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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 478-491 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Instability ; Fault ; Stick-slip ; Stress ; Friction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Weakening of a prestressed sawcut in Westerly granite under laboratory condition is accomplished by injecting pressurized fluid into the sawcut. After injection a sequence of stick-slips is observed while the deviatoric stress decreases successively with each stick-slip. On the basis of the experimental observation we develop a model of fault instability due to inhomogeneous and progressive weakening of the fault. According to this model, the fault surface is divided into the ‘slipped’ and the ‘locked’ regions, depending on whether or not the local state of stress satisfies the friction criterion. The average shear stress in the slipped region decreases with time and, in order to maintain a quasi-static equilibrium, shear stress in the remaining ‘locked’ region on the fault surface increases. This situation may last until a critical state of stress on the fault is met, at which a sudden instability (stick0slip) may occur. We suggest that this mechanism of stress transfer may be a viable mechanism of induced seismicity and aftershocks, in addition to the well-known mechanism of a local increase of pore pressure. By comparing the experimental data with model predictions we show that the critical condition for slip instability is when the average shear stress over the ‘locked’ region becomes equal to the value given by the friction criterion. Thus the friction criterion established for slip on fractures on which the state of stress is macroscopically uniform may also be applicable to fractures on which the stress state is macroscopically heterogeneous.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 699-710 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress ; North Anatolia ; Turkey ; Elsasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is presented of the accumulation of stress along the North Anatolian fault. The analysis is based on the time-dependent reloading of the plate boundary by using a modified Elsasser model of a coupled lithosphere-asthenosphere system. It is found that many of the North Anatolian fault earthquakes are likely to have been triggered by adjacent ruptures, while the time intervals between large earthquakes may have been partly modulated by the relaxation of the viscoelastic asthenosphere.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 509-519 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress ; pressure ; elasticity ; X-ray diffraction ; diamond anvil cell ; synchrotron radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Deviatoric stress in a diamond anvil cell with gold as a pressure and stress indicator is measured by two complementary techiques using synchrotron radiation. The first method employs a white X-ray beam using energy disperisive X-ray diffraction. The incident X-ray beam is parallel to the load axis and the diffraction pattern is recorded at a low two-theta angle. Using powder diffraction patterns of polycrystallin gold, we measured the elastic strain of two crystal planes oriented normal to the diffraction vector. Stresses nearly parallel and perpendicular to the load axis can be calculated by stress-strain tensor relatonship. The other method uses a monochromatic wiggler X-ray beam. In this case, the diamond cell is oriented so that the incident beam is perpendicular to the load axis. The diffraction pattern is recorded on an image plate area detector. Elastic strains responding to stresses perpendicular and parallel to the load axis can be measured and stresses of the same orientations can be calculated from the strain data. These measurements provide a lower bound of the actual differential stress in a diamond cell. With these techniques, we can measure stress distribution in a less deviatoric gasketted sample and determine yield strength of mantle materials at high pressures and temperatures.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 690-704 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Friction ; Pressure ; Temperature ; Water ; Stress ; Gouge ; Joints ; Faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews many of the mechanical properties of faulted and jointed rock under pressure and temperature and in the presence of water. At low effective confining pressures (below about 1 kilobar), the friction strength is quite variable and depends on the frictional resistance between gouge particles or asperities and on the dilatancy of the fault. At higher pressures the friction strength is nearly independent of mineralogy, temperature, and rate, at least for rocks whose friction strength is less than the failure strength. Water tends to slightly weaken the fault. The type of sliding motion, whether stick-slip or stable sliding, is much more affected by environmental and mineralogical factors. In general, stick-slip is dominant at high pressures and low temperatures, in the presence of strong minerals such as quartz and feldspar, in the absence of gouge, for lower surface roughness, and perhaps in the presence of water. The microscopic deformation mechanisms are poorly understood. At low temperatures, cataclasis dominates in rocks containing mostly quartz or feldspar, and plastic deformation in rocks containing mostly calcite or platy silicates. At high temperature most minerals deform plastically, producing a greater temperature-and rate-dependence of the friction strength. Glass has been found in some sliding surfaces in sandstone.