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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (127,217)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)  (17,216)
  • 1980-1984  (49,046)
  • 1975-1979  (42,784)
  • 1965-1969  (29,627)
  • 1960-1964  (22,976)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A test object and criteria for high resolution electron microscopy (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The desirability and requirements for a specimen capable of testing the resolving power and other image characteristics of an electron microscope are discussed in detail. In this discussion, the underlying diffraction phenomena are particularly utilized. A partially graphitized carbon black is shown to satisfy the requirements extremely well and constitutes an easily prepared specimen for conducting tests of image quality in the molecular size range. The structure of the test object is known in detail with the result that readily interpretable phase contrast images are obtained. Micrographs illustrating the use of the 3.4 Å (002) spacing for magnification calibration, astigmatism and asymmetry check as well as resolving power are exhibited. The second order c-spacing of 1.7 Å is occasionally found in an image. The micrographs shown herein were taken with two different electron microscopes by different operators obtaining the same structural detail in the images. It is concluded that the carbon black test object offers the best possibilities for evaluating image performance of any specimen yet suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868004930
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Théorie Mathématique des Dislocations by M. Zorawski (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 60-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005005
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long range order in Ag3Mg (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The long range order in a powder sample of Ag3Mg has been studied by X-ray diffraction as a function of quenching temperature below the critical ordering temperature of 665°K. By measuring the positions and integrated intensities of fundamental, superlattice and satellite reflections, the latter arising from the periodic anti-phase boundary structure, the variation with temperature of the overall long range order, antiphase boundary order, and anti-phase boundary periodicity have been determined. It appears that the anti-phase boundaries disorder slightly more with increasing temperature than the average superlattice, and that the boundary spacing, nominally equal to two (M = 2), increases towards that ideal value with increasing disorder below the critical point. These resalts are qualitatively interpreted by extending the reasoning of Sato & Toth on equilibrium long period superlattices to include the case where the Fermi surface becomes progressively more diffuse with increasing disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005017
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A point-focusing camera for single-crystal diffraction (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 84-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Bent-glass mirrors can be used to produce a narrow, highly collimated X-ray beam, particularly suitable for photographing diffraction patterns from crystals with very large unit cells (i.e., several hundred Å to a side). A camera is described that employs double-mirror focusing optics with a precession apparatus. A comparison of optical reflection and simple collimation shows that for high resolving power, focusing devices are very much superior to pinhole collimators. The reduction of background is especially noteworthy. Use of this camera has permitted the collection of accurate three-dimensional data from crystals of tomato bushy stunt virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005054
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of polarization factor of crystal monochromators (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new method for determination of the polarization factor of a crystal monochromator is presented. This method is based on the use of polarized X-rays produced by anomalous transmission or the Borrmann effect. The polarization factors of two quartz (10\overline 11) monochromators of Johansson type have been measured with Cu Kα radiation, and the resulting values are in close agreement with the expression derived from the kinematic diffraction theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automatic balanced filter device for X-ray diffraction experiments (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 128-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An automatic balanced filter box which may be used on most standard X-ray diffraction tubes is described. It is designed to be used in conjunction with a wide variety of automated X-ray diffraction experiments to change Ross filters and insert attenuators into the incident X-ray beam on receipt of appropriate commands from the control system. The positions of the filters and attenuators may be displayed at all times by using feedback signals generated by a combination of light sources and photocells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005169
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interprétation de la diffusion centrale des rayons X par les systèmes poreux. I (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 153-165 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A porous system may be characterized by using two statistical distributions of chord lengths: \varphi(l) (particle chords) and f(m) (pore chords). Calculations are presented giving a general relationship between the shape of small angle scattering and the distribution of segment lengths limited by particle and pore boundaries. This development represents a generalization of Porod's method. By means of an approximation, this general expression is simplified and can be applied in many cases. The properties of distributions \varphi(l) [or f(m)] are analysed and it is shown that the condition \varphi(0) = 0 (or f(0) = 0] means that particles (or pores) do not possess any sharp edges. The presence or absence of sharp edges allows the separation of small angle scattering curves into two characteristic forms. The functions \varphi(l) and f(m) corresponding to several simple geometrical forms are analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Une méthode générale pour l'indexation des diagrammes de poudres (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 178-181 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A rational and optimized method is developed for powder diagram indexing. Since it is based upon systematic attempts to index the first lines with arbitrary indices, the user is presumed to have a large computer at his disposal. The method can take account of additional information already known by the user.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986800525X
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variation of the lattice parameter of the solid solutions of lithium oxide in nickel oxide (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method based on the variation of the lattice parameter with Li content, for the quantitative determination of lithium in the system Lix+Ni1−2x2+Nix3+O2−, is proposed. A precision between 1 and 5% relative, depending upon the concentration range, has been obtained. The results are compared with those obtained by flame emission spectroscopy. For values of x 〉 0.12 the original rhombohedral lattice transforms into a face centred cubic lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005285
