ALBERT

Description: Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. 〈/jats:p〉

Description: This dataset reports measurements from a laboratory incubation of soils sourced from a boreal peatland and surrounding habitats (Siikaneva Bog, Finland). In August 2021, soil cores were collected from three habitat zones: a well-drained upland forest, an intermediate margin ecotone, and a Sphagnum moss bog. The cores from each habitat were taken from surface to approximately 50cm below surface using an Eijelkamp peat corer and subdivided by soil horizon. The samples were then incubated anaerobically for 140 days in three temperature treatment groups (0, 4, 20°C). Subsamples of the incubations headspace (250 µL) were measured on a gas chromatograph (7890A, Agilent Technologies, USA) with flame ionization detection (FID) for CO2 and CH4 concentrations. The rate of respiration from the samples were calculated per gram carbon and per gram soil as described in the method of Robertson., et al. (1999) and reported here, along with other relevant parameters.

Description: This data set integrates findings of 16 years (2005 to 2020) of collaborative monitoring efforts across multiple institutions in the Gulf of California.The data encompasses information of 13 species of marine herbivorous fishes belonging to five families: Acanthuridae, Girellidae, Kyphosidae, Pomacentridae and Scaridae. This database presents 884 records of biomass from 15,542 visual censuses assessed by scuba diving in 34 localities (comprising 268 rocky and coral reefs sites). Visual censuses consisted of belt transects (250 m2, 100 m2, and 60 m2) laid parallel to the coastline preserving a similar depth profiles. Along these transects, trained underwater monitors, identified the species, recorded the abundance of all the adult individuals of the 13 targeted species and visually estimated the total length (cm) of each fish. The information for each transect in the database, is presented as the biomass (grams per square meter), which was estimated based on the size per individual as well as the weight-length relationship for each species, available on the literature. In the database is also integrated the information of the latitude and longitude of each locality, type of management, localities in the Gulf of California, institutions, the initial and final year of data, total number of years, as well as the mean, standard deviation, sample size, slope (annual rate of change), probability value, standard error and minimum and maximum value calculated for each species within each locality. This dataset represents a historical reference point for the condition of the 13 species found in the Gulf of California. It can be used to perform evaluations of how herbivorous fish communities have changed over time and across different locations. This is particularly relevant due to the influence of global changes leading to tropicalization in the study area. Furthermore, this information holds significance as it supplies essential insights to those responsible for the management of protected zones in the Gulf and the broader eastern tropical Pacific region. communities have changed over time and across different locations. This is particularly relevant due to the influence of global changes leading to tropicalization in the study area. Furthermore, this information holds significance as it supplies essential insights to those responsible for the management of protected zones in the Gulf and the broader eastern tropical Pacific region.

Description: Through collaborative monitoring involving multiple academic, government, and civil institutions over a span of 16 years (2005 to 2020), we compiled 884 records of the density of 13 species of marine herbivorous fishes. The data was collected through 15,542 visual censuses conducted by scuba diving in 34 localities, encompassing 268 rocky and coral reef sites. These censuses utilized belt transects (250 m², 100 m², and 60 m²) parallel to the coastline at similar depth profiles. Trained underwater monitors recorded abundances of all adult individuals of the 13 targeted species along the transects. The information for each transect in the database is presented as the average fish density (individuals per square meter), estimated based on the abundance for each species. The database integrates information on latitude, longitude, type of management, localities in the Gulf of California, institutions, initial and final years of data collection, total number of years, as well as mean, standard deviation, sample size, slope (annual rate of change), probability value, standard error, and minimum and maximum values calculated for each species within each locality. This dataset serves as a historical benchmark for assessing the status of 13 species in the Gulf of California. It enables the examination of changes in herbivorous fish communities over time and across various locations, which is crucial given the impact of global changes leading to tropicalization in the study area. The data is particularly important for providing valuable insights to those managing protected areas in the Gulf and the broader eastern tropical Pacific region.

