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  • Emerald
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two trends in business currently receiving much practical and theoretical discussion are diversity and globalization. Issues related to these trends can create significant challenges for managers but may also represent potentially rich learning experiences. This paper explores the confluence of gender and globalization, particularly in the context of sexual harassment. Two hypothetical dilemmas are presented. Information on demographic and global trends is presented. The legal and economic status of women in a number of different countries is reviewed, as is the legal definition of sexual harassment in the United States. Finally, directions for future research focusing on diversity-related training and the issue of cultural relativism are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Quantitative research, with 1,000 organisations over four years, is the basis for an exploration of their views of future issues affecting them and, in particular, of changes in their structures and working patterns. The main impression, though is one of widespread conservatism, where they give a relatively low level of importance to the key issues which other research indicates may have the greatest impact on their long-term survival. Thus, they report that the current form of structure is still overwhelmingly that of the traditional hierarchy. Although they show one indication of a more radical approach, in expecting hierarchical organisation to halve its share by 2020 AD, they do not look for major changes in stakeholder power (currently dominated, as might be expected, by shareholders and senior managers) or in the work activities that are undertaken; though the most prevalent form of activity is already that of "communication" in some form or other.
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  • 3
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 424-437 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Focuses on downsizing and reviews selected research on organizational change and downsizing. Addresses the issues of "survivors", and also covers the strategic concerns in planning a downsizing operation and attempts to determine some specific reasons why some companies succeed at downsizing while others do not. Discusses an organization's context, composed of culture, level of trust and level of leadership, since it has a profound effect on a company's downsizing strategy. Examines case studies of Compaq Computer, the State of Oregon, and Patagonia and supports the need for the concerns of the surviving employees to be listened to. In the case of these downsizings, the surviving employees were successfully shown that they should not feel victimized by the downsizing process, but instead should see this process as an opportunity for personal growth.
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  • 4
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 437-445 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The use of information technology (IT) in organizations is subject to various kinds of potential risks. Explores the environment of IT in organizations, identifies the probable threats, and proposes a framework for integrated risk management. The risk management process has four major components -- risk identification, risk analysis, risk-reducing measures, and risk monitoring. The framework can be used to guide organizations in reducing the losses resulting from the realization of threats to IT use.
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  • 5
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 457-464 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analyses the extent of Cadbury compliance and its impact on corporate performance in the UK. Comparing 1992 and 1995, we find that UK public companies have, in general, complied with the Cadbury Committee's Code of Best Practice and have adopted the recommended governance structures. However, compliance is more common among larger firms. Thus we find that duality is less common, firms tend to have more than three non-executive directors and that there has been an almost universal adoption of board subcommittees such as the remuneration and audit committees. However, little evidence is found to suggest either that the board characteristics recommended by Cadbury lead to improved performance or that moving towards them improves performance. The only governance mechanism which does positively affect performance is the presence of remuneration and audit committees.
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  • 6
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 503-513 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this research is to review the perceptions of 359 front-line management personnel as to why their organizations fail to achieve desired results and to draw lessons for organizational practice on how to prevent failure and improve organizational performance. Managers from 30 organizations were asked to rate the impact that 25 different performance factors have on their ability to get desired results. The results of the study identified a variety of people and leadership factors as the primary causes of poor performance, while factors such as technology, finances, and government regulations ranked significantly lower in the rankings.
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  • 7
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 473-490 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines varied empirical studies on downsizing which have revealed that, as a result of its aftermath, high percentages of companies have judged these efforts as unsuccessful. Corporate restructuring encompasses multiple forms of change, which are classified into three distinct categories: portfolio, financial and organizational. An analysis of the Freeman and Cameron theoretical framework on downsizing implementation processes is examined in terms of where the process occurs, during periods either of convergence and/or of reorientation, and the results associated with each approach. A case study of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment revealed that restructuring did not provide visible improvements in efficiency, economy and responsiveness. Cultural impact of this intervention revealed negative intergroup reactions, i.e. denial, dissatisfaction. An analysis of Richard Johnson's model of the antecedents, processes and outcomes of downsizing revealed the impact upon strategy, productivity, human resources and finance. Interrelationships suggested diminished performances of firms which downsized without a lucid blueprint, adversely impacting upon these businesses. Finally, 30 recommendations are given for the human resource executive for effective downsizing, focusing upon: approach, involvement, leadership, communication, preparation, support, cost cutting, measurement, and implementation.
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  • 8
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 535-552 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Aims to review the literature pertaining to downsizing with an emphasis on the organization level, and establish the critical success factors of downsizing, that is, guidelines to the successful implementation of downsizing activities. Addresses these objectives by examining first, how downsizing is defined in the literature reviewed, then discusses the different ways in which or measures by which organizations carry out downsizing activities and the reasons that prompt companies to downsize. Addresses the rationale utilized by firms to downsize, the expected outcomes in terms of economic and human consequences, the approaches to downsizing (reorientation and convergence) and specific strategies such as workforce reduction, work redesign and systemic strategy. Also downsizing tactics, human resources as assets vs costs, planning, participation, leadership, communications, and support to victims/survivors are examined. Both laboratory experiments and empirical research concerning survivors' reactions are explored. The role of trust as well as the human resource professional in the process are included. Conclusions and recommendations complete the article.
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  • 9
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 561-572 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the context of the "year-2000" problem, focuses on the risk involved in real time clocks and their interactions with associated embedded processors and logic arrays, dedicated electronic control and monitoring logic incorporated into larger systems. These are essential to the operation of a vast portfolio of infrastructures, from medical equipment, to buildings (phone, security, heating, plumbing and lighting), to transportation, to financial networks, to just-in-time delivery systems, and so on. According to a recent study, the firmware (permanently loaded instructions) that enables these systems to run is date sensitive and not year-2000-compliant in less than 1 percent of the 50 billion microprocessors and microcontrollers used in embedded systems installed worldwide by the end of the twentieth century. This small fraction will fail, causing the systems they control to begin failing around 1 January 2000 and for the first few years of the next century. Presents a pessimistic, illustrative scenario, describing the disruption of essential infrastructure from electric power, to food and fuel distribution, to communications, to financial networks.
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  • 10
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 628-632 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper sets out to question whether managers should really talk of a West/East style of management. It does so by first examining the practices across a variety of Eastern and Western countries. The paper then analyses key changes in the global business environment that are having a huge influence on the adoption of management practices across the globe. There is much evidence to suggest a degree of convergence and this needs to be taken very much on board by firms engaging further in global trade. To assess management practices, this will involve careful analysis of the main organisation of business across various countries, as well as analysis of the environment in which they operate.
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  • 11
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 633-643 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the myriad ways record-keeping can affect the course and outcome of products liability litigation. The examination includes an overview of the civil jury system in the USA, as well as an analysis of the benefits gained from instituting quality concepts and principles regarding the creation, management, storage and protection of quality-related documents. Frequently the "star witness" in a products liability lawsuit is not a witness at all - it is a document. The written record a company generates plays a critical role in presenting a case to the jury in the event of litigation. With regard to retaining and storing company records, serious legal problems arise when documents are lost, damaged or destroyed without adequate explanation. Accordingly, embracing and implementing quality concepts and principles with regard to record-keeping provides numerous rewards in the event of litigation.