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of vapor-quenched Ag–Ge films (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Ag–Ge films of thickness 1 to 3 microns were prepared by co-evaporation of Ag and Ge onto 0.005′′ thick vitreous silica plates held at liquid nitrogen temperature. The pressure during evaporation was 3 × 10−7 Torr or less. The X-ray scattering of the films and substrates was measured at room temperature with monochromatic Mo Kα and Cu Kα radiation. After correction for substrate scattering, the interference function I(K) was evaluated for each alloy as a function of K = 4π sin &thgr;/λ. The Fourier transform of K[I(K)−1] yielded the reduced distribution function G(r) = 4πrV(r)[ρ(r)−ρ0], where ρ(r) is the weighted atomic density at a distance r from a reference atom, ρ0 is the average atomic density and V(r) is the size factor of the coherently diffracting domains in the sample. Both I(K) and G(r) indicate that the alloy films consist of the Ag solid solution and Ge. The Ag phase cannot be characterized as amorphous, but is micropolycrystalline. The sizes of the coherently diffracting domains or the correlation distances determined from G(r) increased from 12 Å in Ge to 30 Å in Ag-40 at. %Ge. Fourier analyses of the (111) peak profiles of Ge and Ag yielded particle sizes of 13 Å for Ge and 16 Å for the Ag phase in the Ag-83 at. %Ge alloy. The Ag phase particles increased with increasing Ag concentration, reaching a value of 45 Å in the Ag-28 at. %Ge alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005352
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Low-temperature thermal expansion of LiH, MgO and CaO (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 246-249 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Lattice parameter data for MgO, CaO, and several isotropic compositions of LiH were measured from ̃12 °K up to ̃300 °K. Thermal expansion coefficients were derived by fitting the data to a second-degree polynomial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005418
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new design of an instrument for adjusting crystals from X-ray photographs (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 286-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Some years ago a new method, and an instrument based on this method, for setting up crystals was described by the author. Application during the last few years has resulted in an improved instrument. Optical and mechanical means are used to find corrected settings for the arcs of a goniometer head from suitable X-ray photographs by simple mechanical manipulations and readings from scales on the instrument. The main advantages of the method are: the procedure of setting up a crystal is simplified (operation of the instrument is easily learned and quickly done) and time is saved (decrease of exposure time, decrease of evaluation time). The accuracy of the method is comparable to the accuracy of the usual setting methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005510
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis and crystallographic data of some rare earth–iron borates (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 318-319 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Huntite structure compounds with the formula REFe3B4O12 (RE = La3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+ and Y3+) have been synthesized. X-ray powder diffraction patterns and cell parameter data are reported. The infrared spectrum confirms the triangular coordination of boron in these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005571
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Hydrogen bonding in solids by W. C. Hamilton and J. A. Ibers (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 326-327 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005637
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Proceedings of the Symposium on Low Energy Electron Diffraction, Ramada Inn, Tucson, Arizona, February 1968 (1968)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 1 (1968), S. 328-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889868005674
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Refraction X par les trichites de cuivre (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 52-55 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The refraction of X-rays may have an effect on the radiographs and topographs of whiskers with a polygonal cross-section. With the usual diffraction methods there is no perceptible deviation but the phenomenon is visible with the Lang method and perfect crystals, such as whiskers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006534
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    An X-ray method for the determination of domain size from the tails of diffraction profiles (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 72-76 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The paper describes a method for obtaining consistent estimates of domain size from an evaluation of coefficients derived from curves fitted to the tails of diffraction profiles. An estimate of the mean domain size is computed directly from the intensity data and this is equivalent to the value derived from the slope of the variance-range function. For many applications this provides a convenient alternative to the method described by Langford & Wilson (Crystallography and Crystal Perfection. London: Academic Press, 1963) but does not replace it. An advantage of the present method is its simplicity and consequent reduction in computing time. It is easier to apply if a computer is not available and is applicable in cases where one or other of the profile tails overlaps that of a neighbouring line. The results obtained by this method are comparable in accuracy to those given by existing techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986900656X
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    X-ray study of the effect of palladium on stacking fault densities of Ag-base alloys (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 82-84 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Stacking fault densities α and β of the Ag–Pd alloy system were determined from peak shift and peak asymmetry measurements of the X-ray diffraction line profiles recorded by a Geiger counter X-ray diffractometer. The concentration of the fault probabilities was found to be small. From Fourier analysis of line shapes the anisotropic values of the effective particle sizes, [De]hkl and root mean square strains, [〈εL2〉]hkl1/2, were obtained in all cases. No appreciable change in [De]hkl and [〈εL2〉]hkl1/2 was observed for a wide solid-solution range. The observed particle-size broadening is primarily a consequence of deformation and twin faults and a fair agreement has been observed for the compound fault probability (1.5α + β) obtained from the two different methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006601
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  • 19
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    An X-ray small angle scattering investigation of an aged Al–20 wt.% Ag alloy (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The changes observed in the scattering pattern during the initial stages of ageing an Al–20 wt.% Ag alloy at 220°C are reported. Patterns containing both the halo (resulting from G.P. zones) and streaks (resulting from platelets of Ag2Al) have been recorded. An analysis of these streaks shows that the platelets are no more than 9 Å thick. This value is much smaller than that previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006662
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    A simple cold gas flow apparatus (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 112-115 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A simple, inexpensive, and essentially foolproof apparatus is described for obtaining a constant temperature, constant flow of cold nitrogen gas for use in low-temperature diffraction studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006698
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  • 21
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    The influence of collimator geometry on neutron flux (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 141-142 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is shown experimentally that the flux at a point in a neutron beam from a collimator of a given angular divergence is very dependent on the length of the collimator. A simple geometrical theory fits the experimental results fairly well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986900673X
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  • 22
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    Density determination of small solid samples using a modified flotation method and a re-determination of the density of saturated aqueous thallous formate solutions. Erratum (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 143-143 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the article published under the above title (Taylor & Doyle, 1968) the thickness of the Mylar and aluminum foils should be expressed in mils (1 mil = 0.00254 cm) and not in mm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006753
