ALBERT

Notizen: Faced with the integer constraint brought about by quality-related fixed costs, a socially-managed industry is more flexible than a free-entry oligopoly, for it can adjust the integer-constrained number of firms either upwards or downwards. As a result, and contrary to conventional wisdom, product quality may be identical under the two regimes.

Notizen: This note presents an estimate of a demand function for broad money (£M3) for the UK, 1964ii–1985iv. It shows no sign of structural instability due to Competition and Credit Control, and forecasts well for twenty quarters post-sample (1981i-1985iv). A key innovation is the allowance made for financial innovation by including the interest rate available on new, high-interest chequing accounts in the equation.

Notizen: This paper is concerned with the opportunities for arbitrage which have arisen in the UK when large companies are able to borrow from a commercial bank and on-lend the money in the market at a higher rate. Such arbitrage is commonly called ‘Round-Tripping’. Round-Tripping is investigated in a simple theoretical way, and then a simulation approach is used to estimate the amount of funds involved in Round-Tripping in the 1970s. These estimates tend to support the view that Round-Tripping was probably rather modest in amount in relation to the values of the main monetary aggregates.

Notizen: Starting from a set of plausible requirements for local measures of tax progression, we derive appropriate indices for different concepts of inequality. Value judgements on redistribution are made explicit in this procedure.

Notizen: The main argument of this paper is that the theoretical definition of Giffen's paradox is ambiguous to the extent that it ignores the initial endowments of the consumer. A Slutsky equation incorporating positive initial endowments is used to discuss the Irish demand for potatoes in 1845-49, and some conditions to test whether or not the Irish potato was a Giffen good are deduced.

Notizen: A nonlinear model for the migration of one population between L primordially equivalent regions is introduced. The agglomeration trend k is the relevant system parameter. For low (k 〈 kc) the homogeneous population distribution and for high (k 〉 kc) states with one metropole and (L−1) depleted provinces are stable equilibria. The dynamics of phase transitions between such stable states can be described by a global nonlinear analysis. Exact analytic solutions for the population evolution along symmetry paths are found. A dynamic stability analysis shows which paths of evolution are preferred and lead to stable endconfigurations.

Notizen: This paper develops a general multimarket hedonic model appropriate for a national, interregional study of wages, housing prices, and location-specific amenities. The model encompasses the effects of interregional location, intraurban location, and city size. Typically, hedonic studies focus on a single market such as labor or housing and ignore interactions implicit in a more global compensation mechanism. Examination of the comparative statics of our model indicates that single-market differentials are partial prices and are unreliable measures of amenity values in an interregional context. Unbiased amenity values are estimated for a comprehensive set of amenities using data on housing prices for 34,414 households and wages for 46,004 workers from the 1980 Census of Population and Housing. Statistically significant differences in housing prices and wages are found due to amenities.

Notizen: At the regional level in-migrant and indigenous workers are likely to have different income levels and consumption propensities. The effects that these differences have upon a local economy are explored within an extended input-output modeling framework. Two iterative input-output models, due to Miernyk et al. and Blackwell, are recast as systems of simultaneous equations and are shown to produce identical results. A detailed analysis is made of model structure and a method is outlined for the decomposition of income multipliers. Empirical versions of the two models, for Boulder and Cork, are reconstructed with data from the original studies and are used to make comparisons of the two local economies.

Notizen: This paper investigates the determinants of productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of states over the period 1959-1973. Special emphasis is placed on isolating the effects of a state's urbanization characteristics on productivity growth. Urbanization characteristics considered include the spatial arrangement of cities along with the standard measures of urbanization. The results indicate that while both scale economies and technical change are related to urbanization characteristics the effects tend to be offsetting; no relationship is found between urbanization and overall productivity growth as measured by total factor productivity growth.

Notizen: This paper concerns the nature and extent of error introduced to regional input-output multipliers by errors associated with the estimation of regional purchase coefficients (rpc's). Using the Washington State input-output model and computer simulations, estimates of multiplier error are generated for two distinct sources of rpc error. The results indicate that multiplier error from both rpc sources may be significant and support the findings of previous studies which highlight the importance of error introduced to the household purchases column for multiplier accuracy.

Notizen: Keynesian export base theory ignores the supply side of the economy, while trade models may overemphasize resource constraints. A general equilibrium model which stakes out a position between those extremes is developed and used to define rigorously the components of an economic base (EB) multiplier. Capital moves freely in and out of the regional economy, but the factor land is fixed. Interregional labor movements are caused by wage differentials. Factor and relative commodity prices are determined endogenously. Demand and supply sides of a small regional economy are included. The relationship between average and marginal EB multipliers, and between key parameters (regional size, several elasticities, etc.) and the marginal multiplier are discussed. The Keynesian constant EB multiplier can be derived from a special case of the model.