Description: A newly developed method to derive melt pond bathymetry from aerial images allowed us to compile spatially fully resolved maps of pond depth on the MOSAiC floe from three measurement flights on 30 June, 17 July, and 22 July 2020. The pond bathymetry maps provide an unprecedented comprehensive insight into the spatial and temporal development of ponds and their geometry. They were derived to better understand pond evolution, determine the volume of water contained in the ponds, and eventually obtain improved parameterizations for ponds. The data is provided in GeoTIFF raster format, with every pixel in ponds containing the depth at that location in meters, downward negative. Pond bathymetry was calculated from orthomosaics and digital elevation models processed from helicopter aerial images collected on MOSAiC floe grid surveys. Pond bathymetry is stored in GeoTIFFs, containing pond depth in meters, in the negative downward direction. Only regions classified as ponds with the classification algorithm PASTA-ice are included. Some pond-like objects on the floe were classified as submerged ice/open water due to their visual appearance or connection to the floe edge and are therefore not included. The raster data is projected in WGS 84 / NSIDC Sea Ice Polar Stereographic North (EPSG:3413). It was derived from the orthomosaics and DEMs presented in doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.949433 and can therefore be overlaid directly with this data.

Description: Concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic carbon from water samples collected throughout the ice-free season in the Lena River Delta, supplemented with samples from Central Siberian Rivers Kochechum and Nizhnyaya Tunguska. Particulate samples were obtained by filtering water through pre-combusted glass-fibre filters, dissolved organic matter was studied in the filtrate. Molar concentration ratios of organic carbon to nitrogen in particulate samples are additionally reported as well as stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C in ‰ VPDB) and radiocarbon content (∆14C in ‰) of particulate and dissolved organic carbon.

Description: This data set consists of isotopic and molecular information obtained from samples of particulate and dissolved organic matter collected throughout the ice-free season in the Lena River Delta, supplemented with samples from Central Siberian Rivers Kochechum and Nizhnyaya Tunguska. Particulate samples were obtained by filtering water through pre-combusted glass-fibre filters, dissolved organic matter was studied in the filtrate. Molar concentration ratios of organic carbon to nitrogen in particulate samples are additionally reported as well as stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C in ‰ VPDB) and radiocarbon content (∆14C in ‰) of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. Concentrations of long-chain n-alkanes (n-C17 to n-C33) in suspended particulate matter samples collected on glass-fibre filters in the Lena Delta. The data set also contains stable hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of odd-chain n-alkanes n-C23 to n-C31 expressed in permille relative to VSMOW. Contents of long-chain n-alkanes (n-C17 to n-C33) in soil samples as well as particles settled from a large-volume water sample collected in the Lena Delta. The data set also contains stable hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of odd-chain n-alkanes n-C23 to n-C31 expressed in permille relative to VSMOW.

Description: In situ measurements from sparsely distributed networks worldwide are a valuable source of data for validating satellite products. However, the significant differences in spatial scale between in situ and satellite measurements pose a challenge for validation. To address this challenge, we propose a new global coarse pixel-scale ground truth dataset which provide sequential pixel scale albedo on a 500 m resolution over the period 2000-2021. The creation of data set is done using ground measurements from 368 sparsely distributed networks worldwide and high-resolution long-term time series data corresponding to site-based data. Furthermore, we carefully evaluate the effectiveness of the new dataset over sites with different degrees of spatial representativeness. The results demonstrate superior overall accuracy compared to in situ measurement, especially in regions with strong spatial heterogeneity while most in situ measurements have poor spatial representativeness and cannot represent the pixel scale. The dataset offers a unique collection of pixel-scale relative ground "truth" with the widest spatial distribution and longest time series. Its ability to capture both spatial and temporal variations of surface albedo at coarse spatial scales makes it an invaluable resource for validating and correcting global surface albedo products.