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  • 23
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    Growth of crystals, Volumes 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B edited by N. N. Sheftal' (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 146-147 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006790
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  • 24
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    Strain induced phase transformations in lead monoxide (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 156-164 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The strain induced phase transformations produced in lead monoxide powders by ball milling at temperatures ranging from −196 to 200°C have been studied by X-ray diffraction methods. It has been found that either of the two polymorphs, litharge and massicot, was partially converted to the other at all the temperatures investigated, and that, whichever polymorph was the starting material, the end product, after a sufficiently long time, was a mixture of the two polymorphs, both highly strained. The percentage of each phase present was found to be dependent on the temperature of deformation. The results have been interpreted by consideration of the production of the microstrain energy required to overcome the energy barrier to the transformation, and of the shear generated in the mill on the pressure-temperature phase diagram. It is considered that shear stresses can affect the nature of the pressure-temperature phase diagram, in a manner theoretically postulated by Kumazawa. The commercial importance of the results has been briefly outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006856
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  • 25
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    The significance of texture parameters in phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 176-180 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The theory of the direct comparison X-ray method of phase analysis is extended to correct for preferred orientation effects. Texture parameters are defined to assess the type and intensity of preferred orientation using data from diffractometer patterns. The analysis is illustrated with results obtained on three austenitic stainless steels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006881
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  • 26
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    An X-ray study of Ba2NaNb5O15 (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 189-190 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Slightly twinned and untwinned single crystals of Ba2NaNb5O15 have been studied by X-ray techniques. Oscillation and full rotation X-ray photographs show the c axis to be twice the previously reported value; therefore, there are 8 formula units per unit cell. It was also found that Cmm2 (C2v11) is not the correct space group assignment for the crystals studied, and that Ccc2 (C2v13) appears to be likely.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006911
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  • 27
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    Notes and News (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 190-190 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006923
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  • 28
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    The structure of liquid bismuth–indium alloys (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction measurements have been made at three compositions in the Bi–In system. Each alloy was investigated in the liquid phase at two temperatures, 10°C above the liquidus and 499°C. Partial density functions were calculated by assuming that the like partial interference functions are the same as those of the pure components. Partial coordination numbers obtained from these density functions lead to the conclusion that the liquid alloys are very similar to a disordered mixture of Bi and In atoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188986900700X
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  • 29
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    Ferroelectric properties of NaU2(PO4)3 single crystals (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 230-232 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: By the application of Sawyer and Tower's method it has been observed for the first time that NaU2(PO4〈inf/〉)3 single crystals possess ferroelectric properties. Hysteresis loops were recorded and ferroelectric parameters were determined at room temperature. The measurements were performed on very small single-crystal samples with an area of about 1 mm2 and 0.05 mm thick.
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    Optical crystallography by E. E. Wahlstrom (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 234-235 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Flat film Weissenberg attachment for the Polaroid XR-7 cassette (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 308-309 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Optical properties of solids edited by S. Nudelmann and S. S. Mitra (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 311-311 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Axial thermal expansion of ZrO2 and HfO2 in the range room temperature to 1400°C (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 281-288 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The axial thermal expansion of monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2 and of monoclinic HfO2 was studied over the temperature range from room temperature to 1400 °C. The linear thermal expansion coefficients were calculated. Thermal expansion along (x 106 per °C) a = 10.31 monoclinic ZrO2, 11.60 tetragonal ZrO2, 9.34 monoclinic HfO2; b = 1.35 monoclinic ZrO2, – tetragonal ZrO2, 2.98 monoclinic HfO2; c = 14.68 monoclinic ZrO2, 16.08 tetragonal ZrO2, 13.10 monoclinic HfO2. Some aspects of the present study, such as anisotropy of thermal expansion and a pretransformation vibrational anomaly, are discussed briefly.
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    The lattice parameter and X-ray powder pattern of U2C3 (1969)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 2 (1969), S. 301-303 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray powder diffraction pattern and a precise determination of the lattice parameter of U2C3 (ao = 8.0899±0.0002 Å) are given. Further analysis indicates that U2C3 appears to be a stoichiometric compound.
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    The analysis of X-ray diffraction profiles from imperfect solids by an application of convolution relations (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 6-9 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: In this investigation an attempt has been made to correlate the experimentally observed X-ray diffraction profile from imperfect solids with the one obtained theoretically from an approach of simultaneous convolution of the true diffraction profile resulting from the imperfection content of the materials and the instrumental profile, considering realistic distribution functions. The expressions for the intensity distributions are derived from the simultaneous convolution of Schoening's true profile (originating from the Gaussian strain profile and the Cauchy crystallite-size profile) and the instrumental profile having either Gaussian or Cauchy functional forms, and the theoretical forms are compared to those observed from some silver- and copper-base cold-worked alloys and vapour-deposited thin silver films. The agreement is fairly good for both first- and second-order reflections with small deviations in the tail region, which may arise from uncertainty in the background-level estimation, consideration of functions purely symmetrical in form and neglect of absorption and TDS effects. A further agreement of Schoening's true profile with Stokes's corrected deconvoluted true profile implies the validity of Schoening's approximation.
