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  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • 2010-2014  (25,417)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Mobile broadband services have expanded considerably in recent years, driving operators to improve and densify their radio access network (RAN). It has become clear that small cells as well as macrocells must be included in a heterogeneous network, due to the scale of densification required. In order to maximize the end user experience, some level of radio coordination between these small and macrocells is needed ?? this coordination will be signaled across a mobile backhaul network. Mobile backhaul typically refers to the network between the base station site and the network controller site, but can also include interconnection between base station sites. Mobile backhaul includes a spectrum of networks and network technologies, including the RAN and core networks. There is considerable market interest on the development of small cell backhaul solutions that are an evolution of existing backhaul networks. Packet synchronisation mechanisms that are being developed are key to support the mobile backhaul application. Various standards bodies such as the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGMN), Small Cell Forum (SCF), Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF), and Broadband Forum (BBF) are also studying what the implications would be on their defined mobile backhaul network architectures.
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  • 2
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Heterodyne generation of parallel random bit streams from chaotic emission of an optically injected semiconductor laser is investigated. The continuous-wave optical injection invokes chaotic dynamics in the laser. The broadband chaotic emission is detected through optical heterodyning and electrical heterodyning into different channels. The channels digitize the signals into parallel independent random bit streams. Because of efficient utilization of different portions of the chaos bandwidth, heterodyne detections enable parallel generation of random bit streams, offer high total output bit rates, and require no high-bandwidth analogue-to-digital converters. In the experiment, two optical heterodyne channels and four electrical heterodyne channels are implemented. Each channel is required to digitize only 2.5 GHz of a much broader chaos bandwidth. The sampling rate is 10 GHz with five least significant bits selected from every 8-bit sample. The total output bit rate reaches 100 Gb/s and 200 Gb/s for optical and electrical heterodyning, respectively. The standard test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology verifies the randomness of both individual and interleaved output bit streams.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9197
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  • 3
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this article, we introduce the EstiNet OpenFlow network simulator and emulator, and present its support for testing the functions and evaluating the performances of software-defined networks?? OpenFlow controller??s application programs. EstiNet uses an unique kernel reentering simulation methodology to enable unmodified real applications to run on nodes in its simulated network. As a result, without any modification, real NOX/POX or Floodlight OpenFlow controllers can readily run on a host in an EstiNet simulated network to control thousands of simulated OpenFlow switches. EstiNet has the characteristics of a simulator and an emulator at the same time. It combines the advantages of the simulation and emulation approaches without their respective shortcomings. EstiNet uses real OpenFlow controller programs, real network application programs, and the real TCP/IP protocol stack in the Linux kernel to generate correct, accurate, and repeatable SDN application performance results. In this article, we compare EstiNet with ns-3 and Mininet regarding their capabilities, performance, and scalability.
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  • 4
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This article discusses novel wireless and optical technologies to address the radical new challenges of small cell mobile backhaul (MBH). Specifically, we examine 60 GHz and 70??80 GHz millimeter-wave technologies for high-capacity last mile and pre-aggregation backhaul, and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access passive optical networks as the optical technology complement for enabling flexible cost-efficient hybrid backhaul coverage. Flexible high-capacity hybrid millimeter wave/optical MBH network operation is next verified via network simulations in the context of a demanding, urban small-cell backhaul application. Finally, a novel software defined networking tool called the backhaul resource manager is introduced for automated dynamic resource provisioning and capacity-aware path computation that improves fairness, network utilization and end-to-end user quality of experience. The introduction of the novel wireless, optical, and software-defined technologies thus has the potential to truly revolutionize the future MBH network.
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  • 5
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this article we discuss different technology alternatives for small cell backhaul, and we present high-frequency microwave technology as a very interesting alternative for wireless backhauling of small cells. In fact, we demonstrate that high-frequency microwave technology can be used for NLOS wireless backhauling of small cells, which opens up new applications for microwave technology. We discuss urban NLOS channel propagation at high frequencies, and we show both measurement and simulation results to validate the use of high-frequency microwave technology for NLOS small cell backhaul.
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  • 6
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A novel design and assembly technology is developed for a three-dimensional (3-D) flexible thermal flow sensor based on convective heat transfer to reduce detection error caused by position variation of a sensor inside the flow of narrow and curved geometries, such as coronary artery. The 3-D sensor has three independent sensing elements equally distributed around the catheter tube. This arrangement introduces three independent information channels, and cross-comparisons are used to provide accurate flow measurement. The resistance of the sensing elements is measured at ${sim}{1}-1.2~{rm k}Omega$ with the temperature coefficient of resistance at $0.086%/^{circ}{rm C}$ . Using a constant-current circuit, the three sensing elements are heated to ${sim}10^{circ}{rm C}$ above ambient temperature. Flow testing is implemented in a pipe channel at two positions: on the wall and along the center line. Experimental results from these two positions are discussed and computational fluid dynamic simulation based on Newtonian fluid properties is implemented, showing comparable results within an acceptable range of experimental to simulation errors. Therefore, we demonstrate the capability of 3-D thermal flow sensor for detecting the position of the catheter in the flow channel, thereby providing an accurate flow measurement.
    Print ISSN: 1530-437X
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  • 7
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Currently, online social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn, and Foursquare have become extremely popular all over the world and play a significant role in people??s daily lives. People access OSNs using both traditional desktop PCs and new emerging mobile devices. With more than one billion users worldwide, OSNs are a new venue of innovation with many challenging research problems. In this survey, we aim to give a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art research related to user behavior in OSNs from several perspectives. First, we discuss social connectivity and interaction among users. Also, we investigate traffic activity from a network perspective. Moreover, as mobile devices become a commodity, we pay attention to the characteristics of social behaviors in mobile environments. Last but not least, we review malicious behaviors of OSN users, and discuss several solutions to detect misbehaving users. Our survey serves the important roles of both providing a systematic exploration of existing research highlights and triggering various potentially significant research in these topics.
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  • 8
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We discuss the fabrication and performance of an all-polymer, flexural plate wave gravimetric sensor using flexible, piezoelectric Polyvinylidene fluoride as the substrate and an inkjet-printed interdigital transducer (IDT) employing conductive poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) to excite Lamb waves within the film. Lamb waves are measured both electronically, using a second IDT, and mapped directly using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Pulsed wave excitation is utilized to isolate the weak acoustic signal from the electromagnetic crosstalk, enabling the measurement of relative changes in the resonant frequency, $Delta f/f_{0}$ , in response to added mass, $Delta m$ , to the sensing area. A gravimetric mass sensitivity equivalent to $Delta f/(f_{0}Delta m)=-153~{rm cm}^{2}/{rm g}$ is measured by mass loading the sensor with printed polymer layers. It is found that the low stiffness of the substrate contributes significantly to the response of the sensor, yielding a measured overall sensitivity of $Delta f/(f_{0}Delta m)=-83~{rm cm}^{2}/{rm g}$ .
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  • 9
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this paper, we propose a novel technological approach for the implementation of large-area flexible artificial skin based on arrays of piezoelectric polymer transducers. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducers are chosen for the high electromechanical transduction frequency bandwidth (up to 1 kHz). A low-cost and scalable technique for extracting PVDF signals is used to directly provide the piezoelectric film with patterned electrodes. If the skin is meant to cover large areas of a robot body, specific requirements have to be fulfilled from the point of view of the overall system and of the technology. Experimental tests on the prototype skin modules demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach and reveal the potentiality to build large area flexible skin.
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  • 10
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents ultra-thin silicon chips (flex–chips) on flexible foils, realized through post-processing steps such as wafer thinning, dicing, and transferring the thinned chips to flexible polyimide foils. The cost effective chemical etching is adopted for wafer thinning and the transfer printing approach, to transfer quasi 1-D structures such as micro/nanoscale wires and ribbons, that is adapted for transferring large ultra-thin flex–chips (widths 4.5–15 mm, lengths 8–36 mm, and thickness ${approx}{rm 15}~mu{rm m}$ ). The post-processing capability is demonstrated with passive structures such as metal interconnects realized on the flex–chips before carrying out the chip thinning step. The resistance values of metal interconnects do not show any appreciable change because of bending of chips for the tested range viz., radius of curvature 9 mm and above. Further, the bending mechanics of silicon membranes on foil is investigated to evaluate the bending limits before a mechanical fracture/failure occurs. The distinct advantages of this paper are: attaining bendability through post-processing of chips, cost effective fabrication process, and easy transfer of chips to the flexible substrates without using conventional and sophisticated equipment such as pick and place set up.
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  • 11
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A sensor was made of a polymer composite composed of electrically-conductive carbon nanotubes embedded in elastic polyurethane. The composite was prepared using a polyurethane filter membrane, enmeshing it, and melding together with carbon nanotubes. Testing has shown that the composite can be elongated as much as 400% during which the electrical resistance is increased 270 times. The composite is also sensitive to compression and to organic solvent vapors. These properties indicate the composite could have applications as a highly-deformable strain and chemical vapors sensing element and also as flexible electromagnetic shielding or protection against lightning. As an example of the use of the composite as a strain sensor, the pressure variation between a shoe and floor during walking and knee flexion during cycling has been monitored.