Description: Liquid water content and total water content from the Nevzorov probe, collected during the HALO-AC³ campaign out of Longyearbyen, Svalbard in April 2022. The dataset contains measurements from the three collector sensors of the Nevzorov probe. These are the cylindrical LWC sensor, the 8 mm TWC cone and the 12 mm TWC cone (for a description of the probe see doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015〈1495:TNAHWL〉2.0.CO;2, doi:10.5194/egusphere-2022-647 ). Furthermore, corrected LWC and TWC values are contained in the dataset. These values are best estimates of LWC and TWC. They are computed by solving a system of equations and they consider collection efficiencies, the different latent heats of water and ice and the sensitivity of the LWC sensor to ice particles. For a description of the computation see Lucke et al. (2023) (doi:10.4271/2023-01-1485). However, for this data, the 12 mm cone was not included in the computation, as its data were deemed to be too unreliable in conditions where droplet diameters are low. NaNs are represented as 9999.999 in the dataset. The dataset only contains research flight 8 - 13. For the previous flights a problem with the probe existed and no data was recorded.

Description: We provide continuous bihourly temperature and humidity data (2021-2023) of five caves and two blowholes from an arid and one of the largest contiguous karst areas in the world, the Nullarbor Plain in south Australia. The data were recorded with ten TGP-4500 Tinytag Plus 2 self-contained temperature (resolution ±0.01°C or better with reading range from -25°C to +85°C) and relative humidity (resolution ±3.0% or better with reading range from 0% to 100%) data loggers, and are available in a spreadsheet form. The data have great potential to provide insight into karst underground processes, air mass movements, hydrogeology, speleothems and (palaeo)climate, current climatic changes, and biology. This data is largely a continuation of measurements beginning in 2021 (published in PANGAEA doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.939075), and additionally supplements Lipar & Ferk (2022; doi:10.3390/data7030030). Additional funding: Australian Speleological Federation Karst Conservation Fund (https://www.caves.org.au/conservation/karst-conservation-fund).

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Multi sensor core logging (MSCL) data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen; cores 24001-1, 24003-1, 24006-1, 24009-1, 24011-1. Data: CoreThickness, PwaveAmplitude, PWaveVelocity in m per second, GammaRayAttenuation Density in g per CC, Magnetic Susceptibility in SI10^-5. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. MSCL data were generated at 1 cm steps at MARUM using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger, a automated system for measuring bulk density (GRA density), P-wave velocity and magnetic susceptibility at whole and split cores of sediment, in September and Oktober 2021. MSCL Data were obtained to characterise the physical properties of the sediment.

Description: Multi sensor core logging (MSCL) data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen; cores 24001-1, 24003-1, 24006-1, 24009-1, 24011-1. Data: CoreThickness, PwaveAmplitude, PWaveVelocity in m per second, GammaRayAttenuation Density in g per CC, Magnetic Susceptibility in SI10^-5. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. MSCL data were generated at 1 cm steps at MARUM using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger, a automated system for measuring bulk density (GRA density), P-wave velocity and magnetic susceptibility at whole and split cores of sediment, in September and Oktober 2021. MSCL Data were obtained to characterise the physical properties of the sediment.

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Multi sensor core logging (MSCL) data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen; cores 24001-1, 24003-1, 24006-1, 24009-1, 24011-1. Data: CoreThickness, PwaveAmplitude, PWaveVelocity in m per second, GammaRayAttenuation Density in g per CC, Magnetic Susceptibility in SI10^-5. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. MSCL data were generated at 1 cm steps at MARUM using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger, a automated system for measuring bulk density (GRA density), P-wave velocity and magnetic susceptibility at whole and split cores of sediment, in September and Oktober 2021. MSCL Data were obtained to characterise the physical properties of the sediment.

Description: The onset of the first sustained Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (~34 Ma; EOT) was marked by several changes in calcareous nannofossils coinciding with long-term cooling and modifications in the sea-surface water structure. Here, we combined a high-resolution calcareous nannofossil assemblage data (%) with bulk geochemical data from IODP Site U1509 (New Caledonia Trough, Tasman Sea) in order to give an overview of the paleoclimatic and palaeoceanographic evolution of the study area.

Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen. XRF scanning was done on the split surface of the sediment cores to obtain the elemental composition from Aluminium to Uranium in order to geochemically characterise the bulk sediment composition. Cores were scanned with XRF core scanner III at MARUM University Bremen 09.12.2020 – 15.12.2020 and 23.-27.08.2021 using three runs (10kV, 30 kV and 50 kV). The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments.

Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen. XRF scanning was done on the split surface of the sediment cores to obtain the elemental composition from Aluminium to Uranium in order to geochemically characterise the bulk sediment composition. Cores were scanned with XRF core scanner III at MARUM University Bremen 09.12.2020 – 15.12.2020 and 23.-27.08.2021 using three runs (10kV, 30 kV and 50 kV). The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments.

Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen. XRF scanning was done on the split surface of the sediment cores to obtain the elemental composition from Aluminium to Uranium in order to geochemically characterise the bulk sediment composition. Cores were scanned with XRF core scanner III at MARUM University Bremen 09.12.2020 – 15.12.2020 and 23.-27.08.2021 using three runs (10kV, 30 kV and 50 kV). The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments.

Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen. XRF scanning was done on the split surface of the sediment cores to obtain the elemental composition from Aluminium to Uranium in order to geochemically characterise the bulk sediment composition. Cores were scanned with XRF core scanner III at MARUM University Bremen 09.12.2020 – 15.12.2020 and 23.-27.08.2021 using three runs (10kV, 30 kV and 50 kV). The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments.

Description: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen. XRF scanning was done on the split surface of the sediment cores to obtain the elemental composition from Aluminium to Uranium in order to geochemically characterise the bulk sediment composition. Cores were scanned with XRF core scanner III at MARUM University Bremen 09.12.2020 – 15.12.2020 and 23.-27.08.2021 using three runs (10kV, 30 kV and 50 kV). The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Field data: Lightness data extracted from core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in February and March 2020. Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Lightness data were extracted from a 5 cm long and 0.2 mm wide area in the core center using the IGOR PRO software. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Lightness data were extracted to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes.

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Field data: Core images of gravity corer sediments collected during project Kerguelen Plateau Sediment Drifts with RV Sonne Cruise SO272 in 2020. Images of core sections were assambled using custom made IGOR Pro Software Code. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. Core Images were generated to characterise the color of the sediment and document changes in color as well as sedimentary structures.

Description: Multi sensor core logging (MSCL) data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen; cores 24001-1, 24003-1, 24006-1, 24009-1, 24011-1. Data: CoreThickness, PwaveAmplitude, PWaveVelocity in m per second, GammaRayAttenuation Density in g per CC, Magnetic Susceptibility in SI10^-5. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. MSCL data were generated at 1 cm steps at MARUM using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger, a automated system for measuring bulk density (GRA density), P-wave velocity and magnetic susceptibility at whole and split cores of sediment, in September and Oktober 2021. MSCL Data were obtained to characterise the physical properties of the sediment.

Description: Multi sensor core logging (MSCL) data from gravity cores retrieved during RV SONNE Cruise SO272 generated at MARUM University Bremen; cores 24001-1, 24003-1, 24006-1, 24009-1, 24011-1. Data: CoreThickness, PwaveAmplitude, PWaveVelocity in m per second, GammaRayAttenuation Density in g per CC, Magnetic Susceptibility in SI10^-5. The gravity cores were retrieved from the Labuan and Gaggatt Basin spanning Plio-Pleistocene to Eocene sediments. MSCL data were generated at 1 cm steps at MARUM using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger, a automated system for measuring bulk density (GRA density), P-wave velocity and magnetic susceptibility at whole and split cores of sediment, in September and Oktober 2021. MSCL Data were obtained to characterise the physical properties of the sediment.

Description: The basic observed water characteristics (pH, temperature, salinity) of Magallana angulata (also known as Crassostrea angulata) F2 generation from larval stage to adult in the hatchery located in Zhanjiang, China (21.07°N, 110.74°E) for around one year. The F2 larvae were acquired by artificial fertilization of matured F1 generation (F1_8.1-7.4 and F1_7.4-8.1). Embryos from F1_8.1-7.4 were separated into two pH levels: F2_8.1-7.4-8.1 and F2_8.1-7.4-7.4. The embryos from F1_7.4-8.1 were separated into two pH levels: F2_7.4-8.1-8.1 and F2_7.4-8.1-7.4. There were four treatments for F2 generation and reared till 2022 to test the transgenerational OA effects on oyster biological responses. Low pH was driven by bubbling of CO2-enriched air mixed with ambient air into filter seawater in the treatment tanks. pH and temperature were monitored daily with pH meter (Mettler Toledo InLab®, Switzerland) calibrated with NBS standards. Salinity was monitored using a dual-scale refractometer (MingRui, China). The seawater was utterly changed every two days during larval stage and every week for juvenile stage.

