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  • 1
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  Frank.Morado@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14558 | 403 | 2014-02-21 00:23:40 | 14558 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The genus Sebastes consists of over 100 fish species, all of which are viviparous and long-lived. Previous studies have presented schemes on the reproductive biology of a single targeted species of the genus Sebastes, but all appear to possess a similar reproductive biology asevidenced by this and other studies. This atlas stages major events during spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and embryogenesis, including atresia, in six species of Sebastes (S. alutus, S. elongatus, S. helvomaculatus, S. polyspinis, S. proriger, and S. zacentrus). Our study suggests that the male reproductive cycle of Sebastes is characterized by 11 phases of testicular development, with 10 stages of sperm development and 1 stage of spermatozoa atresia. Ovarian development was divided into 12 phases, with 10 stages of oocyte development, 1 stage of embryonic development, and 1 stage of oocyte atresia. Embryonic development up to parturition was divided into 33 stages following the research of Yamada and Kusakari (1991). Reproductive development of all six species examined followed the developmental classifications listed above which may apply to all species of Sebastes regardless of the number of broods produced annually. Multiple brooders vary in that not all ova are fertilized and progress to embryos; a proportion of ova are arrested at the pre-vitellogenic stage. Reproductive stage examples shown in this atlas use S. elongates for spermatic development, S. proriger for oocyte development, and S. alutus for embryological development, because opportunistic sampling only permitted complete analysis of each respective developmental phase for those species. The results of this study and the proposed reproductive phases complement the recommended scheme submitted by Brown-Peterson et al. (2011), who call for a standardization of terminology for describing reproductive development of fishes.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 2
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  Bob.Stone@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14560 | 403 | 2014-02-21 00:22:19 | 14560 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The first dedicated collections of deep-water (〉80 m) sponges from the central Aleutian Islands revealed a rich fauna including 28 novel species and geographical range extensions for 53 others. Based on these collections and the published literature, we now confirm the presence of 125 species (or subspecies)of deep-water sponges in the Aleutian Islands. Clearly the deep-water sponge fauna of the Aleutian Islands is extraordinarily rich and largely understudied. Submersible observations revealed that sponges, rather than deep-water corals, are the dominant feature shaping benthic habitats in the region and that they provide important refuge habitat for many species of fish and invertebrates including juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and king crabs (Lithodes sp). Examination of video footage collected along 127 km of the seafloor further indicate that there are likely hundreds of species still uncollected from the region, and many unknown to science. Furthermore, sponges are extremely fragile and easily damaged by contact with fishing gear. High rates of fishery bycatch clearly indicate a strong interaction between existing fisheries and sponge habitat. Bycatch in fisheries and fisheries-independent surveys can be a major source of information on the location of the sponge fauna, but current monitoring programs are greatly hampered by the inability of deck personnel to identify bycatch. This guide contains detailed species descriptions for 112 sponges collected in Alaska, principally in the central Aleutian Islands. It addresses bycatch identification challenges by providing fisheries observers and scientists with the information necessary to adequately identify sponge fauna. Using that identification data, areas of high abundance can be mapped and the locations of indicator species of vulnerable marine ecosystems can be determined. The guide is also designed for use by scientists making observations of the fauna in situ with submersibles, including remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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  • 3
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Washington, D.C.
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14563 | 403 | 2014-02-19 22:20:21 | 14563 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is dedicated to the stewardship of living marine resources (LMR’s). This is accomplished through science-based conservation and management, and the promotion of healthy ecosystems. As a steward, NMFS has an obligation to conserve, protect, and manage these resources in a way that ensures their continuation as functioning components of healthy marine ecosystems, affords economic opportunities, and enhances the quality of life for the American public. In addition to its responsibilities within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), NMFS plays a supportive and advisory role in the management of LMR’s in the coastal areas under state jurisdiction and provides scientific and policy leadership in the international arena. NMFS also implements international measures for the conservation and management of LMR’s, as appropriate.NMFS receives its stewardship responsibilities under a number of Federal laws. These include the Nation’s primary fisheries law, the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. This law was first passed in 1976, later reauthorized as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1996, and reauthorized again on 12 January 2007 as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act (MSRA). The MSRA mandates strong action to conserve and manage fishery resources and requires NMFS to end overfishing by 2010 in all U.S. commercial and recreational fisheries, rebuild all overfished stocks, and conserve essential fish habitat.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
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  • 4
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  beth.matta@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14559 | 403 | 2014-02-21 00:23:02 | 14559 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The Age and Growth Program at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center is tasked with providing age data in order to improve the basic understanding of the ecology and fisheries dynamics of Alaskan fish species. The primary focus of the Age and Growth Program is to estimate ages from otoliths and other calcified structures for age-structured modeling of commercially exploited stocks; however, the program has recently expanded its interests to include numerous studies on topics ranging from age estimate validation to the growth and life history of non-target species. Because so many applications rely upon age data and particularly upon assurances as to their accuracy and precision, the Age and Growth Program has developed this practical guide to document the age determination of key groundfish species from Alaskan waters. The main objective of this manual is to describe techniques specific to the age determination of commercially and ecologically important species studied by the Age and Growth Program. The manual also provides general background information on otolith morphology, dissection, and preparation, as well as descriptions of methods used to measure precision andaccuracy of age estimates. This manual is intended not only as a reference for age readers at the AFSC and other laboratories, but also to give insight into the quality of age estimates to scientists who routinely use such data.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
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  • 5
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  ann.matarese@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14557 | 403 | 2014-03-10 21:09:22 | 14557 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Stichaeidae, commonly referred to as pricklebacks, are intertidal and subtidal fishes primarily of the North Pacific Ocean. Broad distribution in relatively inaccessible and undersampled habitats has contributed to a general lack of information about this family. In this study, descriptions of early life history stages are presented for 25 species representing 18 genera of stichaeid fishes from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean Basin. Six of these species also occur in the North Atlantic Ocean. Larval stages of 16 species are described for the first time. Additional information or illustrations intended to augment previous descriptions are provided for nine species. For most taxa, we present adult and larval distributions, descriptions of morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation characters, and species comparisons, and we provide illustrations for preflexion through postflexion or transformation stages. New counts of meristic features are reported for several species.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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    Type: monograph
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  • 6
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  Debbie.Blood@noaa.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14562 | 403 | 2014-02-21 00:20:54 | 14562 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Prior to Pietsch’s (1993) revision of the genus Triglops, identification of their larvae was difficult; six species co-occur in the eastern North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea and three co-occur in the western North Atlantic Ocean. We examined larvae from collections of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center and Atlantic Reference Centre and used updated meristic data, pigment patterns, and morphological characters to identify larvae of Triglops forficatus, T. macellus, T. murrayi, T. nybelini, T. pingeli, and T. scepticus; larvae of T. metopias, T. dorothy, T. jordani, and T. xenostethus have yet to be identified and are thus not included in this paper. Larval Triglops are characterized by a high myomere count (42–54), heavy dorsolateral pigmentation on the gut, and a pointed snout. Among species co-occurring in the eastern North Pacific Ocean, T. forficatus, T. macellus, and T. pingeli larvae are distinguished from each other by meristic counts and presence or absence of a series of postanal ventral melanophores. Triglops scepticus is differentiated from other eastern North Pacific Ocean larvae by having 0–3 postanal ventral melanophores, a large eye, and a large body depth. Among species co-occurring in the western North Atlantic Ocean, T. murrayi and T. pingeli larvae are distinguished from each other by meristic counts (vertebrae, dorsal-fin rays, and anal-fin rays once formed), number of postanal ventral melanophores, and first appearance and size of head spines. Triglops nybelini is distinguished from T. murrayi and T. pingeli by a large eye, pigment on the lateral line and dorsal midline in flexion larvae, and a greater number of dorsal-fin rays and pectoral-fin rays once formed.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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  • 7
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Silver Spring, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14566 | 403 | 2014-02-20 18:26:54 | 14566 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report argues for greatly increased resources in terms of data collection facilities and staff to collect, process, and analyze the data, and to communicate the results, in order for NMFS to fulfill its mandate to conserve and manage marine resources. In fact, the authors of this report had great difficulty defining the "ideal" situation to which fisheries stock assessments and management should aspire. One of the primary objectives of fisheries management is to develop sustainable harvest policies that minimize the risks of overfishing both target species and associated species. This can be achieved in a wide spectrum of ways, ranging between the following two extremes. The first is to implement only simple management measures with correspondingly simple assessment demands, which will usually mean setting fishing mortality targets at relatively low levels in order to reduce the risk of unknowingly overfishing or driving ecosystems towards undesirable system states. The second is to expand existingdata collection and analysis programs to provide an adequateknowledge base that can support higher fishing mortality targets while still ensuring low risk to target and associated species and ecosystems. However, defining "adequate" is difficult, especially when scientists have not even identified all marine species, and information on catches, abundances, and life histories of many target species, and most associated species, is sparse. Increasing calls from the public, stakeholders, and the scientific community to implement ecosystem-based stock assessment and management make it even more difficult to define "adequate," especially when "ecosystem-based management" is itself not well-defined. In attempting to describe the data collection and assessment needs for the latter, the authors took a pragmatic approach, rather than trying to estimate the resources required to develop a knowledge base about the fine-scale detailed distributions, abundances, and associations of all marine species. Thus, the specified resource requirements will not meet the expectations of some stakeholders. In addition, the Stock Assessment Improvement Plan is designed to be complementary to other related plans, and therefore does not duplicate the resource requirements detailed in those plans, except as otherwise noted.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
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  • 8
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14826 | 403 | 2014-02-28 21:18:46 | 14826 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The 1997 reauthorization of the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act (Striped Bass Act) mandated biennial reports to Congress and to the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (Commission) from the secretaries of the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior concerning the progress and findings of studies of Atlantic striped bass (Morone saxatilis). The Striped Bass Act specifically requests updates on studies that include, but are not limited to: annual stock assessments, investigations on the causes of fluctuations in Atlantic striped bass populations, the effects of environmental factors on the recruitment, spawning potential, mortality, and abundance of Atlantic striped bass populations, and investigations of interactions between Atlantic striped bass and other fish. This document is the fifth such report to Congress and includes data available through 2007 with emphasis on the 2005 and 2006 calendar years.
