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  • Cambridge University Press  (3.757)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (3.757)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (1.996)
  • 1981  (1.761)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (3.757)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 547-563 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1961, soon after the beginning of the first United Nations Development Decade, a conference of African Ministers of Education was convened by Unesco. The meeting resolved, inter alia, that by the year 1980 primary schooling throughout the continent should be ‘universal, compulsory and free’.1 As we have now reached that date, it is appropriate to review progress. A few countries have achieved the goal, but many others have fallen short. This article will examine the experience of the last two decades, and assess its implications for ultimate objectives and the strategies for achieving them. Despite national policy variations and divergent social and economic conditions, instructive overall patterns may be discerned.
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 565-594 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the last few years there has been a growing interest in that very considerable and hitherto mostly unrecorded part of the economic life of the Third World which flourishes outside the state and foreign-owned medium and large-scale concerns. This great mass of non-enumerated enterprises and activities is a major source of employment and production. For the purpose of this article, it will be argued that many of those undertaking research in this sector can be regarded as belonging to one or other of two fairly distinct schools of thought formed by (1) a number of officials from the International Labour Organisation, the World Bank, and other international and government agencies, as well as some purely academic writers,1 and (2) the majority of social scientists attached to the British Sociological Association Development Group, some of whom operate to a greater or lesser extent within a Marxian or neo-Marxian perspective.2 For purposes of abbreviation only, these will be referred to as the ‘I.L.O.’ and the ‘Radical’ groups.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 595-624 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In his classic study of decentralisation and development, Henry Maddick argued that economic growth and social modernisation depend in part on the ability of Third-World govenments to diffuse responsibility for development planning and administration, to expand participation in economic activities, and to promote new centres of creativity within society. Over-concentration of administrative authority stifles development, Maddick insisted; it leads to waste and corruption, delays action, and creates irrational and inefficient management practices, the costs of which developing countries cannot afford.1 To illustrate his point, Maddick cited the effects of the centralised supply system in the Sudan in the late 1950s, through which ‘shoes made in Fasher were sent 400 miles by rail to Khartoum where the whole shoe supply was concentrated. When Fasher wanted shoes for school children and government personnel it had to send to Khartoum for them.’ He also noted that school desks and equipment for the provincial city of Juba had to be ordered from Khartoum, which was 900 miles away and connected only by inefficient river transport, even though the wood from which the furniture was made originally came from Juba.2
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 625-646 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Theories of modernisation and social change have been increasingly challenged during the past decade by events in the Middle East and other areas of the developing world. Leaders of oil-rich nations are choosing to industrialise but not to westernise, and Islamic revivals are shaping new patterns of political and social development. For example, improvements in female status can no longer be regarded as the inevitable concomitants of industrialisation; to the contrary, gender inequality may actually be exacerbated by national resurgences of religious and cultural traditions which often accompany planned social change.1
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 647-665 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Foreign investment in South Africa during the past 20 years has been subject to criticism form several diverse schools of thought, ranging from those who believe it has contributed to country's economic growth without improving the condition of the black workers, to those who maintain that – at best – apartheid has been modernised rather than fundamentally changed.Today the focus of attention has shifted to collective bargaining and trade union rights, to the action that can be taken on their own behalf by the ecomomically underprivileged and the politically dispossessed, and to the assistance which foreign-owned companies have been given in improving the terms and conditions of employment of their own non-white employees by the codes of conduct that have quite recently been adopted by their own governments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 705-708 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 667-704 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: People of quite diverse social position and perspective have turned to economic growth as a source of political change in South Africa. Contained within the concept of growth, they maintain, are processes — capital accumulation and class formation, business enterprise and markets, changing skill and capital requirements – that, at the very least, allow some blacks a more secure and higher living standard, that may bring greater equality between the races, or more profoundly, confound traditional racial lines and privileges of quite diverse social position and perspective have turned to economic growth as a source of political change in South Africa. Contained within the concept of growth, they maintain, are processes — capital accumulation and class formation, business enterprise and markets, changing skill and capital requirements – that, at the very least, allow some blacks a more secure and higher living standard, that may bring greater equality between the races, or more profoundly, confound traditional racial lines and privileges. Indeed, some argue that growth undermines the foundations of the racial state. Many of those who posit a relationship between economics and politics, take the next logical step: supporting actions, including foreign investment, that foster economic growth and, presumably, political change in South Africa.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 715-717 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 717-719 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 719-720 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 722-728 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Urban unemployment and underemployment are widespread problems in Africa, perhaps more so than on other continents. It is a truism, apparently accepted by most governments, that capital is scarce, and that the rate of development and employment creation are constrained by the relative scarcity of capital equipment and the slow rate of capital formation. And yet these two observations, challengeable but generally accepted as commonplace and obvious truths, co-exist in much of Africa with a paradoxical third statement: that much of the urban capital stock, particularly in the modern-service sectors – government, education, large-scale commerce, finance, etcetera – is utilised at a very low rate, typically of the order of 25–30 per cent of the potential maximum. This brief note speculates on the reasons for this state of affairs, and explores the consequences of adopting a possible policy designed to produce a significant change.