population of this species. Population of workers in a nest older than 3 years is about 22 000 (dry biomass=39 g). Above ground, the workers hunt alone or in small groups on one or several areas. The surface and the localisation of the foraging areas depends on the site of the nest, the season and the day: time in the Guinea savanna, the mean foraging area extends in dry season over 12±3 m−2 (mean radius of action: 3.10±0.60 m, maximum 6 m) while in the Sudan savanna it extend over 110 m−2 (mean radius: 6.10±3.05 m, maximum slightly more than 11 m). On the soil surface of the Guinea savanna,M. eumenoides forages primarily during day with two peaks about 5–10 a.m. and 4–9 p.m. but these phases of activity are much affected by climatic factors. In dry season, especially in the Sudan savanna, the hunting periods are typically split in two phases and are suppressed during the drier part of the year. The diet includes 95% Arthropods (mainly Insects 60 to 80%, with a strong impact on termites and ants, adult and larvæ).M. eumenoides collects honeydew from Aleyrodoidea living in grasses or in the trees. Roughly speaking, in the trophic webs of the drier african savannas, this ant seems to fulfil the role played by manyCamponotus (C. acvapimensis for example) in the more humid Guinea savanna. This can explain the strong antagonism observed between these two species.
    Notes: Resume M. eumenoides est une fourmi terricole commune dans les savanes soudaniennes de l'Afrique de l'Ouest qui étend son aire de répartition aux savanes guinéennes. Dans une zone géographique donnée, la distribution de ses nids est typiquement contagieuse. Dans un groupe donné de nids, la distribution est au hasard. Les populations deMyrmicaria déménagent au cours du temps, aussi un emplacement donné peut-il ne pas être toujours occupé par la même société. L'effectif d'une société âgée de plus de 3 ans dépasse 22 000 ouvrières (biomasse sèche=39 g). A la surface du sol, les ouvrières prospectent seules ou par petits groupes sur une ou plusieurs aires. La localisation et la surface des aires prospectées varient selon l'emplacement du nid, la saison et l'heure du jour. En savanes guinéennes, la surface moyenne de prospection mesure en saison sèche 12±3 m−2 (rayon d'action moyen: 3,10±0,60 m, maximum 6 m). En savane soudanienne, la surface moyenne atteint 110 m−2 (rayon d'action moyen: 6,10±3,05 m, maximum: plus de 11 m). En savane guinéenne, la courbe d'activité deM. eumenoides à la surface du sol présente deux pics vers 5–10 heures et 16–21 heures. La répartition et l'intensité des phases d'activité sont sous la dépendance des facteurs microclimatiques. L'activité épigée cesse durant la saison la plus chaude de l'année. Le régime est composé à 95% l'Arthropodes (Insectes: 60 à 80%, avec un fort contingent de termites et de fourmis, larves et adultes).M. eumenoides collecte des exsudats d'Aleurodes vivant dans les herbes ou les arbres. Cette espèce semble jouer dans les réseaux trophiques des savanes soudaniennes le rôle tenu par plusieursCamponotus, commeC. acvapimensis, dans les savanes guinéennes plus humides. Ceci explique probablement le très fort antagonisme existant entre ces deux fourmis.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cette étude a été entreprise pour essayer de comprendre la division du travail entre les membres d'Odontomachus affinis pendant les différentes phases de dévelopement de la colonie. Nous avons utilisé des éthogrammes séquentiels pour quantifier les changements de fréquences des différentes catégories de comportements au cours de l'ontogenèse du répertoire comportemental. Nous avons mis l'accent sur la comparaison entre les répertoires des reines et des ouvrières pour déterminer les catégories de comportements propres à chaque caste et pour étudier les caractéristiques de la division du travail entre les individus tout au long du développement de la colonie. Nous avons comparé nos données aux éthogrammes d'O. affinis et d'autres espèces de fourmis, après avoir défini des groupes de comportements apparentés du point de vue fonctionnel.