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    Model drawing programs:production of diperiodic patterns (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 57-57 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Crystallographers (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 58-58 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    On the dielectric behaviour of cadmium iodide polytypes (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 645-648 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The dielectric constants (εr) of cadmium iodide polytypes have been measured and found to be higher than that of the parent 4H structure. For example, whereas the εr for polytypic structures 32H and 34H is between 120 and 150, for the 4H structure it is between 20 and 25. A possible explanation for this decrease is suggested in terms of the occurrence of the stacking faults and their effect on the orientation polarizability of the cadmium iodide crystals.
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  • 39
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    Analyse des bandes de diffraction affectées par une fonction défaut instrumentale (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 653-656 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A turbostratic layer lattice is characterized by asymmetric X-ray diffraction bands the shape of which is a function of the average diameter L of the two-dimensional scattering domains. The mathematical relationship between the band shape and L is known. The larger the domains, the narrower and more asymmetric is the band. The band width is also influenced by the instrumental broadening. Consequently the apparent diameter L, is smaller than L. The proposed graphical method allows L to be obtained from L, and from the characteristic parameters of the apparatus. The experimental results can be fitted from the convolution of the theoretical function corresponding to L with the experimentally measured instrumental broadening function.
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    Ein neues Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Photographie zweier Netzebenen des reziproken Gitters (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 670-673 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new experimental technique in which direct photographs of two reciprocal planes are taken simultaneously is described. The method combines the advantages of the precession method (a series of reciprocal planes is accessible with the adjustment of a single reciprocal direction) and the de Jong Bouman method (high diffraction angles are possible). Consequently many crystals (e.g. organic ones) may be measured with copper radiation without loss of information. The advantages of the new method and the final construction for practical X-ray diffractometry are discussed.
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  • 41
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    The termination effect for amorphous patterns (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 674-677 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Termination of the experimental intensity curve and the use of a convergence factor leads to an uncorrected radial distribution function which is equal to the true distribution function convoluted with a termination factor of the form sin x/x, and with a convergence factor of exponential form. Although the convolution factors are known, a deconvolution of the uncorrected curve to obtain the true radial distribution function is not possible by the usual methods. However, for the case of moderately sharp peaks on a slowly varying background, an approximate method can be developed. For each peak of the uncorrected curve, we introduce a Gaussian A exp [−a2r2] whose convolution with the termination and convergence factors has the same width and height as the peak. These Gaussians are then used for the first step in a deconvolution of the uncorrected curve. Although it is approximate, the resulting curve is closer to the true distribution function than the original uncorrected curve, and the termination ripples have been eliminated. The method is completely objective, and free from all arbitrary adjustments.
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    Crystal data for the tetraphenylarsonium salt of the monoanion of theophylline, [(C6H5)4As] [C7N4O2H7].5H2O (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 686-686 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The title compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with a = 13.13 (1), b= 19.80 (2), c = 12.916 (3) Å, α = 90.01 (5), β = 102.96 (6), γ = 96.45 (7)°, V= 3251.6 Å3.
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    An X-ray study of silver amalgam and its stoichiometry (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 693-694 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The powder diffraction data and the cell constants of silver amalgam crystal (grown from N/50 AgNO3 solution and a globule of mercury) are given. The formula AgHg for the compound is suggested on the basis of X-ray data and chemical analysis.
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    Acta Crystallographica and Journals of Applied Crystallography (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 696-697 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 45
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    Metallphysik by G. E. R. Schulze (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 698-698 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 46
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    Données cristallographiques sur le trimétaphosphate de plomb trihydraté Pb3(P3O9)2.3H2O (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 184-184 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The chemical preparation of Pb3(P3O9)2.3H2O is described and crystal data are given. Lead trimetaphosphate trihydrate is tetragonal with a = b = 11.957, c = 12.270 Å. The space group is P41212 or P43212.
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  • 47
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    A stereographic net for measuring direction cosines (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 185-185 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 48
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    Stereographic X-ray reflection topography of dislocations in zinc (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 34-38 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: X-ray reflection topographs were taken of a zinc surface oriented about 1° from a basal plane. Basal dislocations are revealed in the topographs, and their apparent depth was determined using stereo pairs of topographs. The apparent depths observed in a complimentary pair of topographs using 10\bar 13 and \bar 1013 reflections were significantly greater than those observed in an asymmetric pair of topographs in which the same 10\bar 13 reflection was used. This difference is attributed to shifts of the image with respect to the dislocation position. Quantitative estimates of the image shifts and the actual depths of the observed dislocations are obtained from the measurement of apparent depths. Dislocations are visible over the range of depths from 1.7 to 4.5 μm.
