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  • MDPI  (211)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2023  (247)
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  • 1
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    Science and Citizen Collaboration as Good Example of Geoethics for Recovering a Natural Site in the Urban Area of Rome (Italy) (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-11
    Description: Natural sites in urban spaces can have a key role in citizen well-being, providing fundamental ecosystem services to the population and assuring a multitude of benefits. Therefore, cities should guarantee a number of green areas and their conservation in time as an essential part of urban architecture. In this framework, cooperation between scientists, decision makers and citizens is critical to ensure the enhancement of green public spaces. Social and scientific communities are called to work in a tuned way to combine scientific knowledge and methods to local socio-economic contexts, driven by the values of geoethics. The Bullicante Lake case study, discussed in this work, represents an example of application of geoethical values, such as inclusiveness, sharing, sustainability and conservation of bio- and geodiversity. This urban lake in Rome appeared following illegal excavation works in 1992 and remained closed until 2016 favouring re-naturalization processes. Over time, this site was often threatened by pending actions for building. The aim of this study was to highlight how fruitful cooperation between science and citizens is able to transform a degraded urban area into a place of knowledge, recreation, enjoyment and eco-systemic preservation. Moreover, on the basis of this experience, the authors proposed a generalised approach/strategy to be developed and applied in other contexts. The active involvement of citizens and the cooperation among scientists, artists and institutions were able to redress opportunistic behaviours well by preventing site degradation and its improper use, favouring environmental safeguarding and making possible the site’s recognition as a natural monument. The results of these actions led to the improved quality of citizen life, showing an excellent example of virtuous cooperation between science and society.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4429
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geoethics ; conservation ; education ; citizen participation ; ecosystems ; urban lake ; green areas ; Rome ; 05.09. Miscellaneous ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Palaeo-Shoreline Configuration of the Adventure Plateau (Sicilian Channel) at the Last Glacial Maximum (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: The Adventure Plateau, located in the NW sector of the Sicilian Channel, experienced several episodes of exposure/erosion and subsequent drowning, with the most recent occurring after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Unlike other parts of the Sicilian Channel, the Adventure Plateau is relatively tectonically stable and is therefore best suitable for reconstructing its coastal configuration before the post-LGM marine transgression. Here, we use high-resolution seismic data to identify and map the palaeo-coastline at the LGM on the basis of the internal architecture of the prograding wedges (i.e., the location of the subaqueous clinoform rollover point) and the erosional markers such as the subaerial unconformities and the wave ravinement surfaces. These data, which show an extreme variability in the palaeo-morphology of the coastal margins of the Adventure Plateau, have been complemented with vintage seismic profiles in order to entirely cover its perimeter. The mapped LGM coastline has then been compared to predictions from glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modeling, which considers the horizontal migration of the shorelines in response to sea level rise and to Earth’s rotational and deformational effects associated with deglaciation. The two shorelines (i.e., the coastline derived from the marine data interpretation and the one derived from the GIA model) are in good agreement at 21 kyears BP, although some discrepancies occur in the southern part of the plateau, where the seabed slope is extremely gentle, which makes the clinoform rollover points and the buried erosional unconformities difficult to detect. After 20 kyears BP, an acceleration in the rate of the sea level rise occurred. The results of this study indicate the importance of comparing experimental data with model predictions in order to refine and calibrate boundary parameters and to gain a better picture of the evolution of sea level rise over various time scales. View Full-Text
    Description: Published
    Description: 125
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Pressure-Gradient Current at High Latitude from Swarm Measurements (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: The pressure-gradient current is among the weaker ionospheric current systems arising from plasma pressure variations. It is also called diamagnetic current because it produces a magnetic field which is oriented oppositely to the ambient magnetic field, causing its reduction. The magnetic reduction can be revealed in measurements made by low-Earth orbiting satellites flying close to ionospheric plasma regions where rapid changes in density occur. Using geomagnetic field, plasma density and electron temperature measurements recorded on board ESA Swarm A satellite from April 2014 to March 2018, we reconstruct the flow patterns of the pressure-gradient current at high-latitude ionosphere in both hemispheres, and investigate their dependence on magnetic local time, geomagnetic activity, season and solar forcing drivers. Although being small in amplitude these currents appear to be a ubiquitous phenomenon at ionospheric high latitudes characterized by well defined flow patterns, which can cause artifacts in the main field models. Our findings can be used to correct magnetic field measurements for diamagnetic current effect, to improve modern magnetic field models, as well as to understand the impact of ionospheric irregularities on ionospheric dynamics at small-scale sizes of a few tens of kilometers.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1428