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  • 12
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a novel concept for stretchable conductors. Metal coated polymer spheres were densely packed in biocompatible silicone tubes. The resistivity of the conductors were in the approximate range of $1times 10^{-4}~Omega{rm m}$ at 0% strain and 50% strain could be applied before degrading their electrical performance. Initial results showed good reproducibility and no drift in resistance values up to 1000 cycles with 0%–25% strain. This make the conductors well suited for digital low speed data transmission. The initial application is intended for integration of electronics in clothing; the conductors have been tested with success transmitting data from a commercial digital combined humidity and temperature sensor.
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  • 13
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Recently, there are innovative mechanoluminescent (ML) particles made available, each of which repeatedly emits light in response to small applied stresses even in elastic region. When dispersedly coated onto a structure, each particle acts as a sensitive mechanical sensor, while the two-dimensional emission pattern of the whole assembly reflects the dynamical stress distribution inside the structure and the mechanical information around the crack and defect. To use the remarkable advantage of the ML sensor in flexibility, electricity/lead-free, low-cost, and so forth, and to answer social needs for historical-log of stress/damage accumulation on social infra-structure, we investigate historical-log recording system for crack opening and fatigue crack growth, and finally succeed to record it with responding position and intensity reflecting the trace of propagating crack tip and stress intensity factor around the tip. Furthermore, crack mouse opening displacement accompanied by general traffic of bridge in use is successfully detected.
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  • 14
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Spectrum sharing potentially holds the promise of solving the emerging spectrum crisis. However, technology innovators face the conundrum of developing spectrum sharing technologies without the ability to experiment and test with real incumbent systems. Interference with operational incumbents can prevent critical services, and the cost of deploying and operating an incumbent system can be prohibitive. Thus, the lack of incumbent systems and frequency authorization for technology incubation and demonstration has stymied spectrum sharing research. To this end, industry, academia, and regulators all require a test facility for validating hypotheses and demonstrating functionality without affecting operational incumbent systems. This article proposes a four-phase program supported by our spectrum accountability architecture. We propose that our comprehensive experimentation and testing approach for technology incubation and demonstration will accelerate the development of spectrum sharing technologies.
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  • 15
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This special issue focuses on the sensors and sensing systems having features like flexibility, bendability, conformability, stretchability, and presence over large areas and 3D surfaces. Like conventional sensors, flexible sensors are also used to measure parameters and agents like pH, temperature, humidity, force, gasses, velocity, flow etc. In addition, they possess the ability to bend. This requires special front-end processing techniques compatible with the flexible materials that these sensors are made of. In response to the call for papers for this special issue, 114 manuscripts were received. Of those, 39 were found not to fit to the scope of the special issue and were separated to be handled by the permanent editors of the Journal. The peer review process resulted in 29 innovative manuscripts to be published here submitted from over 45 institutions, with a few trailing manuscripts to be published at a later issue due to time constraints. Of the work presented here, nine papers describe sensors for health and medical applications. Five papers detail sensors for the general fields of environmental and structural health monitoring. Four are on robotic applications. Although majority of the manuscripts focus on a single sensing function such as fluidic flow, force, pH, temperature or presence of a specific gas, four papers present multifunctional flexible sensors.
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  • 16
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Thin, highly compliant sensing skins could provide valuable information for a host of grasping and locomotion tasks with minimal impact on the host system. We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel soft multi-axis force sensor made of highly deformable materials. The sensor is capable of measuring normal and in-plane shear forces. This soft sensor is composed of an elastomer (modulus: 69 kPa) with embedded microchannels filled with a conductive liquid. Depending on the magnitude and the direction of an applied force, all or part of the microchannels will be compressed, changing their electrical resistance. The two designs presented in this paper differ in their flexibility and channel configurations. The channel dimensions are approximately 200 $,times,$ 200 $mu{rm m}$ and 300 $,times,$ 700 $mu{rm m}$ for the two prototypes, respectively. The overall size of each sensor is 50 $,times,$ 60 $,times,$ 7 mm. The first prototype demonstrated force sensitivities along the two principal in-plane axes of 37.0 and ${-}{rm 28.6}~{rm mV/N}$ . The second prototype demonstrated the capability to detecting and differentiating normal and in-plane forces. In addition, this paper presents the results of a parameter study for different design configurations.
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  • 17
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We have developed a fabric sensor knitted of tension-sensitive electro-conductive yarns. Each yarn has an elastic core, around which is wound two other separate, tension-sensitive electro-conductive threads, making this sensor inherently flexible and stretchable and allowing it to conform to any complicated surface on a robot, acting as a robotic skin. The pile-shaped surface of the sensor enhances its ability to detect tangential traction, while also enabling it to sense a normal load. Our aim is to use this sensor in applications involving relative sliding between its surface and a touched object, such as contact recognition, slip detection, and surface identification through a sliding motion. We carefully analyzed the static and dynamic characteristics of this sensor while varying the load and stretching force to fully understand its response and determine its degree of flexibility and stretchability. We found that a discrete wavelet transformation may be used to indicate stick/slip states while the sensor is sliding over surfaces. This method was then used to detect slippage events acting on the sensor's surface, and to decode textures in a classification test using an artificial neural network. Because of its flexibility and sensitivity, this sensor can be used widely as a robotic skin in humanoid robots.
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  • 18
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are demonstrated as one of the most interesting materials for gas sensing. The possibility to obtain CNT thin-films via solution-processing techniques has paved the way for low-cost applications of such sensors. In this paper, we demonstrate that high performance gas sensors based on CNT thin-films can be obtained by direct spray deposition onto flexible substrates. The results obtained for ${rm NH}_{3}$ sensing using CNT films deposited on polyimide show exceptionally high as well as immediate response to the test gas, with performance comparable with that obtained on oxidized silicon substrates. In addition, a good repeatability of the sensor response to defined gas concentrations is demonstrated. This represents a major step toward low-cost large-scale production of this class of devices.
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  • 19
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Rock Stars of Big Data House Advertisement
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  • 20
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: For all you readers who want the inside dope on how to be an architect, you've come to the right place. Here's a real-life story of the evolution of an E2E architect who has shared her lessons learned with us. There's clear insight here. She describes her realization that it's not just about knowledge of the domain or technical skill, but also about communication and learning. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/_RujP0FIjhY is an audio podcast in which Bett Correa and Russ Miller discuss contextual design (CD), a user-centered design process created by Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt. CD helps software architects and developers better connect with the needs of their users and enables them to more easily "re-imagine" the solution they create for users.
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  • 21
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Articles regarding the many faces of software analytics highlight the power of analytics for different types of organizations: large organizations and open source projects, as well as small- to medium-sized projects.
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  • 22
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Free, open source software development communities can become large and complex. They can also be a focus of interest for competing companies relying on their outcomes, with employees joining the development and maintenance effort. In those cases, it's especially important for both companies and communities to understand how this collaboration is working and how it matches their policies and expectations. This articles looks at two cases (OpenStack and WebKit) that the authors studied using analytics techniques. They conclude that such analytics can improve factual knowledge about how development communities are performing in aspects that are of interest to companies.
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  • 23
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Finding yourself in a situation with a working and a buggy system is quite common. Differential debugging methodically can help by comparing a known good system with a buggy one, working toward the problem source. Some simple steps include applying differential debugging by looking at log files and increasing a system's log verbosity when needed. If the system doesn't offer a sufficiently detailed logging mechanism, you can tease out its runtime behavior with tools that trace calls to the operating system or that trace network packets. You can also compare carefully the two environments where the systems operate. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/qnXS6b4hakg is an audio podcast of author Diomidis Spinellis reading his Tools of the Trade column, in which he discusses how comparing a good system with a buggy one can help locate the source of the problem.
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  • 24
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Amisoft, a Chilean software company with 43 employees, successfully uses software analytics in its projects. These support a variety of strategic and tactical decisions, resulting in less overwork of employees. However, the analytics done at Amisoft are very different from the ones used in larger companies.
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  • 25
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: With smartphones being the primary handheld device for more than a billion people, mobile Web apps are a necessity in both technical and commercial fields. There are several approaches to developing mobile Web apps, but given the fast speed of mobile software evolution, in which the leading companies become marginal in months and new gadgets continually appear, it's crucial to understand the basic technologies. Authors Nicolás Serrano, Josune Hernantes, and Gorka Gallardo examine current development approaches that can enhance the decision-making process.
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  • 26
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Software analytics guide practitioners in decision making throughout the software development process. In this context, prediction models help managers efficiently organize their resources and identify problems by analyzing patterns on existing project data in an intelligent and meaningful manner. Over the past decade, the authors have worked with software organizations to build metric repositories and predictive models that address process-, product-, and people-related issues in practice. This article shares their experience over the years, reflecting the expectations and outcomes both from practitioner and researcher viewpoints.
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  • 27
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: IEEE Cloud Computing Magazine seeks editor in chief
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  • 28
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Agile processes seek "just enough" requirements. However, this focus on simple software solutions can come at the expense of solutions that meet more creative requirements. To explore alternatives, this article reports results from extending one agile process with creativity techniques in a project for a large media organization. Domain experts ranked the requirements generated with the process as more novel than baseline epics from the product backlog of the same project, while the requirements' usefulness increased overall after incubation over the duration of a sprint.
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  • 29
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: As the last standardization effort was done in 2004, the software engineering curriculum is currently being revised. Haven't we reached the point where agile development should be part of all software engineering curricula? And if so, shouldn't new curriculum standards ensure that it is?