Notizen: . The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.

Notizen: . In this paper we propose new algorithms for the solution of both general and standard spatial price equilibrium problems, and test their performance with existing algorithms on randomly generated problems. For the standard problem, we propose decomposition schemes based on the concept of “equilibration operator” and compare their performance with the Frank-Wolfe method. For the general problem, we present alternative variational inequality formulations defined over Cartesian products of sets and then exploit these formulations to construct Gauss-Seidel-type serial decomposition methods. We then compare their performance with the projection method. Our computational tests suggest that the new schemes are substantially more efficient than earlier ones.

Notizen: . Summarizing the foregoing discussions in this journal on testing for regional homogeneity the present note shows that in the model of Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions one test statistic may be used not only to test for overall homogeneity but also to examine for individual coefficient homogeneity. This aim is achieved by varying the linear restrictions in the test statistic according to different problems. To illustrate these tests regional consumption functions for the 11 Bundesläder (States) of the Federal Republic of Germany are used.

Notizen: The study quantifies the impact of changes in input prices on regional net investment in manufacturing. A neoclassical investment model is estimated for the nation and three regions: North, South, and West. The data base is pooled state observations for the period 1974-78. The regional elasticities of net investment with respect to both input prices and the technology index are computed. The results indicate that net investment is mare sensitive to changes in input prices in the South and West than in the North. The biased technical change affects capital formation the mast in the West.

Notizen: As a means of promoting economic development state governments are increasing their levels of support for export promotion; however, there has been virtually no statistical analysis of the effects of the state export promotion expenditures. The present study specifies and estimates a cross-section model in order to quantify the relationship between state export promotion and exports. The empirical analysis allows for the calculation of the export promotion elasticity of exports on a state basis. Two conclusions are that the rationale supporting export promotion expenditures is supported empirically and that there is much diversity among states for the estimated elasticity.

Notizen: Book Review in This Article: Service Industries: A Geographical Appraisal, by P. W. Daniels. Managing the Service Economy: Prospects and Problems, by R. P. Inman (ed.). Resolving Locational Conflict, by Robert W. Lake (ed.). Spatial Interaction Modelling and Residential Choice Analysis, by Wal van Lierop. Essays on Legal and Illegal Immigration, by Susan Pozo (ed.). Kalamazoo, Michigan: W. E. Through the Eye of the Needle: Immigrants and Enterprise in New York's Garment Trades, by Roger D. Waldinger. Spatial Pricing and Differentiated Markets, London Papers in Regional Science, Vol. 16, by George Norman (ed.).

Notizen: This paper integrates the theory of segmented labor markets with the Ranis-Fei model of dualism to analyze two types of unemployment; disguised unemployment in the rural sector and urban unemployment. The major results obtained are (1) sector-specific accumulation in the urban area may raise unemployment and lower welfare and (2) sector-specific accumulation in the rural sector always raises welfare but increases disguised unemployment. These results highlight the importance of regional resource allocation and the role of the agricultural sector in reducing urban unemployment.

Notizen: In this paper we extend the contextual theory of demand to consider rational consumer behavior when the household must deal with some random fluctuation in the prices it faces. Prices at stores reflect “advertised specials,” which are potential cost reductions random across goods, and random in-store price changes, which can only be observed by visiting the store. Our theory of rational behavior includes: (1) calculation by the household of an ex ante plan for its planning period; (2) modification to take account of advertised specials; and (3) rational search behavior to take advantage of random fluctuations observable only on a given day. This theory utilizes an active cash balance as a buffer against random variations from planned daily expenditures, and reformulations of trip circuits to account for patterns of cost-minimizing search.

Notizen: For a nation composed of independent regions, the effects of local tax competition for business investments are examined. It is first shown that atomistic regional authorities tax only local resources to finance the provision of public services to business. Thus, an efficient interregional equilibrium is induced. Various political/institutional constraints are shown to cause misallocation of the capital stock and an inefficient provision of public services. The characterization of the inefficiency is shown to vary widely, depending upon the constraint under consideration.

Notizen: . A survey of regional monetary theory suggests a regional segmentation of financial markets on the basis of differences in portfolio preference, or market imperfections. These possibilities are explored here using post-Keynesian monetary theory. It is concluded that the availability of credit to a region depends more on the (potentially volatile) degree of confidence in the regional economy. The amount of liquidity thus generated depends on the propensity for capital flight due to liquidity preference. The resulting tendency for regions attracting low degrees of confidence to experience liquidity shortage will be greater the more integrated the national banking system.