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-latitude ionosphere ; Pressure-gradient current ; Diamagnetic current ; Swarm constellation ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 04.05. Geomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Study of Surface Emissions of 220Rn (Thoron) at Two Sites in the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy) during Volcanic Unrest in the Period 2011–2017 (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: The study concerns the analysis of 220Rn (thoron) recorded in the surface soil in two sites of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Southern Italy) characterized by phases of volcanic unrest in the seven-year period 1 July 2011–31 December 2017. Thoron comes only from the most surface layer, so the characteristics of its time series are strictly connected to the shallow phenomena, which can also act at a distance from the measuring point in these particular areas. Since we measured 220Rn in parallel with 222Rn (radon), we found that by using the same analysis applied to radon, we obtained interesting information. While knowing the limits of this radioisotope well, we highlight only the particular characteristics of the emissions of thoron in the surface soil. Here, we show that it also shows some clear features found in the radon signal, such as anomalies and signal trends. Consequently, we provide good evidence that, in spite of the very short life of 220Rn compared to 222Rn, both are related to the carrier effect of CO2, which has significantly increased in the last few years within the caldera. The hydrothermal alterations, induced by the increase in temperature and pressure of the caldera system, occur in the surface soils and significantly influence thoron’s power of exhalation from the surface layer. The effects on the surface thoron are reflected in both sites, but with less intensity, the same behavior of 222Rn following the increasing movements and fluctuations of the geophysical and geochemical parameters (CO2 flux, fumarolic tremor, background seismicity, soil deformation). An overall linear correlation was found between the 222−220Rn signals, indicating the effect of the CO2 vector. The overall results represent a significant step forward in the use and interpretation of the thoron signal.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5809
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 220Rn ; volcanic unrest ; hydrothermal alteration ; CO2 ; anomaly and trend ; Campi Flegrei
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Seismic Envelopes of Coda Decay for Q-coda Attenuation Studies of the Gargano Promontory (Southern Italy) and Surrounding Regions (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Here, we describe the dataset of seismic envelopes used to study the S-wave Q-coda attenuation quality factor Qc of the Gargano Promontory (Southern Italy). With this dataset, we investigated the crustal seismic attenuation by the Qc parameter. We collected this dataset starting from two different earthquake catalogues: the first regarding the period from April 2013 to July 2014; the second regarding the period from July 2015 to August 2018. Visual inspection of the envelopes was carried out on recordings filtered with a Butterworth two-poles filter with central frequency fc = 6 Hz. The obtained seismic envelopes of coda decay can be linearly fitted in a bilogarithmic diagram in order to obtain a series of single source-receiver measures of Qc for each seismogram component at different frequency fc. The analysis of the trend Qc(fc) gives important insights into the heterogeneity and the anelasticity of the sampled Earth medium.
    Description: Published
    Description: 98
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity Seismic Envelopes ; Seismological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    A New Model to Identify the Reliability and Trust of Internet Banking Users Using Fuzzy Theory and Data-Mining (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: As a result of changes in approach from traditional to virtual banking system, security in data exchange has become more important; thus, it seems essentially necessary to present a pattern based on smart models in order to reduce fraud in this field. A new algorithm has been provided in this article to improve security and to specify the limits of giving special services to Internet banking users in order to pave appropriate ground for virtual banking. In addition to identifying behavioral models of customers, this algorithm compares the behaviors of any customer with this model and finally computes the rate of trust in customer’s behavior. The hybrid data-mining and knowledge based structure has been adapted in this algorithm according to fuzzy systems. In this research, qualitative data was gathered from interviews with banking experts, analyzed by Expert Choice to identify the most important variables of customer behavior analysis, and to analyze customer behavior and customer bank Internet transaction data for a period of one year by MATLAB and Clementine. The results of this survey indicate that the potential of the given structure to recognize the rate of trust in Internet bank user’s behavior might be at reasonable level for experts in this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 916
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    The Use of Submerged Speleothems for Sea Level Studies in the Mediterranean Sea: A New Perspective Using Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: The investigation of submerged speleothems for sea level studies has made significant contributions to the understanding of the global and regional sea level variations during the Middle and Late Quaternary. This has especially been the case for the Mediterranean Sea, where more than 300 submerged speleothems sampled in 32 caves have been analysed so far. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the results obtained from the study of submerged speleothems since 1978. The studied speleothems cover the last 1.4 Myr and are mainly focused on Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1, 2, 3, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.5. The results reveal that submerged speleothems represent extraordinary archives providing accurate information on former sea level changes. New results from a stalagmite collected at Palinuro (Campania, Italy) and characterized by marine overgrowth are also reported. The measured elevations of speleothems are affected by the local response to glacial and hydro-isostatic adjustment (GIA), and thus might significantly deviate from the global eustatic signal. A comparison of the ages and altitude values of the Mediterranean speleothems and flowstone from the Bahamas with local GIA provides a new scenario for MIS 5 and 7 sea level reconstructions
    Description: Published
    Description: 77
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mediterranean Sea; submerged speleothems; phreatic speleothems; sea level change; coastal caves; GIA ; sea level