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  • 30
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Component-based development is a relatively new paradigm for software development, compared to more established approaches such as object-oriented analysis and design. The authors conducted a study to examine the ease-of-reuse perceptions of analysts in modeling business systems using a library of components versus a library of objects. A survey of the IT professionals who participated in the study showed that perceived components to be much easier to reuse than objects. Users also expressed significantly higher satisfaction with components and, by a large majority, a preference for reusing components to reusing objects.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The L-band passive and active microwave geophysical model functions (GMFs) of ocean surface winds from the Aquarius data are derived. The matchups of Aquarius data with the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) winds were performed and were binned as a function of wind speed and direction. The radar HH GMF is in good agreement with the PALSAR GMF. For wind speeds above 10 $hbox{m}cdothbox{s}^{-1}$ , the L-band ocean backscatter shows positive upwind–crosswind (UC) asymmetry; however, the UC asymmetry becomes negative between about 3 and 8 $hbox{m}cdothbox{s}^{-1}$ . The negative UC (NUC) asymmetry has not been observed in higher frequency (above C-band) GMFs for ASCAT or QuikSCAT. Unexpectedly, the NUC symmetry also appears in the L-band radiometer data. We find direction dependence in the Aquarius $T_{rm BV}$ , $T_{rm BH}$ , and third Stokes data with peak-to-peak modulations increasing from about a few tenths to 2 K in the range of 10–25- $hbox{m}cdothbox{s}^{-1}$ wind speed. The validity of the GMFs is tested through application to wind and salinity retrieval from Aquarius data using the combined active–passive algorithm. Error assessment using the triple collocation analyses of SSM/I, NCEP, and Aquarius winds indicates that the retrieved Aquarius wind speed accuracy is excellent, with a random error of about 0.75 $hbox{m}cdothbox{s}^{-1}$ . The wind direction retrievals also appear reasonable and accurate above 10 $hbox{m}cdothbo- {s}^{-1}$ . The results of the error analysis indicate that the uncertainty of the GMFs for the wind speed correction of vertically polarized brightness temperatures is about 0.14 K for wind speed up to 10 $hbox{m}cdothbox{s}^{-1}$ .
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The local oscillators (LOs) of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission payload are used to shift the operating frequency of the 72 receivers to an optimal intermediate frequency needed for the signal processing. The LO temperature variations produce phase errors in the visibility, which result in a blurring of the reconstructed brightness temperature (Tb) image. At the end of the commissioning phase, it was decided to calibrate the LO every 10 min while waiting for a more in-depth analysis. During short periods of time, the LO calibration has been performed every 2 min to assess the impact of a higher calibration rate on the quality of the data. In this paper, by means of a decimation experiment, the relative errors of 6- and 10-min calibration interval data sets are estimated using the 2 min as a reference. A noticeable systematic across- and along-track pattern of amplitude $pm$ 0.3 K is observed for Tb differences between 10 and 2 min, whereas this is reduced between 6 and 2 min. A simulation experiment confirms that the nature of such systematic pattern is due to the visibility phase errors induced by the LO calibration rate. Such pattern is propagated into the sea surface salinity (SSS) retrievals. Overall, the SSS error increase (relative to the 2 min SSS data) is about 0.39 and 0.14 psu for the 10- and 6-min data sets, respectively. This paper shows that a LO calibration rate of at least 6 min would noticeably improve the SSS retrievals.
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  • 33
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Radiometric measurements could provide continuous information about atmospheric conditions. In this paper, a sky status indicator (SSI) is proposed as a real-time recognition criterion for the detection, in particular, of the presence of rain events along the propagation path. The computation of the SSI is based on ground-based brightness temperature measurements, at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz, collected in Cabauw, Netherlands, in 2009 by the ESA Atmospheric Propagation and Profiling System (ATPROP) multichannel radiometer. A validation analysis is carried out between simulated data, which are computed by applying the radiative transfer equation to a database of radiosonde profiles collected in De Bilt, Netherlands, by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, and two data sets of radiometric observations at two elevation angles ( $theta$ equal to 90 $^{circ}$ and $theta$ equal to 69.6 $^{circ}$ ). The analysis based on SSI probability distribution functions has allowed for calculation of the boundary threshold values that are able to discriminate the status of the sky. Furthermore, performances of the SSI were validated against rainfall measurements collected at the ground by a rain gauge located near the ESA ATPROP multichannel radiometer.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A new cloud dynamics and radiation database (CDRD) precipitation retrieval algorithm for satellite passive microwave (PMW) radiometer measurements has been developed. It represents a modification to and an improvement upon the conventional cloud radiation database (CRD) algorithms, which have always been prone to ambiguity. This part 2 paper of a series describes the methodology of the algorithm and the modeling verification analysis involved in creating a synthetic CDRD database for the Europe/Mediterranean basin region. This is followed by a proof-of-concept analysis, which demonstrates that the underlying CDRD theory based on use of meteorological parameters for reducing retrieval ambiguity is valid. This paper uses a regional/mesoscale model, applied in cloud resolving model (CRM) mode, to produce a large set of numerical simulations of precipitating storms and extended precipitating systems. The simulations are used for selection of millions of meteorological/microphysical vertical profiles within which surface rainfall is identified. For each of these profiles, top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature (TB) vectors are calculated (the vector dimension associated with the number of relevant cm–mm wavelengths and polarizations), based on an elaborate radiative-transfer equation (RTE) model system (RMS) coupled to the CRM. This entire body of simulation information is organized into the CDRD database, then used as a priori knowledge to guide a physical Bayesian retrieval algorithm in obtaining rainfall and associated precipitation parameters from the PMW satellite observations. We first prove the physical validity of our CRM-RMS simulations, by showing that the simulated TBs are in close agreement with observations. Agreement is demonstrated using dual-channel-frequency TB manifold sections, which quantify the degree of overlap between the simulated and observed TBs extracted from the full manifolds. Nevertheless, the salient result of this paper is a pro- f that the underlying CDRD theory is valid, found by combining subdivisions of the invoked meteorological parameter ranges of values and showing that such meteorological partitioning associates itself with distinct microphysical profiles. It is then shown that these profiles give rise to similar TB vectors, proving the existence of ambiguity in a CRD-type algorithm. Finally, we show that the CDRD methodology provides significant improvements in reducing retrieval ambiguity and retrieval error, especially for land surface backgrounds where contrasts are typically small between the rainfall TB signatures and surface emission signatures.
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  • 35
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The results of remote sensing temperature profiles measurements within a 0–600-m altitude range and total water content measurements during total (Kislovodsk, 2006; Novosibirsk, 2008) and partial (Moscow, 2011) solar eclipses, using microwave radiometers are presented. Initially, continuous data on temperature profiles are obtained at different altitudes before, during, and after total solar eclipses, using two single channel elevation scanning microwave temperature profilers. Terrestrial consequences of solar eclipses (especially total ones) are quite noticeable and important. Solar eclipses support unique, specific conditions, which gives the opportunity for various meteorological research. The most important indicator of thermodynamic processes occurring during solar eclipses is air temperature at different altitudes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The ABL temperature depends, in general, on the flux of solar radiation and some features of the ground (albedo, absorptivity, and emissivity) and the air (humidity). Temperature profile measurements are accompanied by solar radiation (with net-radiometer) and total water vapor (with microwave radiometers) measurements. The observation results of this paper will contribute detailed model calculations for clarifying meteorological effects of solar eclipses. Observations of the next total solar eclipse over Russia (August 12, 2026) can be used to verify our observational results.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Snow grain size is the snowpack parameter that most affects the microwave snow emission. The specific surface area (SSA) of snow is a metric that allows rapid and reproducible field measurements and that well represents the grain size. However, this metric cannot be used directly in microwave snow emission models (MSEMs). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the suitability and the adaptations required for using the SSA in two MSEMs, i.e., the Dense Media Radiative Theory-Multilayer model (DMRT-ML) and the Helsinki University of Technology model (HUT n-layer), based on in situ radiometric measurements. Measurements of the SSA, using snow reflectance in the short-wave infrared, were taken at 20 snowpits in various environments (e.g., grass, tundra, and dry fen). The results show that both models required a scaling factor for the SSA values to minimize the root-mean-square error between the measured and simulated brightness temperatures. For DMRT-ML, the need for a scaling factor is likely due to the oversimplified representation of snow as spheres of ice with a uniform radius. We hypothesize that the need for a scaling factor is related to the grain size distribution of snow and the stickiness between grains. For HUT n-layer, using the SSA underestimates the attenuation by snow, particularly for snowpacks with a significant amount of depth hoar. This paper provides a reliable description of the grain size for DMRT-ML, which is of particular interest for the assimilation of satellite passive microwave data in snow models.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Ice lens formation, which follows rain on snow events or melt-refreeze cycles in winter and spring, is likely to become more frequent as a result of increasing mean winter temperatures at high latitudes. These ice lenses significantly affect the microwave scattering and emission properties, and hence snow brightness temperatures that are widely used to monitor snow cover properties from space. To understand and interpret the spaceborne microwave signal, the modeling of these phenomena needs improvement. This paper shows the effects and sensitivity of ice lenses on simulated brightness temperatures using the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks coupled to a soil emission model at 19 and 37 GHz in both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Results when considering pure ice lenses show an improvement of 20.5 K of the root mean square error between the simulated and measured brightness temperature (Tb) using several in situ data sets acquired during field campaigns across Canada. The modeled Tbs are found to be highly sensitive to the vertical location of ice lenses within the snowpack.