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  • 12
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 678-685 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Since every organization's success is built on the participation and good work of its staff, this article advises leaders to view their organization as a country, and frames their primary management challenge as creating "organizational citizenship", defined as a voluntary consistent commitment to the goals, methods, and ultimate success of the organization. Most leadership strategies are designed to create specific business results; their effectiveness will depend on the creation of a culture of patriotism throughout the organization.
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  • 13
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 657-670 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The management literature is replete with articles on total quality management, just-in-time manufacturing, strategic partnerships between customers and vendors, re-engineering the company, flattening the organisation, teams that replace individual decision making and horizontal organisational structures. The terms and descriptions used in the literature for these organisational changes vary, but the overall objective is the same, to increase organisational effectiveness and to ensure the future of these organisations by establishing more efficient operations. In many companies positive organisational change is often undertaken simultaneously with, or following on from a "downsizing" or "restructuring" programme. In business recreation, whether in Australia or any other country, operational efficiency built upon enhanced processes must not be seen as the final objective - the opportunities are much greater. Examples of successful Australian organisational recreation are given.
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  • 14
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 643-656 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The notion of what is meant by "value" is explored and summarised in terms of its involvement in delivering the product/service attributes, considered necessary to create customer satisfaction. Investigates the business system in relation to the value chain, as well as citing the conflicting views of a number of authors upon this topic. A specific company is used as a template to bring out many of the notions that have been put forward. Concludes with the fact that the traditional value chain begins with the company's core competences, whereas evidence suggests that modern value chain analysis reverses this approach and uses customers as its starting point.
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  • 15
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 686-696 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is a growing interest in relationships in the marketing literature, which has resulted in increasing attention to relational aspects of business. How the actors perceive the relationship thus emerges as a key issue. Traditionally, customer perceptions, for example, perceived service quality, satisfaction and value have played an important role in service management. However, in a business setting it is more appropriate to study both the seller's and the buyer's perceptions. This paper proposes a configuration map to depict both parties' perceptions. This map can be used to capture both the composition and the dynamics of perception configurations, and it is generically applicable to dyadic perception studies.
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  • 16
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    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 709-718 
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Competitive advantage is the basis for superior performance. Understanding the anatomy of competitive advantage is of paramount importance to general managers who bear the ultimate responsibility for a firm's long term survival and success. Advances an integrative framework called SELECT to help general managers systematically examine the various facets of the anatomy of competitive advantage: its substance, expression, locale, effect, cause, and time-span. Analyzing the causes of competitive advantage helps a firm create and gain advantage. Studying the substance, expression, locale, and effect of competitive advantage allows the firm to better utilize the advantage. Examining the time span of competitive advantage enables the firm to fully exploit the advantage according to its potential and sustainability.
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  • 17
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    Leadership & organization development journal 18 (1997), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Complexity of the organizations has created an immense diversity of approaches for research and consultancy. Based on a review of previous work, proposes a new theoretical model for organizational analysis which examines three levels of organizational consultancy. The first level is the level of business organization. The second level focuses on the internal management and organization of resources. The third level examines the individuals and the human behaviour at work. Presents the situational analysis in organization as an evaluation procedure allowing in-depth analysis of problems in work situations. The ultimate goal of this procedure is to enable consultants to map out the key elements for evaluation in work situations and to test existing relationships between different factors considered in organizational re-design. The proposed methodology has been developed as part of a consultancy project based on participant observation and conducted by the author in Bulgaria in 1988.
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  • 18
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    Leadership & organization development journal 18 (1997), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Previous leadership studies indicate that stereotypically masculine behaviours characterize task-oriented leadership style and that stereotypically feminine behaviours (relations-oriented leadership style) are devalued. However, it has been frequently observed in the past that organizational goals could not be exclusively achieved by either masculine or feminine characteristics of leaders. Suggests that an integration rather than a polarization becomes necessary for leaders and organizations. That is, an androgynous leadership style can be the most appropriate for achieving high performance in many organizations.
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  • 19
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    Leadership & organization development journal 18 (1997), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Presents an extended study of the transformation of a university research group into a learning organization. The transformation process was realized during the rapid development of a small group into a medium-sized organization through the addition of major projects, necessitating change from a hierarchy to a matrix organization. Central to the development of the organization and its learning ethos was the introduction of a hypermedia groupware system (PD1). Documents the cycles of evaluation and change up to assessment of PD1. Concludes that the evolutionary transformation of an organization can be a managed and a learning process, involving, and depending on, all participants and their constructive use of an enabling information technology infrastructure in a period of change and transition.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 18 (1997), S. 244-250 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Discusses how, in Part 1 the research group was at a "pioneering crisis" stage with considerable role and task ambiguity. An organizational development process was initiated aiming for greater systemization: a matrix structure was introduced and a groupware tool, the plan-document (PD1), was implemented, as part of the group's strategy to develop into a learning organization. States that the plan-document was designed to enable information sharing and co-ordination throughout the group, ranging over the short- and long-terms. Usage was, however, low and PD1 was not widely adopted, although usage varied according to timescales and the personal relevance of objectives. A second plan-document (PD2) was designed, aimed at being more "personal" and accessible, attuned to the new matrix structure and including reporting as well as planning functions. Looks at the introduction of PD2 and evaluates its contribution to the transition of the research group into both a systematized and a learning organization. Posits that groupware can go some way towards helping organizations meet the challenges of an uncertain environment through supporting open access between groups and individuals and fostering the group cohesiveness and interdependence.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 22-31 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The United States Air Force's (USAF) unpaid civilian auxiliary, the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) wears USAF uniforms and performs search and rescue missions looking for downed aircraft. After CAP members miswore the USAF uniform (Cheng, 1996), the USAF instituted a top-down uniform change making the CAP uniform more distinct from the USAF uniform. CAP members, who affirmed that they were to be motivated solely by a desire to perform CAP's mission, and not motivated by wearing USAF uniforms, quit and withdrew commitment. This participant observation ethnography studies how USAF's misunderstanding of volunteer motivation and the symbolism of organizational uniforms led to dysfunctional organizational change. An alternative solution that makes positive symbolic change is proposed.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study empirically tested Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory (SLT) among 151 senior executives within service and manufacturing businesses of a large Fortune 100 company. SLT focuses on the interaction of the leader's behaviour and follower readiness to determine leader effectiveness. SLT suggests that the appropriate level of task and relationship behaviour is the one that "matches" the level of follower readiness. A variety of statistical techniques were used to test the central hypotheses of SLT and the matching concept. The study produced 18 matches and 126 mismatches. One statistical technique, the partitioned test, was found to provide the most insight about SLT and the concept of matching. The researchers recommend its utilization in future research of SLT. The researchers conclude that SLT remains intuitively appealing and empirically contradictory. The concepts of SLT and matching are engaging and further research is recommended.