    Description: Submitted by the National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the Committee on Resources of the United States House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the United States Senate.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 9
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Woods Hole, MA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14884 | 403 | 2014-03-07 19:48:28 | 14884 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) Fisheries Sampling Branch (FSB) collects, maintains, and distributes data for scientific and management purposes in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. FSB manages three separate but related observer programs: the Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP), the Industry Funded Scallop (IFS) Observer Program, and the At Sea Monitoring (ASM) Program. For the purposes of this manual, “observers” refers to any observer/monitor working for the FSB.In 2011, FSB trained and deployed over 200 observers, provided coverage on a variety of fisheries, and completed over 15,000 sea days. Observed trips are required under many of the region's fishery management plans, and for some fisheries by other federal laws and authorities such as Amendment 16 and Framework 44, Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, the and the Sustainable Fisheries Act.The purpose of this guide is to provide FSB observers, as well as end users of NEFSC Observer Program data, with a detailed description of each data field collected. In addition to this manual, the NEFSC Observer Program Biological Sampling and Catch Estimation Manual provides summaries and tables intended to enable observers to quickly determine the correct sampling protocols and methods while at sea.This manual represents a revision of the data forms, collection procedures, and protocols described in the 1996 NEFSC Observer Program Manual. For documentation of other changes see Documentation of changes made to the NEFSC Fisheries Observer Program Manual, 2013.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management ; Policies
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 10
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2477 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:06:51 | 2477 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Ghost shrimp and mud shrimp in the decapod infraorder Thalassinidea are ecologically important members of manybenthic intertidal and shallow subtidal infaunal communities, largely due to the sediment filtration and mixing that result from their burrowing and feeding behavior. These activities considerably modify their immediate environment and have made these cryptic animals extremely interesting to scientists in terms of their behavior, ecology, and classification.Over 20 years ago, seven species of thalassinideans were known from the South Atlantic Bight (Cape Hatteras, NC to Cape Canaveral, FL). During this study, the examinationof extensive collections from the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the Southeastern Regional Taxonomic Center (SERTC), and regional institutions, resultedin the identification of 14 species of thalassinideanscurrently known to occur within this region. The family Axiidae is represented by three species: Axius armatus, Calaxius jenneri, and Paraxiopsis gracilimana; the Callianassidae by six: Biffarius biformis, B. cf. fragilis, Callichirus major, Cheramus marginatus, Gilvossius setimanus, and Necallianassa berylae; the Calocarididae by two: Calocaris templemani and Acanthaxius hirsutimanus; andthe families Laomediidae, Thomassiniidae, and Upogebiidae are each represented by one: Naushonia crangonoides, Crosniera wennerae, and Upogebia affinis, respectively. Anillustrated key is presented for species level identification and supplemental notes on the ecology, distribution, and taxonomy of the species are provided.(PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 11
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2476 | 403 | 2014-02-21 01:10:02 | 2476 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Pelagic juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) collected in surveys designed to assess juvenile salmonids and other species in the Gulf of Alaska in 1998 and 2000–2003provide an opportunity to document the occurrence of the pelagic juveniles of several species of rockfish. Often, species identification of rockfish is difficult or impossible at this stage of development (~20 to 60 mm),and few species indigenous to Alaska waters have been described. Use of mitochondrial DNA markers for rockfish species allowed unequivocal identification of ten species (S. aleutianus, S. alutus, S. borealis, S. entomelas, S.flavidus, S. melanops, S. pinniger, S. proriger, S. reedi, and S. ruberrimus) in subsamples from the collections. Other specimens were genetically assignable to groups of two or three species. Sebastes borealis, S. crameri, and S. reedi were identified using morphological data. Combining genetic and morphological data allowed successful resolution of the other species as S. emphaeus, probably S. ciliatus (although S. polyspinis cannot be totally ruled out), and S. polyspinis. Many specimens were initially morphologically indistinguishable from S. alutus, and several morphological groups included fish geneticallyidentified as S. alutus. This paper details the characteristics of these pelagic juveniles to facilitate morphological identification of these species in future collections. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 12
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2480 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:56:12 | 2480 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: This publication of the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS Seriesis the product of a special symposium on “Emerging Technologies for Reef Fisheries Research and Management” held during the 56th annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute meeting in Tortola, British Virgin Islands, November 2003. The purpose of this collection is to highlight the diversity of questions and issues in reeffisheries management that are benefiting from applications of technology. Topics cover a wide variety of questions and issues from the study of individual behavior, distribution and abundance of groups and populations, and associations between habitats and fish and shellfish species.(PDF files contains 124 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 13
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2524 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:49:44 | 2524 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This atlas presents information on fish eggs and temperature data collected from broadscale ichthyoplankton surveys conducted off the U.S. northeast coast from ]977 to1987. Distribution and abundance information is provided for 33 taxa in the form of graphs and contoured egg-density maps by month and survey. Comments are included on interannual and interseasonal trends in spawning intensity. Data on 14 additional but less numerous taxa are provided in tabular form. (PDF file contains 316 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 14
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2503 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:58:46 | 2503 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Identification problems are common for many sharks due to a general lack of meristic characteristics that are typicallyuseful for separating species. Other than number of vertebrae and number and shape of teeth, identifications are frequently based on external features that are often shared among species. Identification problems in the field are most prevalent when live specimens are captured and releasing them with a minimum of stress is a priority (e.g., shark tagging programs). Identifications mustbe accurate and conducted quickly but this can be challenging, especially if specimens are very active or too large to be landed without physical damage. This field guide was designed primarily for use during field studies and presents a simplified method for identifying the 21 species of western North Atlantic Ocean sharks belonging to the family Carcharhinidae (carcharhinids). To assist with identifications a dichotomous key to Carcharhinidae was developed, and for the more problematic Carcharhinus species (12 species), separation sheets based on importantdistinguishing features were constructed. Descriptive text and illustrations provided in the species accounts were developed from field observations, photographs, andpublished references. (PDF file contains 36 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 15
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2523 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:49:02 | 2523 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Information on the biology, fishery resources, explotiation patterns, management, and conservation status of two species of grouper-the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, and the jewfish, Epinephelus itajara-is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed. (PDF file contains 68 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 16
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2522 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:48:59 | 2522 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: An investigation was conducted into the deaths of more than 220 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that occurred within the coastal bay ecosystem of mid-Texas between January and May 1992. The high mortality rate was unusual in that it was limited to a relatively small geographical area, occurred primarily within an inshore bay system separated from the Gulf of Mexico by barrier islands, and coincided with deaths of other taxa including birds and fish. Factors examined to determine the potential causes of the dolphin mortalities included microbial pathogens, natural biotoxins, industrial pollutants, other environmental contaminants, and direct human interactions. Emphasis was placed on nonpoint source pesticide runoff from agricultural areas, which had resulted from record rainfall that occurred during the period of increased mortality.Analytical results from sediment, water, and biota indicated that biotoxins, trace metals, and industrial chemical contamination were not likely causative factors in this mortality event. Elevated concentrations of pesticides (atrazine and aldicarb) were detected in surface water samples from bays within the region, and bay salinities were reduced to 〈10 ppt from December 1991 through April 1992 due to record rainfall and freshwater runoff exceeding any levels since 1939. Prolonged exposure to low salinity could have played a significant role in the unusual mortalities because low salinity exposure may cause disruption of the permeability barrier in dolphin skin. The lack of established toxicity data for marine mammals, particularly dermal absorption and bioaccumulation, precludes accurate toxicological interpretation of results beyond a simple comparison to terrestrial mammalian models. Results clearly indicated that significant periods of agricultural runoff and accompanying low salinities co-occurred with the unusual mortality event in Texas, but no definitive cause of the mortalities was determined. (PDF file contains 25 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 17
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service | Seattle, WA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2520 | 403 | 2011-09-29 19:00:33 | 2520 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The status of the Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, fishery was assessed with purse-seine landings data from 1946 to 1997 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1997. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates, biological reference points for fi shing mortality from yield per recruit and maximum spawning potential analyses, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The separable virtual population approach was used for the period 1976–97 (augmented by earlier analyses for 1964–75) to obtain point estimates of stock size, recruits to age 1, spawning stock size, and fishing mortality rates. Exploitation rates for age-1 fi sh ranged between 11% and 45%, for age-2 fi sh between 32% and 72%, and for age-3 fi sh between 32% and 76%. Biological reference points from yield per recruit (F0.1: 1.5–2.5/yr)and spawning potential ratio (F20: 1.3–1.9/yr and F30: 0.8–1.2/yr) were obtained for comparison with recent estimates of F (0.6–0.8/yr). Recent spawning stock estimates (as biomass or eggs) are above the long-term average, while recent recruits to age 1 are comparable to the long-termaverage. Parameters from Ricker-type spawner-recruit relations were estimated, although considerableunexplained variability remained. Recent survival to age-1 recruitment has generally been below that expected based on the Ricker spawner-recruit relation. Estimates of long-termMSY from PRODFIT and ASPIC estimation of production model ranged between 717,000 t and 753,000 t, respectively. Declines in landings between 1988 and 1992 raised concerns about the status of the Gulf menhaden stock. Landings have fl uctuated without trend since 1992, averaging about 571,000 t. However, Gulf menhaden are short lived and highly fecund. Thus, variation in recruitment to age 1, largely mediated by environmental conditions, infl uences fi shing success over the next two years (as age-1 and age-2 fi sh). Comparisons of recent estimates of fi shingmortality to biological reference points do not suggest overfishing. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 18
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2678 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:58 | 2678 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Developmental stages of 22 species representing 16 genera of agonid fishes occurring in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from San Francisco Bay to the Arctic Ocean are presented. Three of these species also occur in the North Atlantic Ocean. Larval stages of nine species are described for the first time. Additional information or illustrations intended to augment original descriptions are provided for eight species. Information on five other species is provided from the literature for comparative purposes.The primary objective of this guide is to present taxonomic characters to help identify the early life history stages of agonid fishes in field collections. Meristic, morphometric, osteological, and pigmentation characters are used to identify agonid larvae. Meristic features include numbers of median-fin elements, pectoral-fin rays, dermal plates, and vertebrae. Eye diameter, body depth at the pectoral-fin origin, snout to first dorsal-fin length, and pectoral-fin length are the most useful morphological characters. Presence, absence, numbers, and/or patterns of dermal plates in lateral rows or on the ventral surfaceof the gut are also useful. Other important characters are the presence, absence, numbers, and ornamentation of larval head spines. Lastly, distinct pigmentation patterns are often diagnostic. The potential utility of larval characters in phylogenetic analysis of the family Agonidae is discussed. (PDF file contains 92 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2683 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:05 | 2683 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The incidence of four discrete characters of individual sockeye salmon -two genetically inherited proteins (PGM-1*and PGM-2*), freshwater age at migration, and the presenceof the brain-tissue parasite Myxobolus arcticus-in weekly samples from two Alaskan fisheries (Noyes Island in 1986 and Sumner Strait in 1987) were used to infer stockcomposition of the catches based on corresponding character samples from 73 Alaskan and Canadian stocks. Estimated contributions of 13 stock groups, formed on the basis ofcharacter similarity of their members, were roughly consistent with expectations from tagging experiments, knowledge of stock magnitudes, and similar assessments from scales. Imprecision of the estimated contributions by the 13 stock groups limited their practical value; but variability was much reduced for combined estimated contributions by two inclusive categories, namely stock groups whose members had either high or low brainparasiteprevalence. Noyes Island catches consisted predominantly of unparasitized fish, most of which were probably of Canadian origin. The majority of Sumner Strait catches consisted of parasitized fish, whose freshwater origins may have been in Alaska or Canada. (PDF file contains 27 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2680 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:45 | 2680 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The phylum Acanthocephala (intestinal worm parasites of vertebrates) of the Atlantic coast of the United States comprises 43 species and 20 genera belonging to three orders: Echinorhynchida, Neoechinorhynchida, and Polymorphida. Adults are exclusively intestinal parasites of vertebrates. This study includes those species found in vertebrates of marine and estuarine environments along the North American Atlantic coast between Maine and Texas. Species that can be found within that geographical range and those that typically infect freshwater fishes but that are occasionally present in marine or estuarine hosts arealso included. The taxonamy, anatomy, natural history, and ecology of the phylum Acanthocephala are discussed, and an illustrated key to the genera is presented. Techniques, anannotated systematic treatment of all 43 species, and a systematic index are included. No systematic decisions will be made at this time, but areas where such decisions are pending will be indicated and discussed for future reports. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2684 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:02 | 2684 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: In 1992 and 1993, researchers from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory initiated photo-identification studies on Alaskan killer whales, Orcinus orca. Waters from KodiakIsland west to the central and eastern Aleutian Islands and southeastern Bering Sea were surveyed. A total of 289 individual whales were identified. A photographic record of the whales encountered during these surveys is presented. When photographs of the 289 individual whales were compared among various regions in Alaska (Prince William Soundand Southeast Alaska) and areas outside Alaska (British Columbia, Washington, and California), 11 matches were found. The count is conservative because the 1992 and 1993surveys were limited in geographical range, restricted to summer periods, and whales may have been missed along the survey trackline. Future research incorporating both photoidentification studies and line transect surveys will provide reliable abundance estimates of Alaskan killer whales. (PDF file contains 58 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2682 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:31 | 2682 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton adjacent to live-bottom habitats (rock outcroppings containing rich, sessile invertebrate communities and many species oftropical and subtropical fishes) in open-shelf waters « 55-m isobath) in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, were investigated. Larvae of reef-associated genera, especially the economically important subtropical and tropical members of the families Haemulidae (Haemulon), Lutjanidae (Lutjanus and Rltomboplites), Serranidae (Mycteroperca and Epinephelus), and Sparidae (Calamus and Pagrus) were targeted. Larvae representing 40 families were collected in neuston tows. Commonly collected reef-associated families were Balistidae, Blenniidae (dominated by the reef-associated Parablennius marmoreus) , Mullidae, and Gobiidae. Larvae representing 70 families werecollected in subsurface tows. Reef-associated families commonly collected included Apogonidae, Balistidae, Gobiidae, Haemulidae, LutJanidae, Scaridae, and Serranidae. Larval Haemulon sp (p)., Lutjanus sp(p)., and Rltomboplites aurorubens were commonly collected and thus it is likely that these taxa spawn in Onslow Bay and recruit to live-bottom sites within the area. Other families of fishes commonly collected but generally not considered reef-associated included Bothidae, Callionymidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, and Ophidiidae. Estuarine-dependent species (e.g. the clupeid Brevoortia tyrannus and the sciaenids Leiostomus xanthurus and Micropogonias undulatus) were an important component of the ichthyoplankton during late fall and winter. The frequent occurrence of larvae fromoceanic species (e.g. gonostomatids and myctophids) indicated that Gulf Stream waters had intruded onto the shelf, transporting these larvae to open-shelf waters off North Carolina.(PDF file containes 36 pages.)