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 513-515 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 221-256 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Virtually all analyses of Lesotho's political framework have agreed that strong elements of national identity have neither forestalled domestic conflict nor served to promote a unified assault on awesome economic problems. Hence many writers imply that a major asset, rarely found in independent Africa, has been wasted.1 Roger Leys has perceptively applied dependency theories of a ‘labour reserve’ economy to Lesotho,2 and spends considerable effort on historical analysis aimed at demonstrating the duration and pervasiveness of this process of systematic underdevelopment. In his conclusion he suggests that ‘the long and courageous battle of the Basotho to assert their dignity and worth is in fact a resource and political weapon of incomparable significance in the long-term battle for the liberation of southern Africa.’ Leys infers that national and class identities are interrelated, and possibly reinforcing, when he says that ‘the history of the struggle of the Basotho people and the very degree of their integration into the black working class of South Africa is a formidable weapon.’3
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 307-335 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Ethiopia has long been regarded as the only African state, along with Liberia, to have escaped the ravages of European colonialism, the epitome of African independence and self-determination.1 It was also considered a stable, relatively integrated, and viable political community amidst a continent of new states characterised by chronic instability.2 But by 1974, most if not all of these myths were in the process of being broken, as Ethiopia struggled for its very existence against pressures from within and without that threatened to dismember the Empire.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 340-341 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 345-347 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 348-350 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 347-348 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 356-357 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 75-105 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968, and was then said to be the paradigm of the small isolated, poor, dependent country, only emerging from the colonial era to fall immediately into neocolonialism – the Third World's Third World.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 107-132 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1955 the South African Government began to demolish a black freehold suburb in Johannesburg, and to relocate its inhabitants in a state-controlled township. Resistance to these moves by the leading black political organisation of the time, the African National Congress (A.N.C.), was short-lived and unsuccessful. Despite its abortive nature, the attempt to oppose the destruction of Sophiatown was historically significant for several reasons.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the course of several field studies carried out during 1978–9 on behalf of the Working Group on Recurrent Costs established by the Comité Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel and the Club du Sahel, it became clear that imperfect functioning of domestic capital markets hampers the efforts of Sahelian governments to raise domestic non-tax resources for budget finance. Inasmuch as the operation and maintenance of development projects compete for a severely limited pool of uncommitted government revenues – that is, revenues not committed to debt service, meeting the civil service payroll, and other inflexible obligations – reforms that augment this pool are of particular interest from the viewpoint of ensuring that these projects function properly once established.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 133-161 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Legislation in the former British colonial territories exhibited a pair of paradoxes. First, it spoke in legalese, a patois that only judges and lawyers can read easily. Many laws concerning development, however, addressed ordinary citizens. Second, drafters invented and used a specialised style to reduce official and judicial discretion by making legislation more precise, but this frequently endowed officials with discretion as broad as the unbroken sky. In Africa, the uses of legalese seemed to war with the purposes for which it was developed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 367-399 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In 1965 Kwame Nkrumah published a book which was to exert a powerful influence on thinking about economic development.1 His thesis was that colonialism had been replaced by neo-colonialism, ‘the last stage of imperialism’, the essence of which was that ‘the State which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside’.2 He went on to argue that ‘giant financial interests’ exercised control over nominally independent states,3 with the result that foreign control was used for ‘the exploitation rather than for the development of the less developed parts of the world’.4
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  • 38
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 401-420 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A fundamental dilemma has long lain at the heart of the Organisation of African Unity. Two contradictory principles have helped it maintain solidarity: the first recognises that domestic jurisdiction rests at the foundation of sovereign equality, while the second stresses that national policies such as apartheid have international consequences. These principles clash directly in the broad area of human rights.
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  • 39
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 421-445 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The term ‘parastatal’ is used rather loosely in Zambia, being often applied to a wide range of bodies such as boards, corporations, and companies that operate in the state-dominated sector of the economy. It is unfortunate that there has not been greater consistency in official usage, but these organisations have grown up over the years in different forms to meet felt needs and not according to a preconceived plan. The vagaries in terminology also reflect a degree of uncertainty in government policy on how the public sector should be ordered, as well as a piecemeal approach in its interventions in the economy since independence. However, in recent years the nomenclature has received greater attention out of a recognition that the parastatals loom rather large in the economy, often being more prominent than government departments and more visible than the private sector.
