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  • thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History  (67)
  • Firenze University Press  (67)
  • English  (61)
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  • 1
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: The writing of county history in England experienced its first boom from the 1570s to the 1650s, during which time a series of outstanding county histories were written, including William Lambarde’s Perambulation of Kent, William Burton’s Description of Leicestershire and William Dugdale’s Antiquities of Warwickshire. All these works are manifestations of the phenomenon of ‘county history writing by the gentry’. County histories are primarily about local place names and famous persons, but also give accounts related to rivers, mountains, land, architecture, real estate, family clans, regional customs and histories. This essay illustrates the sociocultural phenomenon of ‘county history writing by the gentry’ in the view of the formation of the nation state, and aims to demonstrate the significance and value of the writing of county histories by gentlemen, from the perspective of the ‘community of county gentry’.
    Keywords: Early Modern England ; Gentry ; Historiography ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This essay considers how early modern Chinese romance novels conceive of female agency and how this conception was received by prominent cultural elites in eighteenth-century England. In his notes to Hau Kiou Choaan, the first English translation of a full-length Chinese novel, Thomas Percy referred to the novel’s heroine as a “masculine woman”, displaying a peculiar misreading of its trope of female cross-dressing. The essay argues that the increasing association of women with the private sphere in eighteenth-century English culture is a crucial context to consider when we study the initial spread of Chinese fiction in England.
    Keywords: England ; China ; Eighteenth Century ; Fiction ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This chapter evaluates the role of photography in witnessing the modernising process in China during the late Qing period and conflicts which stemmed from it. The camera, introduced in China during the First Opium War (1839–1842), allowed Western eyes to record the establishment of trade routes and associated facilities. The photos examined here were taken immediately before and during the Russo-Japanese War. The photographs appear to have been focusing on technological developments in trade infrastructure, but they also captured the conspicuous Japanese and Russian military presence. Consequently, the photographs reveal the Western role in the “development” of China by its incorporation into global trading networks and violent conflicts fought over control of this infrastructure.
    Keywords: Photography ; China ; Russo-Japanese War ; Infrastructure ; Trade ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Originally performed at London Hampstead Theatre on 3 December 2013, Howard Brenton’s Drawing the Line dramatizes the Partition of India in two distinct nation-states after the Independence in a lush production that highlights personal conflicts and deflates the genocidal implications of the event that changed the future of the Subcontinent. The essay situates Drawing the Line in the context of Brenton’s lifelong engagement with historical theatre and reflects upon the aesthetic and political significance of the marginal role assigned to violence in the drama. It argues that the play performs a postcolonial discourse on South-Asian history, in which cosmopolitan notions of Britishness, Anglo-Indian relations, and colonial rule are interrogated through an ambiguous dramatic irony that, while deploring British ineptitude in handling the Partition process, in fact represents Partition as a colossal tangle of public and private complicities which mitigates the Raj’s responsibilities and tacitly subscribes to a consolatory determinism.
    Keywords: Howard Brenton ; Britishness ; historical theatre ; postcolonial discourse ; Partition of India ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Manuscript reports and letters written in China by the Propaganda Fide and Jesuit missionaries criss-crossed the oceans and the continents to reach Europe on ships, carts, horses, mules, and palanquins, using both European systems of transportation provided by the various East India Companies and governments, and other local public and private postal arrangements. Missionary agencies also mailed from the West robbe d’Europa («European things»), such as silver coins, foodstuff and drugs (chocolate, wine, cheese, olive oil, tobacco), medicines, galanterie (luxury items), books, devotional objects and prints. Chinese goods (tea, silk, medicines, luxury items, books) were sent in the opposite direction to please patrons in Europe. Without this multi-layered, imperfect, yet workable mailing system, the flow of information and articles fuelling early modern globalisation and, within it, the Chinese missions, would have been impossible.
    Keywords: Global Connections ; China Catholic Mission ; Propaganda Fide: Jesuits ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-05-12
    Description: The term «moral science» was used in universities and academies prior to the emergence of the expression «humanities and social sciences». However, its connection with the modern eastern Asian context has not yet been sufficiently investigated. This paper tries to fill the gap with a case study on its import and appropriation by late nineteenth-century Japan to its socio-cultural sphere, having lacked the framework of classifying the sciences into «moral» and «physical» ones. The study achieves this by examining the activities of Meirokusha, a learned society created in 1773 to promote Western studies, and the writings of one of its leading members, Yukichi Fukuzawa, who tried to understand Francis Wayland’s Elements of Moral Science (1835), a famous American textbook in his time.
    Keywords: Moral Science ; Meirokusha ; Francis Wayland ; Yukichi Fukuzawa ; Shigeki Nishimura ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The PN Kammalia-Tarawa in an Old Assyrian tablet seems to be the earliest reference of the deity Darawa. The Luwian background this deity is also apparent, e.g., from the plural form DDa-ra-ú-wa-an-zi or from those texts mentioned in CTH 457 and the etymological interpretation of the divine name to the Luwian verb tarāwi(ya)-. Since the early Middle Hittite period Darawa also found her way into the Hattian milieu and as a goddess connected with the family life, she is mentioned several times in festivals for a queen (CTH 646), but also in the Hittite Prayer to the Sun-goddess of the Netherworld (CTH 371) which is – in my opinion – the only Hittite texts mentioning Darawa within the “pantheon of the state”. Texts from the Hurrian and Kizzuwatnaean milieu (e.g., CTH 351) also refer several times to Darawa, but this is clearly the result of a secondary and marginal dissemination of the goddess. In conclusion one might say that Darawa from her Luwian background also came into contact with various milieus of the “Hittite pantheon”, functioning as a goddess providing good (and evil) to humans in everyday life.
    Keywords: Darawa ; Kuduili ; Festival of a Queen ; non-state religion ; Luwian-Hittite contacts ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The topic of the Anatolian panthea in the Bronze Age deals with Hattian, Hittite, Palaean, Luwian and Hurrian gods who have been worshiped in the Kingdom of Ḫatti. In such a context, along with trying to keep a balanced and methodologically-aware approach in our original research, we realized that a multi-authored work such as the present volume, with papers written by some of the major experts of Anatolian religious history, would represent an invaluable contribution to the advancement of a complex and vast field. This collection of essays is the result of the workshop Theonyms, Panthea and Syncretisms in Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria, held at the University of Verona on 25th and 26th March 2022. Colleagues with different areas of expertise pertaining to the topic of Anatolian religions contributed to an extremely successful event.