Description: The onset of the first sustained Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (~34 Ma; EOT) was marked by several changes in calcareous nannofossils coinciding with long-term cooling and modifications in the sea-surface water structure. Here, we combined a high-resolution calcareous nannofossil assemblage data (%) with bulk geochemical data from IODP Site U1509 (New Caledonia Trough, Tasman Sea) in order to give an overview of the paleoclimatic and palaeoceanographic evolution of the study area.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data using the ship's own Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS multibeam echo sounder was not continuously recorded during RV METEOR cruise M16/1. Data was recorded on 25 days between 1991-03-30 and 1991-04-24. This dataset contains a survey in the South Atlantic Ocean, also covering data around St. Helena. The approximate average depth of the entire dataset is around 4500m. The data are archived at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, BSH) and provided to PANGAEA database for data curation and publication. No ancillary sound velocity profiles (SVP) files from the cruise are archived at the BSH, thus no SVP files are added to this dataset. Data analysis of the multibeam raw data could not reveal whether the SVP has been changed during the survey. This publication is conducted within the efforts of the German Marine Research Alliance in the core area 'Data management and Digitalization' (Deutsche Allianz Meeresforschung, DAM). Data are unprocessed and therefore contains incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) without further processing. Note that refraction errors can be expected due to the lack of proper SVP. Overall, it appears that the data quality is rather moderate since the gridded hillshade data showed areas where the data coverage is occasionally interrupted. Note that the end date is wrong for file a031.dux (also indicated in the parameter "comment"). All files have been renamed from the suffix *.0 (stored at BSH) to *.dux. Data can be processed e.g. with the open source software package MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, http://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system/, 2022).

Description: The data sets contains bulk organic data of sediment core GeoTü SL167. Total organic carbon and nitrogen measurements were carried out with an Euro EA3000 elemental analyser and δ15N measurements with a Thermo Scientific Flash EA1112 coupled to a Finnigan MAT 252 IRMS. Total organic carbon mass accumulation rates (TOC MAR) based on calculation using the organic carbon content and total mass accumulation rates. A description of the calculation of the total mass accumulations rates is given in Burdanowitz et al 2021. Gravity core GeoTü SL167, was retrieved at station no. 960 during R.V. METEOR cruise M74/1b in 2007 (Bohrmann et al., 2010) from the northwestern Arabian Sea off Oman, at 22°37.2'N, 59°41.5'E, 774 m water depth, core recovery 7.39 m. The sediment core was retrieved for the reconstruction of circulation and productivity changes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Quaternary with particular focus on changes in the Indian monsoon system.

Description: The age model of sediment core GeoTü SL167 is based on 14C AMS measurements of planktonic foraminifera and is calibrated with the BACON v. 2.5.6 software for R (Blaauw & Christen, 2011) and a marine reservoir age of ΔR = 93 ± 61 years. The ΔR is based on the weighted mean of two regional marine reservoir corrections (Muscat) by Southon et al. (2002) using the marine calibration database (Reimer and Reimer, 2001, http://calib.org/marine/). Gravity core GeoTü SL167, was retrieved at station no. 960 during R.V. METEOR cruise M74/1b in 2007 (Bohrmann et al., 2010) from the northwestern Arabian Sea off Oman, at 22°37.2'N, 59°41.5'E, 774 m water depth, core recovery 7.39 m. The sediment core was retrieved for the reconstruction of circulation and productivity changes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Quaternary with particular focus on changes in the Indian monsoon system.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data using the ship's own Atlas Hydrographic Hydrosweep DS multibeam echo sounder was not continuously recorded during RV METEOR cruise M12/1. Data was recorded on 24 days between 1990-03-14 and 1990-04-13. This dataset contains a survey in the North and South Atlantic Ocean, covering mostly deep-water areas. The approximate average depth of the entire dataset is around 4200m. The data are archived at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, BSH) and provided to PANGAEA database for data curation and publication. No ancillary sound velocity profiles (SVP) files from the cruise are archived at the BSH, thus no SVP files are added to this dataset. Data analysis of the multibeam raw data could not reveal whether the SVP has been changed during the survey. This publication is conducted within the efforts of the German Marine Research Alliance in the core area 'Data management and Digitalization' (Deutsche Allianz Meeresforschung, DAM). Data are unprocessed and therefore contains incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) without further processing. Note that refraction errors can be expected due to the lack of proper SVP. Overall, it appears that the data quality is rather good to moderate since the gridded hillshade data showed relatively few obstacles. All files have been renamed from the suffix *.0 (stored at BSH) to *.dux. Data can be processed e.g. with the open source software package MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, http://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system/, 2022).