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  • 40
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 447-475 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Events in independent Zimbabwe have confounded pundits on the left and the right who assumed that African resistance to settler colonial rule was more revolutionary than nationalistic. How can the rather unexpected direction of political and economic change in Zimbabwe since April 1980 be understood? The Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) Government of Prime Minister Robert Mugabe has committed itself to redress the severe social inequities of the past, but has decided, at least at the outset, to reach its goals through a prudent rather than a doctrinaire approach. What factors explain the current development strategy? Does the apparent accommodation of Z.A.N.U. (P.F.) with private capital signal a dangerous divergence from the stated goal of building socialism? Or does it represent an awakening to the idea that economic production, even if organised on capitalist lines, is a prerequisite of development in Africa?
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  • 41
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 524-526 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 526-530 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 533-534 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 354-356 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 46
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 357-358 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 47
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 48
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-30 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: What is ‘essence’ and what is ‘appearance’ in African politics? Does class or interest-group analysis describe and explain the various realities? These questions are unanswerable without an examination of the methods by which claims to correct understanding are made. All claims to knowledge are arbitrary until the methods of enquiry and the justification for their validity are made explicit.
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  • 49
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 50
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 19 (1981), S. 31-56 
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Amílcar Cabral was primarily a man of action. His political leadership is best understood by looking at what he did rather than at what he said. More importantly, his writings were essentially analyses of the events in which he was involved; they were not theories about, or inquiries into, abstract social or political questions. He did not view himself as a political theorist although his writings obviously have theoretical relevance. He was loath to commit himself to any ideology or theory. The majority of his writings are party documents, and they reflect the very specific purpose and audience for which they were intended.
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  • 51
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 177-195 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: ‘I am of course opposed to the driving out of the Malay, but would rather have the land occupied and planted with rubber than lying absolutely uncultivated as it had been’. J. S. Mason, British Adviser Kelantan, 21.7.1911.
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  • 52
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 221-238 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The significance of the coup d'état of 1861 in late-Ch'ing history has been appraised by many scholars. A fairly typical viewpoint has been expressed by the eminent Chinese historian Wu Hsiang-hsiang: ‘Had there not been the coup of 1861, there would not have been the coup of 1898.’ One need not entertain the same degree of determinism to acknowledge, with Wu, that the coup of 1861 was important in its effects on the exercise of imperial power in later decades. The coup did, in fact, not only provide the immediate circumstances which favored an unprecedented experiment with the Ch'ing imperial form, namely, a regency formed by the empresses-dowager, but it did also enable the famous (or infamous) empress-dowager, Tz'u-hsi, to secure her rise to a supremacy in court affairs which ended only with her death in 1908. In view of this second development, scholars have long argued that Tz'u-hsi was both the mastermind and chief beneficiary of the coup, which was the product of her intrigues and manipulations. In fact, it has been called her (Yehonala's) coup d'état. While this view will presently be examined, my main purpose here is to define the nature of the political crisis from which the coup of 1861, as well as the idea of the female regency, originated. This, I believe, is one aspect of the subject that has not been sufficiently investigated.
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  • 53
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 313-331 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: If it is true that under the mantle of respectability accorded to the Indian epics and Purāāas one finds all manner of ribaldry and indecorous behavior, then perhaps when one delves into the ill-famed world of nauṭankī one will find a much more straightlaced and conservative view of reality than one might expect. Nauṭankī is the popular theatre tradition of the Hindi and Urdu speaking regions of North India, and in particular of Uttar Pradesh. For anyone beginning research on nauṭankī, the issue of its reputation is unavoidable. Hiraman, the innocent cartdriver in Phanishwarnath Renu's Hindi short story The Third Vow, knew from hearsay that nauṭankī shows were not a proper pastime, though he didn't quite know why, and the knowledge didn't prevent him from falling in love with a nauṭankī actress. Similarly, the Hindi drama critics, if they mention nauṭankī at all, repeat vague warnings; the form is crude and debased, not much can be expected from it. Rām Nārāyaā Agravāl, author of Sāngīt, the leading Hindi monograph on the subject, describes its current state as one of commercial ruin, artistic bankruptcy, and sexual display. Female Indian friends simply comment, ‘We were never allowed to see those plays,’ or ‘Why don't you study something nice?’
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 107-135 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: To call Chinese nationals who have emigrated abroad ‘overseas Chinese’ seems very natural, especially since most joined together to form communities of fellow nationals outside of China. (It is not always appropriate to include the children and grandchildren of these emigrants, however.) The term implies a uniformity to the communities that Crissman made explicit in a model which proposed to tie them together and link them to cities in China.