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2686 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:00 | 2686 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: (PDF file contains 248 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2685 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:35:51 | 2685 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: At its june 1990 annual meeting, the Technical Subcommittee(TSC) of the Canada-U.S. Groundfish Committee recommended that scientists and managers working on sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, issues convene to present and discuss the results of their recent research. Thorough knowledge of the biology and population dynamics of this species is essential for its effective management, especially considering its commercial importance. TSC representatives from both countries recognized that a great deal ofactive research has been conducted on this species since the International Sablefish Symposium was held in Anchorage, Alaska, in March 1983 (Melteff, 1983). As a result of this recommendation, the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Sablefish (ISBMS) was convened April 13-15, 1993, at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center in Seattle, Washington. (PDF file contains 286 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2687 | 403 | 2020-08-23 23:57:43 | 2687 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Over 100 molluscan species are landed in Mexico. About 30% are harvested on the Pacific coast and 70% on the Atlantic coast. Clams, scallops, and squid predominate on thePacific coast (abalone, limpets, and mussels are landed there exclusively). Conchs and oysters predominate on the Atlantic coast. In 1988, some 95,000 metric tons (t) of mollusks were landed, with a value of $33 million. Mollusks were used extensively in prehispanic Mexico as food, tools, and jewelry. Their use as food and jewelry continues. Except in the States of Baja California and Baja California Sur, where abalone, clams, and scallops provide fishermen with year-round employment, mollusk fishing is done part time. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, many fishermen are nomads, harvesting mollusks wherever theyfind abundant stocks. Upon finding such beds, they build camps, begin harvesting, and continue until the mollusks become so scarce that it no longer pays to continue. They then look for productive beds in other areas and rebuild their camps. Fishermen harvest abalones, mussels, scallops, and clams by free-diving and using scuba and hooka. Landings of clams and cockles have been growing, and 22,000 t were landed in 1988. Fishermen harvest intertidal clams by hand at wading depths, finding them with their feet. In waters up to 5 m, they harvest them by free-diving. In deeper water, they use scuba and hooka. Many species ofgastropods have commercial importance on both coasts. All species with a large detachable muscle are sold as scallops. On the Pacific coast, hatchery culture of oysters prevails. Oyster culture in Atlantic coast lagoons began in the 1950's, when beds were enhanced by spreading shells as cultch for spat. (PDF file contains 228 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2688 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:35:15 | 2688 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This three-volume monograph represents the first majorattempt in over a century to provide, on regional bases, broad surveys of the history, present condition, and future of the important shellfisheries of North and Central America and Europe. It was about 100 years ago that Ernest Ingersoll wrote extensively about several molluscan fisheries of North America (1881, 1887) and about 100 years ago that Bashford Dean wrote comprehensively about methods of oyster culture in Europe (1893). Since those were published, several reports, books, and pamphlets have been written about the biology and management of individual species or groups ofclosely related mollusk species (Galtsoff, 1964; Korringa, 1976 a, b, c; Lutz, 1980; Manzi and Castagna, 1989; Shumway, 1991). However, nothing has been written during the past century that is comparable tothe approach used by Ingersoll in describing the molluscanfisheries as they existed in his day in North America or, for that matter, in Europe. (PDF file contains 224 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2689 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:35:26 | 2689 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), NationalMarine Fisheries Service (NMFS), hosted an internationalworkshop, 'The Importance of Prerecruit Walleye Pollock to the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ecosystems," from 28 to 30 October 1993. This workshop was held in conjunction with the annual International North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) meeting held in Seattle. Nearly 100 representatives from government agencies, universities, and the fishing industry in Canada, Japan, the People's Republic of China, Russia, and the United States took part in the workshop to review and discuss current knowledge on juvenile pollock from the postlarval period to the time they recruit to the fisheries. In addition to its importance to humans as a major commercial species, pollock also serves as a major forage species for many marine fishes, birds, and mammals in the North Pacific region.(PDF file contains 236 pages.)
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  • 28
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2690 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:33 | 2690 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The status of the gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, fishery was assessed with purseseine landing data from 1946 to 1992 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1992. These datawere analyzed to determine growth rates, biological reference points for fishing mortality from yield per recruit and maximum spawning potential analyses, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Virtual population approaches were used to obtain point estimates of stock size, recruits to age I, spawning stock size, and fishing mortality rates. Exploitation rates ranged between 14% and 45% for age-1 fish, between30% and 72% for age-2 fish, and between 36% and 71% for age-3 fish. Biological reference points from yield per recruit (FO. I: 0.7-0.9 yr-1) and maximum spawning potential (F20: 1.62.9 yr-l and F30: 1.0-2.1 yr-1) were obtained for comparison with recent estimates of F (0.4-0.8 yr-l). Parameters from Ricker-type spawner-recruit relations were estimated, although considerable unexplained variability remained. Estimates of long-term MSY from fits of thegeneralized production model ranged between 664,000 metric tons (t) and 897,000 t. Declines in landings since 1988 have raised concerns about the status of the gulf menhadenstock. However, gulf menhaden are short lived and highly fecund. Thus, variation in recruitment to age 1 largely mediated by environmental conditions influences fishingsuccess over the next two years (as age-1 and age-2 fish). Comparisons of recent estimates of fishing mortality to biological reference points do not suggest overfishing. (PDF file contains 26 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2693 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:08 | 2693 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, scup, Stenotomus chrysops, and black sea bass, Centropristis striata, cooccur within the Middle Atlantic Bight and off southern New England and are important components of commercial and recreational fisheries. The commercial otter trawl fishery for these species is primarily a winter fishery, whereas the recreational fishery takes place between late spring and autumn. The otter trawl fishery generally targetssummer flounder, and less frequently scup, while black sea bass occurs as bycatch. Trips in which all three species were present yielded highest aggregate landings per unit of effort (LPUE) levels and occurred more often than trips landing only one or two species. More than 50% of the trips in the trawl fishery landed at least two of the three species. In contrast, greater than 75% of the recreational landings of each species occurred as a result of tripslanding only one species. Differences in the fisheries resulted from the interactions of seasonal changes in species distributions and gear selectivity. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2694 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:25 | 2694 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: (PDF file contains 112 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2696 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:00 | 2696 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Current information is reviewed that provides clues to the intraspecific structure of dolphin species incidently killed in the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). Current law requires that management efforts are focused on the intraspecific level, attempting to preserve local and presumably locally adapted populations. Four species are reviewed: pantropical spotted, Stenella attenuata; spinner, S. longirostTis;striped, S. coeruleoalba; and common, Delphinus delphis, dolphins. For each species, distributional, demographic, phenotypic, and genotypic data are summarized, and theputative stocks are categorized based on four hierarchal phylogeographic criteria relative to their probability of being evolutionarily significant units. For spotted dolphins, the morphological similarity of animals from the south and the west argues that stock designations (and boundaries) be changed from the current northernoffshore and southern offshore to northeastern offshore and a combined western and southern offshore. For the striped dolphin, we find little reason to continue the presentdivision into geographical stocks. For common dolphins, we reiterate an earlier recommendation that the long-beaked form (Baja neritic) and the northern short-beaked form bemanaged separately; recent morphological and genetic work provides evidence that they are probably separate species. Finally, we note that the stock structure of ETP spinnerdolphins is complex, with the whitebelly form exhibiting characteristics of a hybrid swarm between the eastern and pantropical subspecies. There is little morphological basis at present for division of the whitebelly spinner dolphin into northern and southern stocks. However, we recommend continued separate management of the pooled whitebelly forms, despite their hybrid/intergrade status. Steps should be taken to ensure that management practices do not reduce the abundance of eastern relative to whitebelly spinner dolphins. To do so may lead to increased invasion of the eastern's stock range and possible replacement of the eastern spinner dolphin genome.(PDF file contains 24 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Fisheries ; pantropical spotted ; Stenella attenuata ; spinner ; Stenella longirostTis ; striped ; Stenella coeruleoalba ; and common ; Delphinus delphis ; dolphins
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2700 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:29:26 | 2700 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Elasmobranchs are vital and valuable components of themarine biota. From an ecological perspective they occupythe role of top predators within marine food webs, providinga regulatory control that helps balance the ecosystem.From an evolutionary perspective, this group represents anearly divergence along the vertebrate line that producedmany unusual, but highly successful, adaptations in functionand form.From man's perspective, elasmobranchs have been consideredboth an unavoidable nuisance, and an exploitable fishery resource. A few of the large shark species have earned a dubious notoriety because of sporadic attacks on humans that occur in coastal areas each year worldwide; thehysteria surrounding an encounter with a shark can becostly to the tourist industry. More importantly, elasmobranchs are often considered a detriment to commercialfishing operations; they cause significant economic damageto catches and fishing gear. On the other hand, consumerattitudes have changed concerning many previouslyunpopular food fishes, including elasmobranchs, and thisgroup of fishes has been increasingly used by both recreational and commercial fishing interests. Many elasmobranchs have become a popular target of recreational fishermen for food and sport because of their abundance, size, and availability in coastal waters. Similarly, commercial fisheries for elasmobranchs have developed or expanded from an increased demand for elasmobranch food products. (PDF file contains 108 pages.)