Description: Marine heat flow data from RV Meteor cruise M186. The GEOMAR project name is Azores Hot Vents. We used the 6 m Bremen heat probe with 21 channels @ 0.26 m spacing.

Description: Raw data acquired by position sensors on board RV Heincke during expedition HE630 were processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. During HE630 the inertial navigation system IXSEA PHINS III and the GPS receivers Trimble Marine SPS461 and SAAB R5 SUPREME NAV were used as navigation sensors. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.awi.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution derived from the position sensors' data selected by priority and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track.

Description: A spatial database was created in the form of a polygon shape file (.shp) contains data on the occurrence of karst and the lithological type of karst for each of the 1:100,000 scale lithological polygons in Slovenia. As a spatial data source for the surface lithology a vector map of rock types in Slovenia was used (Zemljevid tipov kamnin 2012). This data source was based on the lithostratigraphic map of Slovenia (Litostratigrafska karta Slovenije 2011), which was primarily based on 1:25,000 vectorized geological maps of Slovenia. The data on surface lithology was prepared at a scale of 1:100,000. The spatial dataset (shp) of karst in Slovenia by lithological types consists of 12,734 polygons. The attribute Karst_EN contains data on types in English and the attribute Karst_SI contains data on karst types in Slovenian. The spatial dataset (shp) of the distribution of karst in Slovenia contains 1 polygon, which provides information on the spatial extent of karst in Slovenia.

Description: Paleo±Dust is an updated compilation of bulk and 〈10-µm paleo-dust deposition rate with quantitative 1-σ uncertainties that are inter-comparable among archive types (lake sediment cores, marine sediment cores, polar ice cores, peat bog cores, loess samples). Paleo±Dust incorporates a total of 285 pre-industrial Holocene (pi-HOL) and 209 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) dust flux constraints from studies published until December 2022. We also recalculate previously published dust fluxes to exclude data from the last deglaciation and thus obtain more representative constraints for the last pre-industrial interglacial and glacial end-member climate states. Metadata include all components necessary to derive dust deposition rate, including: age range, thickness, density, eolian content. We also include 1-sigma uncertainties on each of these components, and on the final bulk and 〈10-µm dust deposition rates. Specific notes for each site and a list of references are also included.

Description: A synoptic observational data set of Tropical Instability Wave (TIW) mixing events and associated heat and momentum fluxes as well as oceanic and atmospheric background parameters is provided. The data set focuses on the vertical distribution of upper-ocean turbulence during 12 elevated TIW events observed in tropical Atlantic at the equator at 23°W than occurred between 2014 and 2019. TIW events were selected based on a peak to peak meridional velocity magnitude criterium of larger than 0.4 m/s having time periods between 18 and 50 days and the availability of ocean turbulence data time series. A TIW composite of the 12 events was determined by scaling the time axis of northward and southward TIW phases of individual waves to the average wave period. The dataset includes time series (daily means) of turbulent dissipation rates (chi-pot measurements, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097345), upper-ocean zonal and meridional currents from moored acoustic Doppler current profilers, upper-ocean temperature and salinity profile time series, 4-meter wind speeds and relative humidity, shortwave radiation, longwave radiation, sensible, latent and net surface heat fluxes from ePIRATA (https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0816.1). These parameters are available for the composite event as well as for each of the 12 individual TIW events. The data set is provided for evaluating vertical mixing schemes of Earth system models and general ocean circulation models.