    Keywords: Anatolian panthea ; Hittite religion ; theonyms ; linguistics ; State cult ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This paper aims to demonstrate that cults and cultic institutions are a crucial element for understanding the processes producing different regional outcomes after the fall of the Hittite empire. In this paper, cults are understood as normative cosmic forces defining tempo and worldview of ancient societies. Cultic institutions can be identified as physical spaces defined by purity, charged with real and symbolic value, and led by specialists whose competence is recognised by the community. Instead of being a by-product of political complexity, they are a driving force behind the power dynamics because they are perceived as such in a bottom-up perspective, but also often by main political actors in search of legitimation of their power. This paper examines the interconnections between cultic and political institutions in the territory under the Hittite empire and in the same space after the empire’s demise. We aim to distinguish between processes of resilience, reorganisation, and transformation as they occurred in particular micro-regions previously controlled by the empire, including the Upper Euphrates, South-Central Anatolia, North-Central Anatolia, Cilicia, and the Northern Levant; this will demonstrate both the importance of such a micro-regionally defined study, as well as the shared coincidence of cultic and political institutional change. It will become evident that cultic continuity coincided with the resilience of political institutions, and changes in the cultic landscape corresponded to political reorganisations or transformations in post-Hittite Anatolia and north Syria.
    Keywords: institution ; temple ; kingship ; Syro-Anatolia ; post-Hittite ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This study deals with aspectuality in Resian, a Slovene-based variety of north-eastern Italy, and the probable role of Romance influence on developments in this domain. In part, these findings are compared with the situation found with other non-Romance linguistic varieties spoken in Italy, especially Molise Slavic. The functional-semantic field of aspectuality is considered both in relation to its grammatical centre, viz. verbal aspect, and its lexical periphery. Language contact plays an important role in the almost complete transition of the Resian dual aspect system to a purely derivational opposition “imperfective : perfective”, also absorbing most of its prior morphosyntactic opposition “imperfect : aorist : perfect”. Furthermore, the special aspectual selection properties of phasal verbs and the role of aspect in the functions of modal verbs merit particular mention in this respect. In the case of lexical and periphrastic means of expression, a number of calqued progressive and prospective (imminent) periphrases, mostly calqued from Romance models, are discussed.
    Keywords: Resian ; verbal aspect ; language contact ; modality ; phasal verbs ; imminentive ; progressive ; imperfect ; aspectual periphrases ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Ongoing study of the pottery assemblage and its surrounding context in Area 4 at the site of Alalakh has again brought to light a phenomenon that is considered typical for the Iron Age I Levant: the construction of pits/silo installations in open areas. This phenomenon has been interpreted as a sign of ruralisation or insecure economic conditions, a possible marker for the political instability in the area during the 13th-12th centuries BCE. This article examines the similarities and differences between the examples from the Iron Age I in the ‘Amuq and contemporary sites in the Levant, and also considers later similar installations from the Iron Age II. Keeping in mind the functions usually ascribed to these structures, this study also analyses the so-called ‘Anatolian’ tradition of grain storage in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in order to address the role of these installations in understanding possible food control strategies and their possible impact in the Levant.
    Keywords: Storage system ; Late bronze ; Iron age ; 'Amuq ; Grain pits ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The spectacular finds at Göbekli Tepe and Nevali Çorı: monolithic pillars representing stylized humans decorated with a large variety of animals, are the representation of an animist cosmos, in which animals and plants being may appear as persons, capable of will. Çatal Höyük represents a stage in which gods started to be shaped: the bull represented the Storm-god (a concept which reached the Classical period), the stag the god of the wild fauna, and female figurines symbolized the Mother-goddess. In Egypt, where gods where usually represented by animals, zoomorphism presents a continuity which ended only with the introduction of Christianity. The archaeological finds from Kaneš and the Hittite texts document an extraordinary continuity: each deity was represented by an animal, portraited in the vessel with which the celebrant (the royal couple or also a priest) reached a kind of communion with the god in drinking of the same wine and eating of the same bread.
    Keywords: Animism ; Göbekli Tepe ; Hittite zoomoprhism ; meal ritual ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The short but significant experiment of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy left politically ephemeral albeit culturally surprisingly durable traces in the peninsula. Among them, epigraphy takes centre stage when discussing decrees, laws, and public documents, which are a direct expression of the rulers’ will to gain greater visibility and disseminate their voice. However, epigraphy is also crucial to knowing the names, professions, ideas, and other concepts relating to the ordinary people. This contribution aims to examine a number of issues concerning controversial Germanic names datable between the VIth and VIIth century AD, and variably assigned to Ostrogoths, Lombards, and even Carolingians characters; through the lens of these durable materials, which – ironically enough – are monuments both recording contemporary propaganda and everyday life facets, the article will also explore the graphic and epigraphic changes which occurred in Italy between the VIth-IXth centuries.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Late Antiquity ; Ostrogoths ; Lombards ; Germanic names ; Epigraphy ; Paleography ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The Amalfi Coast is characterized by jagged mountain ridges and valleys that include streams and plunges into the sea with steep cliffs, here and there interrupted by short sandy coasts. The coastal and inland towns contribute to the beauty of the landscape, rich in historical and artistic evidence from the Middle Ages. At the same time, urban agglomerations expanded, almost unique examples of adaptation to difficult environmental conditions. The study aims to analyze the natural and anthropogenic components of the whole, today.
    Keywords: Amalfi Coast ; Road ; Valley of the mills ; cave ; Amalfi villages ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This article shows that particle verbs in Burgenland Croatian – a notable morphosyntactic phenomenon of language contact – may form aspectual pairs in a typically Slavic manner. Particle-based pairs with an indigenous base verb are formed by means of suffixation, suffix opposition, suppletion or prefixation. In the case of spatial relations, by contrast, preverbs predominate over prefixes, leading to a reduction of the old inventory of verbal compounds. Nevertheless, preverbs are only rarely obligatory in the formation of aspectual pairs. In the case of borrowings, only prefixation is productive, which might be attributed to German (and Hungarian) influence. On a par with other aspectual pairs, particle-based formations may express taxis relations (sequence, simultaneity, incidence). Language contact possibly contributed to the preservation of the Contextually Conditioned Imperfective Past also in imperfective particle verbs.