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  • 38
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The Visual Computer Managed Security (Vicoms) framework assists programmers in coding access control for Java applications. Vicoms provides a transparent way of managing security aspects in enterprise-level applications, including legacy ones. It has been embedded within the Eclipse open source integrated development environment and used experimentally in several case studies, one of which is described in the article.
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  • 39
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In recent years, there has been growing interest on the part of the remote sensing community in using the Antarctic area for calibrating and validating data of low-frequency satellite-borne microwave radiometers. In particular, the East Antarctic Plateau appears to be suited for this purpose. The reasons for this interest are the size, structure, spatial homogeneity, and thermal stability of this area. This is particularly interesting for low-frequency microwave radiometers since, due to the low extinction of dry snow, the upper ice-sheet layer is almost transparent and the brightness temperature variability is therefore extremely small. In the context of calibration and validation activities of the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite, an experiment called DOMEX-2, which included radiometric L-band measurements, was carried out at the Italian–French base of Concordia located at Dome C in the East Antarctic Plateau from December 2008 to December 2010. Ground measurements (i.e., snow temperature at different depths, snow structure, meteorological data, etc.) were also collected during the experiment. This paper presents information on the experimental campaign, the characteristics of the radiometric measurements, and the main results. A comparison with SMOS data is also presented.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The 12th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment (MicroRad 2012) was held at Villa Mondragone, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," near Frascati, Italy, on March 5-9, 2012. The objective of MicroRad 2012 was to provide an open forum to report and discuss recent advances in the field of microwave radiometry, particularly with application to remote sensing of the environment. The meeting was highly successful, with more than 120 attendees representing 20 countries. There were 76 oral presentations and more than 40 posters. From the papers presented at MicroRad 2012 and others submitted specifically for this special issue, 12 were selected for inclusion in the special issue. The papers were carefully peer reviewed with the usual standards of the IEEE TGRS. As is evident from the table of contents, these papers span a broad range of microwave radiometry and remote sensing applications and reflect the interest in MicroRad and the vitality of research in this area.
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  • 41
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Vicarious cold calibration in the frequency range of 85–92 GHz is analyzed. Vicarious cold calibration cannot be applied at these frequencies as easily as at lower frequencies due to greater sensitivity to water vapor and hydrometeor scattering. The effects of that sensitivity are mitigated by selective filtering of the high-frequency brightness temperatures (TBs) to remove those data where large amounts of water vapor and/or hydrometeor scattering are present. Potential filtering algorithms are presented, and the performance of each with respect to vicarious cold calibration TB stability is characterized. A scattering-based precipitation filter that utilizes a combination of both the lower frequencies from 19 to 37 GHz and the frequencies from 85 to 92 GHz is shown to be the most effective and easily implemented filter. For horizontal polarization, the theoretical minimum TB at the higher frequencies occurs at an unphysically high sea surface temperature (SST), which makes the vicarious cold statistic more sensitive to the population of actual SST values as well as the higher amounts of water vapor associated with warm SSTs. The statistic is stabilized in this case by considering the difference between observed and simulated vicarious cold TBs. Intercalibration between two radiometers using the vicarious cold calibration double difference method at high frequencies is shown to be greatly improved when using the precipitation filter.
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  • 42
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: After 2.5 years of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, the characterization of residual instrumental systematic errors in the measured brightness temperatures $(T_{B})$ is still rather poor. This, in turn, negatively impacts the sea surface salinity retrievals and, as such, notably limits the mission's success. The error mitigation methodology currently used operationally, the so-called Ocean Target Transformation (OTT), mixes both instrumental and model-induced errors. In this paper, it is proposed to distinguish errors by their type of impact on the $T_{B}$ images: mean brightness level, incidence angle dependence, and azimuth angle dependence. A new approach to characterize the azimuth-dependent errors is proposed. First, a careful data selection strategy is applied. Then, an empirically fitted model, which only accounts for the $T_{B}$ incidence angle dependence, is subtracted from the mean $T_{B}$ images of the selected data sets to estimate the systematic antenna-frame errors. The robustness of this methodology is assessed through the estimated anomaly pattern stability when computed for different geophysical conditions, periods of time, and latitudinal bands. The residual variability ranges from 0.03 K to 0.14 K, whereas the OTT variability is about 0.5 K. The new method is forward model independent and generic. It can therefore be applied to estimate the antenna-frame systematic errors over land and ice. Moreover, it proves to be very effective in separating different sources of error and can therefore be used to further characterize other error components and improve the various SMOS forward model terms.
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  • 43
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and spotlight SAR are advanced SAR imaging modes for wide range swath and high resolution. In order to obtain a wider range coverage, azimuth multichannel is introduced in the literature. Since the azimuth bandwidth of beam steering SAR (BS-SAR; spotlight SAR, sliding spotlight SAR, or TOPS SAR) is much greater than that of a stripmap SAR, a signal reconstruction algorithm used for multichannel stripmap SAR may not be effective for multichannel BS-SAR. In this paper, a multichannel full-aperture azimuth processing algorithm is proposed for a BS-SAR. The key of this algorithm lies in the beam and the azimuth bandwidth compressions of multichannel signals in the Doppler–array and slow time–angle planes, respectively. Through compression processing, the beamwidth and the azimuth bandwidth are smaller than the available angle and equivalent pulse repeating frequency , respectively. Then, an improved post-Doppler STAP method is proposed to recover a 2-D spectrum. With the recovered signal, further processing can be utilized to focus the multichannel signal. Simulation and real data results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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  • 44
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Remote sensing image fusion can integrate the spatial detail of panchromatic (PAN) image and the spectral information of a low-resolution multispectral (MS) image to produce a fused MS image with high spatial resolution. In this paper, a remote sensing image fusion method is proposed with sparse representations over learned dictionaries. The dictionaries for PAN image and low-resolution MS image are learned from the source images adaptively. Furthermore, a novel strategy is designed to construct the dictionary for unknown high-resolution MS images without training set, which can make our proposed method more practical. The sparse coefficients of the PAN image and low-resolution MS image are sought by the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm. Then, the fused high-resolution MS image is calculated by combining the obtained sparse coefficients and the dictionary for the high-resolution MS image. By comparing with six well-known methods in terms of several universal quality evaluation indexes with or without references, the simulated and real experimental results on QuickBird and IKONOS images demonstrate the superiority of our method.
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  • 45
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The multichromatic analysis (MCA) uses interferometric pairs of SAR images processed at range subbands and explores the phase trend of each pixel as a function of the different central carrier frequencies to infer absolute optical path difference. This approach allows retrieving unambiguous height information on selected pixels, potentially solving the problem of spatial phase unwrapping, which is instead critical in the standard monochromatic processing. The method, based on concepts originally introduced by Madsen and Zebker, has been developed in previous work both theoretically and through simulations. This paper presents the first MCA experimental validation of the procedure, through application to a wideband SAR single-pass interferometric data set acquired by the AES-1 airborne sensor. An evaluation of the impact of the MCA processing parameters on the height estimation performances is obtained through a parametric analysis. The results confirm the indications derived by the theoretical analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of the MCA absolute phase measurement, provided that a sufficient bandwidth is available.
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  • 46
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: With software analytics, software practitioners explore and analyze data to obtain insightful, actionable information for tasks regarding software development, systems, and users. The StackMine project produced a software analytics system for Microsoft product teams. The project provided lessons on applying software analytics technologies to positively impact software development practice. The lessons include focusing on problems that practitioners care about, using domain knowledge for correct data understanding and problem modeling, building prototypes early to get practitioners' feedback, taking into account scalability and customizability, and evaluating analysis results using criteria related to real tasks.
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  • 47
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper proposes a new semisupervised dimension reduction (DR) algorithm based on a discriminative locally enhanced alignment technique. The proposed DR method has two aims: to maximize the distance between different classes according to the separability of pairwise samples and, at the same time, to preserve the intrinsic geometric structure of the data by the use of both labeled and unlabeled samples. Furthermore, two key problems determining the performance of semisupervised methods are discussed in this paper. The first problem is the proper selection of the unlabeled sample set; the second problem is the accurate measurement of the similarity between samples. In this paper, multilevel segmentation results are employed to solve these problems. Experiments with extensive hyperspectral image data sets showed that the proposed algorithm is notably superior to other state-of-the-art dimensionality reduction methods for hyperspectral image classification.
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  • 48
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a new framework for the development of generalized composite kernel machines for hyperspectral image classification. We construct a new family of generalized composite kernels which exhibit great flexibility when combining the spectral and the spatial information contained in the hyperspectral data, without any weight parameters. The classifier adopted in this work is the multinomial logistic regression, and the spatial information is modeled from extended multiattribute profiles. In order to illustrate the good performance of the proposed framework, support vector machines are also used for evaluation purposes. Our experimental results with real hyperspectral images collected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer and the Reflective Optics Spectrographic Imaging System indicate that the proposed framework leads to state-of-the-art classification performance in complex analysis scenarios.