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  • 49
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    Absolute sign of piezoelectric and pyroelectric coefficients and spontaneous polarization temperature dependence in α-Cu(IO3)2, Nd(IO3)3.H2O and LiIO3 (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 42-47 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The absolute polarity of single crystals of α-Cu(IO3)2 and Nd(IO3)3.H2O, determined by anomalous X-ray scattering techniques, has been related to the sense of the piezoelectric d22 and pyroelectric p2 coefficients in these monoclinic crystals. The absolute sense of d22 in both cases is predictable from a consideration of the behavior of the spontaneous polarization Ps under stress. Ps was calculated on the basis of a simple point-charge and dipole model. The positive sense of p2 in α-Cu(IO3)2 and Nd(IO3)3.H2O (each with magnitudes of about 2 x 10−5Cm−2deg−1: the secondary pyroelectric coefficients are probably nearly an order of magnitude smaller) allows the inference that |Ps| increases with increasing temperature. The absolute sense of d33 in hexagonal LiIO3, determined by Morosin [Private communication (1972) quoted as Ref. 25 of Bergman, J. G. & Crane, G. R. (1974). J. Chem. Phys. 60, 2470–2474] is similarly predictable from the calculated Ps. Turner's [J. Appl. Cryst. (1976). 9, 52] measurement of p3 in LiIO3 combined with Ps also leads to the inference of increasing |Ps| with temperature.
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    Crystal data for the complexes of triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and benzyldiphenylphosphine oxide (BDPPO) with cobalt (II) thiocyanate (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 52-53 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Crystal data for TPPO and BDPPO complexes with cobalt (II) thiocyanate, space group R32 (a = 17.50±0.06 Å, b = 30.99±0.08 Å) and Pbcn (a = 10.10±0.01 Å; b = 20.22±0.03 Å; c= 18.94±0.01 Å), respectively, suggest C2 as the only compatible symmetry for both complexes. Optical, morphological and X-ray powder data are given.
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    Cyanoacrylate: a useful cement for mounting crystals (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 57-58 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Metals, ceramics and polymers by O. H. Wyatt and D. Dew-Hughes (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 59-59 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Quantitative scanning electron microscopy edited by D. B. Holt, M. D. Muir, P. R. Grant and I. M. Boswarva (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 60-61 
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    Crystal growth by B. R. Pamplin (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 61-62 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Digital processing of fibre diffraction patterns (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 81-94 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A procedure is described for the digital processing of fibre diffraction patterns to yield a quasi-continuous map representing a central section through the cylindrically averaged intensity transform of the specimen. No assumptions are required about the nature of the specimen other than that it has fibre-type symmetry. The specimen intensity transform can be used to obtain integrated intensities for discrete reflections from microcrystalline fibres that are potentially as accurate as those obtained from crystals. Improved procedures for extracting structure amplitudes from specimens with continuous layer lines are also described.
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    Crystal data for 15-O-acetylacerinol and two related triterpenes isolated from Japanese Cimicifuga plants (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 58-58 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Three triterpenes, 15-O-acetylacerinol, simplexyl acetate and O-methylcimiacerol have been obtained from Cimicifuga plants and recrystallized from ethyl acetate. 16-O-Acetylacerinol is tetragonal, space group P43212 or P41212, a = b = 7.7624 (7), c = 98.601 (8) Å, V = 5941.2 Å3; simplexyl acetate is monoclinic, space group P21 or P21/m, a = 15.513 (2), b = 8.3691 (7), c= 11.444 (1) Å, β = 90.33 (4)°, V = 1485.7 Å3; O-methylcimiacerol is orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 15.940 (4), b = 18.278 (6), c = 9.650 (3), V = 2811.5 Å3. Full structure determinations are in progress.
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    A simple back-reflexion camera (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 62-62 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Trial and error indexing program for powder patterns of monoclinic substances (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 60-61 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A method for finding the unit cells from the d values of powder patterns of monoclinic substances is described. An appropriate computer program based on this method is developed and combined with an already existing program [Kohlbeck & Hörl, J. Appl. Cryst. (1976). 9, 28–33] which has treated monoclinic cells as triclinic. In this way, calculation times are obtainable for monoclinic cells approximately five times shorter than those obtained with the previous program alone.
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    Crystallographers (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 62-63 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Computer programs for radial distribution analyses of X-ray and electron diffraction data (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 253-254 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A set of Fortran programs for radial distribution function analyses of X-ray and electron diffraction data of liquid and amorphous samples is available. The programs relate, first, to the formation of a reduced intensity function, F(K) ≡ (I − 〈f2〉)/〈f〉2, where I is the coherent scattered intensity in electron units, K is 4π sin &thgr;/λ, and 〈f〉 is the average of the scattering factors. The experimental radial distribution function G(r) = 4πr[ρ(r)−ρ0], is derived as the Fourier sine integral of F(K).
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    Reliability in automated flatbed microdensitometers (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 257-258 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Topics in applied physics, Vol. 5. Mössbauer spectroscopy edited by U. Gonser (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 259-259 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Commission on Crystallographic Apparatus. Index of Crystallographic Supplies: Supplement to the third Edition (1972) (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Extension of the FIGATOM program to the automatic plotting of layers in close-packed structures: erratum (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 181-182 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A correct version of Fig. 1 of Langlet [J. Appl. Cryst. (1975). 8, 515–519] is given.
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    Manipulator for Gandolfi-attachment X-ray spindles (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 185-185 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Exact solution of the slit-height correction problem in small-angle X-ray scattering. II. A method for arbitrary slit transmission functions (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 98-101 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A numerical method for calculating the slit-height correction function g(t) corresponding to an arbitrary slit transmission function f(t) is presented. As shown in the previous paper [Deutsch & Luban (1978). J. Appl. Cryst. 11, 87–97], the ideal scattered intensity for pinhole collimation can be calculated given g(t) and measured scattered intensities obtained with finite slit-height collimation. The present method is tested in detail for simulated experimental data and for the rectangular transmission function [for which the exact form for g(t) can be calculated]. The calculated results for the pinhole collimation intensity are only slightly less accurate than those obtained with the exact form for g(t), and considerably more accurate than those obtained using Lake's iterative method.