Description: A synoptic data set of near-inertial wave (NIW) mixing events and associated heat and momentum fluxes as well as oceanic background parameters is provided. The data set focuses on the vertical distribution of upper-ocean turbulence of 20 NIW events observed during 14 research cruises to the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) between 2006 and 2019. These 20 NIW events have been detected from ship ADCP records, based on velocities from the topmost usable bin. In order to be detectable, NIWs needed to exceed a velocity amplitude threshold of about 0.1 to 0.2 m/s during an observation time of at least 0.5 to 1 inertial periods. The data set includes (1) an average profile of turbulent dissipation rate of the detectable ETNA NIW events, plus data of the 67 local ship stations which contributed turbulent microstructure profiles to the average; (2) one file for each detectable NIW event (20 in total), containing current velocity profiles, and derived variables like vertical shear or mixed layer depth; (3) one file for each research cruise with at least one detected NIW event (14 research cruises in total), which contain timeseries for the entire time coverage inside ETNA, for the topmost current velocity as for ship based data related to surface heat and momentum fluxes. The data set is provided for evaluating vertical mixing schemes of NextGEMS (Next Generation Earth Modelling Systems) and other Earth system models.

Description: Two species of clams, Mya arenaria (1) and Mya truncata (2), were hand collected from Métis-sur-Mer, Québec, Canada (48° 40' 4.6092" N, 68° 1' 5.9484" W) and by SCUBA diving (~ 10 m) at Godbout, Québec, Canada (49° 19' 25.626" N, 67° 35' 17.034" W) respectively. The clams were brought to the wet labs of the Maurice-Lamontagne Institute in Mont-Joli, Québec for acclimatization to experimental conditions. A clams' ability (1) or inability (0) to bury itself into the substrate (sand) was observed visually to control for it's possible relationship to clam performance variability, as well as their common garden tank (pre.acclim) to control for possible tank variability. After 〉 1 month in this pre-acclimatization phase, during the months of november and december 2020, clams were measured for morophometrics (length, width, and height) with a vernier caliper to control for the relationship between size and clam physiology, and transferred to the experimental system and subjected to a combination of two stressors: one of seven levels of heatwave (2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, or 32 °C) crossed with one of two levels of harvesting (with, without). The true temperature was recorded (truetemp) with HOBO 8K pendant data loggers to measure the variation in real temperature experienced by the clams in each tank. Four tank replicates were used for each of the fourteen (7 x 2) experimental treatments to account for possible tank effects. In each of these tanks (1-4), eight individuals of each species were placed together to increase replication. At the end of the experimental period, mortality was assessed by prodding clams in each tank for each species (mya_spp_heatwave_mortality_data) as a measure of response to the stressors. In surviving individuals, three tissues -- mantle (m), gills (g) and posterior adductor muscle (a) were dissected from each individual to asses inter organ differences and the tissues were flash freezed for metabolomics analysis. A targeted metabolomics analysis was run over the months of March to May 2021 at the Iso-BioKem laboratories in Rimouski, Québec, Canada to quantify 48 metabolites with an Agilent 1260 Infinity II high performance liquid chromatographer (mya_spp_heatwave_metabolomics_data) as a measure of response to the stressors.