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  • 49
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: For typical scanning microwave radiometers, a significant source of calibration error arises from thermal gradients on the hot load. Even when direct or reflected solar illumination is blocked, hot load gradients arise from thermal coupling between the target and the surface facing the target which is heated and cooled as the instrument orbits the earth. For the GlobalL Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI), a rotating metal annular ring called the “hot load tray” serves to guard the hot load against solar intrusion, and is the surface immediately facing the hot load during the majority of the scan. The planned GMI calibration algorithm corrects for the target gradients induced by thermal coupling between the hot load tray and hot load. The correction uses an empirically derived relationship between the target gradient and the temperature differential between the target and the tray. The correction is derived using target-level and GMI system-level calibration testing. The dual calibration of GMI, in connection with thermal vacuum calibration measurements, is a key aid to determining and correcting the hot load gradients.
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  • 50
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Satellite images have long been used to study surface manifestations of internal waves (IWs). More recently, marine X-band radar data have been employed to retrieve IW packet parameters. Marine radars have the advantage over satellite systems that their high temporal resolution enables the study of the IW evolution. Until today, no method to automatically detect IW surface signatures in marine radar data has been suggested. In this paper, we present a new fully automated tool to retrieve IW signatures from marine radar image sequences. First, after various preprocessing steps, the IW packet velocity is determined using a combination of localized Radon transform and cross-correlation techniques. Temporal averaging of the marine radar data significantly enhances the IW signatures. The knowledge of the IW packet velocity is used to correct for the IW motion, enabling us to extend the averaging period, which further enhances the IW signal. An IW-motion correction is necessary because, otherwise, the IW signal would become smeared if the averaging period were much longer than the time it takes the IW to propagate between radar resolution cells. The IW-enhanced images are then utilized for the IW signature analysis. Here, we identify local backscatter peaks and exploit the marine radar's high temporal resolution to distinguish signal from noise. The resulting series of IW soliton maps provides information on changes in soliton wavelength, velocity, and backscatter intensity. Our marine radar IW signature analysis tool therefore offers a great opportunity of studying the spatiotemporal evolution of IWs as they grow and decay.
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  • 51
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: The potential of satellite passive microwave sensors to provide quantitative information about near-source volcanic ash cloud parameters is assessed. To this aim, ground-based microwave weather radar and spaceborne microwave radiometer observations are used together with forward-model simulations. The latter are based on 2-D simulations with the numerical plume model Active Tracer High-Resolution Atmospheric Model (ATHAM), in conjunction with the radiative transfer model Satellite Data Simulator Unit (SDSU) that is based on the deltaEddington approximation and includes Mie scattering. The study area is the Icelandic subglacial volcanic region. The analyzed case study is that of the Grímsvötn eruption in May 2011. ATHAM input parameters are adjusted using available ground data, and sensitivity tests are conducted to investigate the observed brightness temperatures and their variance. The tests are based on the variation of environmental conditions like the terrain emissivity, water vapor, and ice in the volcanic plume. Quantitative correlation analysis between ATHAM/SDSU forward-model columnar content simulations and available microwave radiometric brightness temperature measurements, derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS), are encouraging in terms of both dynamic range and correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficients are found to vary from $-$ 0.37 to $-$ 0.63 for SSMIS channels from 91 to 183 $pm$ 1 GHz, respectively. The larger sensitivity of the brightness temperature at 183 $pm$ 1 GHz to the columnar content, with respect to other channels, allowed us to consider this channel as the basis for a model-based polynomial relationship of volcanic plume hei- ht as a function of the measured SSMIS brightness temperature.
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  • 52
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Bright curvilinear features arising from the geometry of man-made structures are characteristic of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of urban areas, particularly due to double-reflection mechanisms. An approach to urban earthquake damage detection using double-reflection line amplitude change in single-look images has been established in previous literature. Based on this method, this paper introduces an automated tool for fast, unsupervised damage detection in urban areas. Ridge-based curvilinear features are extracted from a preevent SAR image, and double-reflection candidates are selected using prior probability distributions derived from a simple geometrical building model. The candidate features are then used with the ratio of a pair of single preevent and postevent SAR single-look amplitude images to estimate damage levels. The algorithm is very efficient, with overall computational complexity of $O(Nlog k)$ for an $N$ -pixel image containing features of mean length $k$ . The technique is demonstrated using COSMO-SkyMed data covering L'Aquila, Italy, and Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
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  • 53
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Lisa '13 Advertisement
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  • 54
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: It is necessary to measure the sharpness of distributions in many situations. A class of functions is investigated in this paper. First, the relation between this class and sharpness is clarified, and this justifies this class as sharpness measures. Then, we analyze the performance of different sharpness measures and present a guide to select the sharpness measure. In addition, the relation of this class to the sparsity measure is addressed, which leads to a deeper understanding about sparsity. Finally, we show and discuss the application of this class in inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A detection of radio-frequency interference (RFI) in the space-borne microwave radiometer data is difficult under snow and sea ice-covered conditions. The existing methods such as a spectral difference technique or a principal component analysis (PCA) of RFI indices produce many false RFI signals near the boundary of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. In this paper, a double PCA (DPCA) method is developed for RFI detection over Greenland and Antarctic regions. It is shown that the new DPCA method is effective in detecting RFI signals in the C- and X-band radiometer channels of WindSat while removing the false RFI signals over Greenland and Antarctic. It also worked well in other snow-free or snow-rich regions such as winter data over the United States. The proposed DPCA can be applied to satellite radiometer data orbit-by-orbit or granule-by-granule and is thus applicable in an operational environment for fast processing and data dissemination.
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  • 56
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Advertisement: Now over three million documents in IEEE Xplore. Thank you for your authorship.
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  • 57
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We present a calibration technique for an acoustic imaging microphone array, combined with a digital camera. Computer vision and acoustic time of arrival data are used to obtain microphone coordinates in the camera reference frame. Our new method allows acoustic maps to be plotted onto the camera images without the need for additional camera alignment or calibration. Microphones and cameras may be placed in an ad-hoc arrangement and, after calibration, the coordinates of the microphones are known in the reference frame of a camera in the array. No prior knowledge of microphone positions, inter-microphone spacings, or air temperature is required. This technique is applied to a spherical microphone array and a mean difference of 3 mm was obtained between the coordinates obtained with this calibration technique and those measured using a precision mechanical method.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A super-resolution (SR) method based on compressive sensing (CS), structural self-similarity (SSSIM), and dictionary learning is proposed for reconstructing remote sensing images. This method aims to identify a dictionary that represents high resolution (HR) image patches in a sparse manner. Extra information from similar structures which often exist in remote sensing images can be introduced into the dictionary, thereby enabling an HR image to be reconstructed using the dictionary in the CS framework. We use the K-Singular Value Decomposition method to obtain the dictionary and the orthogonal matching pursuit method to derive sparse representation coefficients. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we also define a new SSSIM index, which reflects the extent of SSSIM in an image. The most significant difference between the proposed method and traditional sample-based SR methods is that the proposed method uses only a low-resolution image and its own interpolated image instead of other HR images in a database. We simulate the degradation mechanism of a uniform 2 $times$ 2 blur kernel plus a downsampling by a factor of 2 in our experiments. Comparative experimental results with several image-quality-assessment indexes show that the proposed method performs better in terms of the SR effectivity and time efficiency. In addition, the SSSIM index is strongly positively correlated with the SR quality.
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  • 59
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a method and experimental results for near-surface wind sensing using reflected Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals received on a spacecraft. The estimation method proposed involves four steps. First, the bistatic radar cross section (BRCS) of the received signal is estimated from the measurements. Second, the BRCS measurements are calibrated to agree with existing theoretical and empirical wind–wave models. Next, a geometric optics-based scattering model is used to estimate the sea surface slopes, based on the reflection geometry and the measured BRCS. Finally, the surface winds are estimated using an empirically derived function relating the surface mean square slopes to near-surface wind speed. The accuracy of the proposed inversion technique is then tested using a set of 25 space-based GNSS reflection measurements over a range of wind speeds. These measurements were all taken in the proximity of ocean buoys which provided in situ ocean wind speed information. The wind estimates from the buoys were then compared with the wind retrievals made from the measurements and found to be accurate to a root-mean-square error of 1.84 m/s. Additionally, the potential error sources in the measurements are analyzed, including a simulation of the effects of wind direction on the BRCS measurements. This first demonstration of space-based GNSS scatterometry using a small set of sample measurements will hopefully provide a benchmark and example for future experiments.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: There is an error in the above-named article [ibid.,vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 2119??2127, Apr. 2013] regarding the definition and the implementation of equation (3), defining the proposed temporal smoothing index (TSI). The correct formula is provided. These corrections do not change any of the general conclusions of the paper, but some of the comments regarding the interpretation of this table are revised.
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  • 61
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this paper, we present a transform scheme where a secondary transform is applied after the conventional DCT for intra as well as inter prediction residues. Our approach is applicable to any block-based video codec that employs transforms along the horizontal and vertical direction separably. The secondary transform is applied to the lower K ( ${rm K}={4}$ or 8) frequency coefficients of the output of conventional DCT at block with dimensions 8 and larger. The proposed transform scheme has low complexity as it is applied only to the top-left portion of the DCT output, especially in the context of large blocks such as 32 $,times,$ 32 where an alternate non-DCT 32 $,times,$ 32 transform would have a prohibitive implementation hardware cost. The proposed technique is single-pass, and the choice of whether to use the secondary transform is solely based on the prediction direction for intra residue, and on transform unit location in the prediction unit for the inter residue. The scheme requires no additional signaling information or R-D search. Our simulation results show that the proposed transform scheme provides significant BD-rate improvement over the conventional DCT-based coding scheme. Finally, we also show how to implement the proposed secondary transforms with low latency in hardware.