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    Exact solution of the slit-height correction problem in small-angle X-ray scattering. I. The general method and its accuracy in application to simulated data (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 87-97 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A general method for obtaining the exact solution of the integral equation relating the slit height correction function g(t) and the slit transmission function f(t) is presented. This is achieved by transforming the integral equation so that it is directly solvable utilizing Laplace transforms. An expression for the corrected intensity function in terms of d[g(t)/t]/dt and the measured scattered intensity, without the necessity of differentiating the latter, is also presented. The procedure is tested in detail by applying it to simulated experimental data for several experimentally relevant examples. The key ingredients tested relate to the effects of: (1) discreteness of the data; (2) availability of data for only a restricted range of scattering angles; and (3) data beset with random noise. The procedure yields highly accurate results despite all of these difficulties.
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    Problems in the simulation of dark-field images in X-ray topography and electron microscopy (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 355-356 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The simulation of an image gives the values of the intensity on the exit surface of the crystal; difficulties arise in the representation because the corresponding luminance is not known. This explains the difference between the densitometric responses of the real and the simulated photographs.
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    Crystal data for two new lanthanide acid iodates: Pr(IO3)3.HIO3 and 3La(IO3)3.JIO3.7H2O (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 357-359 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Method of growth and chemical characterization of single crystals of Pr(IO3)3. HIO3 and 3La(IO3)3. HIO3.7H2O are given together with the powder data. Pr(IO3)3.HIO3 is monoclinic, a = 14.237±0.006, b = 7.578± 0.003, c = 10.616±0.005 Å, β = 110.48±0.04° at 298 K with space group P21/a and four formulas perunit cell. 3La(IO3)3.HIO3.7H2O is orthorhombic, a = 13.18008±0.00010, b = 21.72076±0.00010, c = 12.15514±0.00018 Å at 298 K with space group Aba2 and four formulas per unit cell. The hydrated La acid salt generates second harmonics: the pyroelectric coefficient p3 = 2.1 x 10−5 Cm−2 deg−1. Mo K radiation produces a bright orange coloration.
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    Constantes cristallographiques de CuSe2O5, CuSeO3 et Cu2SeO4 (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 364-366 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Crystal data of three compounds in the system SeO2–CuO have been determined from X-ray single-crystal and powder studies. CuSe2O5 is monoclinic, space group Cc or C2/c, with a = 12.254 (5), b = 4.858 (3), c = 7.960 (3) Å, β = 110.7 (1)°, Z = 4. CuSeO3 is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 7.718 (2), b = 8.266 (3), c = 10.529 (3), β = 127.2 (2)°, Z = 8. Cu2SeO4 is cubic, space group P213 or P4232, with a = 8.928 (3) Å, Z = 8. Powder diffraction data are given for all three compounds.
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    Données cristallographiques sur deux phosphates de scandium: Sc(PO3)3 et Sc4(P4O12)3 (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 368-369 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The chemical preparation and crystal data for two scandium phosphates are reported. (a) Scandium tetrametaphosphate, Sc4(P4O12)3, is cubic with a = 14.363 (5) Å, and Z = 4. It is isotypic with Al4(P4O12)3. (b) Scandium polyphosphate, Sc(PO3)3, is monoclinic with a = 10.84 (1), b = 19.58 (2), c = 9.694 (5) Å, β = 97.92 (5)° and Z = 12. It is isotypic with the C form of Al(PO3)3.
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    The development of X-ray analysis by W. L. Bragg (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 260-260 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Absolute sign of piezoelectric d33 and pyroelectric p3 coefficients in LiClO4.3H2O. (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 128-131 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The sense of the piezoelectric d33 and the pyroelectric p3 coefficients for LiClO4.3H2O crystals in point group 6 mm has been related to the absolute polarity and atomic arrangement, with the use of anomalous X-ray scattering techniques. The magnitude of d33 is about 4 × 10−12 CN−1, that of p3 about 3.9 × 10−6 Cm−2 K−1. The absolute sense of the spontaneous polarization Ps is calculated to be antiparallel to the positive c-axis direction. The sense of p3 is negative indicating that the Li+ ions become more deeply embedded in the nearest layers of ClO4− ions, and that |Ps| increases, with increasing temperature. The sense of d33 is positive, indicating that the Li+ ions become displaced further from the ClO4− ion layer under tensile stress.
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    Indexing crystal faces on SEM photographs (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 291-295 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Given a photograph of small crystals, it is often desirable to determine the face indices. This paper describes a straightforward iterative method, incorporated in a computer program, by which the azimuth and polar coordinates of the optical axis of the photographic camera are computed from: the lattice parameters a, b, c, α, β, γ; the assumed indices of the three faces intersecting at a point; and the angles between the zone axes to which the faces belong, as measured in projection on the photograph. This optical axis is required to satisfy two conditions: it should be consistent with the assumed indices, and it should be constant with respect to intersection points throughout the photograph. Using these conditions as a criterion, one can eliminate the uncertainty in the assignment of face indices.