Notizen: Using Taylor series approximations of joint profit functions, a methodology is outlined to quantify interregional differentials in the Canadian agriculture sector by region and to quantify the contributing factors to regional labor productivity differences. These contributing factors are output price differentials–both crop and livestock, differentials in “land and buildings” capital deepening, “other” capital deepening, energy prices, other material prices, and efficiency. The joint profit formulation permits the analysis of effects of regional specific output price and output mix differentials.

Notizen: . This paper discusses the problem of the optimal location of public facility(ies) in a long narrow city, especially taking into consideration the externality-internalizing effect of the land market. It shows a systematic approach to dealing with the land market mechanism in first a one-facility and then a two-facility case. The analysis assures the importance of posing the location-optimizing problem even under the influence of the land market.

Notizen: . This paper explores the determinants of population and employment densities interregionally. The theoretical model, due to Steinnes and Fisher, permits simultaneous determination of population and employment densities. This is applied to data for about 3,000 counties in the U.S. to analyze the effects of economic, demographic, climatic, and policy-related variables on the growth of population and employment, during the 1970s. Considering employment, differential county growth is explained in terms of economic and demographic conditions; regional and policy variables matter less. For population, climate matters as a preference for sunbelt states is found. Local government programs regarding education and tax policy seem to play a role.

Notizen: . This paper discusses the formulation and estimation of sets of demand systems for six New Zealand regions. The chosen model is based on the Linear Expenditure System, constrained in various ways to take account of interregional differences in consumer behaviour. Our results suggest that income and price elasticities of demand vary significantly between regions, suggesting that regional employment and output patterns are likely to differ in their responses to changes in aggregate demand.

Notizen: Book Review in This Article: Border Perspectives on the U.S./Mexico Relationship, New Scholar, No. 9, Vernon Kjonegaard and Joseph Nalven (eds.). Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations, by Lay James Gibson and Alfonso Corona Renteria (eds.). Natural Resources: Allocation, Economics and Policy, by Judith Rees. Urban Transit: The Private Challenge To Public Transportation, by Charles A. Lave (ed.). Uneven Development, by Neil Smith. Technology, Regions, and Policy, edited by John Rees.

Notizen: Industrialization and Urbanization in Latin America, by Robert N. Gwynne. Spatial Cycles, by Leo van den Berg, Leland S. Burns, and Leo H. Klaassen (eds.). Innovation, Entrepreneurs and Regional Development, by G.P. Sweeny. Financing Economic Development in the 1980s, by Norman Walzer and David L. Chicoine (eds). The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West, by Peter Galderisi, Michael Lyons, Randy Simmons, and John Francis. Southern Capitalism: The Political Economy of North Carolina, 1880-1980, by Phillip J. Wood.

Notizen: The purpose of this paper is to bring together a number of results on spatial flow models, and to reformulate them within a unified probability framework based on Poisson frequencies. To do so, a class of discrete stochastic processes, designated as independent flow processes, is developed which not only yields a complete characterization of Poisson flow frequencies, but also allows a wide range of gravity-type flow models to be formulated within this distributional framework. In particular, a hierarchical classification of 12 model types is developed, and each model type is shown to be characterizable directly in terms of behavioral axioms on independent flow processes.

Notizen: This paper presents a critical appraisal of the use of the core as a solution concept for games involving spatially separated producers. Starting from the classical Samuelson/Takayama-Judge spatial price equilibrium model, the core of a game between the producers of commodities in this economy is defined, the conditions ensuring the nonemptiness of the core are stated, and the problems surrounding the definition and computation of the characteristic function are addressed. An application to the eastern United States’coal market is then presented in order to illustrate the usefulness of the theoretical and algorithmic results of this paper.

Notizen: The goal of our paper is to provide direct estimates of the association between public capital and regional output. This is made possible by the construction of a data series which measures public capital at the state level.The relation between public capital and other productive factors is tested using a translog production function. Our results show that labor and public capital are complementary inputs, and that public capital exhibited diminishing returns. We also consider restrictions on the translog formulation. Linear homogeneity is rejected in all cases, and the Cobb-Douglas specification is rejected for the manufacturing and all sectors categories.

Notizen: In a recent JRS article [Martinich and Hurter (1985)] we examined the production and spatial impact on a firm operating in an uncertain environment due to the imposition of a flat rate income tax. The impacts were shown to depend on the properties of the firm's production and preference functions. In this paper we develop further results for the case where the firm has a degree one homogeneous production function. It is shown that an income tax is technologically and spatially neutral for any risk-averse firm, without regard to any other properties of the preference function. Thus, we not only extend our earlier results for the degree one homogenous production function case but we also correct an error related to this case in the earlier paper.