    Keywords: Particle verbs ; Burgenland Croatian ; language contact ; verbal aspect ; CCIP ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The aim of this paper is to analyse two ethnographic identities constructed for two barbarian peoples – the Ostrogoths and the Langobards. As I try to argue, the first identity was constructed to show that the Ostrogoths were a civilized people and a better version of the Romans, and moreover, this identity communicated that the Ostrogoths could not be called a barbaric and savage people. Theoderic the Great’s propagandists tried to present the Ostrogothic warriors as defenders of the Roman World. The second identity – constructed for the Langobards – presented them as a people who embodied the very antithesis of their main enemies c. 660: the Franks and the Romans. The origin of the Langobards and the genesis of their ethnic hallmark, i.e. the long beards, were presented as signs of distinction or limitic structures which communicated non-romanitas of this people.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Late Antiquity ; Ostrogoths ; Langobards ; Theoderic the Great ; Origo gentis Langobardorum ; Ethnographic Identity ; Barbarians ; Civilization ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Already by the Late Bronze Age, culturally distinct cults of Kubaba existed throughout the region controlled by the Hittite Empire. After the fall of the empire and the fragmentation of the political landscape of the Syro-Anatolian region, these cults persisted in local contexts, developing along their own trajectories, and thus producing hypostases of the goddess with unique roles, modes of expression, and perhaps aliases. However, these local variations did not evolve in a vacuum, but in many cases through a process of interregional and intercultural interactions. This paper will examine these processes along with the resultant expressions of local cults of Kubaba, demonstrating specific trajectories for interactions between neighboring groups, along with selective adaptations and rejections of foreign cultic concepts. Preliminary results suggest an interesting convergence between these cults and certain sociolinguistic boundaries within the region, perhaps connected to communities with shared group identities.
    Keywords: Kubaba ; Iron Age ; Religious contacts ; Syro-Anatolian cults ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: The paper aims to illustrate, especially through the results of recent archaeological studies, the articulation and forms of the centres of public power between the Gothic and the Carolingian periods, in the dialectic between the city as a seat of the institutions and their protagonists, and the countryside, which contains the production centres and controls their resources. We will consider the Italian territory, with a focus on Tuscany, and propose some comparisons with the rest of Europe. An architectural, artistic and topographical resilience emerges. It is probably the consequence of the continuity of a series of elements: the public ownership of particular urban and suburban areas and palaces, as well as of rural strategic sites; the use of languages and models of the Late Roman aristocracy, and the economic impoverishment of the early medieval rulers.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Late Antiquity ; 5th-9th Century ; Italy ; Tuscany ; Public Power Centers ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The article provides a survey of aspect-tense (AT) grams in (North) Slavic and Baltic, with some account of Finnic. More recently developed grams (bound morphology and constructions) are evaluated against a deeper diachronic and larger areal backdrop in order to assess the significance of contact as a factor contributing to convergence of Slavic and Baltic varieties in the AT domain. In fact, the amount of actually converging features related to grammatical oppositions in this area is quite small; these are: (i) Prominent parallels in the strict subject- vs. object-oriented division of perfects in Slavic (mainly Belarusian) rural varieties, which must have been supported by an ancient and very stable Baltic model. (ii) Suffixation patterns of stem derivation in Aukštaitian Lithuanian resembling Slavic secondary imperfectivisation. The reasons for a generally low level of mutual influence between Baltic and Slavic are subjected to some methodological discussion.
    Keywords: (North) Slavic ; Baltic ; language contact ; areal convergence ; aspect-tense grams ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The riches of the Hittite tablet collections are justly famous for the great mass of information they provide about deities, cult, and religious beliefs all over the Kingdom of Hattusa. The sheer amount of available texts and the fragmented state of many of them pose nontrivial problems for any systematic study of the Hittite religion. Expanding on the digital edition of the so-called cult inventories (CTH 526-530, ca. 450 fragments) and exploiting the potential of the related database, this paper provides for the first time a quantitative analysis of the panthea of local towns in the core area of the kingdom in the Late Empire period. The study is organized in two parts. Part One sets out the methodological basis for the analysis by examining the target corpus in terms of internal consistency, discussing the appropriateness of a distinction between “state” vs. “nonstate” cults both within the perspective of the current discourse on Hittite religion and specifically with regard to its consequences for the proposed analysis, and laying out the analytical principles used in the extraction of the relevant information. Part Two presents selected sets of data, explores ways to interpret and combine them, and investigates their significance for the study of local panthea in the Late Empire. The results are twofold. On the one hand, an innovative picture of the panthea under discussion is obtained, with substantial implications for our understanding of a number of deities, their relationship to each other, and their role within the religious life of provincial communities. On the other hand, the critical scrutiny of the nature and specific traits of the data sample highlights methodological pitfalls in a purely quantitative analysis of Hittite religious texts, and proposes correctives for mitigating their impact, thereby providing a significant case study for future research.
    Keywords: Hittite religion ; ancient Anatolia ; quantitative research ; centre-periphery studies ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This paper is based on a number of reuses of Cassiodorus’ Variae that have been found in notarial documents written in Rome and Lazio between the tenth and eleventh century. Given that the manuscript tradition of the Variae becomes visible only from the twelfth-thirteenth centuries onwards, these reuses are a good starting point to reflect on a specific question: what were the practical and contingent motivations that, in Lazio, stimulated the intellectual elites to research and reuse the Variae? By following an alternative path to that of the manuscript evidence, it is thus possible better to identify the contexts of preservation, circulation, and practical use of the Variae underlying the more evident late medieval revival.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 10th-11th Century ; Lazio ; Rome ; Cassiodorus’ Variae ; Medieval notaries ; Legal Renaissance ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This paper deals with the Upper Sorbian aspect categories. While the traditional inflectional opposition imperfect vs. aorist is still widely used in the standard variety, it has almost disappeared from the colloquial variety used in the Catholic area of Upper Lusatia in Eastern Germany. By contrast, the derivational opposition of perfectivity formally persists in this area but has undergone some changes which are very specific to this variety. In particular, this aspect opposition, expressed by means of prefixes and suffixes has been radically restructured, such that its functional domain has shifted from grammatical aspect to grammatical telicity. It is argued that the starting point of this change is to be sought in an identification of the Sorbian aspect-sensitive grammatical prefixes with the German prefixes which mainly express telicity in processes of word formation. Special usages dealt with in this study are, on the one hand, the expression of habituality through (formally) imperfective verbs and, surprisingly, the expression of ongoing telic processes, but also of the analytical future, by means of their perfective correlates, on the other.
    Keywords: Upper Sorbian varieties ; German ; aspect ; language contact ; grammatical telicity ; telic processes ; habituality ; future ; prefixes ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In his investigation of the expansion of the cult of the “deity of the night” in Anatolia and her relationship with Ištar (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 46, 259-439), J. Miller exposed the complexity of a diachronical analysis of the religious phenomenon represented by the diffusion of local “forms” or “aspects” of Ištar during the late Hittite period. However, many relevant issues concerning the role of the goddess in the Hittite dynastic pantheon, heavily influenced by Ḫurrian beliefs, and her presence in local pantheons, are still to be dealt with. As a case study, the present contribution will focus in particular on the goddess Ištar of Ḫattarina, attested together with the “Kanešite gods” Pirwa and Aškašepa in Muwatalli II’s prayer CTH 381. This unusual association may be derived from the interpretation of a local female deity traditionally defined as MUNUS.LUGAL, “queen” in Hittite local pantheons, as a form of Ištar.