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  • 56
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 79-105 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The year 1927 marked the beginning of a new Anglo-Chinese relationship. The Northern Expedition had split the Nationalist camp into the Nanjing and the Wuhan régimes, both of which conducted a savage purge, one after the other, against the Communists. Especially the Nanjing régime, which ultimately triumphed over Wuhan, wrought a significant change in Guomindang foreign policy. In line with the purge against the Communists, and with the rise to power of the right wing and the military faction, the Guomindang abandoned mass movements and eschewed mob violence as far as possible as a means of achieving foreign policy objectives. Indeed, as it reviewed its position on anti-imperialism which had been an important element in the revolutionary movement during the period 1924–26, the Party reverted to a policy of international co-operation as an essential part of China's self-strengthening and reconstruction, and sought a peaceful solution to the decades-old question of treaty revision. This change is well illustrated by China's new relationship with Great Britain, which, in December 1926, had announced a new, conciliatory policy towards China after having for years been one of the chief targets of Chinese nationalism.
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  • 57
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 437-453 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: AbstractUsing reproduced inscription data the present study examines two social facets of the Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore. The first facet pertains to group participation (economic and social) and it was found that the average amount of donations made by the Hokkiens to their subcommunal organizations was much higher than that given by the Cantonese and Hakkas.On the other hand, more Cantonese and Hakka people contributed to their subcommunal organizations. The interplay of differential economic status and organizational objectives is heuristic in explaining this discrepancy.The second facet is about leadership cohesiveness of the respective subcommunal leaders, and it is derived from percentage of deviant donors which comprises mean percentage of non donors and of cross line donors. The findings show that the Hakka subcommunal leaders were least cohesive, while those of the Chang-Ch'uan Hokkiens most among the four dialect groups being studied. Differential exposure to secret society influence is given as an important explanatory factor. Nepotism prevailing at the leadership hierarchy is also suggested as a crucial factor.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 519-527 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 59
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 527-528 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 60
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 35-57 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In north India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several great landed estates played a crucial part in the consolidation of imperial rule and in the support of the social and economic order. These estates have attracted considerable scholarly attention, but previous research has concentrated primarily on their relations with the colonial administraton and on their general intermediary role in north Indian society. The only study directly concerned with their internal affairs is Dr. P. J. Musgrave's ‘Landlords and Lords of the Land: Estate Management and Social Control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920’ (Modern Asian Studies, 6, 3 (1972), pp. 257–75), in which official sources are used as the basis for an account of the internal operations of the great estates in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Hitherto the major obstacle to the examination of the administration of the great estates has been the absence of comprehensive estate records. Fortunately the extensive and well-organized archives of the Raj Darbhanga of Bihar recently have been opened to scholars. In this paper the Raj archives have been drawn upon to provide evidence for an account of the structure and operation of the administration of the Raj Darbhanga during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper argues that despite substantial difficulties the Raj Darbhanga effectively pursued its interests by means of a bureaucratic system of management and that therefore Dr Musgrave's conclusions concerning the limited power of the great landed estates need substantial qualification and correction.
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  • 61
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 137-163 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Although it is under the rule and administration of the British, Hong Kong is geographically, socially, economically and politically linked with China. The part played by Hong Kong in the 1911 Revolution has been noted in a number of works, published or unpublished. This paper, however, proposes to examine the role of the Hong Kong educated Chinese in the modernization of China, limiting the study to those who had attended schools in Hong Kong before 1911 and their activities in China during the late Ch'ing and early republican years. During these decades, the English education afforded in the Anglo-Chinese schools in Hong Kong succeeded not only in turning out people who later became leading citizens of the local community but also in producing Western-educated young men who went to China to be engaged in the imperial service, participating directly or indirectly in the various reform programmes in China; while still a greater number, having received some English education in Hong Kong, were recruited into the various modern schools in China to receive training for new careers—modern diplomacy, warfare, engineering, medicine, as well as modern communication and transportation. A number, however, played leading roles in the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty and in the establishment of the Republic of China—among them Dr Sun Yat-sen [...], father of the Republic and its first President, and Wang Ch'ung-hui [...], its first Foreign Minister.