    Keywords: Conservation ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2704 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:13 | 2704 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Chargedwith exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanginginformation related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964, In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources,forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marine resources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 150 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2699 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:29:21 | 2699 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: About 72 species of Sebastes (Family Scorpaenidae) are found along the eastern Pacific coast of North America, some of which are heavily exploited by both commercial andsport fisheries. Because of the large number of species, the identification of early life stages has progressed slowly. The objectives of this study were 1) to rear the larvae of four species of rockfish (Sebastes mystinus, S. carnatus, S. atrovirens, and S. rastrelliger); and2) to describe the larvae using morphometric measurements, pigmentation patterns, and head spination.Pigmentation was the most useful feature for identification purposes. Two general patterns were found: 1) a short row of ventral midline melanophores on the tail, and none or very little postero-dorsal pigmentation (S. mystinus); and 2) complete ventral midline pigmentation on the tail, and anterior and postero-dorsal melanophores (S. carnatus, S. atrovirens, and S. rastrelliger). With the exception of very early stages of S. carnatus and S. atrovirens, these species can be readily identified. Morphometric proportionsand head spination did not show major differences among species.Because of the great similarities found among species in this genus, descriptions from field studies are uncertain to some extent. Laboratory rearings, although difficult, canat least provide early larvae from known species which allow precise identification as well as an estimation ofvariability of characters (e.g., pigmentation) within and between broods.(PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2697 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:34:04 | 2697 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This guide was developed to assist with the identification of western North Atlantic grouper species of the genera Alphestes, Cephalopholis, Dermatolepis, Epinephelus,Gonioplectrus, Mycteroperca, and Paranthias. The primary purpose for assembling the guide is for use with projects that deploy underwater video camera systems. The mostvital source of information used to develop the guide was an archive of underwater video footage recorded during fishery projects. These video tapes contain 348 hours ofsurvey activity and are maintained at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Pascagoula, Mississippi. This footage spans several years (1980-92) and was recordedunder a wide variety of conditions depicting diverse habitats from areas of the western North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. Published references wereused as sources of information for those species not recorded on video footage during NMFS projects. These references were also used to augment information collected from video footage to provide broader and more complete descriptions. The pictorial guide presents information for all 25 grouper species reported to occur in the western North Atlantic. Species accounts provide descriptive text and illustrations depicting documented phases for the various groupers. In addition, species separation sheets based on important identification features were constructed to further assist with species identification. A meristic table provides information for specimens captured in conjunction with videoassisted fishery surveys. A computerized version enables guide users to amend, revise,update, or customize the guide as new observations and information become available. (PDF file contains 52 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2720 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:12 | 2720 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The 13th Annual Larval Fish Conference and Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society Early Life History Section cohosted by Mote Marine Laboratory, United States, and the Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Mexico, were held 21-26 May 1989, in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. The purpose of holding the meeting in Mexico was to encourage the participation of our Latin American and Caribbean colleagues and to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and information among researchers working in the Americas. More than 150 participants represented 24 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and 13 foreign countries including Mexico, Canada, Puerto Rico, Costa Rico, Panama, Cuba, Columbia, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, and West Germany. The Conference began with registration and a social inthe courtyard patio of the Merida Holiday Inn. Fresh redgrouper, the most important commercial finfish species ofthe State of Yucatan, was prepared and served by the hotelstaff, courtesy of CPI, Itzamex, and the Terramar TradingCompany. (PDF file contains 146 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2719 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:06 | 2719 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This manual includes an introduction to the general biology, a selected bibliography, and an illustrated key to 11 genera and 17 species of copepods of the Crustacea, Subclass Copepoda, Order Cyclopoida, Families Archinotodelphyidae, Notodelphyidae and Ascidicolidae, associated with ascidians from the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Species distributed from the Gulf of Maine to Long Island Sound are emphasized. An annotated systematic list, with statements of the world distribution and new records of association with hosts, and a systematic index are also provided. (PDF file contains 44 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2723 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:42 | 2723 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefitto both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 88 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2722 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:32 | 2722 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This report is a summary of the results of 883 purse seine sets made for juvenile salmonids during 15 cruises off the coasts of Oregon and Washington during the springs and summers of 1981-1985. Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) occurred most frequently, followed by chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha). The juveniles of these two species co-occurred more frequently than expected. Juvenile chum, pink and sockeye salmon (0. keta, O. gorbuscha, and O. nerka), steelhead (0. mykiss) and cutthroat trout (0. clarki clarki) were caught much less frequently and in lower numbers than coho or chinook salmon. We found no evidence of large schools ofjuvenile salmonids. A northerly movement of juvenile coho salmon wa~ suggested by decreased catches off Oregon and increased catches off Washington between early and late summer. Highest catch per set of juvenile coho salmon was usually found inshore of 37.2 km. Juvenile chinook salmon were usually found within 27.9 km of the coast. Juvenile salmonids were found over a broadrange of surface salinities and temperatures. High catches of juvenile coho salmon occurred in both the low salinity waters of the Columbia River plume and in adjacent higher salinity waters. Preferences for specific salinities or temperatures were not obvious for any species, although catch rates of juvenile coho salmon were highest in years when chlorophyll content was also high. Based on expansions of fish with coded wire tags, we estimated that hatchery coho salmon smolts comprised 74%, on average, of the juvenile coho salmon catches. The remaining 26% were presumably wild fish or hatchery fish released as fingerlings. Hatchery coho salmon were caught roughlyin proportion to the numbers released. However, hatchery fish from the Columbia River and private coastal facilities were caught at slightly higher rates while those from coastal Washington and public coastal Oregon hatcheries were caught at slightly lower rates than expected from thenumbers released. No juvenile coho salmon with coded wire tags were caught that had originated from either California or Puget Sound hatcheries. (PDF file contains 88 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2724 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:32:46 | 2724 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: The crinoid fauna of the continental margin (0-1500 m) of northeastern North America (Georgia to Canada) includes 14 species in 13 genera and 5 families. We introduce the external morphology and natural history of crinoids and include a glossary of terms, an illustrated key to local taxa, annotated systematic list, and an index. The fauna includes 2 species found no further south than New England and 8 that occur no further north than the Carolinas and Blake Plateau. Comactinia meridionalis (Agassiz) is the only species commonly found in shallow water «50 m). Notaxa are endemic to the area. (PDF file contains 34 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries
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  • 41
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2711 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:30:52 | 2711 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: During 1973-88, 3,661 marine mammals of 17 species were reported as incidental catch by U.S. fishery observers aboard foreign and joint venture trawl vessels in the U.S.Exclusive Economic Zone in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Northern sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) accounted for 90% of the reported incidental mortality in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea. Nearly half of these sea lions were taken in trawl nets in the Shelikof Strait, Alaska, joint venture fishery during 1982-84. However, high incidental mortality rates (〉25 sea lions per 10,000 metric tons of groundfish catch) also occurred in the foreign fisheries near Kodiak Island and in the Aleutian Islands area in earlier years. Estimated annual mortality of incidentally caught northern sea lions inAlaska declined from 1,000 to 2,000 animals per year during the early 1970s and 1982 to fewer than 100 animals in 1988. In the Bering Sea most sea lions incidentally caught weremales, while in the Gulf of Alaska females were more frequently caught. Females may also have been dominant in the incidental catch of sea lions in the Aleutian Islands area, but age and sex composition data are limited. Incidental mortality of adult female sea lions by foreign trawl fisheries in these areas could have partially contributed to the reported declines in northern sea lion populations in Alaska during the 1970s, but it cannot aloneaccount for the present decline in population size. (PDF file contains 64 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2725 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:36:51 | 2725 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This report owes its genesis to the foresight and enthusiamof Dr. Kazuhiro Mizue. By happy circumstance, Professor Mizue contacted me in 1983 with his visionary ideas on cooperative programs. He noted that the time was right because the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the National Science Foundation had mutually given priority to cooperative programs in marine biology.I therefore agreed to act as the U.S. coordinator and proposed to NSF, a short trip to Japan to negotiate site visits and timing with ten previously appointed Japanese scientists and, if that trip were successful, to negotiate a joint research project, possibly followed by a joint seminar. (PDF file contains 528 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 43
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2734 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:23 | 2734 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The authors investigated various life history aspects of 19rockfish species (Sebastes chlorostictus, S. constellatus, S. dalli, S. elongatus, S. ensifer, S. entomelas, S. flavidus, S. goodei, S. hopkinsi, S. levis, S. melanostomus, S. miniatus, S. ovalis, S. paucispinis, S. rosaceus, S. rosenblatti, S. rufus, s. saxicola, S. semicinctus) from the southern California Bight. These aspects included depth distribution, age-length relationships (of 7 species), length-weight relationships, size at first maturity, spawning season, and fecundity. Growth rates of female S. elongatus, S. hopkinsi, S. ova/is, S. saxicola, and S. semicinctus were higherthan male conspecifics. Multiple spawning per season was found in 12 species. Generally, most species spawned between late winter and early summer, though there was some spawning within the genus throughout the year. Spawning season duration ranged from 2 (S. flavidus) to 10 months (S. paucispinis). Spawning seasons tended to start earlier in the year and be of longer duration in the southern California Bight, compared to published data on central California conspecifics. Males matured at a smaller length in 7 of the 17 species studied. Maximum fecundities ranged from 18,000 (S. dalll) to about 2,680,000 (S. levis). (PDF file contains 44 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2732 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:16 | 2732 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance,and seasonality and supporting environmental information forfour species of coastal pelagics from the family Carangidae: blue runner Caranx crysos, Atlantic bumper Chloroscombrus chrysurus, round scad Decapterus punctatus, and rough scad Trachurus lathami. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises off Louisiana sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). Bioprofiles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species.Maximum abundances of larval blue runner, Atlantic bumper, and round scad were found in July inside the 4O-m isobath, although during the rest of the cruises these species wererarely found together. Larval Atlantic bumper were capturedin June and July only; blue runner in May, June, and July; and round scad in all seasons. Atlantic bumper larvae, concentrated mostly off western Louisiana, were by far the most abundant carangid in 1982 and 1983. Larval blue runner were the second most abundant summer-spawned carangid in 1982 and 1983, but their abundance and depth distribution varied considerably between years. Relative abundance of larval round scad off Louisiana was low, and they were captured only west of the Mississippi River delta, although they are reported to dominate carangid populations in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Rough scad were primarily winter/spring and outer-shelf (40-182 m) spawners. They ranked third in overall abundance, but were the most abundant target carangid on the outer shelf. Ecologicalparameters such as surface salinity, temperature, and station depth are presented from capture sites for recently hatched larvae 〈2.5 mm notochord length, except round scad) as well as for all sizes of fish below 14 mm standard length. (PDF file contains 44 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2735 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:26 | 2735 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Information on long-term temporal variability of and trends in benthic community-structure variables, such as biomass, is needed to estimate the range of normal variability in comparison with the effects of environmental change or disturbance. Fishery resource distribution and population growth will be influenced by such variability. This study examines benthic macrofaunal biomass and related data collected annually between 1978 and 1985 at 27 sites on the continental shelf of the northwestern Atlantic, from North Carolina to the southern Gulf of Maine. The study was expanded at several sites with data from other studies collected at the same sites prior to 1978. Results indicatethat although there was interannual and seasonal variability, as expected, biomass levels over the study period showed few clear trends. Sites exhibiting trends were either in pollution-stressed coastal areas or influenced by the population dynamics of one or a few species, especially echinoderms. (PDF file contains 34 pages.)
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2737 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:34 | 2737 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The estuarine populations of juvenile Atlantic and gulf menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus and B. patronus) were sampledduring two-boat, surface-trawl, abundance surveys extensively conducted in the 1970s. Juvenile Atlantic menhaden were sampled in 39 estuarine streams along the U.S. Atlantic coast from northern Florida into Massachusetts. Juvenile gulf menhaden were sampled in 29 estuarine streams along the Gulf of Mexico from southeast Texas into western Florida. A stratified, two-stage, cluster sampling design was used. Annual estimates of relative juvenile abundance for each species ofmenhaden were obtained from catch-effort data from thesurveys. There were no significant correlations, for eitherspecies, between the relative juvenile abundance estimates and fishery-dependent estimates of year-class strength. From 1972 to 1975, the relative abundance of juvenile Atlantic menhaden in north Atlantic estuaries decreased to near zero. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries ; Brevoortia tyrannus ; Brevoortia patronus ; Atlantic menhaden ; Gulf menhaden
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2738 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:22:55 | 2738 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Cephalopod remains (beaks, bodies, and parts of bodies) werecollected from the stomachs of 157 sperm whales (Physetermacrocephalus) taken off central California (lat. 37°-39°N). At least 24 species representing 14 families were identified. Frequencies of occurrence of the six most numerous taxa were Moroteuthis robusta 72.0%, Gonatopsis borealis 66.2%, Histioteuthis dofleini 36.9%, Galiteuthis spp. (including G. phyllura and G. pacifica) 36.3%, Octopoteuthis deletron 35.0%, and Vampyroteuthisinfernalis 27.4%. One find of two Mesonychoteuthishamiltoni beaks strongly suggests transequatorial migration by one large male sperm whale. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2741 | 403 | 2020-03-04 15:43:42 | 2741 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This laboratory guide presents taxonomic information on eggsand larvae of fishes of the Northeast Pacific Ocean (north of California) and the eastern Bering Sea. Included are early-life-history series, illustrations, and comparative descriptions of 232 species expected to spawn here, out of a total 627 species known to occur in marine waters of this area. Meristic and general life-history data are included, as well as diagnostic characters to help identify eggs and larvae. Most of this information has been gleaned from literature, with the addition of 200 previously unpublished illustrations. (PDF file contains 654 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 49
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2736 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:32 | 2736 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). Thepanels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panelshave focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program include desalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marine resources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges of information, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrative staff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficial effects on international relations. (PDF file contains 134 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 50
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2733 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:33:19 | 2733 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance,and seasonality and supporting environmental information forfour species of coastal pelagics from the family Clupeidae: round herring Etrumeus teres, scaled sardine Harengula jaguana, Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum, and Spanish sardine Sardinella aurita. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises across the northern Gulf of Mexico sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). This is the first such examination for these species on a multiyear and gulfwide scale. Bioproflles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species.During the summer, larval Atlantic thread herring and scaledand Spanish sardines were abundant on the inner shelf 〈40 mdepth), but were rare or absent in deeper waters. Scaled sardine and thread herring were found virtually everywhere inner-shelf waters were sampled, but Spanish sardines were rare in the north-central Gulf. During 1982, larval Atlantic thread herring were the most abundant of the four target c1upeid species, whereas Spanish sardine were the most abundant during 1983. On the west Florida shelf, Spanish sardine dominated larval c1upeid populations both years. Scaled sardine larvae were the least abundant of the four species both years, but were still captured in 25% of inner-shelf bongo net collections. Round herring larvae, collected February-early June (primarily March-April), were abundant on the outer shelf (40-182 m depth) and especially off Louisiana. Over the 2-year period, outer-shelf mean abundance for round herring was 40.2 larvae/10 m2; inner-shelf mean abundances for scaled sardine, Atlantic thread herring, and Spanish sardine were 14.9, 39.2, and 41.9 larvae/l0 m2, respectively. (PDF file contains 66 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2748 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:23 | 2748 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The cephalopods found in neritic waters of the northeasternUnited States include myopsid and oegopsid squids, sepiolidsquids, and octopods. A key with diagnostic illustrations is provided to aid in identification of the eleven species common in the neritic waters between Cape Hatteras and Nova Scotia; included also is information on two oceanic species that occur over the continental shelf in this area and that can be confused with similar-looking neritic species. Other sections comprise a glossary of taxonomic characters used for identification of these species, an annotated systematic checklist, and checklists of the 89 other oceanic species and 18 Carolinian and subtropical neritic species that might occur occasionally off the northeasternUnited States. (PDF file contains 30 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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  • 52
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2744 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:00 | 2744 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: A pictorial key to US genera of free-living marine nematodesin the order Enoplida is presented. Specific morphological and anatomical features are iUustrated to facilitate use of the key. The purpose of this work is to provide a single key to the genera of enoplid nematodes to facilitate identification of these organisms by nematologists and marine biologists working with meiofauna. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
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  • 53
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2742 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:45 | 2742 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Ichthyofauna of the coastal «10 m depth) habitat of the South Atlantic Bight were investigated between Cape Fear, North Carolina, and the St. John's River, Florida. Trawl collections from four nonconsecutive seasons in the period July 1980 to December 1982 indicated that the fish community is dominated by the family Sciaenidae, particularly juvenile forms. Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) were the two most abundant species and dominated catches during all seasons. Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortin tyrannus) was also very abundant, but only seasonally (winter and spring) dominant in the catches. Elasmobranch fIShes, especiallyrajiforms and carcharinids, contributed to much of the biomass of fishes collected. Total fish abundance was greatest in winter and lowest in summer and was influenced by the seasonality of Atlantic menhaden and Atlantic croaker in the catches. Biomass was highest in spring and lowest in summer, and was influenced by biomass of spot. Fish density ranged from 321 individuals and 12.2 kg per hectare to 746 individuals and 25.2 kg per hectare. Most species ranged widely throughout the bight, and showed some evidence of seasonal migration. Species assemblages were dominated by ubiquitous year-round residents of the coastal waters of the bight. Diversity (H') was highest in summer, and appeared influenced by the evenness of distributionof individuals among species. (PDF file contains 56 pages.)