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  • 62
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this paper, we describe a novel algorithm for unsupervised segmentation of images with low depth of field (DOF). First of all, a multi-scale reblurring model is used to detect the object of interest (OOI) in saliency space. Then, to determine the boundary of OOI, an active contour model based on hybrid energy function is proposed. In this model, a global energy item related with the saliency map is adopted to find the global minimum, and a local energy term regarding the low DOF image is used to improve the segmentation precision. In addition, an adaptive parameter is attached to this model to balance the weight of global and local energy. Furthermore, an unsupervised curve initialization method is designed to reduce the number of evolution iterations. Finally, we conduct experiments on various low DOF images, and the results demonstrate the high robustness and precision of the proposed approach.
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  • 63
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this paper, we propose a novel method that treats pose estimation as a problem with the constraints of human segmentation consistency from single images. Different from the previous paper, we integrate pose estimation and object segmentation into a joint optimization. With the support of segmentation consistency, we can obtain more reliable pose results. Through analyzing the energy function of pose estimation and human segmentation, we convert the pose estimation into a binary optimization problem that has the same formation as segmentation. The top-down pose shape cues, bottom-up visual cues, and the consistency constraints that penalize the mismatching of pose and human foreground are incorporated into our final objective function. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate the merits of our method in pose estimation on Ramanan benchmark and Buffy data sets.
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  • 64
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A real-time and accurate object detection framework, ${rm C}^{4}$ , is proposed in this paper. ${rm C}^{4}$ achieves 20 fps speed and the state-of-the-art detection accuracy, using only one processing thread without resorting to special hardware such as GPU. The real-time accurate object detection is made possible by two contributions. First, we conjecture (with supporting experiments) that contour is what we should capture and signs of comparisons among neighboring pixels are the key information to capture contour cues. Second, we show that the CENTRIST visual descriptor is suitable for contour based object detection, because it encodes the sign information and can implicitly represent the global contour. When CENTRIST and linear classifier are used, we propose a computational method that does not need to explicitly generate feature vectors. It involves no image preprocessing or feature vector normalization, and only requires $O(1)$ steps to test an image patch. ${rm C}^{4}$ is also friendly to further hardware acceleration. It has been applied to detect objects such as pedestrians, faces, and cars on benchmark data sets. It has comparable detection accuracy with state-of-the-art methods, and has a clear advantage in detection speed.
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  • 65
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Previous image clutter metrics were proposed on the thought that clutter was just a perceptual effect, while we identify clutter as both perceptual and cognitive effects. Under this identification, we give a new definition of image clutter metric by analyzing the research results in the fields of visual psychology and psychophysics. According to the definition, we further put forward a DisSIMilarity (DSIM) based image clutter metric, which can also be taken as a kind of HVS-based signal-to-clutter ratio. The earlier image clutter metrics produced limited success in predicting targeting performance mainly since they did not consider brain cognitive characteristics. We develop a brain cognitive dissimilarity measure (BCDM) as a quantitative estimate of the selection weights which are allocated by brain attentional mechanism to affect visual selection processes. A human vision perceptual dissimilarity measure (VPDM), fully embodying vision perceptual properties, is first established between the target and clutter images, and then we utilize the BCDM between the two images as selection weights to pool the VPDM to be a clutter metric, which can be called DSIM metric. The metric is tested in Search_2 dataset provided by TNO Human Factors Research Institute of Netherlands. Error analysis and correlation tests demonstrate that the DSIM metric makes a more significant improvement than previously proposed metrics in predicting 62 observers' targeting performances including detection probability, false alarm probability and search time.
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Despite continuous improvements in optical flow in the last three decades, the ability for optical flow algorithms to handle illumination variation is still an unsolved challenge. To improve the ability to interpret apparent object motion in video containing illumination variation, an illumination-robust optical flow method is designed. This method decouples brightness into reflectance and illumination components using a stochastic technique; reflectance is given higher weight to ensure robustness against illumination, which is suppressed. Illumination experiments using the Middlebury and University of Oulu databases demonstrate the decoupled method's improvement when compared with state-of-the-art. In addition, a novel technique is implemented to visualize optical flow output, which is especially useful to compare different optical flow methods in the absence of the ground truth.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Accurate grain segmentation on 3D superalloy images is very important in materials science and engineering. From grain segmentation, we can derive the underlying superalloy grains' micro-structures, based on how many important physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the superalloy samples can be evaluated. Grain segmentation is, however, usually a very challenging problem because: 1) even a small 3D superalloy sample may contain hundreds of grains; 2) carbides and noises may degrade the imaging quality; and 3) the intensity within a grain may not be homogeneous. In addition, the same grain may present different appearances, e.g., different intensities, under different microscope settings. In practice, a 3D superalloy image may contain multichannel information where each channel corresponds to a specific microscope setting. In this paper, we develop a multichannel edge-weighted centroidal Voronoi tessellation (MCEWCVT) algorithm to effectively and robustly segment the superalloy grains from 3D multichannel superalloy images. MCEWCVT performs segmentation by minimizing an energy function, which encodes both the multichannel voxel-intensity similarity within each cluster in the intensity domain and the smoothness of segmentation boundaries in the 3D image domain. In the experiment, we first quantitatively evaluate the proposed MCEWCVT algorithm on a four-channel Ni-based 3D superalloy data set (IN100) against the manually annotated ground-truth segmentation. We further evaluate the MCEWCVT algorithm on two synthesized four-channel superalloy data sets. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons of 18 existing image segmentation algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed MCEWCVT algorithm.
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  • 68
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Local binary pattern (LBP) is sensitive to noise. Local ternary pattern (LTP) partially solves this problem. Both LBP and LTP, however, treat the corrupted image patterns as they are. In view of this, we propose a noise-resistant LBP (NRLBP) to preserve the image local structures in presence of noise. The small pixel difference is vulnerable to noise. Thus, we encode it as an uncertain state first, and then determine its value based on the other bits of the LBP code. It is widely accepted that most of the image local structures are represented by uniform codes and noise patterns most likely fall into the non-uniform codes. Therefore, we assign the value of an uncertain bit hence as to form possible uniform codes. Thus, we develop an error-correction mechanism to recover the distorted image patterns. In addition, we find that some image patterns such as lines are not captured in uniform codes. Those line patterns may appear less frequently than uniform codes, but they represent a set of important local primitives for pattern recognition. Thus, we propose an extended noise-resistant LBP (ENRLBP) to capture line patterns. The proposed NRLBP and ENRLBP are more resistant to noise compared with LBP, LTP, and many other variants. On various applications, the proposed NRLBP and ENRLBP demonstrate superior performance to LBP/LTP variants.
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We present a novel method for ground moving target imaging using a synthetic aperture radar system transmitting ultranarrowband continuous waveforms (CW). Our method exploits the high Doppler resolution provided by ultranarrowband CW signals to image both the scene reflectivity and to determine the velocity of multiple moving targets. We develop a new forward model based on the temporal Doppler induced by the movement of antennas and moving targets. The forward model relates reflectivity and velocity information at each location to a correlated received signal. We form the reflectivity images of the moving targets and estimate their motion parameters using a filtered-backprojection (FBP) technique combined with the contrast or gradient optimization method. The method results in focused reflectivity images of moving targets and their velocity estimates, regardless of the target location, speed, and velocity direction. We show that the amplitude and visible edges of the targets can be correctly reconstructed when the correct target velocity estimate is used in the FBP imaging. We present the resolution analysis of the reflectivity images. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of our method and validate the theoretical results.
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: It is known that if the objective of a wireless sensor network is not to reconstruct individual sensor readings at a fusion center but rather to compute a linear function of them, then the interference property of the wireless channel can be beneficially harnessed by letting nodes transmit simultaneously. Recently, an analog computation scheme was proposed to show that it is possible to take the advantage of the interference property even if nonlinear functions are to be computed. The scheme involves some pre-processing on the sensor readings and post-processing on the superimposed signals observed by the fusion center. Correspondingly, this paper provides a thorough base for a theory of analog-computing functions over wireless channels by specifying what is the maximum achievable. This means it is determined for networks of arbitrary topology which functions are generally analog-computable over the channel and how many wireless resources are needed. It turns out that the considerations are closely related to the famous 13th Hilbert problem and that analog-computations can be universally performed in the sense that the pre-processing at sensor nodes is independent of the function to be computed. Universality reduces the complexity of transmitters and the signaling overhead, and it is shown that this property is preserved if nodes leave or join the network. Analog-computability is therefore of high practical relevance as it allows for an efficient computation of functions in sensor networks.