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  • 62
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 823-863 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Indian court system is by all accounts unusual. The proceedings are extraordinarily dilatory and comparatively expensive; a single issue is often fragmented into a multitude of court actions; execution of judgements is haphazard; the lawyers frequently seem both incompetent and unethical; false witness is commonplace; and the probity of judges is habitually suspect. Above all, the courts are often unable to bring about a settlement of the disputes that give rise to litigation. So great are these failings that the Indian judicial process can reasonably be seen as a ‘pathology’of a legal system.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 884-886 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 865-876 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Viewed from an historical, comparative perspective, the newspaper has proven itself an unusually adaptable tool of communication. It has served many masters: national states with different political ideologies; political parties of right, left and centre; economic interests of capital and labour; national movements and individuals. The contents of newspapers have been equally as varied, ranging from newspapers of record, newspapers offering their readers news of national and local politics, finance, and international affairs to those specializing in news of sex, crime, sport and scandal. Newspapers have differed, too, in their physical dimensions: some print enough in a single issue to fill a weighty book, others are no more than a single page of type.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 891-895 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 896-896 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 67
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 68
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 369-386 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: During the last ninety years of British rule in India, the ‘Jewel of the Empire’ was, as Lord Salisbury remarked in 1882, easily regarded by many British imperialists as ‘an English barrack in the Oriental Seas from which we may draw any number of troops without paying for them’. In more prosaic terms India was seen as a permanent strategic reserve and the principal means by which British interests were secured throughout Asia, from Suez to Wei-hei-wei. As such, India was a central component in the British imperial system. The empire's matchless prestige, its wealth and apparent power all stemmed in large measure from India. In the second half of the nineteenth century the Raj, the East India trade and the Indian Army demonstrated a combination of power which Britain's imperial rivals might envy but never surpass. The central importance of India is illustrated by the Victorian conception of imperial defence, which was seen to depend on the twin pillars of naval supremacy and the defence of India. The only serious military commitment which British planners admitted before the turn of the century was the possibility of meeting a Russian invasion of India across the North West Frontier. This threat existed mostly in the minds of British generals. Britain and Russia came closest to war on the Frontier at the time of the Penjdeh incident in 1885, but even then the likelihood of a Russian expedition against India was hardly more than remote. Nevertheless, the threat of invasion was the principal rationale for the nature and size of the Army in India and this consideration guided Lord Kitchener's reforms of the Indian Army during his time as Commander-in-Chief from 1902 to 1909.
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  • 69
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 415-454 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: When the British came to power in India, it was certainly not in the face of the organized resistance of Islam. Yet the British Raj came to its end among political and social convulsions in which Hindus and Muslims cut each other's throats and large populations were shunted across the new frontiers of a sub-continent, now divided into two nations on the basis of religion. Events of such magnitude have encouraged historians to seek explanations of matching significance which may account for the growth of Muslim separatism. This article is concerned with the period of the nineteen-twenties and -thirties, before the onset of the end game when the communal quarrel burst out in deadly earnest. Explicit rival-ries between the communities tended to exist at two main levels, the level of organized politics at the top where Hindu and Muslim elites were rivals for influence with government and eventually for the control of government itself, and the level of mob violence in the streets. This article is concerned with organized politics at the top, although it does not deny the existence and importance of tensions at the base. Its main emphasis will be upon the provincial stage, in particular the Muslim majority province of the Punjab. In the period before 1919 the development of Muslim politics suggested that a specifically Muslim separatism orchestrated by the United Provinces had emerged upon the all-India stage. But the coming of the reforms reversed the situation of the preceding decades, and there was less incentive for Muslim politicians in the United Provinces to claim to be the spokesmen of Muslims in the nation.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 487-526 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The late 1930s saw a definite turn in political developments in India. Following the abandonment of Civil Disobedience in 1934, a prolonged period of internal peace helped the Congress, until then a broadly-based movement with a general commitment to fight foreign rule, evolve into a more organized party capable of aspiring to political dominance. In the process, its relations with different social forces took a more definite shape. While in the past the Congress had clung to the myth of an Indian society free of internal conflicts and united in opposition to the British, the growth of social conflicts in town and countryside forced it to take into account the competing aspirations of various groups.
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 575-602 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Throughout the colonial period, the government played a substantial role in structuring India's foreign trade and in moulding the economy of the great port cities and their immediate hinterlands. Once Company and government had started to prise themselves apart in the early nineteenth century, however, the colonial rulers adopted a very haughty attitude towards the working of the internal economy. The development of internal production and trade would of course be deeply affected by the imperial connection, but the colonial government refused to admit responsibility and was careful not to be drawn into active intervention. The transition from colonial rule to independence did not mark a sharp break between this era of laissez faire or minimal interference in the internal economy, and an era of 'development' or constructive intervention. Indeed, it is more likely that a reluctant slide into economic management during the latter part of the colonial period helped to speed the colonial rulers along their course of retreat; any attempt to tamper with the mechanisms of the internal economy opened up the colonial government to contradictory pressures and threatened to expose many of the weaker links in the mesh of colonial command.