Notizen: Book Review in This Article: Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, by Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (eds.). Social Organization of an Urban Grants Economy, by J. Galaskiewicz. Experimental Estimates of Gross State Product by Industry, Bureau of Economic Analysis Staff Paper No. 42 Regional Multipliers: A User Handbook for the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II), U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Notizen: . The intertemporal structure of regional nominal-wage differentials by race is estimated using panel data from 1973 through 1978. This allows for a more complete analysis of the time pattern of changes in wage differentials, which is not possible from cross-sectional studies. The findings indicate that, in addition to the presence of substantial locational differentials, there was a systematic change in the differentials over time.

Notizen: This paper empirically analyzes two competing explanations for observed interregional wage differentials among full-time U.S. workers: (1) differences in the average levels of market valued labor characteristics, and (2) differences in rates of return to the characteristics. Hedonic wage equations are estimated for broad U.S. regions using detailed measures of human capital, work environment, and personal attributes collected by a national random sample mail survey. Statistical tests reveal little tendency for interregional structural shifts in the wage equations estimated, an outcome which rests on the inclusion of important, but seldom measured, wage determining variables.

Notizen: In the literature on population migration, increasing attention has been devoted to quality-of-life factors. Measures of temperature (as proxies for climate) have frequently been employed in empirical work regarding the determinants of population migration decisions. A wide range of such specifications have been used, most of which imply restrictions on the preferences of migrants. In this paper, a variety of temperature variable specifications are analyzed and interpreted. Statistical tests for nested and nonnested hypotheses are used to compare and choose among the various specifications.

Notizen: A longstanding inconsistency in the definition of basic and nonbasic economic activity is resolved. When indirect exports are included in the basic, rather than the nonbasic sector, and the model is closed with respect to households, economic base and aggregate input-output mulitpliers constructed with the same data and definitions will be mathematically identical.

Notizen: The RAS procedure is widely used to update national and regional input-output tables and international trade tables and to construct regional tables from national ones. Special problems, however, have been encountered when the procedure is used to adjust interregional trade tables. In this paper, the special properties of interregional trade tables that increase the likelihood of nonconvergence of the RAS procedure are discussed, and two linear programming methods of solving infeasible RAS problems are provided. First, a closed linear programming approach, which enables exogenous information to override the purely mechanical solution of infeasible RAS problems, is presented. Finally, the open linear programming approach is applied successfully to adjust U.S. interregional trade data that had previously failed to converge using the RAS procedure.

Notizen: Doubly constrained gravity models require a balancing procedure to make estimated origin and destination totals consistent. We show through a series of examples that not just the magnitudes but even the signs of derivatives and elasticities of gravity model flows depend on the specific balancing procedure used. Hence, if such elasticities are regarded as meaningful, then the balancing of origin and destination totals must be regarded as an integral part of the gravity theory itself.

Notizen: This paper develops a model of regional financial markets which can encompass different degrees of spatial financial integration. The behavior of the system is analyzed under alternative assumptions about the time frame of analysis and the extent of the flexibility of interest rates. It is argued that links may exist between regional real and financial sectors even in the short run and that such links must, through the regional balance of payments, exist in the long run, even where there is perfect financial spatial integration. It is observed that these relationships have generally been ignored by regional economic model builders.

Notizen: We develop a generalized Harrod-Domar type of model for optimal regional growth which allows determination of the optimal allocation of regional public investments and which considers multiple growth objectives, as well as both normal and singular fiscal instruments. This general model is shown to include most of the previous optimal regional growth models as special cases. Necessary conditions for some special cases of the general model are analyzed in detail, and decision rules associated with derived optimal regional growth policies are articulated. These special cases verify that singular controls do exist in certain instances, and that they must be considered for the complete specification of optimal regional growth policies; this is significant because singular controls have not been previously analyzed in the literature. We conclude the paper with a discussion of sufficiency conditions for optimal regional growth models which is more general than that given by previous authors.

Notizen: As the housing stock in a city is duplicated, developers must devote greater amounts of resources to the provision of infrastructure. If the production of infrastructure is characterized by decreasing returns to scale, this will cause the price of developable land to increase. The conditions under which an upward-sloping supply curve for housing will result are discussed. Using cross-sectional data for U.S. cities from 1973 to 1982, it is shown that land prices fail to increase with the quantity of construction and that the price elasticity of the supply of housing is infinite.