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Leadership has been a major topic in management and business literature over the last few years. The rapid changes in business, technology, political and social factors has required the development of effective leadership skills. As a result leadership development programs have become an increasing priority for business and government organisations. This article puts forward an integrated model for leadership development. The major focus of this model is to develop leadership competencies which directly contribute to the strategic imperatives of the business. In addition, it describes the key elements that contribute to a successful leadership experience such as changing mindsets, a global focus, personal development and improved business and leadership skills. Finally, the most widely used leadership methods and processes are covered under three major themes; contributing to the strategic business direction, building leadership and team skills, and self-development. The ideas put forward in this paper provide senior managers and human resource professionals with an integrated and comprehensive framework to plan and build a leadership development program in their organisation.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 128-136 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports the initial exploratory studies in a programme of research that aims to investigate the role of mental models in leadership. Drawing from a cognitive approach, the studies use metaphors as tools to illustrate the models of the leadership construct that are prevalent in lay psychology in an atheoretical, decontextualised manner. The findings show that lay concepts of leadership are less complex and more robust than academic concepts. Implications for both research and the transfer of knowledge to industry are discussed.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 164-172 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: States that two goal orientations may be held by individuals: a performance goal and a learning goal (Ames and Archer, 1988; Dweck and Leggett, 1988). The much-discussed learning organisation requires individuals either to possess or to develop a learning orientation. Leadership theorists (Bass, 1985; Burns, 1978) have identified characteristics of leadership which may be classified as transactional or transformational. The links between leadership and goal orientation are explored. It was conjectured that transformational leadership would be associated with a learning-goal orientation and transactional leadership would be associated with a performance-goal orientation. These propositions are supported by evidence from an empirical study of professional accountants in the UK. The findings suggest that desirable leadership behaviour for a learning organisation is transformational and desirable follower behaviour should include a learning orientation.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 194-198 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to examine how senior leaders in organizations can play a greater role in the development of leadership within their organizations. Innovative "leaders developing leaders" programs in PepsiCo, General Electric and Shell are described as examples of tangible and effective ways that can be used for successful leadership development which can also contribute to strategic change and business profitability. Suggestions and various options to incorporate senior executive involvement in leadership development programs are put forward as well as factors that need to be considered when first implementing this approach. At a time when leadership development is recognised as a vital ingredient for organization success, the involvement of senior leaders in the teaching and learning of future leaders has been shown to be a powerful and effective tool.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 302-308 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Individual culture shock is a well known and evidenced phenomenon. It describes the psychological and also physical reactions of a person staying abroad. These reactions are the result of confrontation with a foreign culture. According to the authors such reactions also exist on the level of society as a whole. This "collective culture shock" influences management and business relations and causes problems. A theory of the collective culture shock is developed that analyses these problems and provides a framework for solutions. This theory suggests that cultural processes and features in transition countries that are usually attributed to the communist heritage are the result of collective culture shock.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study is concerned with the determination of the most common and effective leadership style in a non-Western culturally mixed environment, and with the exploration of the correlates of leadership style in such a context. Results indicate that consultative style was the most common and effective leadership style in such an environment. Furthermore, findings indicate that leaders' personal attributes such as national culture, experience, education and age; subordinates' personal attributes such as gender, national culture, age and tenure in present organization and organizational factors such as the organization's ownership have a significant relationship with leadership style. Additionally, leaders' personal attributes such as gender, marital status and tenure in present organization, and subordinates' personal attributes such as education, experience and marital status, in addition to organizational factors such as the organization's activity and age have no relationship with leadership style.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reflects on an organizational development (OD) intervention which addressed strategic culture change with the senior management team of a UK-based international manufacturing organization. In line with emergent theory and practice OD consultants, authors intervened at the three levels: strategy, culture and top team dynamics. Whilst the client seemed happy with the outcomes, the authors believed that the intervention had failed to effect transformational change and were thus motivated to re-examine practice in the light of recent contributions to the OD and organizational learning literature. This analysis suggests that future OD practice should be grounded in processes of dialogue permeating all phases of the intervention. At the diagnostic phase, there is a need to identify more clearly the enablers and barriers to productive learning. Subsequently, during implementation, the boundaries of the intervention with particular reference to politics, authority and task should be managed more carefully and explicitly.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 374-385 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The effectiveness of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) as a means to determine human resource development needs was examined. Members of the board of directors and all full-time employees of a Cooperative assessed the current status of the organizational culture and the nature of culture desired in the future utilizing a CVF based instrument. Both groups desired a future culture different from the present state, and both groups desired movement in the same directions. The study concludes that CVF analysis is a beneficial means for determining information about human resource skills needing to be developed and/or activated and which activities need to be rewarded or reduced in order to effect this movement.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 18-25 
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the workplace, emotional dissonance is the conflict between emotions experienced by the employee and those required by the organization. Earlier studies have established that emotional dissonance reduces job satisfaction and exacerbates emotional exhaustion. Emotional dissonance typically occurs during interactions between employees and customers in service industries. As Western economies are dominated by service industries, emotional dissonance may result in rising numbers of dissatisfied and burned out employees. This study examined the process by which emotional dissonance operates, and the impact of self-esteem on emotional dissonance. Emotional dissonance was found to induce job tension leading, in turn, to emotional exhaustion. Employees with innately low self-esteem were more likely to experience emotional dissonance and suffer from emotional exhaustion. Other employees found that emotional dissonance reduced their self-esteem leaving them dissatisfied.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 366-373 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study focuses primarily on exploring the role of organizational culture and level of technology used in the organization as predictors of decision-making styles in a non-western country, the United Arab Emirates. Results suggest that organizational culture, and level of technology used in the organization in addition to decision-maker's education and management levels are good predictors of decision-making styles in such an environment. Results also indicate that a tendency towards the participative style prevails among Arab, young, middle management and highly educated managers.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 6-10 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports on the UMIST-Institute of Management five-year study into the changing experiences of UK managers and the impact of organizational change. Examines the patterns of actual working hours generally and by managerial level before going on to explore the reasons managers give to explain their work patterns (over contract hours, evening and weekend working). Contains an assessment of how managers trade-off work and non-work activity and the impact of long working hours on managers' health, morale, productivity, social life and relationships with their partners and children. The analysis reveals a strong relationship between actual hours worked and an increasingly negative impact on all the factors tested.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 133-147 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper contributes to the study of ethics programmes by the building of a theoretical model for implementing an ethics programme and examining the application of this model to an actual implementation case study. Ethics programmes aim at stimulating ethical behaviour in the organisation and assisting employees to act in a morally responsible way. It is proposed that for an organisational ethics programme to be effective, five dominant conditions are necessary: awareness of formal organisational goals and corresponding informal norms; suitable procedures for decision making; correct distribution of resources; presence of necessary skills; and personal intentions for ethical behaviour. Following detailed discussion of each condition, and with reference to an actual case example, the conditions will be further developed and supplemented with suggested organisational activities that could be used to support these conditions.