    Keywords: Hittite cult ; Hittite religion ; Ištar ; Hittite pantheon ; Local cults ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Through the contextual analysis of the occurrences of solar deities in the Kuwattalla ritual texts, we will try to sketch a portrait of these deities, focusing on their functions in the ritual process. Special attention will be paid to the combination of ritual gestures with Luwian incantations, since the latter might help to define the specificities of each member of this divine group.
    Keywords: Luwian ; Hittite ; Sun-deities ; ritual texts ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This introductory essay aims at highlighting some aspects concerning the connections between the Ostrogoths and Franks in the Middle Ages. To this end, cases from different contexts and chronologies have been examined: firstly, Giovanni Villani’s chronicle, which conveys a polarized image of the Gothic and Carolingian worlds; and then some testimonies from the ninth century, that use the Ostrogothic model in connection with the present in a more complex and ambivalent manner. The various interpretations of the Gothic world are linked by a tendency to emphasize historical analogies, that leads to an overall and protracted disinterest in the specific forms of Ostrogothic society and in work that most documents it, Cassiodorus’ Variae.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; Communal Age ; Carolingian Age ; Florence ; Giovanni Villani ; Walahfrid Strabo ; Cassiodorus ; Franks ; Ostrogoths ; Political Use of History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In recent years archaeological investigation has made an important contribution for ascertaining the possible relationship between the center of the kingdom, namely the king and his capital city, and the regions at the core of the kingdom in different periods of Hittite history. The empire was not a monolithic entity but a complex web of interactions. In this frame the Hittite king emerges in his several roles. In this study I have chosen to focus on the king’s administrative role and the way in which he was present in the territory through a controlled system of land allocation.
    Keywords: Hittite king ; administration ; land ; economy ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: For the Hittite religion of the “Thousand Gods of Hatti” the scholarship has identified different ways of categorization: State pantheon, Local cults, “circle” and numeric group are the most widely used categories based on several criteria, such as linguistics, geography, and cultural milieu. The present paper aims to better define the state of the question about the hierarchy within the Hittite pantheon on the one hand, and to further investigate the notion of “circle” in the Hittite religion on the other, whose analysis has raised some questions and has led to different interpretations.
    Keywords: Hittite pantheon ; Local cults ; Hierarchical pantheon ; divine groups ; divine circles ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This paper has two main objectives, to present some essential aspectual properties of Molise Slavic in comparison with other varieties in situations of strong language contact, and to discuss the role of language contact in each of these. Besides the grammatical categories of verbal aspect in the narrow sense, we deal with several more or less grammaticalised periphrases that also express aspectual functions or whose usage, at least, is triggered under the influence of verbal aspect. As in some other Slavic languages, having preserved traces of the original dual aspect system, Molise Slavic still displays a morphosyntactic aspectual opposition expressed by means of the perfect vs. imperfect, in addition to the Slavic derivational opposition between perfective vs. imperfective. Both oppositions combine with each other. The role of Romance in the reorganisation of these categories is discussed. The most salient innovation from a formal perspective is the imminentive calqued from Italian, but combinations of full verbs with phasal and modal verbs also show Romance influence. The results of the influence of dominant varieties on Molise Slavic in the area of aspectuality are compared with the development and behaviour of corresponding phenomena in the other languages and language families presented in this volume, in particular Resian and Slavic minority languages in Austria and Germany, Italo-Albanian, Italo-Greek, Baltic, German-based varieties in Northern Italy and Macedonian-based varieties in Albania and North Macedonia.
    Keywords: Molise Slavic ; aspect ; language contact ; modality ; phasal verbs ; imminentive ; passive ; progressive ; perfect ; triangulation ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This essay presents an updated edition of the Hittite document KBo 6.29+. This text is a royal edict issued by Ḫattušili III and establishes that the sanctuary of the Goddess Šaušga will be exempted from any levies. The regulations concerning this sanctuary are preceded by a long introduction where the king relates his conflict with Urḫi-Teššob. This presentation can be compared with the narrative on this event that is documented in the ‘Apology.’
    Keywords: Hittites ; Hattusili III ; Royal Decrees. ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Conspiracies frustrate contemporaries, historiographers, and historians. This article explores roles, focalization, and confession in three conspiracies related to Italy, from the 6th, 4th, and 9th centuries respectively. The protagonists include Boethius, Silvanus, and Theodulf of Orléans. The main contribution is a philological and historiographical re-evaluation of Theodulf’s role in the revolt of Bernard of Italy against Louis the Pious (817/18), arguing that Theodulf advised Louis about the punishment of the conspirators. Boethius first emerges as a historico-political exemplum (though his Cons.) in Modoin’s rescriptum (Theodulf, C. 73 [820/21]).
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Late Antiquity ; Louis the Pious ; Theodulf of Orléans ; Boethius ; Receptions ; Consolation of Philosophy ; Ammianus Marcellinus ; Silvanus ; Revolt of Bernard of Italy (817) ; Confession ; Conspiracies ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: “Roman law” could mean very different things in the Carolingian period, and refers to a great variety of legal texts. This becomes particularly visible from the abbreviated versions of Roman law that were produced and circulated since the 6th century. The paper contrasts the so-called Epitome Aegidii, a Gallic compilation based on the Breviary of the Visigothic King Alaric II, with the so-called Epitome Iuliani, a short version of the novels of the Emperor Justinian, as both abbreviated compilations were used in the regnum Italiae under the Frankish Emperor Lothar I for legislation and legal practice. Both compilations attest to different aspects of the Roman legal tradition, and to the divergent purposes of the Frankish rulers when trying to make use of Roman law. Surprisingly, we also find elements of Ostrogothic law incorporated into what was perceived of in Carolingian Italy as the manifold resources of the Roman legal tradition.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Lothar I ; Roman Law ; Edictum Theoderici ; Capitulary Legislation ; Legal Pluralism ; Legal Manuscripts ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: The nature of the administration of sacred time in Hittite Anatolia represents a complex problem, which has received little attention until recent years. This paper provides an overview of the topic, reconsidering the Hittite religious calendar as a whole and analysing some of the main issues connected with the Hittite calendrical system, such as the problem of the beginning of the year, the lunar nature of the Hittite month and the alleged existence of a system of intercalation.