Notizen: This paper develops a method for studying noninfinitesimal operational units, with the Thünen location and land use model. With constant returns to scale and perfect divisibility of nonland inputs, all operational units would occupy only a point on the landscape. The present model uses increasing returns to scale to generate large operational units, called “plantations” and studies the comparative statics. The setting of the model is an agricultural operation in which some processing of raw crop must be conducted prior to shipment to market. The processing is assumed to have increasing returns to scale.

Notizen: Empirical analysis has lagged behind the impressive additions to the theoretical literature on trade center systems during the past 15 years. This study of the trade center system in Saskatchewan is an attempt to begin to redress the imbalance and to test some of the recently formulated theoretical propositions. Communities are identified according to functional classifications for 1961 and 1981 with the aid of a cluster analysis program, and the validity of the groupings are verified using multiple discriminant analysis. Changes in the size, spacing, and function of clusters and individual communities during the 20-year interval are described and an effort is made to prdvide explanations for the changes observed.

Notizen: . General spatial price equilibrium models are formulated as variational inequalities. Sensitivity analysis results recently developed for variational inequalities are reviewed which give conditions for existence and equations for calculating the derivatives of solution variables with respect to perturbation parameters. These results are applied to the variational inequality formulations of general spatial price equilibria, and derivatives of supplies, demands, flows, and prices with respect to perturbations of supply functions, demand functions, and transportation-cost functions are calculated.

Notizen: Brueckner correctly pointed out that one of the sufficient conditions for negative exponential densities is a unitary price elasticity of the compensated, not the uncompensated, demand for housing. This note shows that the Brueckner condition implies a zero income elasticity of housing demand when income and price elasticities are constrained to be constants. It also derives the utility function that gives rise to negative exponential densities in this case, given that other standard assumptions are satisfied. In light of empirical evidence, justification for the popular negative exponential functional form seems rather weak.

Notizen: The R and D manager who seeks to improve his ability to plan for R and D has available a plethora of descriptive and normative guidance offered by practitioners and theorists respectively. Nevertheless, while R and D planning models frequently are reported, the value of such to the practising manager merits further study inasmuch as issues of effectiveness generally are unexplored. This paper reviews the R and D planning models appearing in the literature, organizes them into a taxonomy constructed along two dimensions, considers three commonly reported planning model types, and offers suggestions to the manager regarding preferred planning model characteristics.A classification of R and D planning models is presented which organizes planning models by planning direction: top down, bottom up, mixed; and level of analysis: individual project, research program, corporate research agenda, and national/international research goals. Classified R and D planning models are explored using paradigms gleaned from the R and D and the planning literatures. The quantifiability of assumptions, the extent of internal environmental variables considered, and the recognition of external environmental interdependencies provided standards against which three commonly occurring R and D planning models are evaluated.The value of available planning models to the manager of R and D is hypothesized as is his ability to improve planning efforts through model evaluation and selection. An agenda for future research on R and D planning is proposed, based on insights gleaned from the application of the evaluation criteria to the taxonomy.

Notizen: By definition, the processes involved in research involve an element of uniqueness and the exact nature of the end product cannot be predicted with certainty. Thus the means used for planning and controlling organisations for which research is a dominant activity cannot be the same as those for which the activities are repetitive and for which standards can be defined.This paper describes the differences in planning and control methodology to be expected between process-oriented and research organisations and reports the results of a survey of the accounting practices of 10 research organisations.

Notizen: While technology assessment is now usually performed at government level, methods proposed in the literature for evaluating single R and D projects by industrial concerns do not generally dedicate sufficient attention to possible externalities.The authors propose a model for evaluating R and D projects based on the concept of ‘limiting constraints’ imposed by the different organizations or groups of interest with which the company interfaces.

Notizen: The author takes a global look at the entire world of R and D, dividing it into the Centre (the large countries of the developed world) and the Periphery (small developed countries and the Third World). Her objective is to help to formulate a programme of studies to make R and D carried out in the Periphery more relevant to its needs.Her view is that (a) too many past studies of R and D productivity have been carried out by the Centre on the Centre and (b) too much effort has been expended on measuring outputs and too little on the inputs that could be controlled to produce more output. In the paper she looks at the three major clusters of controllable input factors that could influence R and D productivity. The clusters considered are those pertaining to research groups, the ‘atoms’ of R and D (size, age, composition, management style and task diversity), to the institutional setting (organizational form, institutional goals etc.) and to the general socio-cultural environment of the country concerned. In each case she questions whether their effects on productivity, mainly derived from studies of R and D at the Centre is likely to apply in the same way to R and D carried out at the Periphery.The author remarks that the factors listed in the paper are not exhaustive and in any case their interrelationships would also need to be discovered. The paper contains a large number of so far unanswered questions about input/ output relations in the context of the periphery that could provide starting points for research.