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 181-188 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although much has been written on skills and strategies of management consultants, little research has been done on what management consultants actually do. In this study, three senior consultants were shadowed, each for a one week period. Management consultancy turns out to be a hectic and highly interactive job. Important interaction partners are clients, colleagues, and secretaries, although only the first are highlighted in literature. Catalytic intervention is the most dominant approach in client contacts. The relatively rare desk work sessions of management consultants are even more interrupted than those of managers. An important function of their desk work (and of their work as a whole) is structuring information gained in client contacts.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 198-207 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Progressive stages in the evolution of organizations correspond to progressively deeper aspects of the mind. The stage of task-based management emphasized the more superficial sensorimotor and concrete thinking capacities; this approach of rigid rules and structures is now unsuited for an increasingly knowledge-based economy. The next stage, process-based management, makes greater use of the intellect of organizational members to design, implement, and evaluate systemic productivity improvements. A few organizations today demonstrate the lasting success of values-based organizing, managing on the level of feelings and ego. The new millennium will see organizations that utilize the deepest level of human consciousness, connecting the human mind to the intelligence of natural law which spontaneously organizes for optimal simplicity, synergy, and holistic progress.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 216-221 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Contemporary organisational realities challenge consultants to develop: more up-to-date motivational knowledge; the ability and willingness to work with change agents unsympathetic to applied social science; and, facility with methodologies for both cultural and structural change. Changes over the last two decades have resulted in a more diverse motivational picture than the 1950s to 1970s humanistic motivational theories that underlie most organisational development theory and practice. In response, consultants need to develop a portfolio of consultancy methods that enable them to address not only cultural changes (e.g. attitudinal and change) but also structural changes (e.g. organisational design). Today, most clients who hire organisational consultants do so to complement technological and strategic changes anticipated or already undertaken. OD practitioners need to increase their ability to understand and work with change managers, and their consultants, who see the world predominantly through technological and economic eyes.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 262-268 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conventional wisdom suggests that a consultant serving a joint union-management organization development (OD) change effort acts as a third-party neutral. However, this paper documents why both parties may distrust the OD consultant and other dangers associated with claims of neutrality. Drawing on the OD literature and that of psychotherapy, as well as over 20 years of experience that the authors have had as consultants to joint efforts, this paper suggests that OD change agents should take on the role as advocates not neutrals. The advantages of actively advocating for the differing and joint interests of union and management are outlined. Clear strategies for using the advocacy approach are identified.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 16 (1995), S. 26-33 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Strategic alliances and networks have become an integral part ofcontemporary strategic organizational thinking. Their spread seems tocorrespond with the increasing rate of joint venture formations andoutsourcing endeavours that have dominated the business arena in thepast decade or so. Examines the widening scope of networking in thelight of the underlying economic, sectoral and social dimensions. Arguesthat outsourcing remains a fundamental economic ingredient in networkformation, and shows that networking, as a novel form of organization,is far-reaching and gaining unprecedented expansion throughout a widerange of economic sectors, as well as on a global scale. Examines anddiscusses the role of informal (social) networking and the importantissue of trust. Outlines and discusses issues relating to the success offuture networks.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 16 (1995), S. 11-15 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Uses a questionnaire survey sent to CEOs of US and Japanesesubsidiaries located in North America to assess the amount of influenceexerted on such companies by corporate headquarters and the effect ofthis influence on leadership styles of subsidiary management. USsubsidiaries are found to be insignificantly influenced by their parentcompanies and to practise a professional style of leadership. However,Japanese subsidiaries are found to be significantly influenced byoverseas parent companies and to practise a corporate style ofleadership (when the CEO is Japan-educated) and a professional style ofleadership (when the CEO is US-educated). These findings reinforce theperceived link between leadership style and cultural upbringing andeducation.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 16 (1995), S. 16-21 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines organizational culture and organizational performance viaa discussion of the models of culture and the empirical researchconducted to investigate the causal relationship between them. Despiteclaims of a causal relationship, the culture-performance link remainsunclear. There is a need to improve on the application of the conceptsinvolved. Methodological issues as well as the influence of moderatorvariables are suggested for consideration in future research.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 16 (1995), S. 22-28 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Major downsizing efforts are now taking place in multinationalbusiness firms in virtually every corner of the world, despite theeconomic recovery that seems to be occurring in many countries. Thosemultinational firms that have been turned around most effectivelythrough downsizing activities have based their decision making on afoundation of creative excellence and strategic leadership. The keys toorganizational excellence in the downsized workplace centres on fourvariables - care of customers, constant innovation, committedpeople, and management leadership. A research study conducted by theauthors has focused on leadership strategies followed by managersdirecting successful downsizing efforts in multinational firms. Thesestrategies are: attention through vision, meaning through communication;trust through positioning; and confidence through respect. Each of thesedownsizing leadership strategies is discussed with some depth ofanalysis.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 16 (1995), S. 4-9 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Compares the development and characteristics of three groups ofhighly successful British senior executives - self-madeentrepreneurs and intrapreneurs, and a group of intrapreneurs who aremembers of the family owning the company for which they work, but notthe company's founder. One important common factor within the first twogroups (which distinguishes them from the third group) is the overcomingof adversity in childhood. This seems to set a pattern of behaviourthroughout life which contributes to their success by giving them theability to cope with and learn from different situations and setbacksduring their careers. Other factors which discriminate between thegroups are the degree of risk taking, innovation and political style.All three groups have much in common. They are all good communicatorswho work extremely hard and are intrinsically motivated.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 16 (1995), S. 29-32 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the issue of leadership succession in a non-profitorganization founded 24 years ago by a charismatic leader. Based on astudy of organizational leadership, a model of succession was developed.Discusses the selection process based on factors such as longevity,specialized competences and loyalty. Considers implications forleadership.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 17 (1996), S. 37-41 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is an explosion of interest in programmes to help women gain mentors in organizations. Despite the haste to jump on the "mentoring bandwagon", there is little information on the barriers women face in obtaining a mentor. Discusses these barriers and the results of a study addressing this issue. Presents practical implications for organizations.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 17 (1996), S. 50-56 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Explores perspectives on mentoring, including the mentor, the protégé and the organization. Emphasizes key benefits to each of these parties. Addresses the question of why mentors engage in mentoring. Discusses the role of leadership in the development of leader-supported mentoring processes.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 17 (1996), S. 4-12 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Describes a three-track process for executive leadership development (TTL) intended to develop a cadre of strategic business leaders for the next decade. TTL consists of three simultaneous tracks of activity requiring as much as 18 months, during which participants also perform their regular jobs. It has three objectives, corresponding to the tracks of activity: the business track - solves real-life business problems thereby supporting the business while providing each individual participant with increased expertise in an area previously unknown to him or her; the leadership track - enables participants to lead individuals, groups and organizations more effectively; and the personal track - helps participants appreciate and more effectively utilize their innate personal skills, values, predispositions and traits. Examines results to date and shows that this leadership development process has already provided substantial returns to many individuals and organizations.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 17 (1996), S. 42-49 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Explores the roles of sexuality and intimacy in cross-gender mentoring relationships. Today's leaders are concerned about controlling sexuality and intimacy in cross-gender work relationships and there is an increased awareness of the sexual harassment aspect of sexuality in today's society. Describes sexuality and intimacy in cross-gender mentoring relationships and explores the sex role spillover model's explanation for sexuality in these relationships. Views sexuality and intimacy in cross-gender mentoring relationships along a continuum ranging from non-sexual, psychologically intimate relationships to the extreme of sexual harassment. Includes mentors', protégés' and co-workers' perceptions of sexuality and intimacy in cross-gender mentoring relationships in this discussion along with the impact of these perceptions on cross-gender mentoring relationships. Finally, considers ways to manage sexuality and intimacy in cross-gender mentoring relationships.