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  • 54
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2746 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:04 | 2746 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Codend selection of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in 76-127 mm mesh codends was examined from experiments conducted in Long Island Sound during the spring of 1986-87. The results show a slightly larger size at selection than was found in earlier work as indicated by the selection factor, 2.31 in the present study compared with 2.2 and 2.24 from previous studies. Diamond mesh was found to have a length at 50% retention about 1 cm longer (Lso =22.6 cm), and a selection range (3.4 cm) about 1 cm narrower, than square mesh in 102-mm codends. Tow duration varied from 1 to 2 hours using 114-mm diamond mesh. As has been found in previous studies, tow duration and Lso are positively related, with I-hour tows averaging 24.6 cm and 2-hour tows averaging 26.6 cm. The importance of the slope of the selection curve was examined in yield-per-recruit analyses by comparing knife-edge and stepwise recruitment. In all mesh sizes, stepwise recruitment provides a more conservative estimate of yield in the presence of a minimum size limit. Differences in yield estimates between the two models were generally small (1-7%), except in the largestmesh size, 127 mm, where yield is overestimated by 10% whenassuming knife-edge recruitment. (PDF file contains 16 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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  • 55
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2740 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:21 | 2740 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Acomprehensive description of the Massachusetts coastal lobster (Homarus americanus) resou,rce was obtained by sampling commercial catches coastwide at sea and at dealerships between 1981 and 1986. Acommercial lobster sea-sampling program, wherein six coastal regions were sampled monthly, with an areal and temporal data weighting design, was the primary source of data.An improved index of catch per trap haul/set-over-day wasgenerated by modeling the relationship between catch and immersion time and standardizing effort. This 6-year time-series of mean annual catch rates tracked closely the landings trend for territorial waters.During the study period there was a gradual increase in indices of exploitation and total annual mortality which corresponded to a gradual decline in mean carapace length of marketable lobster. The frequency of culls escalated from 10.0% in 1981 to 20.9% in 1986, while the percentage of lobster found dead in traps was consistently less than 1%. The sex ratio (%F:%M) was significantly different from 50:50 and approximated a 60:40 relationship during the study period.Male and female weight-length relationships were significantly different. Females weighed more than males at smaller sizes and less than males at larger sizes. A north-south clinal trend was evident wherein lobster north of Cape Cod weighed less at length than those from regions south of Cape Cod.Functional size-maturity relationships were developed forfemale lobster by staging cement gland development. Proportions mature at size represent more realistic values than those obtained by analyses of percent of females ovigerous.Regional variation occurred in most of the parameters studied. Three lobster groups, differing in major population descriptors, are defined by our data.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2749 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:29 | 2749 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The successful application of techniques to enhance detection of age marks in biological specimens is of vital importance in fisheries research. This manual documents age determination techniques used by staff at the Woods Hole Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service. General information on procedures for preparing anatomical structures is described, together with criteria used to interpret growth patterns and assign ages. Annotatedphotographs of age structures are provided to illustratecriteria. Detailed procedures are given for the following species: Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), pollock (Pollachius virens), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), red hake (Urophycis chuss), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus), redfish (Sebastes fasciatus), summerflounder (Paralichthys dentatus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), yellowtailflounder (Limanda ferruginea), surf clam (Spisula solidissima), and ocean quahog (Arctica islandica). (PDF file contains 142 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2747 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:20 | 2747 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The moisture, fat, ash, fatty acid profile, and cholesterol content are reported for cooked and raw fillets from 22 species of finfish found in the Northwest Atlantic. All but nine species had 1%or less fat. Ocean perch and a spring sampling of mackerel and wolffiSh had about 2% fat, followed by yellowfin tuna, whiting, silver hake, butterfish, and a summer -sampling of mackerel and wolffish with a range of 3-7% fat. Herring had a range of 5-12% fat representing a winter sampling on the low end and summer sampling on the high end of the range. Bluefin tuna (a summer sampling) contained the most fat with a high of 23% fat. Omega-3 fatty acids were present in excess of omega-6 fatty acids. The fattier fISh supplied the most omega-3fatty acids per gram of tissue. The mean cholesterol content for all species was 57 ± 16 mg/l00 g raw tissue. Finfish from the Northwest Atlantic would appear to fit into the regime for a healthy heart, being low in fat and cholesterol and rich in omega-3 fatty acids.(PDF file contains 42 pages.)
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Biology ; Chemistry
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2739 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:19 | 2739 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Information on the biology and fisheries of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is compiled and reviewed in the FAD species synopsis style. Topics include taxonomy, morphology, distribution, reproduction, pre-adult and adult stages, food, growth, migration, population characteristics, and various aspects of exploitation.Data and information were obtained from unpublished aswell as published sources.Cobia, the only species in the family Rachycentridae, is amigratory pelagic fish that occurs in tropical and subtropical seas of the world, except in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. In the western Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs during the warm months. Eggs and larvae are planktonic. Females grow faster than males: at 1 year, females are 36 cm FL and 0.4 kg; at 4 years, 99 cm and 11 kg; and at 8 years, 137 cm and 31 kg. Comparable data for males are: at 1 year, 31 cm and 0.3 kg; 4 years, 82 cm and 6 kg; and 8 years, 108 cm and 15 kg. Sexual maturity is attained by males at about 52 cm FL in their secondyear and by females at about 70 cm in their third year. Fecundity for females 100-125 cm FL varies from 1.9 to 5.4 million eggs. Cobia favor crustaceans for food, but will feed on other invertebrates and fishes as well. They attain a maximum size of over 60 kg. Cobia are fished both commercially and recreationally. Commercially, they are usually caught incidentally in both hook-and-Iine and net fISheries. In the United States, which ranks behind Pakistan, Mexico, and the Philippines in commercialproduction of cobia, recreational landings exceedcommercial landings by more than ten-fold. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2745 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:02 | 2745 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This study examined the efficiency of fish diversion and survivorship of diverted fishes in the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Fish Return System in 1984 and 1985. Generally, fishes were diverted back to the ocean with high frequency, particularly in 1984. Most species were diverted at rates of 80% or more. Over 90% of the most abundant species, Engraulis mordax, were diverted. The system worked particularly well for strong-swimming forms such as Paralobrax clothratus, Atherinopsis californiensis, and Xenistius californiensis, and did not appreciably divert weaker-swimming species such as Porichthys notatus, Heterostichus rostratus, and Syngnathus sp. Return ratesof some species were not as high in 1985 as in 1984. Individuals of most tested species survived both transit through the fish return system and 96 hours in a holding net. Some species, such as E. mordox, X. californiensis, and Umbrina roncador, experienced tittle or no mortality. Survivorship of Seriphus politus was highly variable and no Anchoa delicatissima survived. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology ; San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant ; California ; fish diversion
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2743 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:23:47 | 2743 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The objective of this study was to describe the physical andichthyological changes occurring seasonally and annually in the south San Francisco Bay, based on the results of 2,561 otter trawl and water samples obtained between February 1973 and June 1982. Temperature varied predictably among seasons in a pattern that varied little between years. Salinity also underwent predictable seasonal changes but the pattern varied substantially between years. The most abundant species of fish were northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), and shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata). The majority of the common fish species were most abundant during wet years and least abundant in dry years. Numeric diversity was highest during the spring and early summer, with no detectable interannual trends. Species composition changed extensivelybetween seasons and between years, particularly yearswith extremely high or extremely low freshwater inflows. Allthe common species exhibited clustered spatial distributions. Such spatial clustering could affect the interpretation of data from estuarine sampling programs. Gobies (Family Gobiidae) were more abundant during flood tides than during ebb tides. English sole were significantly more abundant in shallower areas. Shiner surfperch showed significant differences in abundancebetween sample areas.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; San Francisco Bay ; California ; fish diversity ; seasonal
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2750 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:34 | 2750 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) is a commercially important flounder in both the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. In the latter, its center of abundance is in the eastern Bering Sea and along the Aleutian Islands chain where its population is managed as a single stock. Harvest levels in this region of the North Pacific during the period 1970-81 were comparable with thosein the northwest and northeast Atlantic, with annual average catches of 53,000 metric tons (t). However, the catch in 1984 dropped sharply to 23,100 t, in partbecause of reduced quotas arising from concern over continued poor recruitment and declining catch-per-unit-effort.Recruitment failure was manifested in 1) the sharp decline in the catch rate of young flsh in annual research trawl surveys on the continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea and 2) an increasing proportion of older and larger fish inthe commercial catch from the continental slope of both the eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands. The cause ofthe decline in recruitment could not be clearly identifled.Greenland turbot of the Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands share certain distributional features with the North Atlantic form. There is an apparent bathymetric change in the size and age of fish, with younger animals occupying continentalshelf depths and the older individuals residing at depths of the continental slope. At shallow depths the young are exposed to temperature fluctuations, whereas older animals along the slope are exposed to relatively stable temperatures.A hypothesis is proposed for describing the temporal and spatial paths by which young animals reach the mature or spawning portion of the population. (PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2752 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:42 | 2752 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program includedesalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air population, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among tecbnical specialists; exchanges ofinformation, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a· policy-coordinative body; administrativestaff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficialeffects on international relations. (PDF file contains 56 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2751 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:24:38 | 2751 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program includedesalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges ofinformation, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrativestaff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficialeffects on international relations. (PDF file contains 76 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2753 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:03 | 2753 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: In this era of proliferating scientific information it is difficult to keep up with the literature, even in one's own field. Review articles are helpful in summarizing the status of knowledge. In oyster biology, several such published reviews have been of great help to working scientists. The outstanding contributions that come to' mind are those by Baughman (1948), Korringa (1952), Joyce (1972), Breisch and Kennedy (1980), and Kennedy and Breisch(198 I). If done well, such compilations serve as checkpoints, eliminating or vastly reducing the need to consult the literature in detail.On Long Island, New York, where the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria is the major commercial resource, we have felt the need for some time for a compendium of knowledge on this important mollusk. Several years ago my secretary, students, and I began to gather materials for an annotatedbibliography. We have already published a collection of 2233 titles (McHugh et al. 1982), nearly all accompanied by abstracts, and in this publication we have added another 460.The experience has been rewarding. We have been surprised at the extent of the literature, much of it only remotely related to the shellfish industry itself, but nevertheless throwing light on the biology, physiology, and many other aspects of the scientific knowledge of hard clams.The following bibliography is divided into three parts. Part I comprises the bulk of the bibliography, while Parts 2 and 3 contain additional titles that we decided to include during editing, submission, and approval of themanuscript for publication. All three parts are indexed together, however.We also reexamined those titles in the previous bibliography (McHugh et al. 1982) which did not include abstracts. These are included in Parts 2 and 3 of this bibliography. Most of these contained no specific referenceto Mercenaria mercenaria. A few searches were terminated for various reasons. (PDF file contains 66 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2754 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:06 | 2754 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This study is concerned with the measurement of total factor prodnctivity in the marine fishing industries in general and in the Pacific coast trawl fishery in particular. The study is divided into two parts. Part I contains suitable empirical and introductory theoretical material for the examination of productivity in thePacific coast trawl Deet. It is self-contained, and contains the basic formulae, empirical results, and discussion. Because the economic theory of index numbersand productivity is constantly evolving and is widely scattered throughout the economics literature, Part D draws together the theoretical literature into one place to allow ready access for readers interested in more details.The major methodological focus of the study is upon the type of economic index number that is most appropriate for use by economists with the National Marine Fisheries Service. This study recommends that the following types ofeconomic index numbers be used: chain rather than fIxed base; bilateral rather than multilateral; one of the class of superlative indices, such as the Tornqvist or Fisher Ideal. (PDF file contains 40 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2755 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:20 | 2755 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The geographic and depth frequency distribution of 124 common demersal fish species in the northeastern Pacific were plotted from data on me at the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC), National Marine Fisheries Service. The data included catch records of fishes and invertebrates from 24,881 samples taken from the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Bering Sea, Aleutian Basin, AleutianArchipelago, and the Gulf of Alaska, and from southeastern Alaska south to southern California. Samples were collected by a number of agencies and institutions over a 30-year period (1953-83), but were primarily from NWAFC demersaltrawls. The distributions of all species with 100 or more occurrences in the data set were plotted by computer.Distributions plotted from these data were then compared with geographic and depth-range limits given in the literature. These data provide new range extensions(geographic, depth, or both) for 114 species. Questionable extensions are noted, the depth ranges determined for 95% of occurrences, and depths of most frequent occurrence are recorded. Ranges of the species were classified zoogeographically, according to life zone, and with regard to the depth zone of greatest occurrence. Because most species examined have broad geographic ranges, they do not provide the best information for testing the validity of proposed zoogeographic province boundaries. Because of the location of greatest sampling effort and methods used in sampling,most fIShes examined were eastern boreal Pacific, sublittoral-bathyal (outer shelf) species. (PDF file contains 158 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2759 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:52 | 2759 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The following series of fishery publications produced in calendar years 1980-85 by the Scientific Publications OffIce of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), are listed numerically and indexed by author and subject: Circular, Fishery BuUetin, Marine Fisheries Review, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries, and Technical Report NMFS.Also included is an alphanumeric listing of the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series published in calendar years 1972-85 by NMFS regional offices and fisheries centers. Authors and subjects for the Memoradum series are indexed with the other publication series. (PDF file contains 156 pages.)
