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  • Other Sources  (211)
  • Articles (OceanRep)  (211)
  • IFM-GEOMAR  (187)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Springer Nature
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  • Other Sources  (211)
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  • Articles (OceanRep)  (211)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-06-24
    Description: Nitrogen fixation — the reduction of dinitrogen (N2) gas to biologically available nitrogen (N) — is an important source of N for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In terrestrial environments, N2-fixing symbioses involve multicellular plants, but in the marine environment these symbioses occur with unicellular planktonic algae. An unusual symbiosis between an uncultivated unicellular cyanobacterium (UCYN-A) and a haptophyte picoplankton alga was recently discovered in oligotrophic oceans. UCYN-A has a highly reduced genome, and exchanges fixed N for fixed carbon with its host. This symbiosis bears some resemblance to symbioses found in freshwater ecosystems. UCYN-A shares many core genes with the 'spheroid bodies' of Epithemia turgida and the endosymbionts of the amoeba Paulinella chromatophora. UCYN-A is widely distributed, and has diversified into a number of sublineages that could be ecotypes. Many questions remain regarding the physical and genetic mechanisms of the association, but UCYN-A is an intriguing model for contemplating the evolution of N2-fixing organelles.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-06-25
    Description: Recognition that evolution operates on the same timescale as ecological processes has motivated growing interest in eco-evolutionary dynamics. Nonetheless, generating sufficient data to test predictions about eco-evolutionary dynamics has proved challenging, particularly in natural contexts. Here we argue that genomic data can be integrated into the study of eco-evolutionary dynamics in ways that deepen our understanding of the interplay between ecology and evolution. Specifically, we outline five major questions in the study of eco-evolutionary dynamics for which genomic data may provide answers. Although genomic data alone will not be sufficient to resolve these challenges, integrating genomic data can provide a more mechanistic understanding of the causes of phenotypic change, help elucidate the mechanisms driving eco-evolutionary dynamics, and lead to more accurate evolutionary predictions of eco-evolutionary dynamics in nature.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-06-25
    Description: Although nearly all 2 °C scenarios use negative CO2 emission technologies, only relatively small investments are being made in them, and concerns are being raised regarding their large-scale use. If no explicit policy decisions are taken soon, however, their use will simply be forced on us to meet the Paris climate targets.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: Insects with complex life-cycles should optimize age and size at maturity during larval development. When inhabiting seasonal environments, organisms have limited reproductive periods and face fundamental decisions: individuals that reach maturity late in season have to either reproduce at a small size or increase their growth rates. Increasing growth rates is costly in insects because of higher juvenile mortality, decreased adult survival or increased susceptibility to parasitism by bacteria and viruses via compromised immune function. Environmental changes such as seasonality can also alter the quantitative genetic architecture. Here, we explore the quantitative genetics of life history and immunity traits under two experimentally induced seasonal environments in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Seasonality affected the life history but not the immune phenotypes. Individuals under decreasing day length developed slower and grew to a bigger size. We found ample additive genetic variance and heritability for components of immunity (haemocyte densities, proPhenoloxidase activity, resistance against Serratia marcescens), and for the life history traits, age and size at maturity. Despite genetic covariance among traits, the structure of G was inconsistent with genetically based trade-off between life history and immune traits (for example, a strong positive genetic correlation between growth rate and haemocyte density was estimated). However, conditional evolvabilities support the idea that genetic covariance structure limits the capacity of individual traits to evolve independently. We found no evidence for G × E interactions arising from the experimentally induced seasonality.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Springer Nature
    In:  Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1 (Article number: 0116).
    Publication Date: 2020-06-25
    Description: Marine microscopic plastic (microplastic) debris is a modern societal issue, illustrating the challenge of balancing the convenience of plastic in daily life with the prospect of causing ecological harm by careless disposal. Here we develop the concept of microplastic as a complex, dynamic mixture of polymers and additives, to which organic material and contaminants can successively bind to form an ‘ecocorona’, increasing the density and surface charge of particles and changing their bioavailability and toxicity. Chronic exposure to microplastic is rarely lethal, but can adversely affect individual animals, reducing feeding and depleting energy stores, with knock-on effects for fecundity and growth. We explore the extent to which ecological processes could be impacted, including altered behaviours, bioturbation and impacts on carbon flux to the deep ocean. We discuss how microplastic compares with other anthropogenic pollutants in terms of ecological risk, and consider the role of science and society in tackling this global issue in the future.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Springer Nature
    In:  Nature Reviews Cancer, 17 (9). pp. 528-542.
    Publication Date: 2020-06-24
    Description: Autophagy is a mechanism by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomes for degradation, leading to the basal turnover of cell components and providing energy and macromolecular precursors. Autophagy has opposing, context-dependent roles in cancer, and interventions to both stimulate and inhibit autophagy have been proposed as cancer therapies. This has led to the therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer to be sometimes viewed as controversial. In this Review, we suggest a way forwards for the effective targeting of autophagy by understanding the context-dependent roles of autophagy and by capitalizing on modern approaches to clinical trial design.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Report , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    IFM-GEOMAR
    In:  IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 19 pp.