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 583-607 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault ; Pore-fluid pressure ; Frictional heating ; Numerical modeling ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study considers the effects of heat transfer and fluid flow on the thernal, hydrologic, and mechanical response of a fault surface during seismic failure. Numerical modeling techniques are used to account for the coupling of the thermal, fluid-pressure, and stress fields. Results indicate that during an earthquake the failure surface is heated to a tempeature required for the thermal expansion of pore fluids to balance the rate of fluid loss due to flow and the fluid-volume changes due to pore dilatation. Once this condition is established, the pore fluids pressurize and the shear strength decreases rapidly to a value sufficient to maintain the thermal pressurization of pore fluids at near-lithostatic values. If the initial fluid pressure is hydrostatic, the final temperature attained on the failure surface will increase with depth, because a greater pressure increase can occur before a near-lithostatic pressure is reached. The rate at which thermal pressurization proceeds depends primarily on the hydraulic characteristics of the surrounding porous medium, the coefficient of friction on the fault surface, and the slip velocity. If either the permeability exceeds 10−15 m2 or the porous medium compressibility exceeds 10−8 Pa−1, then frictional melting may occur on the fault surface before thermal pressurization becomes significant. If the coefficient of friction is less than 10−1 and if the slip velocity is less than 10−2 msec−1, then it is doubtful that either thermal pressurization or frictional melting on the fault surface could cause a reduction in the dynamic shear strength of a fault during an earthquake event.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Algorithmica 7 (1992), S. 339-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Geometrical algorithm ; Algorithm ; Paradigm ; Correctness ; Convex ; Polyhedron ; Graph ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores a paradigm for producing geometrical algorithms in which logical decisions that depend on finite-precision numerical calculation cannot lead to failure. It applies this paradigm to the task of intersecting two convex polyhedral objects. A key tool in this work is a method of perturbing embedding polyhedra in ways consistent with their topology.
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  • 7
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    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus caledonium ; Peanut ; Acid ; Salt ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The response of peanut to salt (NaCl) and acid (HCl) stress was studied in association with Glomus caledonium, an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. The plants were exposed to salt stress by irrigation on alternate days with 1% or 5% NaCl solutions, or with 0.1 N HCl to induce acid stress. Plant yield almost tripled in mycorrhizal plants compared with nonmycorrhizal control plants. AM inoculation significantly increased plant yield and biomass at 1% NaCl, while at 5% NaCl AM was less effective in alleviating salt stress. Percentage AM colonization was also lowest at 5% NaCl. AM inoculation was found to promote the establishment of peanut plants under acid stress conditions.
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  • 8
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    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 140-145 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lens crystallins ; Physarum polycephalum ; Spherulins ; Protein evolution ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A search of sequence databases shows that spherulin 3a, an encystment-specific protein ofPhysarum polycephalum, is probably structurally related to the β- and γ-crystallins, vertebrate ocular lens proteins, and to Protein S, a sporulation-specific protein ofMyxococcus xanthus. The β- and γ-crystallins have two similar domains thought to have arisen by two successive gene duplication and fusion events. Molecular modeling confirms that spherulin 3a has all the characteristics required to adopt the tertiary structure of a single γ-crystallin domain. The structure of spherulin 3a thus illustrates an earlier stage in the evolution of this protein superfamily. The relationship of β- and γ-crystallins to spherulin 3a and Protein S suggests that the lens proteins were derived from an ancestor with a role in stressresponse, perhaps a response to osmotic stress.
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  • 9
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    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microorganisms ; Diversity ; Activity ; Grazing ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of intense grazing, seasonal drought, and fire on soil microbial diversity (substrate utilization) and activity in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland were measured in summer 1997, winter 1998, and spring 1998. Intense livestock grazing was initiated in winter 1995, burning occurred in August 1994, and drought stresses were imposed from October 1994 to June 1997. Microbial diversity was inferred from the carbon substrate utilization patterns in both gram (+) and gram (–) Biolog plates. Microbial activity was estimated by the activity of selected enzymes. Neither microbial diversity nor activity was affected by grazing. The interaction of intense grazing and stress sub-treatments only occurred in spring for one set of diversity measurements. The maximum microbial diversity and activity occurred in the winter-drought-stress sub-plots in summer and spring. Burning reduced microbial diversity and most enzyme activities as compared to the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was also lower in summer-drought-stress sub-plots than in the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was highest in summer, intermediate in winter, and lowest in spring. Microbial activity was generally higher in summer and lower in winter. It was concluded that substrate availability was the most important factor affecting the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms within a season. Soil moisture was not the factor causing differences in microbial diversity and activity among the stress treatments, but it was a predictor for some microbial responses under a particular stress.