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    Leadership & organization development journal 17 (1996), S. 12-16 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Investigates the relationship of employees to founding board members in voluntary organizations. Argues that unresolved conflicts are the source of much of the difficulty experienced in this field by the organizations. Concludes that because of this destructive element it is important that such organizations resolve these struggles at key stages in their growth.
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    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 121-130 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the long-run relationship between Iranian trade balance and the black market value of Iranian rial by employing cointegration technique. It is shown that in a oil producing country like Iran due to rent-seeking opportunities, depreciation of the rial in the black market has an adverse effect on the Iranian trade balance.
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    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 453-480 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reproduces the main texts of hitherto unpublished reminiscences of the style and influence, as a teacher, of Allyn Abbott Young (1876-1929) by 17 of his distinguished students. They include Bertil Ohlin, Nicholas Kaldor, James Angell, Lauchlin Currie, Colin Clark, Howard Ellis, Frank Fetter, Earl Hamilton, and Melvin Knight (brother of Frank Knight who, with Edward Chamberlin, was perhaps Young's most famous PhD student). There has recently been a revival of interest in Young's influence on US monetary thought and in his theory of economic growth based on endogenous increasing returns. These recollections of his students (addressed to Young's biographer, Charles Blitch) shed light on why Young has, at least until recently, been renowned more for his massive erudition than for his published writings.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 21-32 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analyses the influence of export share and domestic contentpolicies on the level of capital investment undertaken by amultinational firm both in its home country and in the foreign countryin which it operates. These protective policies, in force in bothdeveloping and industrialized countries, require the firm to employ acertain proportion of inputs from the foreign country in which itoperates and to export a certain proportion of its output abroad. Casesexamined in the analysis include those for which the firm facesuncertainty in the production process in the host and home countries;and in neither country. Finds that both of these policies can havespillover effects to the home country as well, i.e. when there isuncertainty in production in the home country, these policies can reducethe optimal level of investment in the home country, too.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 4-20 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Develops a general equilibrium model of the growth of governmentbased on the attempts of various socio-economic groups to redistributeincome in their own favour. In the non-cooperative equilibrium of ourmodel under free political competition, every group in the economy paystaxes at rates which maximize the net contribution of each to theirgovernment's budget. On the basis of this model, argues that the recentgrowth of government can be explained by the increased role of humancapital as a factor of production; the rise in the population share ofthe elderly; and the reductions in the relative value of non-market usesof labour caused by increased specialization and population pressure.Human capital, which has been both an important source of growth inincome and the main factor behind the expansion of the middle class,seems to be a relatively easy-to-tax asset. This finding may resolve thepuzzle of simultaneous growth of government and increase in incomeequality in developed countries that has challenged recent models ofredistributive taxation.
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    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 404-412 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Former socialist economies, as they are trying to engage in a process of transition from state socialism towards forms of a market economy, and as they are trying to open themselves up to international trade, find that extreme social tensions accompany this process which go right to the heart of national identity. This is being discussed with the example of Hungary in mind.
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    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 438-448 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Understanding chances of reforming the common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union, for instance, requires an appreciation of its intellectual roots. Seeking such an understanding is the purpose of this article, which has the following structure. Next to this introduction and the conclusions at the end, there are three parts. Part I details what an economist may want to know about Count von Kanitz and the context of his political and intellectual work. Part II explains the proposal first by staying close to its original verbiage, then, however, by translating this proposal into modern micro-economic and public finance analytical terms. Part III gives an account of the scholarly literature on the proposal. The only piece of theoretical and practical relevance is found to be Gustav (von) Schmoller's article of 1895: this article is briefly summarized and appreciated as being a classic piece in agricultural political economy.
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    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 497-509 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Based on the proceedings of a conference organised by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago, 1999. The Editors demonstrate, through contributions from business historians and economists, that "advanced research" has superceded the neo-classical theory of the firm.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 159-170 
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    Notes: Roscher believed that human existence is rooted in organic nature.In his view, a national society can be regarded as an organism in whichhouseholds function as mutually dependent organs. Examines the nature ofRoscher's organicism, which to a certain extent is characteristic of thehistorical school through its link with historicism. Outlines the rootsand development of Roscher's organicism. Considers the related ideas ofother economic theorists.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 171-186 
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    Notes: Streissler considers Roscher's theory of crisis to be highlyoriginal and important. Schumpeter, on the other hand, considers it onlya rehash of the ideas of others. Examines this contradiction, beginningwith a reflection on the essential elements of the debates on Keynes,Say's law and classical economics. Continues by analysing the statementsof German economists before Roscher on the issues of the general glutcontroversy. Ends with a closer inspection of Roscher's own theory ofcrisis.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 16-25 
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    Notes: Attempts to shed new light on the relation between the terms oftrade and effective exchange rate using cointegration analysis and datafrom 25 countries. Findings could be summarized by saying that there isno long-run relation between exchange rate and the terms of trade.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 3-15 
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    Notes: Applies the two-factor version of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV)theorem. Two hypotheses are derived. The empirical analysis offerssupport for the second but not for the first hypothesis when trade ofeach Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)country with the rest of the world is analysed. Examines the factorcontent of net trade with data on foreign trade between the OECDcountries and then determines average capital-labour ratio as the OECDaverage. Both the hypotheses receive empirical support. Finds that thetwo-factor version of the HOV theorem performs well when applied to theenvironment where it is supposed to apply.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 26-45 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analyses smuggling through legal entry points in the context of aRicardo-Viner (RV) economy. Posits that smuggling will improve welfareif the benefits of a reduced domestic price distortion exceed theresource cost of smuggling. Strengthening of anti-smuggling activityneed not improve welfare if it induces the devotion of additionalresources to activities designed to reduce detection.