Notizen: The author has conducted a critical review of methods for evaluating R and D, focussing on levels above the individual project or researcher. Methods are classified as peer review, interview and questionnaire, qualitative methods, and case studies. The author reviews their methodological strengths and weaknesses, the types of criteria applied (eg internal or external) in judging their values, and the uses to which the results of the evaluations are put, especially in policy-making.She concludes that at the level considered evaluations have come to stay, but she can find no accepted rationale guiding the choice of method for a particular purpose or circumstance. Caution is therefore needed in selecting methods. She points out the need for empirical study of the effects of such evaluations.

Notizen: This paper outlines the development and exposits some of the central ideas of implicit contract theory using only basic mathematics (mainly Lagrangeans) and diagrams.

Notizen: Several techniques for solving dynamic rational expectations models have been proposed. This paper puts forward an alternative method for discrete time models, which is significantly simpler to use in practice. That solution is used to derive and compute optimal policy selections (incorporating ‘noncausal’ effects) which, by exploiting the discrete time framework, are also time consistent when sequentially reoptimized. Those decisions are shown to contain an optimal open loop component plus an innovations dependent correction mechanism. A numerical example is used to verify these properties, and to demonstrate the superiority of this policy selection technique over recursive methods (e.g. dynamic programming).

Notizen: This paper develops microcomputer-based R and D project selection and project evaluation models. The models use Lotus 1-2-3 as a vehicle to provide practical research management support suitable for a developing country. The models are readily adaptable for various R and D management applications.

Notizen: The author has carried out a survey to inquire into the information and communication behaviour of men and women space technologists in India. Members of a population of about 800, of whom about 70 were women, were questioned about their information seeking and transmission activities. The survey showed that on almost all aspects, including time spent on collecting information, number of contacts outside the organization, consultations with library staff, dependence on informal sources of information and so on, there were not significant differences between the sexes. The only important differences were that women used formal sources such as library documentation and consulted internal sources of information more than did men, and were much less likely to be gatekeepers. But women space technologists appeared to have low information potential in the sociometric analysis of informal contacts of the respondents as they were less likely to be chosen for discussion, advice and information by respondents than were men space technologists.

Notizen: This paper examines the implications for the management of the stock of labour under recession conditions. First a labour market model which contrasts that model with a ‘normal’ commodity market is developed. A central feature of a labour market model is that it is characterised by wage fix-employment flex policies due in no small part to the ‘peculiarities’ of the commodity labour. Secondly, we examine how following falls in revenues, wages and employment are brought back into alignment with product market conditions. We find that policies on the management of labour under these conditions are product market driven but with attention being paid to both objective business variables, such as markets, products, revenues, labour costs and productivity and more subjective elements such as the firm's ‘reputation’ as a ‘good’ employer. These two possibly conflicting elements are reconciled by policies using ‘instruments of adjustment’ to reduce and restructure the labour stock while holding wage levels relatively fixed.

Notizen: The literature on age and intelligence and scientific performance are briefly reviewed as a prelude to a more detailed consideration of recent work on the characteristics of innovative people. Attention is focussed on Kirton's measure of Innovation-Adaptation and a suggestion is made that it measures a mixture of level of creativity and style of innovation, and that future work should concentrate on developing the three sub-scales of originality, efficiency and rule-conformity. Some implications for the selection and development of R and D personnel are outlined.

Notizen: Stimulating Innovation: A Systems Approach. T. Rickards, London, Frances Pinter. xi + 221 pages.MICHAEL A. WESTThe Strategic Discount—Ways to an Entrepreneurial Strategy by G. J. Pearson, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 1985A. WILKINSONModels For Innovation Diffusion by Vijay Mahajan and Robert A. Peterson. Sage Publications, Beverley Hills/London/New Delhi. 1985. Softback $5.00GEORGE HAYWARDAnalytical Planning—The Organisation of Systems by Thomas L. Saaty and Kevin P. Keams, Pergamon Press. 1985. Hardback £29.50 $40.DAVID SUTTONManagement in Transition by Philip R. Harris. Jossey-Bass Publishers 1985 Hardback £33 00 xxvii and 404 pages.GEORGE HAYWARDScience Parks and Innovation Centres: Their Economic and Social Impact. Proceedings of the conference held in Berlin, 13–15 February 1985 edited by J. M. Gibb. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. 1985. Hardback. US $64.75, Dfl. 175.00. ix. 477pp.Science Parks in Britain: Their role for the late 1980's by Jean Currie. CSP Economic Publications 1985. Softback £98.105pp.Britain's New Products: The AICE Report (2nd Edition) compiled and published by the Association of Innovation Centre Executives. 1986 Paperback £6.00. vii. 39pp.G. HAYWARDIntroduction to Goal Programming by J. P. Ignizio, Sage University Paper, Quantitative Applications in the Social Science Series. No. 56. 1986. £4.95.C. H. ONGHuman Resources Accounting—advances in concepts, methods and applications by Eric G. Framholtz.D. YEO