Description: Two species of clams, Mya arenaria (1) and Mya truncata (2), were hand collected from Métis-sur-Mer, Québec, Canada (48° 40' 4.6092" N, 68° 1' 5.9484" W) and by SCUBA diving (~ 10 m) at Godbout, Québec, Canada (49° 19' 25.626" N, 67° 35' 17.034" W) respectively. The clams were brought to the wet labs of the Maurice-Lamontagne Institute in Mont-Joli, Québec for acclimatization to experimental conditions. A clams' ability (1) or inability (0) to bury itself into the substrate (sand) was observed visually to control for it's possible relationship to clam performance variability, as well as their common garden tank (pre.acclim) to control for possible tank variability. After 〉 1 month in this pre-acclimatization phase, during the months of november and december 2020, clams were measured for morophometrics (length, width, and height) with a vernier caliper to control for the relationship between size and clam physiology, and transferred to the experimental system and subjected to a combination of two stressors: one of seven levels of heatwave (2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, or 32 °C) crossed with one of two levels of harvesting (with, without). The true temperature was recorded (truetemp) with HOBO 8K pendant data loggers to measure the variation in real temperature experienced by the clams in each tank. Four tank replicates were used for each of the fourteen (7 x 2) experimental treatments to account for possible tank effects. In each of these tanks (1-4), eight individuals of each species were placed together to increase replication. At the end of the experimental period, mortality was assessed by prodding clams in each tank for each species (mya_spp_heatwave_mortality_data) as a measure of response to the stressors. In surviving individuals, three tissues -- mantle (m), gills (g) and posterior adductor muscle (a) were dissected from each individual to asses inter organ differences and the tissues were flash freezed for metabolomics analysis. A targeted metabolomics analysis was run over the months of March to May 2021 at the Iso-BioKem laboratories in Rimouski, Québec, Canada to quantify 48 metabolites with an Agilent 1260 Infinity II high performance liquid chromatographer (mya_spp_heatwave_metabolomics_data) as a measure of response to the stressors.

Description: Data was collected in a project investigating the importance of prokaryotic maintenance respiration in the marine environment. Prokaryotic respiration, growth and abundance was measured at multiple stations encompassing three sites along the Baltic Sea gradient and North Sea. Salinity covered 3 to 30. Temperature, total dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen were also measured. Measurements were done during the late summer in August and September 2017. Data from the northern most site was collected 2015 with the same methods. Duplicate Niskin bottle samples were taken from discrete depths in surface waters covering up to 70 m depth depending on site. Prokaryotic respiration was measured in 1.2 µm pre-filtered samples using oxygen optode. Prokaryotic growth was measured by the tritiated thymidine incorporation technique in pre-filtered samples. Prokaryotic abundance was measured by acridine orange stain and direct epi-fluorescence microscopy applying image analysis. Cell-specific respiration and growth rates were calculated for evaluating influence of prokaryotic maintenance respiration. The prokaryotic growth efficiency was also estimated. Results are reported in a scientific article in Frontiers in marine Science (doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1070070).

Description: Time series of currents, salinity (conductivity), temperature Chlorophyl-a and CDOM were obtained in the period May- June 2014 by use of a McLane ice-tethered profiler in Young Sound, Greenland. At YS05 (74.238 N, 20.188 W) the mooring consisted of a 600 kHz downward-looking Nortek Aquadopp ADCP and an SBE 52-MP CTD (accuracy temperature ±0.002 C and conductivity ±0.0003 Sm-1) and WetLab ECO triplet (Cholorphyll-a and CDOM). Velocities were corrected for magnetic deviation (18.5o). The water column sampling spanned between 1.5 and 30 m depth every 30 min. The ADCP was set to sample 80 bins (bin size of 0.5 m) and each bin consisted of a 1 min ensemble average of 60 pings. The first and last bins were centred at 1m and 41 m depth. Only bins between 2.5 and 30 m were adequately measured. For further details see Boone et al., 2017 (Circulation and fjord-shelf exchange during the ice-covered period in Young Sound-Tyrolerfjord, Northwest Greenland (74 N). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 15, 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.021).

Description: CTD data was obtained in the period April-June 2014 in Young Sound, Greenland. CTD casts were performed using an SBE-19 plus CTD (accuracy: ±0.005 C and ±0.0005 Sm-1) which was lowered through ice-drilled holes. In total, 4 transects were performed and covered from the mouth to the head of the fjord. Standardized routines of Seabird software were used on the data set for quality control and bin averaging. The data sets consist of profiles of practical salinity, temperature, potential temperature, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, turbidity, and irradiance (PAR). For further details see Boone et al., 2017 (Circulation and fjord-shelf exchange during the ice-covered period in Young Sound-Tyrolerfjord, Northwest Greenland (74o N). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 15, 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.021).