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    Journal of economic studies 22 (1995), S. 46-59 
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    Notes: Survey data on expected and actual prices received by individualvegetable growers in Florida, Michigan and Texas in 1990 are used totest the rational expectations hypothesis. The use of individual growerdata overcomes many of the issues that have limited previous tests ofthis hypothesis in agriculture. Overall, finds that price expectationsof vegetable growers are inconsistent with the rational expectationshypothesis for the majority of vegetable/state combinations studied.
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    Journal of economic studies 23 (1996), S. 44-54 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Estimates a three-equation model to test various economic hypotheses regarding the relationship between unemployment rate and defence spending in 18 OECD countries during the period 1962-1988. Reveals that the relationship which exists between unemployment rate and defence spending is not uniform across countries. Defence spending has a favourable impact on unemployment rate in Germany and Australia, whereas in Denmark it worsens the employment situation. In Australia, Germany and Belgium, non-defence spending and the unemployment rate are causally independent. Defence spending appears to act as a stablization tool in response to changes in the unemployment rate only in the UK. No significant causal relationship between unemployment rate and either type of spending is revealed in Japan, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Austria, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada and the USA. Observes a few cases of bi-directional causality between unemployment rate and defence/non-defence spending. Gives possible explanations for the observed cross-country variability in causal relation.
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    Journal of economic studies 24 (1997), S. 191-221 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An interview with Milton Friedman in 1996 - presents his reflections on some of the important issues surrounding the evolution of, and currrent debates within, modern macroeconomics. A world-renowned economist and prolific author since the 1930s, Milton Friedman has had a considerable impact on macroeconomic theory and policy making. Associated mostly with monetarism and the efficacy of free markets, his work has ranged over a broader area - microeconomics, methodology, consumption function, applied statistics, international economics, monetary theory, history and policy, business cycles and inflation. In the interview discusses Keynes's General Theory, monetarism, new classical macroeconomics, methodology, economic policy, European union and the monetarist counter-revolution.
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    Notes: Attempts to look into the question of causality between money and prices in the context of international comparison in four South-east Asian developing countries, based on an improved methodology. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines were used as case studies. Regarding the money-price causality direction, the study based on both bivariate and multivariate tests, tends to suggest strongly that in those four countries during much of the three decades since 1960, it was money supply that was the leading variable as the monetarists maintain and not the other way around as the structuralists maintain.
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    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 161-178 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Attempts to examine the relationship between budget (or public) deficits and exchange rates in eight OECD countries, namely Germany, the UK, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Canada over the period 1980-1995 by using quarterly data and the methodologies of cointegration, long-run causality and Granger (or short-run) causality tests. The empirical findings provide evidence in favour of the association between exchange rates and budget deficits with the impact of these deficits on the exchange rate, however, not being uniform. In certain cases budget deficits seem to have led to a currency depreciation, while in others to a currency appreciation.
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    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 179-192 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's analysis of the factory system is used to show how an expanded market makes possible increasing returns in manufacturing, which can in turn lead to the kind of cumulative growth process envisioned by Allyn Young. The analysis is then extended to take into account Nicholas Kaldor's admonition to pay attention to the fact that manufacturing is a process that uses inputs that are the products of nature. It is found that the inability to use the factory system in agriculture limits the extent of increasing returns in manufacturing. Increasing returns in manufacturing and an accompanying pattern of cumulative growth require a continuing infusion of exogenous technological innovation in agriculture.
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    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 392-409 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines and analyses the TFPG performance of individual service industries in Singapore. TFPG of services were highly cyclical, indicating the overwhelming vagaries of external demand in this small and open economy. Although the TFPG of most services were dismal during 1976-93, the rates were higher for the post-1985 recession period, compared with those in the pre-1985 recession years. This trend reflects the Government's concerted efforts to upgrade the workforce and promote higher technology services. Besides, the service industries which did not conform to this trend had in common massive infrastructural investments which were primarily undertaken by government-linked enterprises with a longer-term interest of the economy at large. Thus it seems that the paternal role of government has a vital influence on Singapore's TFPG performance. The study implies that the role of government could constitute an important factor in the estimation of TFPG, and in comparing TFPG among economies where government roles differ significantly.
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    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 38-57 
    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using a differentiated oligopoly, this paper studies the effects of tax incentives on the structure of a domestic industry in terms of price, output, profit, and entry/exit, taking account of technology transfer through FDI. It is found that if the government of the host country provides more tax relief for foreign firms, it will raise total output and reduce the price index. More foreign firms will enter the industry while certain existing host firms will have to exit. Consumers are better off if income is unchanged; otherwise, the change in social welfare is ambiguous in general and several sufficient conditions ensuring definite outcomes have been identified. This suggests that the government should be cautious in reducing taxes to attract FDI and should differ their preferential tax treatments across industries.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 9-13 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Explains ways to mitigate the effects of various species of pests in dwellings, dealing with three distinct groups - insects, rodents and birds. There are now many other species, apart from fleas, lice and bedbugs, which have evolved to capitalize on the more recent environmental modifications which man has undertaken. Looks at several objections, apart from the aesthetic, to the presence of pests in dwellings including significant risks to health, deterioration of the structure itself and economic loss. Examines potential pest problems which may arise in new designs/construction and suggest possible solutions.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 38-41 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Summarizes the main points from Badgers - Guidelines for Developers produced by English Nature. Believes that understanding some facts about badgers can help to identify ways in which badgers and developments may co-exist while meeting the welfare aspects of current badger legislation. Stresses that this is basic guidance for developers and should not be used as a substitute for professional advice where badgers are affected by development.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 4-9 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Suggests that good forward planning in respect of dilapidations liabilities can make a tremendous difference for both landlords and tenants. It is therefore important for the practising surveyor to have a good working knowledge of the law and practice. Sets out pointers to good practice on the practical side. Discusses some important principles of law and draws examples from recent cases.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 10-16 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Points out that ruins have long held a fascination for those concerned with images of picturesque charm or sublime horror. Recent attitudes have broadened in an appreciation of the potential that standing ruins and their sites have for students of architecture, archaeology and landscape history, while many are now examining the roles that these remains might also have for the flora and fauna of a particular location. Examines the work that is being undertaken to consolidate and repair a number of ruined churches within the county of Norfolk. Illustrates how such work can broaden the base from which other projects may be undertaken.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 22-26 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Points out that many problems have arisen in the flat roofing industry as a result of the inadequacy of the earlier specification. In addition the suggested remedies bring many other difficulties in their wake. Aims to identify the pitfalls and suggest some solutions. Discusses different types of insulations with their advantages and disadvantages. Concludes by outlining the recommended upgrading specification for a flat roof.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 27-39 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Looks at pavings and how they contribute to the character of villages, towns and cities. Surveys the history of pavings from Roman times, and discusses the different types of paving which can be found. Concludes with an outline of legal controls and planning policies.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 32-46 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Details the restoration of Coalport Bridge Tollhouse in Shropshire, a historic building which had fallen into disrepair. Presents the historical and structural surveys carried out and lists the sources of information.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 48-55 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Points out that ruins have long held a fascination for those concerned with images of picturesque charm or sublime horror. Recent attitudes have broadened in an appreciation of the potential that standing ruins and their sites have for students of architecture, archaeology and landscape history, while many are now examining the roles that these remains might also have for the flora and fauna of a particular location. Examines the work that is being undertaken to consolidate and repair a number of ruined churches in the county of Norfolk and illustrates how such work can broaden the base from which other projects may be undertaken. Part I considered how a group of standing ruins had been seen to provide sufficient social and economic value to justify a significant investment of public money. Part II discusses the practical issues raised by such work.Quality indicators Research implications** Practice implications** Originality** Readability***
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Five years have elapsed since the introduction of ISO 9000 Quality Assurance in Singapore's construction industry in 1992. By the end of 1996, more than 80 construction-related organizations had secured ISO 9000 certification. In 1995 the Singapore government announced that the larger construction and consultancy firms must secure ISO 9000 certification before 1999 if they are to bid for public sector construction projects. Proposes to determine whether or not local contractors believe that ISO 9000 would reduce the costs of doing business and raise the quality of construction works; and if local construction firms have any quality cost systems in place for the purpose of establishing the relationship between quality assurance and cost savings. Presents the findings of a survey as answers to these questions.