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  • 72
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 73
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 74
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 649-721 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Perhaps the most intransigent problem in the recent history of Indian society remains an adequate understanding of the processes of social change which took place under colonialism. As the continunig controversies within, as much as between, the traditions of modernization theory, Marxism, and the underdevelopment theory make plain, the Indian historical record is peculiarly difficult to grasp with conventional sociological concepts. In the study of Western European society, a focus on the evolution of legal ideas and institutions has proved a useful entry point to social history.The law may be seen to represent a set of general principles through which political authority and the state (however constituted) attempt to legitimize the social institutions and norms of conduct which they find valuable. As such, its history reflects the struggle in society to assume, control or resist this authority. Its study should help to reveal the nature of the forces involved in the struggle and to suggest the implications for social development of the way in which, at any one time, their struggle was resolved. The condition of the law may be seen to crystallize the condition of society. This, of course, could be said of any governing institution. But where the law becomes uniquely valuable is in that, because of its social function, the struggle around it is necessarily expressed in terms of general statements of principle rather than particular statements of private and discrete interest. At the most fundamental level, these principles demarcate the rules on which the contending parties seek to build their versions of society and provide useful clues to their wider, often undisclosed, positions.
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  • 75
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 203-234 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Since the nineteenth century scholars have depicted Indian castes as timeless, fixed communities whose customs, rituals, and occupational specialities evolved at an unidentifiable point in the distant past. It has now been shown, however, that many jatis are of relatively recent origin, and historians have been able to trace the economic, political, and religious changes which acted to form individual caste groups during the colonial period. Several recent works on south India have argued that the agglomerations of artisans and cultivators described as castes in British ethnographies and Census reports had no real cohesion and were often no more than unstable political alliances or ‘administrative fictions’. In this view it was the misconceived European notion of castes as rigid, competing corporations which stimulated the formation of many south Indian castes after 1880.
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  • 76
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 261-285 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Manchus inherited from the Ming Dynasty the images of the overseas Chinese as well as the policy towards them. The tarnished images of the overseas Chinese as ‘deserters’, ‘criminals’, and ‘potential traitors’ of the Ming were taken over by the early Ch'ing rulers. These images were soon transformed into new images of ‘political criminals’, ‘conspirators’ and ‘rebels’, for in the first four decades after the Manchu conquest of North China in 1644, the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia were directly involved in the resistance movement on the southeast coast of China. The leader of the movement, Cheng Ch'eng-kung (known in the West as Koxinga), seems to have enlisted the support of the overseas Chinese, particularly from Vietnam, Cambodia and Siam, for his resistance. It is claimed that Koxinga's naval power was partly drawn from Nanyang (Southeast Asia) shipping, and financed from the profits of the Nanyang trade. Of course those overseas Chinese who supported Koxinga made no apology for their involvement. They saw the Manchus as alien usurpers and as the oppressors of the Han Chinese, and the support for Koxinga's resistance movement was seen as an act of patriotism to save Han Chinese from the oppressive Manchu rule. The government countered the overseas Chinese involvement by introducing stringent laws against private overseas trade. In 1656 (13th year of the Emperor Shun-chih), a decree was proclaimed that‘....any traders who go overseas privately and trade or supply the rebels with provisions will be beheaded, and their goods confiscated.
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  • 77
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 339-341 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 78
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 342-344 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 79
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 347-350 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 80
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: All too often the study of land tenure in agrarian states is treated either as a dimension of economic organization or, with respect to its more specifically formal characteristics, as pertaining to the sphere of law. With both approaches there is the danger of ignoring or at least underplaying the fact that the formulation and regulation of tenural arrangements is an expression of the political order of society. Paradoxically, familiarity with this idea has tended to limit its appreciation. Awareness of the ‘classic’ and explicit example of feudalism and its place in grand social theory may well direct attention away from the detailed examination of more diffuse forms of the relation between land tenure and political structures. Such a lack of interest is readily observable in the case of Thailand where the history of the relationship is both unusual and highly significant for the analysis of contemporary social change.
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  • 84
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 25-58 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: When in 1913 Count van Hogendorp edited the letters and papers of his ancestor Willem, who had served in Java as one of the secretaries of the Commissioner General Du Bus from 1825 to 1829, he characterized the early nineteenth century in Java as a time of ‘systems.’ His use of this word was not meant to be complimentary. Ancestor Willem had taken great pride in being the inspirational genius behind one such ‘system’; one, incidentally, which was not adopted.The characterization of the time seems to me particularly relevant as an opening wedge into the contents and theme of this paper, for all 'systems' relative to nineteenth-century Java had at their core the stimulation of export commodities derived from the agricultural process. A system, as I use the term here and as it was used by nineteenth-century policy planners, was an orderly andlogical arrangement of thoughts and objects into a complex .whole according to some scheme which drew its inspiration from fundamental economic and social principles. Such systems for Java were devised bypersons in positions of high authority either in Europe or in Java on the basis of what they had seen or heard about Java. Invariably the purpose of the system was to make the island of Java profitable to its European‘possessor’; the prevailing colonial theory holding that through treatyand conquest the European power had gained sovereign rights over the land and its people and should make use of them in accordance with its best judgment. Such judgment was embodied in a ‘system’ which hopefully provided benefits for both the possessor and the possessed.