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We study the application of matrix completion in the process of calibrating physical devices. In particular we propose an algorithm together with reconstruction bounds for calibrating circular ultrasound tomography devices. We use the time-of-flight (ToF) measurements between sensor pairs in a homogeneous medium to calibrate the system. The calibration process consists of a low-rank matrix completion algorithm to de-noise and estimate random and structured missing ToFs, and the classic multi-dimensional scaling method to estimate the sensor positions from the ToF measurements. We provide theoretical bounds on the calibration error. Several simulations are conducted to evaluate the theoretical results presented in this paper.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We propose a particle filtering technique to track multiple maneuvering targets in the presence of clutter. We treat data association and state estimation, which are the two important sub-problems in tracking, as separate problems. We develop a game-theoretic framework to solve the data association, in which we model each tracker as a player and the set of measurements as strategies. We develop utility functions for each player, and then use a regret-based learning algorithm to find the equilibrium of this game. The game-theoretic approach allows us to associate measurements to all the targets simultaneously. Further, in contrast to the traditional Monte-Carlo data association algorithms that use samples of the association vector obtained from a proposal distribution, our method finds the association in a deterministic fashion. We then use Monte-Carlo sampling on the reduced dimensional state of each target, independently, and thereby mitigate the curse-of-dimensionality problem that is known to occur in particle filtering. We provide a number of numerical results to demonstrate the performance of our proposed filtering algorithm.
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: To overcome the difficulties in applying gradient-based operators to color images, Di Zenzo introduced the color tensor, an operator that provides a gradient field for multichannel images. An elegant application for this operator was developed in the domain of multichannel image visualization: Socolinsky and Wolff proposed to reintegrate Di Zenzo's gradient by solving a Poisson equation, yielding a greyscale representation of the multispectral contrast of the input image. Di Zenzo's gradients are, however, generally not integrable and some approximation must be introduced. Thus, the resulting image can suffer from artifacts such as the smearing of edges. In this paper, we focus on the integrability of Di Zenzo's gradients. We show that the integrability of the obtained field can be improved dramatically through a simple desaturation of the color image (as in the HSV color space). This result can be readily extended to multispectral images by defining an analogue to saturation. We present several results explaining what happens to color tensors as the saturation changes. Significantly we show that small changes of the saturation in the linear image space can result in large improvements in the integrability of tensor gradients calculated in logarithmic color space. This result is important for two reasons. 1) Log-differences are more perceptually meaningful. 2) In log-space we can operate with retinex algorithms, which are well known techniques for contrast enhancement. We propose that they can be used to “put back” any contrast that might be lost in the desaturation step and, more importantly, they can enhance contrast at the same time as reintegrating the gradient field because of their relation to partial differential equations. Finally, we evaluate our method psychophysically. Compared with other commonly used image fusion methods, experiments show that our data fusion using the Di Zenzo color tensor after desaturating the image and where a si- ple contrast boost is applied is strongly preferred.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this paper we deal with the problem of detecting an extended target embedded in homogeneous Gaussian interference with unknown but structured covariance matrix. We model the possible target echo, from each range bin under test, as a deterministic signal with an unknown scaling factor accounting for the target response. At the design stage, we exploit some a-priori knowledge about the operating environment enforcing the inverse interference plus noise covariance matrix to belong to a set described via unitary invariant continuous functions. Hence, we derive the constrained Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimates of the unknown parameters, under both the $H_{0}$ and $H_{1}$ hypotheses, and design the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) for the considered decision problem. At the analysis stage, we assess the performance of the devised GLRT for some covariance matrix uncertainty sets of practical relevance both for spatial and Doppler processing. The results highlight that correct use of the a-priori knowledge can lead to a detection performance quite close to the optimum receiver which supposes the perfect knowledge of the interference plus noise covariance matrix.
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Describes the above-named upcoming special issue or section. May include topics to be covered or calls for papers.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9480
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: In this paper, we present a novel memory-efficient high-throughput scalable architecture for multi-level 2-D DWT. We studied the existing DWT architectures and observed that data scanning method has a significant impact on the memory efficiency of DWT architecture. We propose a novel parallel stripe-based scanning method based on the analysis of the dependency graph of the lifting scheme. With the new scanning method for multi-level 2D DWT, a high memory efficient scalable parallel pipelined architecture is developed. The proposed architecture requires no frame memory and a temporal memory of size only $3 N +682$ for the 3-level DWT decomposition with an image of size $N times N$ pixels with 32 pixels processed concurrently. The elimination of frame memory and the small temporal memory lead to significant reduction in overall size. The proposed architecture has a regular structure and achieves 100% hardware utilization. The synthesis results in 90 nm CMOS process show that the proposed architecture achieves a better area-delay product by 60% and higher throughput by 97% when compared to the best existing design for the CDF (Cohen-Daubechies-Favreau) 9/7 2-D DWT.
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A scalable monolithically integrated photonic space switch is proposed which uses a combination of Mach–Zehnder modulators and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for improved crosstalk performance and reduced switch loss. This architecture enables the design of high-capacity, high-speed, large-port count, low-energy switches. Extremely low crosstalk of better than −50 dB can be achieved using a 2 × 2 dilated hybrid switch module. A “building block” approach is applied to make large port count optical switches possible. Detailed physical layer multiwavelength simulations are used to investigate the viability of a 64 × 64 port switch. Optical signal degradation is estimated as a function of switch size and waveguide induced crosstalk. A comparison between hybrid and SOA switching fabrics highlights the power-efficient, high-performance nature of the hybrid switch design, which consumes less than one-third of the energy of an equivalent SOA-based switch. The significantly reduced impairments resulting from this switch design enable scaling of the port count, compared to conventional SOA-based switches.
    Print ISSN: 0733-8724
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We consider a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel (IC), where a single data stream per user is transmitted and each receiver treats interference as noise. The paper focuses on the open problem of computing the outermost boundary (so-called Pareto boundary-PB) of the achievable rate region under linear transceiver design. The Pareto boundary consists of the strict PB and non-strict PB. For the two user case, we compute the non-strict PB and the two ending points of the strict PB exactly. For the strict PB, we formulate the problem to maximize one rate while the other rate is fixed such that a strict PB point is reached. To solve this non-convex optimization problem which results from the hard-coupled two transmit beamformers, we propose an alternating optimization algorithm. Furthermore, we extend the algorithm to the multi-user scenario and show convergence. Numerical simulations illustrate that the proposed algorithm computes a sequence of well-distributed operating points that serve as a reasonable and complete inner bound of the strict PB compared with existing methods.
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  • 79
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We have studied plasmonic slot nanoresonators (PSNRs) embedded in a gold-coated microfiber. Light is coupled from the plasmonic waveguide into the PSNR, showing strong localization in three dimensions. Single bow-tie and rectangular PSNRs, as well as cascades of multiple bow-tie PSNRs, have been considered. The intensity enhancement and the resonance wavelength depend on both the PSNR and microfiber dimensions. The PSNRs embedded in plasmonic microfibers could find wide range of applications, such as surface enhanced Raman scattering, optical filtering, bio-sensing, and spectroscopy.
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper studies secrecy rate optimization in a wireless network with a single-antenna source, a multi-antenna destination and a multi-antenna eavesdropper. This is an unfavorable scenario for secrecy performance as the system is interference-limited. In the literature, assuming that the receiver operates in half duplex (HD) mode, the aforementioned problem has been addressed via use of cooperating nodes who act as jammers to confound the eavesdropper. This paper investigates an alternative solution, which assumes the availability of a full duplex (FD) receiver. In particular, while receiving data, the receiver transmits jamming noise to degrade the eavesdropper channel. The proposed self-protection scheme eliminates the need for external helpers and provides system robustness. For the case in which global channel state information is available, we aim to design the optimal jamming covariance matrix that maximizes the secrecy rate and mitigates loop interference associated with the FD operation. We consider both fixed and optimal linear receiver design at the destination, and show that the optimal jamming covariance matrix is rank-1, and can be found via an efficient 1-D search. For the case in which only statistical information on the eavesdropper channel is available, the optimal power allocation is studied in terms of ergodic and outage secrecy rates. Simulation results verify the analysis and demonstrate substantial performance gain over conventional HD operation at the destination.
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper addresses the problem of logical topology design for optical backbone networks subject to stochastic traffic demands. The network design problem is broken into three tasks: traffic routing, capacity allocation, and link placement. While the routing and capacity allocation subproblem can be formulated using convex optimization, it is prohibitive to add the link placement component to the nonlinear formulation since the link placement problem involves integer variables. To address this issue, we develop a linear formulation for the routing and capacity allocation subproblem by applying tools from robust optimization. We show that this linear formulation performs comparably to the optimal nonlinear formulation. Our formulation can then be used to solve the link-placement subproblem for stochastic traffic. We show that optimal logical topologies for deterministic traffic demands are not necessarily optimal for stochastic traffic demands. We develop algorithms for finding logical topologies optimized for stochastic traffic.
    Print ISSN: 0733-8724
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  • 82
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: We report novel rocking long period gratings (R-LPGs) made by introducing permanent periodic twist along a standard single mode fiber. Very high coupling efficiency of 32.5 dB was achieved with 23 periods and a 2° rocking angle. The responses of R-LPGs to temperature, strain, and torsion were tested. Compared with a normal LPG written under the same conditions, the R-LPGs were found to have a similar sensitivity to temperature, five times smaller sensitivity to strain, and insensitive to twist.