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 118-121 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: From 1 March 1997, chartered surveyors acting as expert witnesses must comply with an RICS Practice Statement and Guidance Notes. Failure to do so may constitute a disciplinary matter. Considers how compliance with the Practice Statement should assist in bringing an earlier resolution of survey claims.
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 122-126 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In part I (Volume 14 Number 3) the author wrote generally about the various legal and practical issues to take into account in preparing or in defending against a Schedule of Dilapidations served in respect of commercial property. Part II examines some of the practical issues considered in the recent case Shortlands Investments Ltd v. Cargill plc and explains how valuations are made under Section 18(1) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 in order to determine the cap on damages to be paid in settlement of a dilapidation's claim.
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 127-130 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Presents the findings from a preliminary survey of 180 firms which specialize in conservation and refurbishment work on historic structures. Recognizes the growing importance of this subsector of the construction industry in a period when refurbishment is seen as a more attractive option than demolition and planning boards are keen to protect their local heritage. In two parts, the survey covers 100 crafts based companies and 80 structural engineering firms with questions slanted accordingly. Concludes that crafts based companies are generally small, recent in origin, provide a range of skills and do not confine themselves solely to conservation work. The market for the structural engineer in conservation is smaller but lucrative, and firms work closely with the heritage bodies.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 4-17 
    ISSN: 0263-4503
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many commentators are contending that modern marketing is in thethroes of a "mid-life crisis". Although it is appropriatethat marketing should be facing such a crisis exactly 40 years afterDrucker's (1954) celebrated statement that "marketing is thedistinguishing, the unique function of business", it is arguablethat these declarations of crisis are both premature and undulypessimistic. Adopts a broader, more historically informed approach tomodern marketing, arguing that "crises" in marketing are notnew, they are not insurmountable and that they are not necessarilyunhealthy. Quite the reverse. Offers an analysis of marketing's currentcrisis of representation; outlines ten key points concerning marketing'spast, present and future; and concludes with a simple model ofmarketing's 40 year development cycle.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 4-13 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Marketing knowledge and expertise are a critical corporate resourcefor carrying out strategic decision making that supports marketingfunctions. Intelligent marketing information systems (IMkIS) can offer away for marketing managers to share knowledge and expertise. Suchsharing could help improve the economics and effectiveness of themarketing function. Traditional marketing information systems (MkIS) arelimited in their managerial support capabilities. Unlike MkIS, an IMkISincorporates, among other features, the use of a knowledge base ofmarketing strategies. Discusses the shortcomings of an MkIS and thenoffers a framework of IMkIS relationships illustrating informationexchanges among various subgroups of the organization. Furthermore,offers a design of an IMkIS based on this framework. Demonstrates thecreation of a knowledge base by capturing the strategic marketing movesof a corporation for the case of PepsiCo, by using published informationsources. Of course, production versions of such systems will make use ofin-house corporate knowledge. Provides illustrative queries. Discussesimplications for IMkIS for the present and future.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 5-9 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Presents a case study of software products and their firm which gothrough a bewildering series of name changes and attribute changes– often for no apparent reason. Highlights the costs of suchchanges and discusses a theoretical framework to prevent this sort ofconfusion arising.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 7-12 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Marketing planning is a key area of marketing management. Planningactivities have become extremely complex and demand systematic andeffective techniques which can help to optimize the efficiency ofexecuting such activities. Efficiency amounts to bringing about thegreatest reductions in time to complete the scheduled activities whiletaking into account the economic feasibility of using availableresources. Argues that planning, scheduling and control can be enhancedgreatly with the use of project evaluation and review technique (PERT).Claims that it helps to monitor and organize resources to enableactivities to be completed on time and within budget limits. DescribesTime Line for Windows, a PERT package which is designed specifically forthe end-user and which can be run on a desktop computer to facilitatethe marketing planning process.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 34-38 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A popular façade treatment for buildings in Hong Kong is tile cladding. It is used for the majority of low and high-rise residential buildings and the less expensive office developments in lower grade business districts. Mosaic and ceramic tiles are generally durable, versatile, waterproof and need little maintenance. However, tile defects such as dislodgement and water penetration can affect buildings that are only a few years old. The paper examines the typical causes of tiling defects and the range of repair methods that are being adopted in Hong Kong.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 61-66 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Realistic digital data entry and data handling is the key to unlocking the power of modern computer tools for all forms of building management functions. A survey system is needed to get the vital data about property collected and entered into any management database. Three discrete usage areas for computer technology are identified: data collection, manipulation and presentation. The key differences between the various types of building survey are outlined. The conceptual and actual challenges in each survey system area are explored. Past problems and mistakes in applying technology are discussed. Innovative automated, efficient, and integrated solutions are suggested. A new multi-media and completely digital approach is recommended for applying new computer-based tools to all kinds of property inspection. The future tools for super-efficient building surveys in the next century are considered and predicted.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 23-24 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many elderly people and people with disabilities, who form a significant part of society, are unable to use doors and windows due to the physical effort required. Research at BRE over the past two years has produced a guide for the specification of automatic controls for doors and windows in homes that aid access and improve facilities. The research began in April 1995 and has been undertaken as part of a DETR funded Partners in Technology project with support from numerous industry partners. To assist development of the guide, laboratory and field testing of prototype doors and windows with automatic controls has been undertaken. The results of these studies are described.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 13-21 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Provides empirical evidence of the export marketing practices ofethnic minority-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in theUK clothing industry. Provides a contribution to the literature since,although a large body of literature exists on the areas of exporting,SMEs, and to a lesser extent business practices of ethnic minority-ownedbusinesses (from different disciplines such as sociology, economics,etc.), there is a need to bring these research topics together in theform of a single study. With this in mind, discusses empirical resultsfrom an exploratory study investigating aspects of the export behaviourof SMEs owned by managers of an Asian origin in the UK clothingindustry. The results provide a foundation on which future academic workcan build, in addition to offering managers and policy makers an insightinto selective aspects of the behaviour of these firms.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 22-26 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In today's competitive environment, the question is no longerwhether to have quality assurance programmes, but rather how to makethese programmes work. With this in mind, presents a conceptualframework outlining the components of a quality assurance system in thelodging industry setting. Offers some practical recommendations andguidelines for implementation.