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to investigate division of labor among nestmates in all phases of colony development ofOdontomachus affinis. Sequential ethograms were used, as a quantitative approach, to follow changes in the frequencies of behavioral categories along the ontogeny of the repertoire. Special attention was given to the comparison between queen and workers catalogs in order to determine which behavioral categories are peculiar to each caste and to study the manners by which tasks are appartioned among individuals through colony maturity. Also a comparison with ethograms of other species of ants was made, based now on a definition of groups of functionally related behavioral categories.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 298-307 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les pucerons AphidesCinara pini etC. pinea sont «visités» par la FourmiFormica lugubris sur de jeunes arbres du pinPinus sylvestris. Les fourmis commencent à rechercher des pucerons avant que ceux-ci n'aient développé des colonies. Les arbres situés à moins de 5 mètres du bord de l'aire de plantée portent 2 à 3 fois plus de fourmis que les arbres situés à, 5, 6 et 12 mètres. Aucune des 2 espèces de pucerons ne prospère sur le pin exotiquePinus contorta en Angleterre. On y a trouvé seulement des formes aptères ou alates. Un petit nombre de fourmis ont une activité de fourragement surP. contorta. Elles se sont probablement déplacées depuis les espèces d'arbres qui portent effectivement des pucerons. Les fourmis observées surP. contorta ont peu ou pas du tout de miellat dans leur jabot.
    Notes: Summary The aphidsCinara pini andC. pinea are tended byFormica lugubris on young trees ofPinus sylvestris. Ants begin to forage on the trees in April before aphid colonies have developed. Trees within 5 m of the plot edge carry 2–3 times the number of ants as trees 5, 6 and 12 m from the edge. Neither species of aphid thrives on the introducedPinus contorta in England; only isolated aptera or alates were found there. A small number of ants do forage onP. contorta however. They have probably wandered there from trees species which do bear aphids. Ants onP. contorta have little or no honeydew in their crops.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'observation pendant deux années successives du comportement reproducteur de deux sociétés de la MyrmicineChelaner sp. a permis de mettre en évidence 2 modes de reproduction: émission d'individus ailés aboutissant à une fondation par femelle isolée et bouturage de la société. On présente une description détaillée des six premiers jours qui suivent le bouturage de la société. A l'issue de cette période, 16 colonies filles s'étaient séparées du nid mère, le bouturage se poursuivant encore. Il est donc possible que cette espèce présente un polymorphisme reproducteur: lorsque les conditions de l'environnement sont favorables, il y a fondation indépendante; des conditions moins favorables causées par exemple par la sécheresse entraînent la réalisation des bouturages.
    Notes: Summary In successive years, two different modes of reproductive behaviour were observed in two nests of the myrmicine antChelaner sp.; emission of winged sexuals followed by claustral colony foundation, and colony fission. A detailed description is given of the first six days of colony fission. After this period 16 incipient daughter colonies had separated from the maternal nest, and the process was still continuing. While it is possible that this species is polymorphic with respect to reproductive behaviour, evidence is presented which suggests an alternative possibility, namely that claustral foundation occurs in this species when environmental conditions are favourable, but that it switches to colony fission under conditions of stress, such as those caused by drought.
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 1-2 
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    Insectes sociaux 30 (1983), S. 27-44 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The workers ofReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis present different behaviours as they go through successive stages, and the activity of prospection, which appears at about stage 6, becomes increasingly important as the workers age. The results also show that not all individuals of stage 6 and older behave as “prospectors”, which confirms the variability and plasticity of their behaviour. The prospection activity appears to involve a kind of Kinesthetic memory. Analyses of behaviour of termite workers that have just discovered a food-source, indicate that a kink of communication exists among the individuals that is different from that represented by chemically marked trails. We have called this sort of communication “alerting communication”; it seems to be a kind of recruitment among the workers. The process is still to be determined, though it may be linked to antennal tactile signals and perhaps to the emission of chemical signals.