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 222-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mechanochemistry ; Bone ; Remodeling ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un mécanisme nouveau tente d'expliquer comment des forces mécaniques augmentées ou diminuées, appliquées à l'os, sont transformées en activité ostéoblastique et/ou ostéoclastique. Une hypothèse mécano-chimique du remaniement osseux, induit par stress mécanique, est émise pour expliquer ce phénomène. L'os répond á un stress mécanique par une croissance différentielle de façon á résister au stress appliqué: par suite le remaniement osseux induit mécaniquement est probablement sous le controle d'un système “feedback” négatif. L'hypothèse consiste dans le fait qu'un changement de charge au niveau de l'os modifie la tension au niveau des cristaux d'apatite de l'os. Ceci modifie la solubilité des cristaux qui fournit ainsi le message de “feedback” négatif nécessaire aux cellules osseuses, sous la forme d'un changement chimique, indiut par un phénomène mécanique. Les cellules aggissent alors pour compenser les modifications de l'activé calcique localisée soit en construisant de l'os pour redistribuer le stress augmenté, ou en résorbant de l'os, qui est en surplus des besoins structuraux, liés à un stress réduit. Pour tester cette hypothèse, des cristaux d'hydroxyleapatite sont soumis à un stress et des changements d'activité ionique du calcium sont enregistrés à l'aide d'une électrode à cation divalent. Les résultats démontrent qu'un effet mécano-chimique peut etre détecté dans les cristaux d'apatite qui, soumis à un stress, engendrent une activité en calcium de 9×10−5 moles/litres et de 7×10−5 moles/litre, dans des conditions sans stress. Les résultats expérimentaux de cette étude et les données de la physiologie cellulaire s'accordent avec l'hypothèse mécano-chimique proposée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Um zu erklären, in welcher Weise auf Knochen applizierte, erhöhte oder verminderte mechanische Stresse zu einer Osteoblasten- und/oder Osteoklastenaktivität führen, wird ein neuer Mechanismus vorgeschlagen. Eine mechanochemische Hypothese der Knochenneubildung, verursacht durch mechanische Stresse, wird besprochen, um dieses Phänomen zu erklären. Knochen reagiert auf mechanische Stresse mit differenziertem Wachstum, um damit dem angewandten Stress zu widerstehen; daraus folgt, daß mechanisch induzierte Knochenneubildung vermutlich durch ein negatives Feedback-System reguliert wird. Die Hypothese besteht darin, daß eine Veränderung der Ladung des Knochens eine Veränderung der Spannung der Hydroxyapatitkristalle im Knochen zur Folge hat. Dies wiederum verändert die Löslichkeit der Kristalle und gibt damit die benötigte negative Feedback-Botschaft an die Knochenzellen in Form einer mechanischinduzierten chemischen Umgestaltung weiter. Die Zellen verhalten sich nun dementsprechend, um der Änderung der örtlichen Calciumaktivität entgegenzuwirken; entweder wird Knochengewebe gebildet, um einen erhöhten Stress neu zu verteilen, oder jener Knochenanteil wird beseitigt, der bei reduziertem Stress einen Überschuß der Strukturbedürfnisse darstellt. Um diese Annahme zu überprüfen, wurden synthetische Hydroxyapatitkristalle einem Stress unterworfen, und die Änderung in der Aktivität der Calciumionen wurde mittels einer divalenten Elektrode zur Messung der Kationenaktivität registriert. Die Resultate zeigen, daß ein mechanochemischer Effekt in den Hydroxyapatitkristallen nachgewiesen werden kann, die unter Stress eine Calciumaktivität von 9·10−5 Mol/Liter, dagegen ohne Stress eine solche von 7·10−5 Mol/Liter erzeugen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen einerseits und die Aussagen der Zellenphysiologie andererseits stimmen mit der hier vorgeschlagenen mechanochemischen Hypothese überein.
    Notes: Abstract A new mechanism is presented to explain how increased or decreased mechanical stresses applied to bone are translated into osteoblastic and/or osteoclastic activity. A mechano-chemical hypothesis for bone remodeling induced by mechanical stress is presented in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. Bone responds to mechanical stress by differential growth so as to resist the applied stress; therefore mechanically induced bone remodeling is probably regulated by a negative feedback system. The hypothesis is that a change in the loading of bone results in an altered straining of the hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. This in turn alters the solubility of the crystals, providing the required negative feedback message to the bone cells in the form of a mechanically induced chemical change. The cells then take appropriate action to compensate for the alteration in the localized calcium activity either by building up bone to redistribute an increased stress, or by removing bone which is surplus to the structural needs imposed by a reduced stress. In order to test the hypothesis, synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals were stressed and changes in calcium ion activity were recorded from a divalent cation activity electrode. The results show that a mechanochemical effect can be detected in hydroxyapatite crystals which, when stressed, generate a calcium activity of 9×10−5 moles/l compared to 7×10−5 moles/l when unstressed. The experimental results in this study and evidence from cellular physiology are consistent with the mechanochemical hypothesis proposed here.
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