    Keywords: Hittite Religion ; Cult calendar ; Hittite seasonal festivals ; Sacred time ; Lunar cycle ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The “Sun-goddess of the earth” and the less clearly defined category of “chthonic solar deities” of Hittite religion have been the objects of various studies in recent years. This paper aims to examine the significance of these categories of deities within the Hittite festival texts. Although the Sun-goddess of the earth achieves some prominence in local cult contexts, such as at Zippalanda and Nerik, she otherwise remains a marginal deity. This contrasts with her general significance in Hittite magical rituals. The chthonic solar deities represent a less tangible deity type that is associated with death and the netherworld, but that also does not attain overarching significance in the Hittite state pantheon. Finally, the paper addresses the question, to what cultural milieu can we trace the beginnings of the Sun-goddess of the earth? Efforts to identify her origins in the Hattian milieu of north-central Anatolia will be critiqued, favoring the Luwian milieu instead as the most likely from which the tradition of the Sun-goddess emerged, and later flourished in the magical traditions especially that became widespread in Hittite society of Late Bronze Age Anatolia.
    Keywords: Hittite religion ; Anatolian religion ; chthonic deities ; solar deities ; festivals ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In recent years, several studies have focused on the interpretation and possible function of the so-called Hittite landscape monuments. For many of these monuments, a connection with the sphere of religion and cultic celebration has been suggested, especially taking into account the possible sanctity of their location, often connected to mountains, rocky outcrops, and water. The landscape monuments would in this sense represent a form of immaterial appropriation of the landscape by the Hittite king, the elites, or, in some cases, local rulers, and would play a specific role in the transmission of messages aimed at consolidating identity and/or spreading consensus. This contribution aims to provide further elements of discussion on the subject, and particularly on the use of landscape monuments as the scene of public events, through a (re)examination of some characteristics of the so-called sacred pool of Eflatunpınar, its possible connection with cult celebrations, and the identity of the ruler that sponsored its construction.
    Keywords: Hittite monuments ; Eflatunpınar ; purulli ; Tutḫaliya IV ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 35
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: The research on the influence of the memory of the Goths and Theoderic on Carolingian rule, particularly in Italy, is just beginning. The first promising results, presented in the volume, on the knowledge of the Variae and Theoderic’s Edict in the Carolingian and post-Carolingian period are highlighted, as well as the possible developments of comparative research on the origines gentium or on the various histories that circulated in the writings of the authors of the Carolingian period. Finally, bearing in mind the role of cultural mediator played by Paul the Deacon, the importance of the Lombard phase in the transmission of the memory of Ostrogothic rule to the Carolingians emerged, through a parallel between the actions of Aistulf and Charlemagne.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Carolingian Italy ; Cassiodorus’ Variae ; Late Roman Laws ; Ostrogothic Memory ; Lombard Heritage ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to update the study and analysis of the administration of Karkemish during the final phase of the Hittite kingdom. The first introductory part outlines previous contributions and results. The second part presents the updated lists of princes and officials belonging to the court of Karkemish. The third part attempts to place princes and officials in chronological order (according to the different periods of reigns). Lastly, the fourth part provides an in-depth prosopographic analysis regarding some important or interesting officials.
    Keywords: Karkemish ; princes ; officials ; Late Bronze Age ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Astrology and meteorology have always had great importance for agriculture and navigation. They are described some measuring and forecasting instruments which, in the past, had a moderate success to navigate the Mediterranean, but they were forgotten because they were supplanted by other more reliable instruments in oceans. We refer to: parapegma, (made when meteorology was still a particular aspect of astrology); a calculator for determining the position of stars; instruments to establish position of a ship with respect to the Sun or the North Pole and to determine ships direction and speed
    Keywords: Nautical astronomical instruments ; Parapegma ; History of Technology ; Mediterranean sailing ; Meteorological Instruments ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Based on the work conducted during winter 2017 both on casts of the Hittite reliefs exhibited at the Pergamon-Museum and the original matrices of the Humann casts (1892) kept at the Gipsformerei in Berlin/Charlottenburg, a series of results are presented regarding the sculptural decoration programme present in the Yazılıkaya rock sanctuary. In addition, the exhibition and publication of a series of casts of Hittite reliefs on the occasion of the exhibition Royaumes Oubliés, held in Paris in 2019, made it possible to provide some insights into the history of the casts made by E. Chantre on the occasion of his Mission en Cappadoce in 1893-94
    Keywords: Decorative program ; Pergamon-Museum ; Gipsformerei ; Berlin ; Yazılıkaya ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The contribution intends to retrace the history of Pavia’s famous equestrian statue, known as the “Regisole”, destroyed in 1796. The statue, in gilded bronze, represented a Roman emperor and was transferred from Rome to Ravenna, most likely by Theoderic. At a certain point, probably between the eighth and tenth centuries, the Regisole arrived in Pavia, even if it is difficult to establish who was responsible for that. The most logical solution is to attribute the transfer of the monument to a Lombard king, specifically to Aistulf, who conquered Ravenna in 751. It is possible to argue that by transferring the Regisole – which was believed to represent Theoderic – to the capital of the Lombard kingdom, Aistulf intended to promote an imperial image of himself, at a time when the conquest of the Exarchate raised him to the rank of “new Theoderic”.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Ravenna ; Pavia ; Theoderic ; Aistulf ; Regisole ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    Firenze University Press | Theonyms, Panthea and Syncretisms in Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Hurrian personal names are documented among the members of the Hittite royal family starting from the time of King Tuthaliya I and they become more and more popular in the 13th century BC. The rulers of polities subordinate to Hatti, such as Karkemish and Amurru, bore Hurrian names. These names were also diffused among the inhabitants of Anatolia and Syria, as the Hittite texts and the tablets discovered at Alalah and Emar demonstrate. The greatest part of the Hurrian names is "Satznamen" in which one of the two components is a divine name. Thus, the name giving process can offer information on the spread of the Hurrian religious tradition in the regions under the Hittite political control.
    Keywords: Hurrians ; Hurrian personal names ; Hurrian pantheon ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 41
    facet.materialart.
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: The victory of Justinian, achieved after a lacerating war, put an end to the ambitious project conceived and implemented by Theoderic after his arrival in Italy: that of a new society in which peoples divided by centuries-old cultural barriers would live together in peace and justice, without renouncing their own traditions but respecting shared principles inspired by the values of civilitas. What did this great experiment leave to Europe and Italy in the centuries to come? What were the survivals and the ruptures, what were the revivals of that world in early medieval society? How did that past continue to be recounted and how did it interact with the present, especially in the decisive moment of the Frankish conquest of Italy? This book aims to confront these questions, and it does so by exploring different themes, concerning politics and ideology, culture and literary tradition, law, epigraphy and archaeology.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; Late Antiquity ; Carolingian Age ; Ostrogoths ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 42
    facet.materialart.