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    Twinning in Ti4O7 (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 391-393 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Twinning has been studied in Ti4O7 crystals. It has been found that they are twinned by reticular pseudomerohedry. The sublattice controlling the twinning has an orthorhombic pseudosymmetry and is obtained from the triclinic cell (a = 5.593, b = 7.125, c = 12.456 Å, α = 95.02, β = 95.21, γ = 108.83°) by means of the transformation (a/b/c)* (½½½/½02/½2\bar 2) (a/b/c)* triclinic. The effect of the twinning on the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra is also reported.
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    Crystal data for lanthanide orthophosphates (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 413-414 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Monoclinic unit-cell parameters for LnPO4 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy) have been redetermined from Guinier photographs, and are plotted against effective ionic radii of the lanthanides. Full powder-diffraction data are given for LaPO4 and GdPO4.
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    Crystallographers (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 417-417 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    A simple and rapid coordinate measurement system for large-molecule oscillation photographs (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 416-417 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Optimization of powder-diffraction identification (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 429-432 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A mathematical model for X-ray powder-diffraction phase analysis is formulated and, based on this model, new identification criteria are established and the conditions under which a solution is optimal are discussed. The proposed concept is illustrated with a three-phase sample problem.
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    Harmoniques sphériques Généralisées, coefficients de Fourier des polynômes de Legendre associés généralisés: exemple d'un programme Fortran (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 441-443 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A computer program for numerical calculation has been written in Fortran which enables Fourier coefficients of associated generalized Legendre polynomials to be obtained in the general case. Thus the generalized spherical harmonics, involved in the quantitative analysis of the distribution function of the orientations of a texture, can be calculated.
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    Application du lissage des raies de diffraction des rayons X à la séparation du doublet Kα1Kα2 (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 460-465 
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    Notes: It may be very useful to know a mathematical expression which helps reconstruct the X-ray diffraction profile. It is in fact easier to work on one relation I(&thgr;) = f(&thgr;) rather than on a series of experimental points. The relation proposed in this paper, I(x) = A \big[cos\pi{(x-x_o-\delta)\over a}\big]^{n} {K^2 \over K^2 + (x-x_{0})^2},gives a good correspondence between experimental values and the values calculated in the case of a monochromatic source. Its use still remains very simple in the case of a doublet, Kα1 Kα2, which can be expressed as follows: I(x) = I_{K\alpha_{1}}(x) + \textstyle{1\over2} I_{K\alpha_{1}}(x - \Delta). IKα1(x) is given by the previous expression, Δ represents the angular separation of the doublet. Different forms of profiles are used in order to verify the validity of the relation proposed and the results are compared with those resulting from the Rachinger classical method.
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    Structural mechanics from nonlinear optics – the α to β phase transition in quartz (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 476-480 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Second harmonic generation SHG may be used as an experimental technique in structural crystallography. By applying a bond polarizability model to the nonlinear optical coefficients of quartz, the rotation of the SiO4 tetrahedron with temperature is `observed'. Additionally, the oxygen positional parameter x in β quartz is obtained in excellent agreement with previously published X-ray results.
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    The reduced cell: its use in the identification of crystalline materials (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 491-498 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A rapid-identification file for crystalline materials is being prepared from the Crystal Data file. In this new file, each cell is represented in its reduced form, which is unique, primitive, and based on the three shortest noncoplanar vectors of the lattice. Unknown materials can be rapidly matched with the same or related crystals in the file. To identify an unknown crystalline material, a primitive cell is first determined experimentally, then it is reduced and checked against the file for a match. Even if the cell of the unknown lattice is not primitive, identification is still possible by calculating appropriate derivative lattices, reducing them, and then checking the file.
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    The use of structure factors in the refinement of unit-cell parameters from powder diffraction data (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 373-374 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A method is described for the least-squares refinement of lattice constants from powder diffraction data. This method differs from the other analogous methods mainly because it takes into account, for the indexing of the observed peaks, also the structure factors of the reflexions hkl. The refinement is carried out on the weighted observed peaks where the weight wO depends on (1) an individual standard error which takes into account the peculiarities of the peak, and (2) a parabolic function of the &thgr;O value. The description of a computer program based on this method is given.
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    Error analysis of 2π powder data for cubic or uniaxial phases (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 184-189 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: The likely error in the 2θ measurement of a particular powder reflection can be bracketed by a self-consistent error analysis. To a specific observed θm value one assigns arbitrary increments {Δθm} and calculates iteratively the corresponding increments of any other θn according to the expression: \Delta \theta_{n} = \sin^{-1} {{{q \sin (\theta_{m} + \Delta \theta_{m})-\sin \theta_{n} \cos \Delta \theta_{n}}\over{\cos \theta_{n}}}}where q is the product of the square root of the ratio of the quadratic factors for (hmkmlm) and (hnknln) and a correction factor for refraction. By considering special coincidences for which the various Δθn's are 0° or nil (0.000X°), one arrives at a likely bracketing interval for Δθm. Continuing this process one computes the indicated errors for the remaining reflections. The intent of the error analysis is to induce the experimenter to seek the cause(s) of the indicated errors in the 2θ determinations, and to delimit more precisely the accuracy of lattice constants of cubic or uniaxial phases.