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 28-34 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Considers one of the most contentious criticisms of marketers,namely that they develop frivolous products. Discusses the definitionalissues involved in assessing the degree of frivolity which might beassociated with a given product, and suggests how marketing researchmight be involved with the creation of this association.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 14-28 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Compares the extent to which management decision support systems(MDSS) technology is applied in a country like Australia with arelatively small population, with countries with much larger populationssuch as the USA and UK. Combines the highlights of a literature reviewwith an empirical study of Queensland firms. The empirical study yielded708 usable responses. Results suggest that the stage of development ofMDSS in Australia is clearly behind those in the northern hemisphere.Suggests that there is a need to develop training for people in the areaof marketing information design, and that governments at the federal andstate levels should develop ways of informing Australian business peopleof the value of MDSS along with the potential for developing adistinctive competence compared with firms which do not have an MDSS.Government and trade associations are in a unique position to stimulatethrough information, training and finance these important areas of amarketer's strengths.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 24-33 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports extracts from an exploratory, cross-sectional studyundertaken in the rapidly changing environment of UK higher education.Begins with introductory material covering some recent changes in highereducation and the relevance of marketing and market segmentation toinstitutional provision. Addresses the issue of access to highereducation, however the perspective is largely managerial. Proposesgeodemographic analysis as a useful way to segment the market for highereducation. The data concern the "market" for home studentsprior to the removal of the binary divide and provide a geodemographicanalysis of applicants and of acceptances by institution type in 1991.Discusses the possible implications for marketing and also for policiesconcerning the variability of access to higher education.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 5-12 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Strategic marketing planning is a complex task which involves manyexpert judgements. Expert systems would have a tremendous impact in thisfield, but the development of marketing expert systems has proven to bedifficult. Describes a hybrid expert system, HYMS, for strategicmarketing planning. HYMS aims to provide a structured marketing planningprocess, guide a user through this process, offer expert advice at keystages and finally make recommendations for users in setting objectivesand strategies. It combines the advantages of the expert system anddecision support system technology in order to enhance itseffectiveness. Presents a a brief review on expert systems and decisionsupport systems in marketing and then discusses the selection of astrategic marketing planning model and software for HYMS. Describes thearchitecture of the prototype system and the knowledge elicitationissues. Finally, proposes the further extension and enhancement of theHYMS system and offers a brief conclusion from current research.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 14 (1996), S. 10-19 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Considers the managerial processes that lead to the launch of successful line and brand extensions. Seeks to clarify the role, if any, that brand equity considerations have in the extension decision process. A case study approach is used. Data relating to 11 extension launches was collected from major fast-moving customer goods (FMCG) manufacturers in Europe, the USA, and Australia by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG). The output of the analysis is a set of propositions about the extension process, summarized in the form of a process model. The overall conclusion is that extension decisions are more about brand development than new product development.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 35-47 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports a systematic analysis of marketing positions advertised inthe Australian public sector between 1982 and 1991. Compares the use ofsuch positions by various component groups of organizations within thepublic sector. Using Kotler and Andreasen's typology, seeks to discoverthe extent to which such organizations are customer versus organizationcentred. Also analyses trends over the ten-year period. Discovers threedistinct segments of public sector organizations: the policy makers;service deliverers; and trading organizations.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 36-46 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The mundane and expanded marketing mix concept has an importantrole in Western marketing literature for both tangible products andintangible services. The nine Ps - namely promotion, product,price, place, process management, personnel, physical facilities, publicrelations and power - are now the foundation for strategicplanning in many companies. While the marketing mix concept remains animportant framework for the Western world, its contribution towards thelatter's declining economic prowess in recent years appears minimal. Onthe other hand, the East Asian economic powerhouse has grown fromstrength to strength. This can be attributed in no small way to certainoriental traditions and philosophies - not the least of which isSun Tzu's The Art of War. Although The Art of War is nowmore than 2,000 years old, it remains the cornerstone for strategicplanning in the East. Attempts to integrate the Western marketing mixconcept with The Art of War from the East using examples drawnfrom the construction industry in Singapore. The lessons to be learnedtherefore should be useful for strategic planners in the Westernmarketing community.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 13 (1995), S. 16-23 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The literature examining the behaviour of environmentally consciousconsumers has focused mainly on the examination of non-product specificenvironmental knowledge and attitudes or environmental knowledge andattitudes in relation to single product lines. Employs the constructs ofproduct-line-specific environmental knowledge and attitudes, that isknowledge of and attitudes towards the green products and their impacton the environment. Presents the results of an exploratory studyexamining the relationship between product-line-specific environmentalknowledge and attitudes for multiple green product lines, testinghypotheses generated from the literature, utilizing a questionnairemeasuring self-reports of environmental knowledge and attitudes. Theresults show no direct relationship exists between product-line-specificenvironmental knowledge and attitudes, and that consumers do not simplybelieve that a green product is good for the environment without alsoknowing how the product impacts on the environment.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 15 (1997), S. 124-134 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The textbooks are full of explanations of why businesses must understand their competitive arena. There are numerous conceptual frameworks and checklists to assist in this endeavour. Perhaps not too surprisingly, many businesses exhibit only a superficial knowledge of their competitors' strategies and actions, taking little account of their rivals when formulating their own marketing plans. The electronics industry, already the fourth most important industrial sector in the world, is tipped to become the principal growth sector in the next century. A recent survey reveals that in this important industry, companies' attempts to understand their competitors do not always live up to the models of Michael Porter or Philip Kotler.
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    Marketing intelligence & planning 14 (1996), S. 11-20 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Compares and contrasts the Australian and international literature which has examined the determinants of export performance with a view to developing a model which will assist in improving what is generally considered to be low levels of achievement by Australian exporters. Based on a subjective evaluation of the international literature classifies export performance determinants into four categories of determinants - tangible (e.g. product, technology, distribution), attitudinal, skill and knowledge. Combines these determinants into a simple explanatory model process for the Australian literature. Concludes, after comparison of the two literatures that such differences as exist are a matter of degree rather than kind. Lack of prior experience and a poor perception of the potential benefits appear to inhibit Australian involvement and are reflected in low confidence levels. Modifies the original model to address these issues, giving greater emphasis to a long-term perspective and the attitudinal and skill based factors. Suggests that greater familiarity with the extant body of knowledge dealing with export performance determinants is needed to achieve the necessary attitudinal change and commitment to exporting which underpins success in domestic markets.
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