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: The fate of Cassiodorus’ Variae during the Early Middle Ages is largely unknown, since the manuscript tradition begins with the eleventh century, and long quotations taken from them are attested only from that period. However, words or expressions reminiscent of the Variae occur more than once in Charlemagne’s letters to Byzantium, in the works of Paschasius, and in the Donation of Constantine. The author of the epistles sent by Charlemagne’s to the East Roman emperor was aware of the ideological context of Variae 1.1, and the same is true for the Donation of Constantine. At the same time, Paschasius used Cassiodorus as a source of elegant words and expressions, thereby treating him like a classical author. It is impossible to ascertain whether Carolingian writers had access to all books of the Variae, or only to a substantial selection of letters (similar for instance to the manuscript containing the Epistolae Austrasicae), but there is a high degree of likelihood that they knew quite a few epistles of Cassiodorus, and were able to appreciate the political messages conveyed by them.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; 9th Century ; Charlemagne ; Paschasius Radbertus ; Cassiodorus’ Variae ; Donation of Constantine ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Over 500 clay sealings from the Hittite Empire Period were retrieved in a LB II stratum of Area C East in the Lower Palace area (excavations seasons 2017-2021). 301 clay sealings were sealed 493 times by over 50 different seals belonging to c. 35 officials. In this paper, philological comments will be made about the officials of the relevant archive whose names and/or titles/professions are legible and a new interpretation of the sign L254 will be suggested as an Addendum.
    Keywords: Hittites ; Karkemish ; Late Bronze Age Seals and Sealings ; Anatolian Hieroglyphs ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This article sets out to present a recent study of progressive and prospective periphrases in Cimbrian, a German-based variety spoken in Northern Italy. Our research complements a renewed interest in the grammaticalization processes of progressive periphrases in inland-German dialects and standard German, focusing on German-based dialects that are spoken in isolation, namely not under the roof of Standard German. In such varieties similar processes take place; they show, however, accelerated dynamics due to the contact situation and can, thus, shed light on the diachrony of German and its dialects. In relation to the aspectual constructions in Cimbrian, we discovered a previously undocumented perspective periphrasis, viz. soin drumauz + zu-INF, which, however, is destined to be discarded from the aspectual system of Cimbrian on account of the expansion of the more general periphrasis soin nå + zu-INF. In terms of the dynamics of contact-induced grammar change, our research confirms that new constructions in a contact language are not simply the replication of those in the donor language but, rather, represent the internal recombination of abstract features in the aspectual system of Cimbrian.
    Keywords: Cimbrian ; aspectuality ; progressive ; syntax ; language contact ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Metallic Trace Elements were measured in the sediment, their concentrations highlighted a moderate pollution despite the human activities (urban-wastewater, harbour, textile industries). The phosphorus dynamic is controlled by environmental conditions, (i) oxic sediment with basic pH enhance the FeOOH formation then the phosphorus fixation on FeOOH or CaCO3 in sediment whatever the sediment lithology and (ii) anoxic and acidic sediment enhance the formation of ROP (Residual Organic Phosphorus) in correlation with the presence of aquatic plants (Posidonia meadow) in the sediment.
    Keywords: Coastal Lagoon ; Tunisia ; Metallic Trace Elements ; Phosphorus particulate fractions ; Principal Components Analysis ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The goddess Išḫara is attested early in cuneiform sources, and her cult can be traced back in all regions of the Ancient Near East over a period of more than 2000 years. From this point of view, it is worthwhile to look at her integration into the Hittite pantheon and try to identify changes and continuities in her figure and present some ideas about the circumstances under which the process of integration took place.
    Keywords: Išḫara ; mothergoddess ; religious infiltration ; local avatars ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: The present study aims at assessing the distribution and extension of the coralligenous cliffs in Tuscany and describing the structure and the patterns of spatial variability. The mapping of seabed was obtained through Multibeam echosounder data coupled with video images. Coralligenous cliffs were sampled by SCUBA divers in 11 sectors of rocky costs following the STAR procedure. Coralligenous cliffs were present in all study sites, with a total length of about 62.5 km and a total surface of 0.47 km2. The linear extension of the habitat may be estimated about the 20% of Tuscany rocky coast.
    Keywords: Benthic assemblages ; Coralligenous reefs ; Mapping ; Mediterranean Sea ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This essay considers a number of travellers’ writings about Africa which are reread to construct and deconstruct Italian colonial identity. It focuses on Cesare Cesari’s Viaggi africani di Pellegrino Matteucci (1932), which deems Matteucci a precursor of Fascist colonialism and contributor to Fascist “colonial science”. The essay then moves on to explore the more recent rereading by Angelo Del Boca and Igiaba Scego of respectively Indro Montanelli’s XX Battaglione Eritreo (1936) and Errico Emanuelli’s Settimana nera (1961). By bringing together and rereading these texts, the essay maps the transformations of Italianness from colonial to postcolonial times and reveals how colonial identity relied on a series of gender, racial and sexual tropes of exploration and conquest.
    Keywords: Africa ; colonial identity ; race ; sex ; gender ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The rediscovery and promotion of fourteen islands in the Aegean Sea – renamed the Dodecanese Islands – annexed to Italy as a military possession while formally under the dominion of the Ottomans, might be considered another phase in the search for an Italian identity. From 1912 to 1943 these islands experienced Italy’s ambiguous presence as invaders and colonizers. This paper aims to highlight the concept of Italianità through the works of Hermes Balducci, one of the protagonists of Italian colonial architecture in the Dodecanese Islands. To this end and using lesser-known material, this case study intends to recreate and redefine the past of the Italian presence on these islands and provide an interesting point of view in the search for a lost and rediscovered Italian spirit.
    Keywords: Dodecanese ; Italian possession ; Italianità ; Hermes Balducci ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This study aims to investigate the development of a shared sense of identity and community that occurred in Italy from its unification until the end of the colonial empire, and its traces in the republican period. This nation-building process will be examined by analysing Italy’s relationship with the early modern age of the Peninsula and its pre-unification travellers to the East. We will see how the production and dissemination of an Italian national consciousness and sentiment was based largely on the construction of a “mythical past” through exhibitions, collections, printed works, magazines and institutes dedicated to magnifying the “exploits” of travellers and explorers in the East, from Marco Polo to Giuseppe Tucci.