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Information Management
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2758 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:30 | 2758 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: A stock assessment of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, fishery was conducted with purse-seine landings data from 1940 to 1984 and port sampling data from 1955 to 1984. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates,maximum sustainable yield (MSY), spawner-recruit relationships, and yield per recruit. Virtual population analysis was used to estimate stock size, year classsize, and fishing mortality rates.Surplus production models produced estimates of MSY from 450 to 490 kmt compared with yields of 416to 436 kmt based roughly on maximum recruitment from a weak spawner-recruit relationship. Recruitment to age-I ranged from 1.2 to 14.8 billion fish for year classes 1955-81. Recent mean recruitment to age-I for the 1975-81 year classes averaged 5.7 billion fish and compared favorably with the mean of 7.7 billion age-I fish recruited during the late 1950's. Mean recruitment from recent years suggests possible coastwide yields of 416 to 481 kmt. Continued dominance of late age-2 spawners among the spawning stock is of concern, since the stock is at greater risk through poor recruitment if recent favorable environmental conditions change.Yield-per-recruit estimates ranged from 46 g to 59 g since 1970. The high dependency of the modern fishery on prespawners has increased concerns about fluctuations in year-to-year availability and catches. To increase yield and enhance the stability of the resource, the number of age classes contributing significantly to the fishery should be increased, creating a butTer against future poorrecruitment years and lessening the year-to-year fluctuations in landings. (PDF file contains 24 pages.)
    Keywords: Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2756 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:25 | 2756 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: This study aims to reconstruct the history of shore whaling in the southeastern United States, emphasizing statistics on the catch of right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, the preferred targets. The earliest record of whaling in North Carolina is of a proposed voyage from New York in 1667. Early settlers on the Outer Banks utilized whale strandings by trying out the blubber of carcasses that came ashore, and some whale oil was exported from the 1660s onward. New England whalemen whaled along the North Carolina coast during the 1720s, and possibly earlier. As some of the whalemen from the northern colonies moved to NortbCarolina, a shore-based whale fishery developed. This activity apparently continued without interruption until the War of Independence in 1776, and continued or was reestablished after the war. The methods and techniques of the North Carolina shore whalers changed slowly: as late as the 1890s they used a drogue at the end of the harpoon line and refrained from staying fast to the harpooned whale, they seldom employed harpoon guns, and then only during the waning years of the fishery.The whaling season extended from late December to May, most successfully between February and May. Whalers believed they were intercepting whales migrating north along the coast. Although some whaling occurred as far north as Cape Hatteras, it centered on the outer coasts of Core, Shackleford, and Bogue banks, particularly near Cape Lookout. The capture of whales other than right whales was a rare event. The number of boat crews probably remainedfairly stable during much of the 19th century, with some increase in effort in the late 1870s and early 1880s when numbers of boat crews reached 12 to 18. Then by the late 1880s and 1890s only about 6 crews were active. North Carolina whaling had become desultory by the early 1900s, and ended completely in 1917.Judging by export and tax records, some ocean-going vessels made good catches off this coast in about 1715-30, including an estimated 13 whales in 1719, 15 in one year during the early 1720s, 5-6 in a three-year period of the mid to late 1720s, 8 by one ship's crew in 1727, 17 by one group of whalers in 1728-29, and 8-9 by two boats working from Ocracoke prior to 1730. It is impossible to knowhow representative these fragmentary records are for the period as a whole. The Carolina coast declined in importance as a cruising ground for pelagic whalersby the 1740s or 1750s. Thereafter, shore whaling probably accounted for most of the (poorly documented) catch.Lifetime catches by individual whalemen on Shackleford Banks suggest that the average annual catch was at least one to two whales during 1830·80, perhaps about four during the late 1870s and early 1880s, and declining to about one by the late 1880s. Data are insufficient to estimate the hunting loss rate in the Outer Banks whale fishery.North Carolina is the only state south of New Jersey known to have had a long and well established shore whaling industry. Some whaling took place in Chesapeake Bay and along the coast of Virginia during the late 17th and early18th centuries, but it is poorly documented. Most of the rigbt whales taken off South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida during the 19th century were killed by pelagic whalers. Florida is the only southeastern state with evidence of an aboriginal (pre-contact) whale fishery. Right whale calves may have been among the aboriginal whalers' principal targets. (PDF file contains 34 pages.)
    Keywords: Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2757 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:28 | 2757 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The commercially important species of penaeoid shrimps comprise 4 families, 12 genera, and 37 species in the Americas, This key is supported by 49 figures including lateral views of whole shrimps in 10 of the 12 genera and detailed figures of male (petasma) and female (thelycum) genital structures of the species. A glossary of terms used in shrimp taxonomy plus a bibliography of references useful in identifying shrimps are included. (PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2760 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:56 | 2760 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The procedure to conduct horizontal starch gel electrophoresis on enzymes is described in detail. Areas covered are (I) collection and storage of specimens, (2)preparation of tissues, (3) preparation of a starch gel, (4) application of enzyme extracts to a gel, (5) setting up a gel for electrophoresis, (6) slicing a gel, and (7)staining a gel. Recipes are also included for 47 enzyme stains and 3 selected gel buffers. (PDF file contains 26 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2763 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:03 | 2763 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report summarizes (I) annual purse seine landings of Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, for 1972-84, (2) estimated numbers of fish caught by fishing area. (3) estimates of nominal fishing effort and catch-per-unit-effort, (4) mean fish length and weight, and (5) major changes in the fishery. During the 1970s stock size and recruitment increased and the age composition broadened. reversing trends witnessed during the fishery's decline in the 1960s. Landings steadily improved and by 1980 the total coast wide landings exceeded 400,000 metric tons.Nevertheless, the character of the fishery changed considerably. Eleven reduction plants processed fish at seven ports in 1972, but in 1984 only eight plantsoperated at live ports. Beginning in the mid-1960s the center of fishing aclivity shifted from the Middle Atlantic area to the Chesapeake Bay area, which has continued to dominate the fishery in landings and effort through the 1970s and 1980s. During this period the average size and age of fish in the catches declined. (PDF file contains 30 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2764 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:19 | 2764 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: A stock assessment of the gulf menhaden. Brevoortia patronus, fishery was conducted with data on purse-seine landings from 1946 to 1985 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1985. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates,yield-per-recruit, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Virtual population analysis was used to estimate stock size, year-classsize, and fishing mortality rates. During the period studied, an average of 27% of age-l fish and 55% of age-2 and age-3 fish were taken by the fishery, and 54% for age-I and 38% for age-2 and -3 fish were lost annually to natural causes.Annual yield-per-recruit estimates ranged from 6.9 to 19.3 g, with recent mean conditions averaging 12.2 g since 1978. Surplus production models produced estimates of MSY from 620 to 700 kilometric tons. Recruits to age-I ranged from 8.3 to 41.8 billion fish for 1964-82. Although there was substantial scatter about the fitted curves, Ricker·type spawner-recruit relationships were found suitable for use in a population simulation model. Estimates of MSY frompopulation simulation model runs ranged from 705 to 825 kilometric tons with F -multiples of the mean rate of fishing ranging from 1.0 to 1.5.Recent harvests in excess of the historical MSY may not be detrimental to the gulf menhaden stock. However, one should not expect long-term harvesting above the historical MSY because of the short life span of gulf menhaden andpossible changes from currently favorable environmental conditions supporting high recruitment.(PDF file contains 24 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2767 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:38 | 2767 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This document contains data concerning the proximate composition and energy, fatty acid, sodium, and cholesterol content of finfish, shellfish, and their products as listed in 228 articles published between the years of 1976 and 1984. Also included is a systematic index of the species as referenced in this document listed alphabetically by scientific name. (PDF file contains 60 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Chemistry
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2766 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:27 | 2766 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The ecology and reproductive biology of the leatherback turtle (Dennochelys coriacea) was studied on a high-energy nesting beach near Laguna Jalova, Costa Rica, between 28 March and 8 June 1985. The peak of nesting was between 15April and 21 May. Leatherbacks here measured an average 146.6 cm straightline standard carapace length and laid an average 81.57 eggs. The eggs measured a mean 52.12 mm diameter and weighed an average of 85.01 g. Significant positive relationships were found between the carapace lengths of nesters and their clutch sizes and average diameter and weight of eggs. The total clutch weighed between 4.02 and 13.39 kg, and yolkless eggs accounted for an average 12.4% of this weight. The majority of nesters dug shallow (〈24 cm) body pits and spent an average81 minutes at the nest site. A significant number of c1utcbes were laid below the berm crest. In a hatchery 42.2% of the eggs hatched, while in natural nests 70.2%hatched. The average hatchling carapace length was 59.8 mm and weight was 44.6 g. The longevity of leatherback tracks and nests on the beach was affected by weather. One nester was recaptured about one year later off the coast ofMississippi, U.S.A. Egg poaching was intense on some sections of the Costa Rican coast. Four aerial surveys in four different months provided the basis for comparingdensity of nesting on seven sectors of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The beach at Jalova is heavily used by green turtles (Chelonia mydJJs) after the leatherback nesting season. The role of the Parque Nacional Tortuguero in conserving the leatherback and green turtle is discussed.(PDF file contains 20 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2765 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:25 | 2765 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The food habits of 20 species of pelagic nekton were investigated from collections made with small-mesh purse seines from 1979-84 off Washington and Oregon. Four species (spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias; soupfin shark, Galeorhinus zyopterus; blue shark, Prionace glauca; and cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki) were mainly piscivorous. Six species (coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; chinooksalmon, O. tshawytscha; black rockfish, Sebastes melanops; yellowtail rockfish, S. f1avidus; sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria; and jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus)consumed both nektonic and planktonic organisms. The remaining species (market squid, Loligo opalescens; American shad, Alosa sapidissima; Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi; northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax; pinksalmon, O. gorbuscha; surf smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus; Pacific hake, Merluccius productus; Pacific saury, Cololabis saira; Pacific mackerel, Scomber japonicus;and medusafish, Icichthys lockingtom) were primarily planktonic feeders. There were substantial interannual, seasonal, and geographic variations in the diets ofseveral species due primarily to changes in prey availability. Juvenile salmonids were not commonly consumed by this assemblage of fishes (PDF file contains 36 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2768 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:43 | 2768 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report describes the proximate compositions (protein, moisture, fat, and ash) and major fatty acid profiles for raw and cooked samples of 40 southeastern finfish species. All samples (fillets) were cooked by a standard procedure in laminated plastic bags to an internal temperature of 70'C (lS8'F). Both summarized compositional data, with means and ranges for each species, and individual sample data including harvest dates and average lengths and weights are presented. When compared with raw samples, cooked samples exhibited an increase in protein contentwith an accompanying decrease in moisture content. Fat content either remained approximately the same or increased due to moisture loss during cooking. Our results are discussed in reference to compositional data previouslypublished by others on some of the same species. Although additional data are needed to adequately describe the seasonal and geographic variations in the chemical compositions of many of these fish species, the results presented here should be useful to nutritionists, seafood marketers, and consumers.(PDF file contains 28 pages.)