Notizen: This study examines the relationship between the volume of scientific and technical publications (papers) produced by industrial scientists, and the characteristics of the corporations in which they work. Specifically, the study examines 1. the relationship between several key financial characteristics of U. S. industrial firms and the production of scientific papers; 2. the relationship between the amount of scientific papers published by industrial scientists and the publication of patents; 3. the relationship between the quality of the scientists employed by U. S. industrial firms and the firms' output of papers and patents. Data from 225 U. S. corporations were collected for the years 1975 through 1983. The corporations chosen for the study all have a history of consistent R and D expenditure. There is a substantial correlation between patenting and the publication of scientific papers although controlling for the size of the corporation reduces the correlation. Large firms, as measured by their annual sales, produce proportionately fewer scientific papers than do small firms. The number of elite scientists in a corporation is more highly correlated with the publication of scientific papers than with patenting.

Notizen: The research seeks to identify different types or dimensions of new product success and the specific determinants of these different success types. Based on a sample of 125 companies, including 123 new product successes and 80 failures, three independent dimensions of success were found: financial performance, opportunity windows and market share. The determinants of success differ for the three performance dimensions. Managerial implications are discussed.

Notizen: The literature on innovation and investment contains two contradictory strands. One emphasizes investment diversification as a form of risk reduction. The other emphasizes specialization as a way to exploit economies of scale and learning effects. The literature is surveyed and a simple model of optimal specialization is developed to clarify the issue. Comparative static results are presented.

Notizen: In the two years from November 1983 to September 1985, an experimental innovation centre was set up at the University of Calgary to offer services to community ventures by using the existing resources to serve those people developing new ventures in the community. A conservative estimate of $250, 000 worth of resources was leveraged out of an initial operating grant of $20, 000. Outcomes from the first year's operations included $ 1.75 million value added to 50 of 65 community businesses receiving support.This article places the strategy used at the University of Calgary's Low Budget Innovation Centre with the context of related strategies for supporting new innovative ventures. The history of the centre is reviewed, some lessons drawn, and an operational model formulated.

Notizen: THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN IN NEW PRODUCT MANAGEMENTReview of: Design and Innovation—Policy and Management.Product Design and Technological Innovation, Ed Robin Roy and David WieldDesign, Innovation and Long Cycles in Economic DevelopmentThe Politics of Management, by Douglas Yates Jr.The Transfer of Research Results into Industry. Proceedings of a Technical Change Centre conference held at the Geological Society on 23 September, 1985. Edited by John J. Qiunn. The Technical Change Centre, January 86International Journal of Technology Management. Editor in Chief: M. A. Dorgham, Published by Interscience Enterprises Ltd.Industrial R and D into the 1990's, by Bodroghy, Jervis and Montague. UKAEA, Harwell, 1985.High Technology Small Firms, Innovation and Regional Development in Britain and the United States. Ray Oakey.R and D Management Systems in Japanese Industry. Hajime Eto and Konomu Matsui (Eds.), Published by North-Holland, Elsevier Science Publications, Amsterdam and New York, 1984. $54.00 140 Dfl.The Strategy and Performance of British Industry, 1970–80. Luffman, G. A. and Reed, R., Macmillan, London, 1984. |SL25. and Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Drucker, P. F., Heinemann, London, 1985.

Notizen: The success of an R&D operation depends on selecting the right speciailists to occupy management positions. Errors of selection mostly arise because the choice is made on the basis of the candidate's current performance as a scientist or technologist. However, the author makes the point that persons likely to make good Rand D managers differ qualitatively from good researchers. Good scientists adopt an innovative, unconstrained, independent approach to their work, have high self-esteem, are not much interested in people and, above all, prize technical soundness. R&D managers are interested in people, active, enterprising and want to manage.The organization's problem is therefore to find reliable ways of predicting management potential with sufficient but not exclusive regard to current performance. The author recommends the use of a Career Aspirations Programme, based on exposure to the processes operating in an Assessment Centre. This is a systematic procedure using an array of personnel evaluation techniques through which a person is made aware of the demands of a management job and managers made aware of the likelihood of that person's meeting them.At the end of the process a course of personal development is agreed upon. In concrete terms this means for the potential manager that promotion may follow. Especially important if the verdict is that he or she is to continue as a technical specialist, the job may be re-designed to give it more scope and impact, or the person concerned may be retrained or placed under the care of a senior colleague acting as a mentor.