    Keywords: Italian colonialism ; Italian nation-building ; Giovanni Gentile ; Giuseppe Tucci ; IsMEO ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Between the 780s and the 840s the episcopal see of Verona was held by bishops coming from beyond the Alps, appointed by the Carolingian rulers and charged with control over a prestigious and strategically key bishopric. They were called upon to boost the communications between the local elites and the political and social machinery of the Carolingian world. In order to achieve that, they first had to negotiate their own integration in their new field of action, and to be acknowledged as effective political mediators between Verona and the rulers. The tools they used to do that were, on the one hand, their own skills and previous experience, on the other, the centre for textual production, preservation and dissemination they found in Verona, that is, the cathedral scriptorium and library. The books that can be attributed to them allow us to keep trace of the networks of relationships and cultural exchanges they developed, linking the two sides of the Alps. This paper focuses more specifically on the activities and endeavours of Bishop Ratold (c. 802-840). The liturgical and hagiographical manuscripts produced in Verona in that period are examined as key markers of Ratold’s intellectual networks, and of the ways in which he used them for his own need for self-integration. They also provide elements casting light on the introduction and reception of the Carolingian cultural reforms in the Kingdom of Italy.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; North-Eastern Italy ; Verona ; Reichenau ; Ratold ; liturgical manuscripts ; Carolingian religious reforms. ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In this introductory essay, the editors discuss the new perspectives offered by the volume on travel literature, the question of nation-building and the history of orientalism and oriental studies in Post-unification Italy. In particular, the authors describe the methodological potential of the concept of rereading and discuss the intertwinement between the (re)uses of travel literature and the processes of nation-building in Italy. Furthermore, the editors highlight the open character of the notion of “travellers” adopted in the essays and underline the importance of considering the specific character of orientalism and oriental studies in Italy, while briefly discussing the issue of female travel literature. Finally, they present the essays contained in the volume, suggesting different ways of reading them.
    Keywords: Italian nation-building ; Italian orientalism ; travel literature ; rereading ; women travellers ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The article consists of two intertwined sections. In the first, I intend to reconstruct the processes of political and social transformation that took place in Lucca under the actions of Bishops Berengar (837-843) and Ambrose (843-852): foreigners appointed in succession by the Court. In order to do this, I will take the viewpoint offered by the numerous private charters preserved in the Archivio Storico Diocesano of Lucca. Secondly, I will present the first results of a study on the manuscripts of the same period preserved there – an heritage not yet fully explored and appreciated. I will focus in particular on the most-recently entered text in ms 490: the so-called Dicta Gelasii papae. It was written in a Carolingian hand that Armando Petrucci has compared to that of Bishop Berengar. The text constitutes an exceptional insight into the turmoil that animated the sacred palace after the «penitential reform» of 813, and which spread throughout the Empire within a general movement of correctio.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Italy ; Lucca ; Carolingians ; Gelasius I ; Lothair I ; correctio ; penitential reform ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This article offers an overview of the readings of Marco Polo’s ventures offered to the Italian public opinion during the Fascist era. Marco Polo’s image was adapted to the needs of patriotic pedagogy, propaganda of Fascist values and colonial aspirations, and the attempt to redefine Rome’s political, economic and cultural role in the world. In a complex mix of academic and popular readings, the official discourse transformed the Venetian traveller into a symbol of Italianness in China in order to legitimize Fascist Italy’s ambitions and expectations and stress its distinct identity in comparison with the other western powers. Although Chinese reception of this discourse was limited by several factors at that time, this process certainly helped establish Marco Polo’s iconic significance in Sino-Italian cultural diplomacy well into the twentieth century.
    Keywords: Marco Polo ; China and Italy ; Fascist propaganda ; Italian travel literature ; Italian nationalism ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: On 13 April 1635, Druze emir Fakhr al-Dīn Maʿn was executed in Constantinople, after years of ambiguous relations with the Ottoman sultan. Exactly three centuries later, a biography of the emir was published in Rome, edited by Maronite father Paolo Carali and financed by the Fascist government. The reason why Fascism was interested in his figure can be traced back to the policy implemented by Italy in the 1930s, which sought to penetrate the territories of Lebanon and Syria. However, these were regions in which Fascist Italy had no real interest or claim, and so it sought to build a tie between the Levant and Italy by rereading the historiography of the relationship between “Faccardino” and Medici Tuscany at the beginning of the seventeenth century. By comparing the policies of the Medici and Fascism, it will be possible to highlight how, through Carali’s work, the latter sought to construct a history that would support its ambitions towards the eastern Mediterranean.
    Keywords: Fakhr al-Dīn Maʿn ; Lebanon ; Grand Duchy of Tuscany ; Fascism ; Italian-Levantine relations ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The analysis of the two versions of the life of Pope Sergius II (844-847) published by Louis Duchesne in his edition of the Liber pontificalis aims at identifying and discussing the tools developed by the Lateran to illustrate the relationship between the Apostolic See and Carolingian power at the time of the Emperor Lothair. I will first present the two versions of the life of Sergius and their circulation, then highlight the rhetorical strategies employed by the author to diminish the political significance of Louis II’s journey to Rome (844). Secondly, I will refer to the second part of the so-called Farnesianus version of the life of Sergius II. In this particular section, the author, before the incomplete report of the Saracen raid on the mouth of the Tiber and the sack of St. Peter's Basilica (846), critically describes the pontificate of Sergius II, dominated by the negative figure of the pontiff's brother, Benedict, who imposed his tyranny over Rome and its territory on behalf of the emperor (most likely as a missus on the imperial side). In this regard, it is interesting to evaluate which are the concealed arguments introduced here to represent the alleged effects of the application of the Constitutio Romana (824) on the socio-political structures of the city and on the history of the Roman Church, to offer a hypothesis on the context of the composition of this version of the life of Sergius II. In particular, I will dwell on the denouncing of the simoniacal heresy, shown to be have been triumphant during the pontificate of Sergius II, as sign of the re-emergence in Rome of a theme particularly strongly felt among the Carolingian reformers, and one which can perhaps be most associated with the pontificate of Sergius’ successor Leo IV (847-855).
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Carolingian Italy ; Rome ; Pope Sergius II ; Pope Leo IV ; Saracens ; Liber pontificalis ; Codex Farnesianus ; simony ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 57
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In Europe, the historical representation and narration of China and the Orient more in general from an outsider’s point of view has conjured up an exotic and a-historical image of a poetical, mystical and refined civilization. In Walpole’s Britain, for example, “the argument from the Chinese”—namely, the admiration for a prosperous and densely populated kingdom which did not belong to a single faith—was frequently used in religious disputes when claiming a wider or more coherent policy of tolerance or seeking to cut down the prerogatives of the clerical hierarchies. This chapter explores further Western uses of "the argument from the Chinese" in modern times and through different media (Antonioni; Yanne; Martin).