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  • 85
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 83-105 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: SINCE Malaysian independence over two decades ago, rubber production there has undergone a significant and far-reaching structural transformation, in social as well as economic dimensions. This transformation represented the outcome of policy responses to changing world market conditions for the export of natural rubber, which coincided with a political transition to independence and parliamentary government. In its response, government policy since the mid-1950s released many of the earlier administrative constraints on the spread of new rubber planting. The ensuing entrepreneurial re-awakening led to large-scale re-planting and new planting with high-yielding rubber. This increasingly widespread wave of technological innovation was accompanied by the dissolution of marginal estate enterprises, which was more than offset by a parallel expansion of peasant participation in rubber cultivation. Productivity and therefore producer incomes generally tended to improve, notwithstanding cyclical fluctuations in world rubber prices. Yet, by the middle 1970s this policy trend favouring technological cumentrepreneurial innovation appears to have altered direction. Indeed,recent Malaysian rubber policy indicates that structural transformation has run its course, at least for present intents and purposes. As will be seen, the current policy goal has reverted to protecting the newly established economic and social order in the Malaysian rubber planting against further pressures for developmental change.
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  • 86
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 127-162 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The economy which evolved during the last phase of Sri Lanka's colonial rule under the British (1796–1948) has been the subject of increasing scholarly attention in the recent years. Much of the writing which has emerged is descriptive by nature; the concern has been to lay bare the manner in which the economy took its shape and not to provide an analytical framework to explain the developments of the colonial era. This is not to say that conceptualizing has been wholly absent. Indeed, one particular conceptual treatment of the economy of British Sri Lanka has produced an interpretation which has gained wide currency and it has now acquired considerable influence over the economic literature concerned with the country.
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  • 87
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 455-486 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The spectacular decline of the expatriate business houses of eastern India in this century is one of the many underdeveloped areas of Indian economic history. The extent of the decline itself seems hard to exaggerate. In 1900 almost all the commanding heights of the colonial economy appeared to the dominated by expatriate and foreign firms, most of them British. Not only was the foreign trade of Bengal almost exclusively in their hands, but so was the industrial and banking structure. In addition, most historians of the period have stressed that the expatriate sector was able to dominate internal trade, operating in amonopsony position in regard to cash crop production and marketing and also, thanks to its contacts with government, the railways and the port trusts, to enjoy hegemonic powers that impeded the development of indigenous rivals. Thus, as A. K. Bagchi has stressed, 'social discrimination was complemented and supported by political, economic, administrative and financial arrangements which afforded European businessmen a substantial and systematic advantage over their Indian rivals in India.' The fate of the expatriate groups since 1950 has beenvery different. Many suffered considerable depredations during and after the second world war, losing important sectors of their business to Indian rivals, and even being bought out entirely by native enter-prise. Such expatriate interests as survived after Independence have generally failed to perform well. Their recent history has been agloomy one of a steady erosion of profitability and viability, so that most of those that still remain are now taken seriously only by a new generation of indigenous speculators and asset strippers.
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  • 90
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 527-573 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: During the inter-war years there were significant developments in Indo-British economic and political relations. It is in the context of these developments that this paper will seek to study the complex relationships between the different fractions of businessmen, British and Indian, the Government of India, the Home Government and the Indian National Congress. The major theme of this paper is the attempts made in the 1930s by governments and businessmen to reorganize the economic relations between Britain and India to take account of changes wrought by the first world war, the world depression, and the ascent of Indian nationalism. One question which dominated these negotiations was the long-standing issue of duties on cotton goods imported into India. This issue served to bring into sharp focus the different views of the imperial rulers, British businessmen in India, Indian businessmen of different sorts, and nationalist politicians, on the immediate future of the economic link between Britain and India. The question of cotton duties dogged the talks on economic cooperation from the tariff negotiations of the early 1930s, through the period of the Ottawa agreement and Lees-Mody pact, to the Indo-British Trade Agreement of 1939.