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    Spherical crystals grown in situ for low-temperature X-ray work on volatile compounds (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 206-206 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Crystal data for 2-nitroso-2-bromo-3,3-dimethylbutane (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 194-195 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Crystals of the title compound crystallize in a body-centered cubic cell with a = 7.697 (3) Å and Z = 2. This substance belongs to a class of highly disordered hexasubstituted ethanes, and is a rare example of a solid-state monomeric nitroso compound.
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    A simple temperature monitor for the PW1100 diffractometer (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 207-207 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013151
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  • 89
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    Fourth European crystallographic meeting (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 207-210 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013163
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  • 90
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    Final Report of the International Project for the Calibration of Absolute Intensities in Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (1978)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 11 (1978), S. 196-205 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An international intercomparison project was performed to test the reproducibility and the comparative accuracy of the various absolute intensity calibration techniques in current use in small-angle X-ray scattering with the participation of fifteen investigators from eight different laboratories in six countries. In the project, the absolute differential X-ray scattering cross sections of standard samples of glassy carbon and polystyrene were calibrated using five different calibration techniques and two different X-ray wavelengths. The results have been intercompared with a variety of statistical techniques. It is concluded that angularly dependent errors associated with determining the zero of angle, dead-time corrections, collimation corrections, and insufficiently close data point spacing are more important in accounting for discrepancies between laboratories than are differences in the absolute intensity calibration methods themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013138
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  • 91
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    Peak shifts and peak broadening in powder neutron-diffraction patterns due to finite aperture counters (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 12-13 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The theoretical expressions of Cooper & Sayer [J. Appl. Cryst. (1975), 8, 615] for the peak shift from the true Bragg angle and for the peak broadening in powder neutron-diffraction patterns are confirmed experimentally for detectors with finite aperture. It is shown that these factors can be important even at relatively large scattering angles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877012692
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  • 92
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    Determination of spherical voids in layered structures (void program) (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 21-23 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An APL program has been written to compute the locations and the radii of spherical voids between two packing layers of atoms, and to obtain plottings which correspond to the various types of standard sheets used for the representation of crystal structures according to the condensed-model technique. Conversational facilities, together with the use of original APL routines, enable the crystallographer to get the results in a few minutes of real time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877012722
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  • 93
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    The study of bones by neutron diffraction (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 124-126 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: High-intensity neutron beams provide a means of measuring the integrated orientation of apatite crystals in bulk samples of bone. With a resolution of 2 mm2 in compact bone and 12 mm2 in trabeculae this promises a tool for the study of the load-bearing function of bone in a variety of anatomical sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188987701303X
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  • 94
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    Crystal data for CuGaSe2 (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 130-131 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: X-ray powder data are presented and analysed for the semiconducting compound CuGaSe2, single crystals of which were prepared by a zone-growth technique. Values of a = 5.614 and c = 11.022 Å were determined and diffractometer measurements of intensity were used to establish the positions of the atoms in the unit cell. Some Hall effect and resistivity data are reported and these results indicate that the structure contains native defects with concentrations approaching 0.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013065
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  • 95
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    A computer program for determining multiplicities of powder reflexions (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 134-135 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been written which determines the multiplicity factors for a given set of X-ray or neutron powder diffraction reflections for crystals of any space group. The value of the multiplicity for each reflection is determined from a look-up table which is indexed by the symmetry type, determined directly from the space-group number, and the reflection type, determined from the Miller indices. There are no restrictions on the choice of indices which are used to specify the reflexions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013107
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  • 96
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    The problem of white radiation in the measurement of intensities with a solid-state detector: erratum (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 68-68 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In Howard & Jones [J. Appl. Cryst. (1976), 9, 235] the first author's initials should be C.J. and not H.J.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877012850
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  • 97
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    Cryogenic X-ray topography using synchrotron radiation (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The application of synchrotron radiation to low-temperature X-ray topographic studies of magnetic materials is described. Details of four successful cryostat designs are presented. It is demonstrated that because of the peculiar properties of synchrotron radiation, X-ray topography at liquid-nitrogen temperature is extremely easy and work down to liquid-helium temperature straightforward. In addition the specimen may be surrounded by other apparatus, in this case an electromagnet, without appreciable loss of resolution. Topographs of antiferromagnetic domains in KNiF3 and KCoF3 are presented, and the first observations by X-ray topography of ferromagnetic domains in a rare-earth metal (terbium) and Jahn–Teller domains in DyVO4 are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877012977
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  • 98
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    A photographic plate for electron diffraction studies of high-temperature vapours (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 100-103 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: To protect the emulsion from heat radiation, photographic plates were covered with 10 μm thick aluminium foil. The foil was pasted smoothly with a pressure-sensitive adhesive on to the emulsion. A special device used for pasting the foil is described in detail. Although the sensitivity of the plate is reduced to one third of that of the bare plate for about 56 kV electrons, other properties such as density-exposure relation, reciprocity and photographic fidelity are almost the same as those of the bare plate. The covered plate can withstand radiation from a heat source of 2500°C, about 15 cm away from the plate. With this plate, sectored electron diffraction photographs of gaseous NaF, NaCl and NaBr were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877012989
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  • 99
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    Relations structurales entre GeS2 et GeS2-H.T. (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 202-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Space group, lattice parameters and refinement on 235 reflexions of monoclinic GeSe2 show that this phase is certainly isotypic with the high temperature variety of GeS2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013260
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  • 100
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    A portable apparatus for mounting air-sensitive crystals (1977)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 10 (1977), S. 208-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889877013302
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