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Biology ; Chemistry
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2761 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:25:59 | 2761 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Routine biostatistical port sampling data and landings records collected from the gulf menhaden purse seine fishery between 1974 and 1985 are updated. During most of the period, a total of 11 menhaden reduction plants operated in Mississippi and Louisiana, and the number of vessels in the purse seine fleet varied from 71 to 82. Total annual landings ranged from 447,100 metric tons in 1977 to the record landings for the fishery of 982,800 metric tons in 1984. Age-I and -2 gulf menhaden annually comprised almost 96% of the landings. Estimated totalnumbers of menhaden landed varied from 4,510.5 million in 1975 to 11,154.9 million in 1985. Annual mean lengths and weights of sampled fish-at-age showed lillie variation. Nominal or observed fishing effort gradually increased through Ihe 1970s and 1980s, reaching 655,800 vessel-ton-weeks in 1983. (PDF file contains 14 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2770 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:57 | 2770 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Despite its wide acceptance in other fisheries, limited access remains a controversial topic among Pacific coast groundfish fishermen and fishery managers. It is controversial because it immediately opens a wide array of public policy issues. How should the public conservefish stocks, and who should benefit from harvesting thosefish? What are the costs and benefits to the public, the taxpayer, the fishing industry, and the coastal communities supporting the groundfish industry? Should the government push the industry to be economically efficient in harvesting; or should it discourage technical efficiency to conserve fish stocks? Should management preserve the economic status quo by protecting existing harvest shares? These are the broad issues occupying the discussions ofpolicy makers and academic writers concerned with resourcemanagement.The goal of this introductory section is to define limited access, to dispel some basic misunderstandings about limited access, to clarify the optional forms oflimited access, and to review the various resource management objectives addressed. This should set the stage for the following more lengthy discussions. By reducing the scopeof needless misunderstandings, it should also help to make future discussions of limited access more productive. (PDF file contains 52 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2769 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:26:47 | 2769 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The Cape Canaveral, Florida, marine ecosystem is unique. There are complex current and temperature regimes that form a faunal transition zone between Atlantic tropical and subtropical waters. This zone is rich faunistically andsupports large commercial fISheries for fish, scallops, and shrimp. Canaveral is also unique because it has large numbers of sea turtles year-round, this turtle aggregation exhibiting patterned seasonal changes in numbers, size frequency, and sex ratio. Additionally, a significant portion of this turtle aggregation hibernates in the Canaveral ship channel, a phenomenon rare in marine turtle populations. The Cape Canaveral area has the largest year-round concentration of sea turtles in the United States. However,the ship channel is periodically dredged by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in order to keep Port Canaveral opento U.S. Navy vessels, and preliminary surveys showed that many sea turtles were incidentally killed during dredgingoperations. In order for the Corps of Engineers to fulfill its defense dredging responsibilities, and comply with theEndangered Species Act of 1973, an interagency Sea Turtle Task Force was formed to investigate methods of reducingturtle mortalities. This Task Force promptly implemented a sea turtle research plan to determine seasonal abundance, movement patterns, sex ratios, size frequencies, and other biological parameters necessary to help mitigate dredging conflicts in the channel. The Cape Canaveral Sea Turtle Workshop is a cooperative effort to comprehensively present research results of these important studies.I gratefully acknowledge the support of everyone involved in this Workshop, particularly the anonymous team of referees who painstakingly reviewed the manuscripts. The cover illustration was drawn by Jack C. Javech. (PDF file contains 86 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2773 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:17 | 2773 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Menlicirrhus americanus in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico mature at 150-220 mm TL and 12-14 months of age, with males maturing when 10-40 mm smaller than females. Spawning occurs within a broad period from February throughNovember with two discrete peaks which coincide with the periodicity of downcoast alongshore currents (towards Mexico) in spring and fall. This species occurs at depths of less than 5 to 27 m, being most abundant at 5 m or shallower. Young-of-the-year recruit primarily at 5-9 m or shallower and gradually expand their bathymetric range. Age determination by length frequency is feasible in M.americanus but not as simple as in species that spawn in one major period of the year. Only one or two spawned groups normally predominated at anyone time and no more than three co-occurred with few possible exceptions. Observed mean sizes were 138 mm TL at 6 months, and 192 and 272 mm at ages I and II, respectively. Typical maximum size was 296-308 mm and typical maximum age is probably 2-3 years. The largest fISh captured were 392 and 455 mm. Observed sex ratio was 1.2 females to 1 male. Weight, girth, and length-length regressions are presented.(PDF file contains 27 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2772 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:13 | 2772 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Techniques are described for preparing acetate peels of sectioned valves of ocean quahogs, Arctica islandica, for age determinations. The respective sequence of preparation begins by sectioning left valves oriented to include a single hinge tooth, bleaching to remove the heavy periostracum, embedding the valves in an epoxy resin, grinding and polishing the embedments to a high luster, etching the exposed cut valve surfaces, and applying sheet acetate with acetone. Annuli are clearly defined relative to growth increments in the peel preparations for all sizes and ages of ocean quahogs. (PDF file contains12 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology ; Chemistry
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2771 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:10 | 2771 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The 1984 International Symposium and Workshop on the Biologyof Fur Seals originated in informal talks in 1981. However, the scope and focus of the symposium remained unclear until an informal workshop was held in San Diego in June 1983. This meeting synthesised data on the foraging and pup attendance activities of six species of fur seals, and attempted to formulate a coherent framework for the adaptations associated with their maternal strategies (Gentry et al. 1986).During the workshop it was clear that comparative data on many key aspects of fur seal biology and ecology were missing. This absence of data applied not only to less well known species, for some of which considerable unpublished data existed, but also to better known species for which research in some areas had either been neglected or unreported. The value of applying the comparative method to seals, especially comparisons integrating physiology,ecology, and reproductive biology, was amply demonstrated by the results of the 1983 workshop (Gentry and Kooyman 1986). However, we were also aware that many other problems outside the area of maternal strategies could benefit from comparative data, such as recovery of populations from the effects of harvesting. Therefore, to accommodate the range of potential research, we organized this symposium to produce an up-to-date synthesis of relevant information for all species of fur seals.It was also clear that fur seal research could benefit from increased communication and collaboration among its practitioners. To foster the spread of ideas, we held oral presentations on some topics of current research and techniques and organized workshops on specific topics, in addition to providing opportunities for informal talksamong participants. Thanks to generous support from the British Antarctic Survey, the National Marine Fisheries Service of the United States, and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, the International Fur Seal Symposium was held at the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, England, 23-27 April 1984. The 36 participants are shown in Figure 1. A list of Symposium participants and authors is presented in Appendix 1 of the Proceedings. (PDF file contains 220 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2774 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:34 | 2774 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This workshop was organized because of the increase between 1978 and 1980 in coastwide landings of widow rockfish, from less than 1,000 mt to more than 20,000 mt, and because of scientists' concern with the lack of knowledge both of the fishery and biology of the species. Most scientists active in research on Pacific groundfish, as well as some members of the fishing industry and fishery managers, attended the workshop.These proceedings contain the report of the workshop discussion panel, status reports on California, Oregon, and Washington fisheries through 1980, and a collection of seven papers presented at the workshop. The status reports provide an historical perspective of the development of an important fishery. The papers present a fairly complete survey of biological knowledge of widow rockfish,economic status of the fishery, and fishery-independent methods for estimation of abundance. The papers also contain some information developed after the workshop.Since the workshop, the fishery has matured. Largest landings were made in 1981, when more than 28,000 mt were landed. Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is estimated to be slightly less than 10,000 mt, and the stock appeared to be at about the MSY level in 1985. The Pacific Fishery Management Council and National Marine Fisheries Service have implemented regulations that have maintained landings since 1983 at approximately the maximum sustainable yield level. Fishery-dependent stock assessments are being made on an annual basis for the Pacific Fishery ManagementCouncil. While these assessments are considered to be the best possible with available data, scientists responsible for the assessment have chosen to delay their publication in the formal scientific literature until more data are obtained. However, the stock assessment reports are available from the Pacific Fishery Management Council.In addition to the papers in this collection, three papers have been published on widow rockfish since 1980. BoehIert, Barss, and Lamberson (1982) estimate fecundity of the species off Oregon; Gunderson (1984) describes the fishery and management actions; and Laroche and Richardson (1981) describe the morphology and distribution of juvenile widow rockfish off Oregon.During the past decade, the fishery for widow rockfish hasdeveloped from a minor fishery to one of the more important on the Pacific Coast. Our knowledge of the biology and dynamics of the species has progressed from minimal to relatively extensive for a groundfish species. It is our intention in preparing this collection of papers to make this knowledge readily available to the scientificcommunity. (PDF file contains 63 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2776 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:43 | 2776 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Fifteen fine-mesh (32-mm mesh) pelagic purse seine surveys were conducted between 1979 and 1984 off the Oregon and Washington coasts. Environmental conditions varied greatly among the years sampled, and even within years, due to variability in upwelling conditions and productivity and the effects of a strong El Nino from late 1982 to the middle of 1984. In the 843 sets made, a total of 115,891 specimens from 69 taxa was collected. Most individuals collected belonged to nine dominant taxa. Seasonal and interannual variations in the abundance and distribution patterns of these dominant taxa are presented in detail. A recurrent group analysis delineated four major groupings of nekton. (PDF file contains 91 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2775 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:38 | 2775 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The United States and Japanese counterpart panels on aquaculture were formed in 1969 under the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (UJNR). The panels currently include specialists drawn from the federal departments most concerned with aquaculture. Charged with exploring and developing bilateral cooperation, the panels have focused their efforts on exchanging information related to aquaculture which could be of benefit to both countries.The UJNR was begun during the Third Cabinet-Level Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs in January 1964. In addition to aquaculture, current subjects in the program includedesalination of seawater, toxic microorganisms, air pollution, energy, forage crops, national park management, mycoplasmosis, wind and seismic effects, protein resources, forestry, and several joint panels and committees in marineresources research, development, and utilization.Accomplishments include: Increased communication and cooperation among technical specialists; exchanges ofinformation, data, and research findings; annual meetings of the panels, a policy-coordinative body; administrativestaff meetings; exchanges of equipment, materials, and samples; several major technical conferences; and beneficialeffects on international relations. (PDF file contains 79 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Management ; Fisheries ; Biology ; Aquaculture
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2777 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:46 | 2777 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This report presents meristic data for nearly all of the known species of Sebasles. Rudimentary caudal ray counts tend to be higher in more active species. The number of caudal rays supported by the hypurals is consistently 14, whereas the number of branched caudal rays varies between 11 and 13. Vertebral counts and most fin-ray counts tend to be lower in species or populations in warmer latitudes,except for pectoral ray counts which tend to have an opposite geographic pattern. On the basis of the small magnitude of meristic and morphometric differences and the lack of other differences between northern and southern samples of "Sebasles caurinus," Sebaslichlhys vexillaris Jordan and Gilbert is regarded as a junior synonym of Sebasles caurinus Richardson. The patterns of bilateral variation in paired meristics are analyzed and their mechanism discussed. The frequency distribution of pectoral ray counts in their right-left combination is shownto be useful in species separation. No association was found between any combination of two meristic features in any species. The author proposes that intrasampleassociations between meristic features are evidence of sampling heterogeneity. (PDF file contains 21 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2783 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:40 | 2783 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Proliferation of water withdrawals and new pump intake and screen designs has occurred with the growth of irrigated agriculture along the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Concern for the protection of anadromous and resident fish populations resulted in formulation of a survey of the water withdrawal systems. The survey included distribution studies of juvenile fish near pump sites and field inspection of those sites to determine adequacy of screening for protection of fish. A total of 225 sites were inspected in 1979 and 1980, with a follow-up inspection of 95 sites in 1982. Results indicated a definite trend toward lack of concern for the condition of fish protective facilities. Only 4 out of 22 sites not meeting criteriain 1979 had been upgraded to acceptable conditions. Of more concern, 13 of the sites meeting criteria in 1979 were below criteria when reinspected in 1982. Some of the discrepancies included lack of protective screens, poorly maintained screens, and screens permitting excessive velocity that could result in impingement of larvae or small fish. A conclusion from these surveys is that if adequate protection for fish is to exist, screens for water withdrawals need to be properly installed, inspected, and maintained. (PDF file contains 40 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2781 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:20 | 2781 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: A new method is described and evaluated for visually sampling reef fish community structure in environments with highly diverse and abundant reef fish populations. The method is based on censuses of reef fishes taken within a cylinder of 7.5 m radius by a diver at randomly selected, stationary points. The method provides quantitative data on frequency of occnrrence, fish length, abundance, and community composition, and is simple, fast, objective, and repeatable. Species are accumulated rapidly for listing purposes, and large numbers of samples are easily obtained for statistical treatment. The method provides an alternative to traditional visual sampling methods.Observations showed that there were no significant differences in total numbers of species or individuals censused when visibility ranged between 8 and 30 m. The reefs and habitats sampled were significant sources of variation in number of species and individuals censused, but the diver was not a significant influence. Community similarity indices were influenced significantly by thespecific sampling site and the reef sampled, but were not significantly affected by the habitat or diver (PDF file contains 21 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2786 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:55 | 2786 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Fishery scientists engaged in estimating the size of free-swimming populations have never had a technique available to them whereby all the parameters could be estimated from a resource survey and where no parameter values need to be assumed. Recognizing the need for a technique of this kind, the staff of the Coastal Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Center (SWFC) devised an egg production method for anchovy biomass assessment. Previously, anchovy biomass was estimated by approximate methods derived from a long-time series and anchovy larval abundance, which required about 5 ma of shiptime each year to integrate the area under a seasonal spawning curve. One major assumption used in the larval abundance census method is that there is constant proportionality between larval numbers and spawning biomass. This has now proved to be erroneous. (PDF file contains 105 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2778 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:48 | 2778 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Information on the biology and fishery resources of two common species of western Atlantic porgies, Calamus areli/rons and C. proridens, is compiled, reviewed, andanalyzed in the FAO species synopsis style. (PDF file contains 25 pages.)