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  • 91
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 603-647 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Between the wars, the development of a labour movement in Bombay reflected a growing polarization in social and political relations in the city. This period, which saw an intensification of social conflict, also witnessed changes in the character of industrial action. Until 1914, strikes in the cotton textile industry were largely confined to particular departments and mills; increasingly after the war, they were coordinated across the industry as a whole. Rising prices and unprecedented profits which accompanied the post-war boom led to the demand for higher wages supported by two general strikes. In the mid 1920s, as the industry's markets slumped, attempts to cut wages were once again strongly resisted. With a slight improvement in their fortunes in the later 1920s, the millowners introduced ‘rationalization’ schemes; for the workforce this meant more work, less wages and higher chances of unemployment. Between April 1928 and September 1929, two general strikes crippled the industry for about eleven months, and the extension of these schemes and a further round of wage cuts led to another strike wave in 1933-34. Apart from several one-day closures, eight general strikes occurred in the industry between 1919 and 1940. The impact of this militancy was felt not only in other occupations in Bombay but also in other industrial centres, such as Sholapur and Ahmedabad. As Bombay became the scene of militant working-class action in India, its labour movement, under communist leadership since 1928, acquired an explicitly political direction.
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  • 92
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 177-201 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The relationship between business and politics in preindustrial societies has seldom been clear from historical records. I have argued elsewhere that the major banking firms of Mughal India were central to the imperial system. These ‘great firms’ were not parasites, passively supportive of the state because it preserved the law and order necessary for trade; they were not self-contained caste communities interacting with the government through the leaders of panchayats or guilds. Their functions were as important to the government as those of its official treasurers, and their desertion of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century helped bring about its collapse.
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  • 93
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 235-260 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Ethnicity takes many forms, meets a variety of needs, and has a wide range of uses. No single case can provide material for an exhaustive analysis of the full complexity of the phenomenon, but all contribute pieces to the mosaic, illuminating that complexity. Analyses have been couched in terms of cultural definitions, of perceptual and cognitive categories, of social distance and solidarity of groups, of boundary definition and maintenance, of conflict and competition, of emergent versus conservative qualities of the phenomenon, and so forth—and all hold some validity, for ethnicity is multi-faceted. As A. L. Epstein points out, to define ethnicity exclusively in terms of only one of these many facets—whether its potential as a focus for political mobilization, its contribution to an individual's psychic comfort as a member of a group, or its cultural or linguistic attributes—‘is to confuse an aspect of the phenomenon with the phenomenon itself’ (1978:96).
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  • 94
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 287-309 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: From an Asian angle Afghanistan could easily be selected as the centre of the extra-European world. It lies at the crossroads of three different geographic regions, the Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia, as much as it borders on three different cultural zones, the Islamic world, the Hindu culture, and the Chinese influence. From a political standpoint, until the Second World War, Afghanistan appeared as buffer state par excellence, sandwiched between two Great Powers, the Russian Empire protruding from the North-west of Central Asia, and the British Empire guarding the Indian glacis in the South-east.
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  • 95
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 671-688 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 96
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 700-701 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 97
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 704-704 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 98
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    Digitale Medien
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 387-412 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Within the space of a few years a remarkable transformation took place in the taxation system of the Federated Malay States (FMS). Up until the early 1900s the British administration of these states relied, as had the sultans and chiefs from whom the British had taken control in the 1870s, on the revenue farm system for collecting many taxes. Most revenue farms were constituted according to the standard pattern found elsewhere in Southeast Asia at this time and in Europe up to the eighteenth century. The government granted a private contractor, the revenue farmer, the exclusive right to collect a certain tax in a specified area for a set number of years in return for a fixed rent, and the farmer kept for himself any money which he collected over and above what he owed the government in rent. A great variety of taxes were collected in this way. There were farms to collect the export duty on atap, firewood, timber, and rattan; most towns had market farms; and in Perak there was even a ‘farm of river turtle eggs’. But the most important farms were those which profited from what officials referred to as the ‘luxuries and vices’ of the immigrant Chinese community, particularly the workers who mined the tin which was the main source of wealth of these states.These farms were for the collection of the import duty on opium to be consume by Chinese in the mining districts of the interior, the sale of prepared opium (chandu) in coastal districts, the manufacture of spirits and the collection of the import duty on spirits, the right to run pawnshops, and the right to organize public gambling. Next to the export duty on tin, which the government collected itself, the income from these farms was the government's largest source of revenue. In the period 1890-94, 38.8 percent of the total revenue of the four states came from the export duty on tin and about 33 percent from the farms.2 But within the space of a few years the government abolished all the major farms, and by 1913 virtually none of the revenue of the FMS cam from revenue farms.
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  • 100
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 477-488 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Quelle: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Thema: Ethnologie , Geschichte , Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshōhierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.
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