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    MIS 5.5 Highstand and Future Sea Level Flooding at 2100 and 2300 in Tectonically Stable Areas of Central Mediterranean Sea: Sardinia and the Pontina Plain (Southern Latium), Italy (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Areas of the Mediterranean Sea are dynamic habitats in which human activities have been conducted for centuries and which feature micro-tidal environments with about 0.40 m of range. For this reason, human settlements are still concentrated along a narrow coastline strip, where any change in the sea level and coastal dynamics may impact anthropic activities. We analyzed light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and Copernicus Earth observation data. The aim of this research is to provide estimates and detailed maps (in three coastal plain of Sardinia (Italy) and in the Pontina Plain (southern Latium, Italy) of: (i) the past marine transgression occurred during MIS 5.5 highstand 119 kyrss BP; (ii) the coastline regression occurred during the last glacial maximum MIS 2 (21.5 krs cal BP); and (iii) the potential marine submersion for 2100 and 2300. The objective of this multidisciplinary study is to provide maps of sea level rise future scenarios using the IPCC RCP 8.5 2019 projections and glacio-hydro-isostatic movements for the above selected coastal zones (considered tectonically stable), which are the locations of touristic resorts, railways and heritage sites. We estimated a potential loss of land for the above areas of between about 146 km2 (IPCC 2019-RCP8.5 scenario) and 637 km2 along a coastline length of about 268 km.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2597
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: central Mediterranean coastal plains; past (MIS 5.5) and future sea level at 2100 and 2300; Sardinia; Pontina Plain ; sea level
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Measurements and Modeling of Optical-Equivalent Snow Grain Sizes under Arctic Low-Sun Conditions (2021)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Remote Sensing, MDPI, 13
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: The size and shape of snow grains directly impacts the reflection by a snowpack. In this article, different approaches to retrieve the optical-equivalent snow grain size (ropt) or, alternatively, the specific surface area (SSA) using satellite, airborne, and ground-based observations are compared and used to evaluate ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic—Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) simulations. The retrieval methods are based on optical measurements and rely on the ropt-dependent absorption of solar radiation in snow. The measurement data were taken during a three-week campaign that was conducted in the North of Greenland in March/April 2018, such that the retrieval methods and radiation measurements are affected by enhanced uncertainties under these low-Sun conditions. An adjusted airborne retrieval method is applied which uses the albedo at 1700 nm wavelength and combines an atmospheric and snow radiative transfer model to account for the direct-to-global fraction of the solar radiation incident on the snow. From this approach, we achieved a significantly improved uncertainty (〈25%) and a reduced effect of atmospheric masking compared to the previous method. Ground-based in situ measurements indicated an increase of ropt of 15 μm within a five-day period after a snowfall event which is small compared to previous observations under similar temperature regimes. ICON-ART captured the observed change of ropt during snowfall events, but systematically overestimated the subsequent snow grain growth by about 100%. Adjusting the growth rate factor to 0.012 μm2 s�1 minimized the difference between model and observations. Satellite-based and airborne retrieval methods showed higher ropt over sea ice (〈300 μm) than over land surfaces (〈100 μm) which was reduced by data filtering of surface roughness features. Moderate- Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals revealed a large spread within a series of subsequent individual overpasses, indicating their limitations in observing the snow grain size evolution in early spring conditions with low Sun.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Mineral-Melt Equilibria and Geothermobarometry of Campi Flegrei Magmas: Inferences for Magma Storage Conditions (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: The eruptions of Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy), one of the most studied and dangerous active volcanic areas of the world, are fed by mildly potassic alkaline magmas, from shoshonite to trachyte and phonotrachyte. Petrological investigations carried out in past decades on Campi Flegrei rocks provide crucial information for understanding differentiation processes in its magmatic system. However, the compositional features of rocks are a palimpsest of many processes acting over timescales of 100–104 years, including crystal entrapment from multiple reservoirs with different magmatic histories. In this work, olivine, clinopyroxene and feldspar crystals from volcanic rocks related to the entire period of Campi Flegrei’s volcanic activity are checked for equilibrium with combined and possibly more rigorous tests than those commonly used in previous works (e.g., Fe–Mg exchange between either olivine or clinopyroxene and melt), with the aim of obtaining more robust geothermobarometric estimations for the magmas these products represent. We applied several combinations of equilibrium tests and geothermometric and geobarometric methods to a suite of rocks and related minerals spanning the period from ~59 ka to 1538 A.D. and compared the obtained results with the inferred magma storage conditions estimated in previous works through different methods. This mineral-chemistry investigation suggests that two prevalent sets of T–P (temperature–pressure) conditions, here referred to as “magmatic environments”, characterized the magma storage over the entire period of Campi Flegrei activity investigated here. These magmatic environments are ascribable to either mafic or differentiated magmas, stationing in deep and shallow reservoirs, respectively, which interacted frequently, mostly during the last 12 ka of activity. In fact, open-system magmatic processes (mixing/mingling, crustal contamination, CO2 flushing) hypothesized to have occurred before several Campi Flegrei eruptions could have removed earlier-grown crystals from their equilibrium melts. Moreover, our new results indicate that, in the case of complex systems such as Campi Flegrei’s, in which different pre-eruptive processes can modify the equilibrium composition of the crystals, one single geothermobarometric method offers little chance to constrain the magma storage conditions. Conversely, combined methods yield more robust results in agreement with estimates obtained in previous independent studies based on both petrological and geophysical methods
    Description: Published
    Description: 308
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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