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  • 83
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a complete analytical framework for modeling memoryless nonlinear effects in an intensity modulation and direct detection optical wireless communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The theory employs the Bussgang theorem, which is widely accepted as a means to characterize the impact of nonlinear distortions on normally distributed signals. This paper proposes a new method to generalize this approach, and it describes how a closed-form analytical expression for the system bit error rate can be obtained for an arbitrary memoryless distortion. Major distortion effects at the transmitter stage such as quantization and nonlinearity from the light emitting diode are analyzed. Four known orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-based modulation schemes for optical communication are considered in this paper: direct-current-biased optical OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM, pulse-amplitude-modulated discrete multitone modulation, and unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: This paper presents a downlink scheme that permits the coexistence, on a passive optical network branch, of future DSP-based optical network units (ONUs) that can receive advanced modulation signals and legacy ONUs that can receive only on–off keying (OOK) signals. In the proposed scheme, the two types of signals, advanced modulation signals and OOK signals, are multiplexed by using a hierarchical star quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) format and transmitted simultaneously on a single carrier. The design criteria and the feasibility of the proposal are discussed. The coexistence of 10G-class ONUs and DSP-based ONUs using hierarchical star 8-QAM format is numerically analyzed and experimentally evaluated. The results confirm that a 10-Gbps OOK signal and 30-Gbps star 8-QAM signal can be received with 30.5-dB loss budget by an APD and intradyne detector with DSP, respectively. The ability of the proposed approach to expand the coverage area is also introduced.
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  • 85
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: A novel filter for nonlinear and non-Gaussian systems is proposed in this paper. The unscented Kalman filter is designed to give a preliminary estimation of the state. An additional RBF-network is added to the UKF innovation term to compensate for the non-Gaussianity of the whole system. The Renyi's entropy of the innovation is introduced and parameters of the RBF-network are updated using minimum entropy criterion at each time step. It has been shown that the proposed algorithm has a high accuracy in estimation because entropy can characterize all the randomness of the residual while UKF only cares for the mean and the covariance. It has been proved that with properly chosen bandwidth $Sigma$ , the minimum entropy problem of the innovation is convex. Therefore, the proposed adaptive nonlinear filter will be globally convergent and the misadjustment will be proportional to the step size $mu$ . The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by simulation.
    Print ISSN: 1053-587X
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-0476
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  • 86
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report on the results of numerical investigations into the effects of slot geometry of horizontal slot microdisk resonators on their performance as optical biosensors. We find that for resonator-based biosensors, the mode overlap is the limiting factor for the performance. With this finding, we suggest that slot resonators are superior to conventional, evanescent-field based resonators primarily for the surface sensing, where a high optical field created by the thin slots can be used. Possible mixing of modes reduces the mode overlap and thus need to be avoided by proper design of the resonator structure. We further propose an optimized triple-slot structure to double the possible detector sensitivity.
    Print ISSN: 1041-1135
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  • 87
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We demonstrated 3.2-Tb/s (32 $,times,$ 120-Gb/s) unrepeatered transmission over 445-km fiber with ${rm A}_{rm eff}$ -managed-span. This was achieved by employing co-propagating second-order pumped Raman amplification and remote optically pumped amplifier, which was counter-propagating second-order Raman pumped. This letter also discusses design tradeoff on the nonlinear tolerance and Raman gain efficiency within ${rm A}_{rm eff}$ -managed-span for performance enhancement of unrepeatered transmission.
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  • 88
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report a new approach to photonic generation of binary phase-coded microwave signals based on the asymmetric phase modulation indexes of a phase modulator in the TE and TM polarization states. The proposed system is extremely simplified compared with any other techniques reported in the previous literature since we only use one phase modulator. The microwave carrier frequency is widely tunable, and the $pi$ phase shift of the microwave signal is independent of the amplitude of the electrical driving signal. The proposed technique is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified at carrier frequencies of 10 and 25 GHz, respectively.
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  • 89
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: This letter reports a cost-effective transmitter solution for future generations of long reach passive optical networks (PONs). It is based on the direct adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation of a hybrid III/V-on-silicon laser. Because of low-noise and good linearity of the hybrid laser, modulation formats as high as 32-quadrature amplitude modulation are achieved. Data-rates of 21.5 and 12.4 Gb/s are demonstrated, respectively, in optical back-to-back and 50 km single-mode fiber (SMF)-link free from amplifiers, while on-off keying transmission is limited to ${〈}{rm 7}~{rm Gb}/{rm s}$ at 20 km SMF. The proposed solution stands as a cost-effective solution for next-generation time and wavelength division multiplexing PONs with extended reach, as the hybrid laser can further be made tunable.
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  • 90
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We propose a photonic technique for millimeter-wave ultra-wideband (MMW-UWB) signal generation via direct frequency up-conversion using a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM). By properly setting the dc bias voltages of the DPMZM, the baseband UWB pulse is up-converted to the MMW band without pulse distortion. In addition, the excessive residual local oscillator component is perfectly suppressed. The electrical spectrum of the up-converted UWB signal satisfies the Federal Communications Commission spectral mask very well.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We developed a multiframe observation method of femtosecond laser pulse propagating in transparent medium based on optical polarigraphy technique. An echelon was introduced into the probe light and divided it into multipulses both in time and space, allowing a multiframe detection of the intense laser pulse propagating in materials. Using this method, we realized a multiframe observation of a single femtosecond laser pulse propagating in CS2 with ultrafast self-modulation such as filamentation. This imaging method has been demonstrated to be of a femtosecond time resolution and a frame rate of ${sim}{rm THz}$ .
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  • 92
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: An in-line submillimeter hole fabricated by micro-drilling plastic optical fiber (POF) directly has been proposed as a compact refractive index sensor. Since the hole behaves as a concave lens if it is filled with a liquid having lower refractive index than that of the fiber core, transmittance increases in proportion to the refractive index. Analysis of the sensor transmittance has been performed using a simple ray optics model. Through immersing a 1.5-mm POF with a 0.35-mm-radius hole into various liquids, transmittance of the sensor has been measured at 670 nm. It has been shown that the experimental and analytical results are in excellent agreement.
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  • 93
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We experimentally demonstrate two types of silicon-on-insulator microring devices: 1) a slotted conventional microring resonator (MRR) using a multimode interferometer (MMI) coupler as the coupling element; and 2) an MMI-coupled slotted Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) racetrack microring. We achieved a high bandwidth of 1.1 nm and a quality factor Q of ${sim}{1300}$ at the wavelength of 1510 nm for the conventional MRRs with a radius of 20 $mu{rm m}$ . A high extinction ratio (17–25 dB) is exhibited over a wavelength range from 1490 to 1520 nm. At the 1515-nm resonance wavelength, the MMI-coupled MZI racetrack microring demonstrates a quasi-free spectral range of 22.6 nm with a high extinction ratio of 25 dB. The demonstrated devices have many applications such as biochemical and gas sensing and modulation in communication systems.
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  • 94
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We report an experimental demonstration of a nonuniformly spaced photonic microwave delay-line filter implemented using an incoherent broadband optical source and a spatially discrete chirped fiber Bragg grating (SD-CFBG). The SD-CFBG performs simultaneously three functions: 1) to slice the spectrum of the broadband optical source for generating the filter taps; 2) to provide nonuniform time delays; and 3) to control the weights of the filter taps. Since negative or complex coefficients are equivalently generated based on the nonuniform sampling, a filter with an arbitrary spectra response is achieved. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a flat-top bandpass microwave filter with seven all-positive nonuniformly spaced taps at 12 GHz is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed method offers a cost-effective and easy-to-implement solution for photonic microwave filters having arbitrary frequency responses.
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  • 95
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: An Si photonic transmitter is integrated in a 130-nm silicon-on-insulator complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology. A high-speed photonic ring modulator is designed for 25-Gb/s operation with an 8-dB extinction ratio. The ring is driven with a $2.4hbox{-}{rm V}_{rm pp}$ swing using a low-power inverter driver. With a reference receiver, the 25-Gb/s link is measured with a bit error rate (BER) of $10^{-12}$ . The total transmitter power consumption is 17 mW at 25 Gb/s for an energy efficiency of 680 fJ/b excluding laser and ring tuning power.
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  • 96
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: A higher order statistics (HOS)-based method is proposed in this letter to estimate the nonlinear amplitude-to-phase (AM/PM) conversion function of power amplifiers (PAs) in communications systems. By utilizing the symmetry property of the modulated signal, the proposed method estimates the AM/PM conversion function using only the PA output signal, from which the phase predistorter (PD) function can be derived. Simulation results show that the HOS-based method can accurately determine the phase PD function required to compensate for the AM/PM distortion in the PA, yielding a linearization performance close to that of non-blind methods in terms of adjacent channel power ratio and error vector magnitude.
    Print ISSN: 1070-9908
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-2361
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  • 97
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Quality-of-experience-oriented mechanisms, not currently available in traditional database management systems, allow a system to take into consideration user-specified requirements and to adjust its operations accordingly, based on user expectations.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-0814
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  • 98
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Just as technological innovations enable identity science researchers to develop better recognition systems, they can also create novel challenges for such systems.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9162
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  • 99
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: We don't have satisfactory answers to questions that ask what we must share with our neighbor for our common good and the rights we retain in the process. Yet such answers will be the legacy of our age. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/U0piYSt35YU is a video segment in which author David Alan Grier expands on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he discusses how the idea of "smart cities" makes more sense than the idea of "smart homes."
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  • 100
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Spaces that encourage the mix of academic instruction with practical professional experience beyond the traditional computing classroom can significantly increase students' motivation to learn and to share their learning with others.
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