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  • 92
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2780 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:57 | 2780 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Length-frequency data collected from inshore and offshore locations in the Gulf of Maine in 1966-1968 indicated that ovigerous female northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) first appeared offshore in August and September and migratedinshore in the fall and winter. Once eggs hatched, surviving females returned offshore. Juveniles and males migrated offshore during their first two years of life. Sex transition occurred in both inshore and oll'shore waters, but most males changed sex offshore during their third and fourth years. Most shrimp changed sex and matured as females for the first time in their fourth year. Smaller females and females exposed to colder bottom temperatures spawned first. The incidence of egg parasitism peaked in January and was higher for shrimp exposed to warmer bottom temperatures. Accelerated growth at higher temperatures appeared to result in earlier or more rapid sex transition. Males and non-ovigerous females were observed to make diurnal vertical migrations, but were not found in near-surface waters where the temperature exceeded 6°C. Ovigerous females fed more heavily on benthic molluscs in inshore waters in the winter, presumably because the egg masses they were carrying prevented them from migrating vertically at night.Northern shrimp were more abundant in the southwestern region of the Gulf of Maine where bottom temperatures remain low throughout the year. Bottom trawl catch rates were highest in Jeffreys Basin where bottom temperatures were lower than at any other sampling location. Catch rates throughout the study area were inversely related to bottom temperature and reached a maximum at 3°C.An increase of 40% in fecundity between 1973 and 1979 was associated with a decline of 2-3°C in April-July offshore bottom temperatures. Furthermore, a decrease in mean fecundity per 25 mm female between 1965 and 1970 was linearly related to reduced landings between 1969 and 1974. It is hypothesized that temperature-induced changes in fecundity and, possibly, in the extent of egg mortalitydue to parasitism, may provide a mechanism which could partially account for changes in the size of the Gulf of Maine northern shrimp population during the last thirty years. (PDF file contains 28 pages.)
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2785 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:49 | 2785 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Histopathologic studies of lesions found in commercially important North Atlantic marine fishes are uncommon. As part of a comprehensive Northeast Fisheries Center program ("Ocean Pulse") to evaluate environmental and resource health on the U.S. Continental Shelf from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia, grossly visible lesions of the gills, integument, muscle, and viscera of primarily bottom-dwellingfishes were excised and examined using light microscopy.Several gadid and pleuronectid fishes accounted for most of the lesions observed. Most pathological examinations were incidental to samples taken for age and growth determination and evaluation of predator/prey relationships.Several gadids, with either gill, heart, or spleen lesions, were sampled more intensively.Gill lesions principally affected gadids and were caused by either microsporidans or an unidentified oocyte-like cell. The majority of gastrointestinal lesions consisted of encapsulated or encysted larval worms or microsporidan-induced cysts. Few heart lesions were found. Integumental lesioos included ulcers, lymphocystis, and trematode metacercariae. Liver lesions almost always consistedof encapsulated or encysted larval helminths. Necrotic granulomata were seen in muscle and microsporidan-induced granulomata in spleen.Although not numerous, histologically interesting lesions were noted in integument, heart, liver, spleen, and muscle of several fish species. Histologic study of tissues excised from a variety of demersal and pelagic fishes from the eastern North Atlantic (France, Germany, Spain) revealed assorted integumental, renal, hepatic, and splenic lesions.Small sample size and non-random sampling precluded obtaining a meaningful quantitative estimate of the prevalence of the observed lesions in the populationat risk; however, a useful census has been made of the types of lesions present in commercially important marine fishes. (PDF file contains 20 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2779 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:27:54 | 2779 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The trawl fishery for pelagic annorhead, Pseuaopentaceros wheeleri(fonnerly referred to as Pentaceros richardsoni), and alfonsin, Beryx splendens, over the central North Pacific seamounts has a relatively short history. Before 1967, fishery scientists were generally unaware of the resources on seamounts; however, the discovery of commercial concentrations of pelagic armorhead on seamountsin the southern Emperor Seamounts by a Russian commercialtrawler in November 1967 led to almost immediate exploitation of the species by the Soviets. Unconfinned reports indicated that the schools of pelagic annorhead on the seamounts averaged 30 m thick and catches averaged from 3 to 50 metric tons on 10-20 min hauls (Sakiura 1972).Japanese trawlers entered the fishery in 1969. To assist in the development of this tishery, Japanese research vessels conducted extensive surveys in 1972 on the distribution and potential for development ofthe pelagic armorhead and alfonsin resources. The results of their surveys to the central North Pacific and mid-Pacific seamounts showed that many had summits that were too deep for trawling. Those found suitable were concentrated in the southernEmperor-northern Hawaiian Ridge. (PDF file contains 113 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2782 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:25 | 2782 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The commercial development of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) operations will involve some environmental perturbations for which there is noprecedent experience. The pumping of very large volumes of warm surface water and cold deep water and its subsequent discharge will result in the impingement, entrainment, and redistribution of biota. Additional stresses to biota will be caused by biocide usage and temperature depressions. However, the artificial upwelling of nutrients associated with the pumping of cold deep water, and the artificialreef created by an OTEC plant may have positive effects on the local environment.Although more detailed information is needed to assess the net effect of an OTEC operation on fisheries, certain assumptions and calculations are made supporting the conclusion that the potential risk to fisheries is not significant enough to deter the early development of IDEe. It will be necessary to monitor a commercial-scale plant in order to remove many of the remaining uncertainties. (PDF file contains 39 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2784 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:47 | 2784 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This atlas summarizes data on the crustaceans, molluscs, and fishes caught in a resource survey of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from October 1976 to September 1981. The geographical and depth distributions, size range, and thetype of gear used to catch all of the crustaceans, molluscs, and fishes are tabulated. Species accounts of 37 crustaceans, molluscs, and fishes of commercial potentialare presented. The geography, oceanography, and climate of the region are reviewed. (PDF file contains 38 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2788 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:29:11 | 2788 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: This literature search identifies a majority of the publications in the period 1880-1980 concerned with the marine gastropod, Thais haemastomafloridmul (Conrad). The southern oyster drill is an economically important oyster predator in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico littoral. Major contributions of each paper to our knowledge of the drill's biology are briefly categorized. Hitherto unpublished research by the author on the snail's biology is documented. (PDF file contains 15 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2790 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:20:28 | 2790 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The echinoid fauna from littoral to abyssal depths off the northeastern United States (Cape Hatteras, NC, to northern Nova Scotia) comprises 31 species, in 26 genera and 19 families. An introduction to the external morphology, distribution, and natural history is given along with an illustrated key to the species, an annotated systematic list, and an index. The fauna Includes 17 species with wide-ranging distributions on continental slopes or abyssal plains. The remaining 14 species occur in shallower waters on the continental shelf or upper slope. Of these, eight are tropical in distribution with their northern range extending to the northeastern United States and threeare mainly boreal with the northeastern United States at the southern limit of their range. Two species occur only off the eastern United States and one species is cosmopolitan. (PDF file contains 33 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 99
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2789 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:29:14 | 2789 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Features of the valid nominal species of Aprionodon Gill (isodon Valenciennes) and Hypoprion Muller and Henle (hemiodon Valenciennes, macloti Muller and Henle, and signatus Poey), plus those of a previously unrecognizedspecies here described as Carcharhinus leiodon n.sp., are examined and compared with those of CarcharhinusBlainville. Features studied include morphometrics, vertebral numbers and other vertebral characteristics, toothnumbers, color pattern, and some other aspects of external morphology. It is concluded that on these featuresC. leiodon n.sp. is entirely encompassed within the parameters of Carcharhinus, and that, although A. isodon,H. hemiodon, H. macloti, and H. signatus each extend the range of diversity of Carcharhinus in one or more features,A. isodon is not uniquely different from Carcharhinus, and there is no common pattern of difference between the three species of Hypoprion and Carcharhinus. Accordingly, and because the nature of the teeth of Aprionodon and Hypoprion has been found insufficient to warrant generic distinction from Carcharhinus, the genera Aprionodon and Hypoprion are synonymised with Carcharhinus.A diagnosis and description are given for each of the above species. The descriptions include measurements, counts, and line illustrations that show the whole shark in lateral view, underside of head, nostril, and teeth. The geographic distribution is summarized, as are also the meager biological data available on number of embryos, size at birth, size at sexual maturity, and maximum size. (PDF file contains 32 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2791 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:20:30 | 2791 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: In this report we describe the temporal and spatial distributions of inorganic nutrients over Georges Bankand in adjacent waters and discuss major features with respect to tbe nutrient environments of pbytoplankton.Nitrate and orthophosphorus were rapidly depleted from the surface layer of much of the study area in spring,but major differences were found between the shallow areas on Georges Bank and the surrounding stratified waters. In the "well-mixed" area of Georges Bank, the depletion encompassed the entire water column and ammonium became the dominant form of inorganic nitrogen throughout. Dissolved silicon was depleted slowly over central Georges Bank, reaching a minimum concentration in September while orthophosphorus gradually increased during the summer. The nutrient environment of phytoplankton over central Georges Bank may be described as vertically uniform but temporally changing in the relative availability of the various nutrients. In areas that undergo stratification (e.g., the central Gulf of Maine), a quasi-steady state was established as the surface water layer formed, consisting of declining nutrient gradients from below the euphotic layer to the top of the water column. These intergrading nutrient environments are relatively stable through time. Destratification reintroduced nutrients to depleted areas beginning in October; however, dissolved silicon was again depleted over shallow Georges Bank in late autumn though nitrate remained abundant. Slope water has been found toenter the bottom layer of the Gulf of Maine via the Northeast Channel. High nutrient concentrations observed inthe bottom water of the Northeast Channel are consistent with this mechanism being the nutrient source for theGulf of Maine. (PDF file contains 40 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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