    Keywords: Orientalism ; China ; Travellers ; Antonioni ; Jean Yanne ; Ballet des Porcelaines ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Lothar looms large in the Liber pontificalis of Ravenna, an episcopal gesta composed after 846 by a local cleric of that city named Agnellus. In its prefatory verse, Lothar was tied to the memory of his grandfather Charlemagne, and afterwards was presented as an ally of the city and its church, a relationship sealed by the service of the bishop George (837-846) as godfather to Lothar’s daughter Rotruda. Furthermore, upon the death of Louis the Pious, as part of an embassy attempting to resolve the conflicts between Lothar and his brothers, George sought to affirm Ravenna privileges on the eve of the battle of Fontenoy, an event described quite differently from other sources. Completed following these struggles, the Liber pontificalis of Ravenna used this image of Lothar to further claims of the special status of the city, especially in its independence from Rome and longstanding imperial connections, and actively sought to legitimize Lothar’s own position through a juxtaposition with Charlemagne. Although preserved in the accounts of the bishops of Ravenna, the singular efforts to elevate and memorialize Lothar differ from other contemporary institutional chronicles, and underscore the tension inherent in the narrative.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Italy ; Ravenna ; Lothar I ; Agnellus of Ravenna ; Liber pontificalis Ravennatis ; civic memory ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The long-running jurisdictional dispute between the patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado entered a period of particular activity in the 820s, culminating in a judicial decision in Aquileia’s favor at the Council of Mantua in 827. This council and its consequences offer fertile ground for exploring the ways that texts figured in ecclesiastical conflicts in ninth-century Italy. Recent work has shed light on the role hagiographical texts played in this dispute. This chapter examines another “textual” dimension: the role of canons and canon-law norms in arguments and decisions, in the “courtroom” and beyond. The chapter concludes with brief discussion of a different case, from Lucca, that shows with particular clarity the close connection that could exist between canon law in the manuscripts and in legal practice.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; North-Eastern Italy ; Mantua ; Aquileia-Grado ; Maxentius ; canon law ; legal practice ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: At the end of the nineteenth century, Italy welcomed an official embassy sent by the government in Tokyo to make Japan more integrated into the new world scene it was entering. The cultural and political elites of the peninsula had the chance to discover, or rather rediscover, the charm of a world that had been lost over the centuries. This essay aims to reflect on the means and meanings of this late nineteenth-century encounter. Indeed, from this moment onwards, Japan increasingly became part of Italian mental horizons, in particular through the rereading and reuse of two precedents dating back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that saw the two countries dialogue and “discover” each other for the first time.
    Keywords: Italy ; Japan ; Iwakura ; Boncompagni ; mikado ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 61
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The summary highlights the extent to which the articles collected here go beyond previous research on bishops and open up new perspectives: The contributions no longer only ask about the "hard power" of bishops. Instead, they focus on episcopal "soft power": they impressively show that bishops knew how to use books, pen and ink to manipulate ideas and convictions and to reframe discourses. A basis for this new approach is provided by the scans of medieval manuscripts, which are now made available by libraries in Europe in large numbers and excellent quality.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Italy ; bishops ; soft power ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This paper seeks to trace the developments which led the Church of Modena and its bishops to acquire a pre-eminent position in its diocese in the second half of the ninth century and for much of the following one. The analysis sets out from the highly fragmented post-Roman territorial context and from the efforts made by Lombard kings, which were mostly directed towards the fiscal estate of Cittanova, rather than the ancient Roman civitas of Mutina. Particular attention is paid to the figure of Bishop Leodoin and to the manuscripts attributed to him in the Chapter Library, especially the famous Codex legum (O.I.2), for which a different production context is suggested, prior to its acquisition by the Church of Modena.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Italy ; Modena ; Leodoin ; fiscal estates ; bishops’ soft power ; lay manuscripts ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This paper introduces the volume, aiming first of all at presenting the historiographical framework in which the collected essays are placed and the common questions around which they revolve, with particular regard to typologies, characteristics, extension of the social and cultural networks that the Italian bishops built around themselves, and to their effects on the integration of the regnum in the Carolingian political structures.
    Keywords: Early Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Carolingian Italy ; Manuscript studies ; Literacy ; Episcopal powers ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This essay discusses the formation of “Italian travellers to Iran” as both a popular idea and scientific category. In the three decades after the Second World War, Italy and Iran were going through deep transformations and entered a phase of intense political, economic and cultural relations. In this context, scholarly interests and political agendas jointly contributed to a representation of past travellers as the manifestation of an imagined and almost eternal connection between the two civilizations. This narrative served to rhetorically enhance the role played by both countries in the history of mankind, and the contribution they could still give to humanity as nations among nations. However, these events may have also left their mark on how the history of connections between Italy and Iran, and the history of Iranian studies in Italy, are represented in scholarly milieus.
    Keywords: Italy ; Iran ; travellers ; oriental studies ; cosmopolitanism ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This paper aims to give an account of some of the manuscripts related to Lothar. In its first section an attempt is made at retracing a set of books that could have belonged to Lothar’s library, nowadays known only from secondary sources. In the second section some display codices are discussed, either commissioned by Lothar, or dedicated to him, such as Lothar’s Gospel Book MS Par. lat. 266 or those traditionally referred to as the «Lothar-Gruppe», whose actual connection both to Lothar and to each other is questioned here. The third and last part of the paper contains some considerations on the manuscripts produced during the years of Lothar’s government in Italy, that essentially coincide with the second quarter of the ninth century.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Carolingian Italy ; Verona ; Lothar ; Pacificus ; Carolingian royal libraries ; Carolingian manuscripts ; Carolingian court school ; Carolingian illumination ; Carolingian law-books ; Lothar-Gruppe ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In 1882, Nocentini published Il primo sinologo: P. Matteo Ricci. The first secular biography of the famous Italian Jesuit to China, it posed important questions about the origins of sinology and the role of Matteo Ricci as an early modern Italian traveller in Sino-western relations. Nocentini’s rereading of Matteo Ricci and travel literature in Italy in the late nineteenth century is examined through theories proposed by Derrida, Barthes and Nabokov. These theories provide an interpretative approach to understand the rereading carried out in Nocentini’s work, as they are intended as a process of interpretation and reinterpretation, as well as appropriation of the original meaning.
    Keywords: Lodovico Nocentini ; Matteo Ricci ; Sinology ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Dealing with episcopal culture in Milan during Lothar I’s age (822-855), that is the age of Archbishop Angilbert II (824-859), is a difficult task, because of the lack of sources and uncertain origin of many extant manuscripts. As a matter of fact, Angilbert II shared a common cultural background with his transalpine colleagues, but he had to face the loss of the schools in Milan and to rebuild a cultural system which could also improve the political role of his see to the detriment of Pavia. This paper analyses some main features of his cultural policy: the activity of masters accustomed to the new ideas of Carolingian schools, in particular the role played by Hildemar and his library in Civate; the renewal of St. Ambrose’s cult and Angilbert’s iconographical choices on the golden altar of Sant’Ambrogio, in connection with literary activity in Milan (as for the case of bishop Mansuetus’ letter copied in Montpellier, Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire, Faculté de medicine, H 233).
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 9th century ; Milan ; Sant’Ambrogio Basilica ; Angilbert II ; Hildemar of Corbie ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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