    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Der 3. Fahrtabschnitt der 1. Reise des neuesten deutschen Forschungsschiffes Maria S. Merian führt in die Schlammvulkanprovinz des Golf von Cadiz. Hier sollen Untersuchungen von biogeochemischen Stoffumsätzen, Fluid- und Gas-Flüssen an spezifischen Ökosystemen wie anoxischen Lebensgemeinschaften und azooxanthellaten Steinkorallen durchgeführt werden. Die Fahrt, die in 2 Unterabschnitte geteilt ist, beginnt in Kiel gefolgt von einem Zwischenstopp in Cadiz (Spanien) und endet in Lissabon (Portugal). MSM- 1/3 ist eine multidisziplinäre Expedition mit biologischen, geologischen und hydrographischen Fragestellungen. Ein Teil der Untersuchungen wird im Rahmen des „Geotechnologien” Programms des BMBF und der DFG für den Schwerpunkt „Methan im Geo-/Biosystem” durch das am IFM-GEOMAR koordinierte und für das ebenfalls hier schwerpunktmäßig angesiedelte Programm COMET (Controls on methane fluxes and their climatic relevance in marine gas hydrate-bearing environments) durchgeführt. Ein weiterer Teil der Ausfahrt dient den Untersuchungen im Rahmen des FP-6 Programms der EU HERMES (Hotspot Ecosystem Research on the Margins of European Seas). Aus dem HERMES-Programm nehmen 6 Partner teil. Beide Forschungsvorhaben sind sehr umfangreich und in ihrer Thematik komplex. Es gibt neben der geographischen Orientierung auf das Gebiet des Golf von Cadiz eine Vielzahl von inhaltlichen, personellen und logistischen Verbindungen zwischen beiden Programmen. Golf von Cadiz: Geologischer Hintergrund Die Region des Golf von Cadiz hat eine sehr komplexe geologische Geschichte. Sie ist seit der Trias durch mehrere tektonische Phasen mit Extension, Kompression und Lateralverschiebungen gekennzeichnet. Während des Mesozoikums und frühen Känozoikums bildeten sich in diesem Gebiet Bruchzonen mit Halbgraben-Strukturen und Karbonatplattformen. Im Torton verlagerte sich der Gibraltar-Bogen nach Westen. Dadurch wurde der Golf von Cadiz zu einem Forearc-Becken, in das Olistostrome (Rutschmassen) hineinglitten. In diesem Ablagerungsmilieu, das sonst für Akkretionskeile charakteristisch ist, wurden die Sedimente des südiberischen und nordafrikanischen Kontinentalrandes der damaligen Tethys stark deformiert. Die Olistostrom-Bildung war im oberen Miozän beendet. Gleichzeitig nahm die Subsidenz des Gebietes zu, und es kam zur Ausbildung von mächtigen Abfolgen progradierender und aggradierender Vorschüttfächer. Die geodynamische Interpretation dieser tektonisch sehr komplexen Region ist bis heute kontrovers. Der Gibraltarbogen liegt am östlichen Ausläufer der Azoren-Gibraltar Transformstörung, die als transpressionelle Grenze der iberischen und afrikanischen Platte gesehen wird. Die NW-SE gerichtete Konvergenz dieser beiden Platten zeigt sehr langsame Relativbewegungen von nur 4 mm pro Jahr. Die Ergebnisse neuester geophysikalischer Untersuchungen weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass auch eine ostwärtige Subduktion unter den Gibraltar-Bogen die gegensätzlichen Beobachtungen tektonischer Phänomene aus dem Riffgebirge und der Bethischen Kordillere erklären kann. Eine westwärts gerichtete Gegenrotation erzeugt Krustendehnung und damit Subsidenz in der Alboran See, während die damit verbundene westwärtige Verlagerung des Gibraltar-Bogens eine kompressionelle Deformation des Atlantis-Akkretionskeiles bewirkt. Es ist zu erwarten, dass die aktive Subduktion im Golf von Cadiz einen starken Einfluss auf das natürliche Gefahrenpotential dieser Region ausübt. Sie muss beispielsweise als Ursache für das große Erdbeben von 1755 gesehen werden (Stärke 8.5), durch das und den nachfolgenden Tsunami schwere Schäden in Lissabon und im angrenzenden Küstengebiet des Golf von Cadiz verursacht wurden. Diese historischen Ereignisse sind ein gewichtiger Grund dafür, dass der Golf von Cadiz eine Schlüsselregion für Europäische Forschungsaktivitäten und instrumenteller Langzeitbeobachtungen im Rahmen der EU-Programme ESONET, HERMES und EuroSEIZE bildet. Aus den Ergebnissen verschiedener Expeditionen ergeben sich viele Hinweise auf weit verbreitete Fluidaustritte, Karbonatmounds mit Tiefwasserkorallen (Lophelia-Skelette), Kohlenwasserstoff-Gasaustritte und Schlammdiapirismus am portugiesischen, spanischen und marokkanischen Kontinentalrand des Golf von Cadiz. Diese Phänomene wurden als Indikatoren für die weit verbreitete Existenz von gasübersättigten Sedimenten und der Migration von Fluiden diffusiv durch die Sedimente oder advektiv entlang von tektonischen Störungen interpretiert.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    IFM-GEOMAR
    In:  IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 12 pp.
    Publication Date: 2013-04-11
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    IFM-GEOMAR
    In:  IFM-GEOMAR Report, 40 . IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, 26 pp.
    Publication Date: 2012-07-06
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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