    Notes: Resume Des expériences sur l'analyse comportementale des ouvriers deReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis, découvrant une source de nourriture, permettent de signaler la présence d'individus prospecteurs, et l'existence d'une communication entre ces derniers et les autres congénères. Cette activité de prospection et ce comportement d'invitation apparaissent plus particulièrement à partir du stade 6, et s'accentuent d'autant plus que les ouvriers appartiennent à des stades avancés. Les résultats font apparaître que tous les ouvriers des stades âgés ne se comportent pas comme des prospecteurs ou des recruteurs. Cette plasticité des comportements peut dépendre d'une idiosyncrasie existant chez les ouvriers. Nous avons appelé la séquence invitation: «communication d'alerte». Elle s'assimile à une sorte de recrutement. Son processus reste à déterminer, mais il paraît lié aux contacts antennaires et corporels (signaux tactiles) et peut-être à l'émission d'une ou plusieurs substances chimiques (signaux chimiques). L'activité de prospection s'accompagne d'une certaine mémoire cinesthésique.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1309-1310 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exposure ofColisa fasciatus, a freshwater teleost, to 2500 mg/l manganese sulphate for 90 h caused decreased spermatogenic activity and hemorrhage in the testes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1310-1311 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of a stimulating dose of 0.15 Gy on the cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate system has been studied. A rapid change is shown in intracellular level of cAMP and in the response of the system to a β-adrenoagonist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1320-1322 
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    Notes: Summary The degree of reactivity of the prey affects the form of behavior subsequently adopted in paralyzing the prey. The mechanism underlying this ontogenetic plasticity is discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1181-1181 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1191-1198 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1345-1346 
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    Notes: Summary Preganglionic nerve stimulation or elevated [K+]0 increase cAMP levels in isolated guinea-pig superior cervical ganglia, a ganglion lacking adrenergic inhibitory synaptic potentials. The cAMP response to K+ and nerve stimulation is not prevented by atropine or phentolamine. The regulation of cAMP content does not involve cholinergic or adrenergic mechanism. Of polypeptides tested, only VIP (5×10−6 M) increases cAMP content to the extent observed with preganglionic nerve stimulation.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1373-1374 
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    Notes: Summary Methyl jasmonate at a concentration of 0.5% in lanolin paste was applied to detached mature green tomatoes cv. Venture. It caused the formation of a yellow colored epidermis and parenchyma at a depth of 2 mm on the place of treatment. Untreated areas, and areas treated with lanolin paste alone, developed a normal red color at the fully ripened stage. Analyses of carotenoid compositions showed that methyl jasmonate almost totally inhibited lycopene accumulation and stimulated β-carotene accumulation in the ripening of tomatoes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1347-1349 
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    Notes: Summary Adenosine shortens the action potential and diminishes the force of contraction in guinea-pig left atria. These effects may be brought about by the activation of a potassium conductance. This assumption is supported by voltage clamp and42K release experiments.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1358-1359 
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    Notes: Summary Creatine phosphate does not inhibit 5′-nucleotidase preparations from rat, dog or guinea-pig hearts. Previously reported inhibitory effects must have been due to contaminants present in some commercial preparations of creatine phosphate.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1356-1358 
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    Notes: Summary Enterokinase activity from rat duodenal brush borders was assayed in vitro in the presence of purified lectins from 3 leguminous seeds. Noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme was observed in each case.Phaseolus hemagglutinin was the most potent inhibitor among the 3 lectins tested.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1362-1364 
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    Notes: Summary We studied the effect of aclacinomycin on human erythrocyte membrane enzymes. Aclacinomycin inhibited ATPase, including Na−K-dependent ATPase, ouabain insensitive ATPase and Ca-ATPase. However acetylcholinesterase was not inhibited by aclacinomycin. The ATPase activities were not inhibited by aclacinomycin if ascorbate was added to the incubation mixture. However other reducing agents, α-tocopherol, superoxide dismutase and catalase had no effect on ATPase activity. Ascorbate may protect membrane proteins and lipids from peroxidate damage.
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