Notizen: The paper, the opening address to the Conference on Management Training for Scientists and Technologists held at Manchester in July 1986, deals with the problems which must be solved by UK industry if it is to survive in the industrial jungle of the next century. The author sees the most serious cause for concern as being the poor communication between top managements and technologists, originating in and aggravated by historically based cultural and social divisions inside UK society.The first and essential step towards a solution is for top managements to accept that technological change is inevitable and that it will affect their own operations. They must therefore accept the need to continuously review and undertake the replacement of the firm's process, product and management technologies, along with a parallel review and refurbishment of workforce skills. This implies re-education both of the firm's technical arm, including its R&D personnel and, most importantly, of the non-R&D functions which commission R&D and use its results. The author sees functional demarcation lines as a particular evil. He also deplores the preference of UK financial institutions for short-term financial returns to all investment, which reduces its capability to support innovative activities with a long lead-time. He contends that the solution to the UK's long-standing economic problems demands at least that technology and its proper management be placed at the very top of top management's agenda.He concludes the paper by challenging the technological community to play its part in bridging the gap between top managements and technology. Achieving acceptance of this challenge is the most important current task of those engaged in developing the management capabilities of scientists and technologists.The invitation to give an opening address, with no restrictions other than a loose relationship to the subject to be discussed, to a conference of this kind is one which is very difficult to refuse. Few of us can resist the chance of a platform on which to ride a few hobby-horses, display a few personal prejudices which can be legitimately exposed, and on which some wild generalisations can be made, which I would not make did I not think them worth further consideration. In this opening few minutes of your conference, I have no intention of examining any single aspect of the comprehensive coverage which will be the feature of the next three days, but I would like to deal personally with a few of the aspects of this most challenging of subjects of which I have had some personal experience. The subject is of crucial importance, not just in the operational sense of how we make the best of what we have, but in helping to formulate better the industrial strategies which the UK must adopt if it is to survive in the industrial jungle of the 21st century.

Notizen: Believing that the foundation of any performance enhancement program, productivity improvement effort, or career development program is a sound performance appraisal system, several years ago we formed a task force of line managers whose charge was to design an appraisal system which would be successful in Pfizer Central Research-US—an organization of approximately 1300 people most of whom are involved in basic research for the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and chemical operating divisions of Pfizer Inc. The system which resulted calls for three different ‘appraisal events’ during the year: a Self-Appraisal, a Performance Appraisal, and a midyear Progress Review. The task force felt that for the new system to function successfully, it was important that people regard it as important, understand what it is, and feel as comfortable as possible during the three supervisor-supervisee appraisal discussions. To help insure that these stipulations be met, the new system was announced by the President of the Division, a booklet describing it was written and distributed to all employees, and two training programs (one for supervisors and one for supervisees) were designed and conducted. The full annual cycle has been in effect for two years and the feedback we receive is positive. Now that this component is in place, we see the next logical step to be to move aggressively into designing a more specific approach to career development.

Notizen: A key requirement for a top manager—whether from a scientific/technical background or from a commercial/administrative background—is the ability to appreciate and integrate the contributions that can be made by all the disciplines and viewpoints around the boardroom table.It is no more difficult for a scientist to appreciate the perspectives of, say, production or marketing people than it is for them to appreciate those of the scientist. A great deal of general management development theory and practice is therefore equally applicable to the needs of those entering the domain of management from technical and scientific disciplines as it is to those arriving from the commercial, industrial and financial spheres.The purpose of this paper is to outline a set of theoretical sources which have been found to assist managers and technical personnel to address cross-cultural issues within and between organisations.

Notizen: The author deals with the problem faced by Lever Brothers Ltd, a company within the Unilever Group, in training graduate management trainees to manage change in an era in which subordinates increasingly challenge management decisions and those decisions themselves are less confidently made.One response was to include in the first-year management training programme a week-long Study Group, guided but not led by a process consultant, and dedicated to exploring possible changes in the company's personnel management policies necessary to meet expected changes in the social and economic climate.Over the years the format and detailed objectives of this Study Group have changed but as a result of the flexibility of the format and the openness of the transactions much has been learned on how to manage change. Trainees have learned, for exarnple, that learning must be viewed as part of work and not something added on, that group learning is possible and desirable, that people learn in different ways, and that managing a technical operation involves managing a social group. The paper also discusses the role of the trainer in such free-ranging group processes and the need to integrate what has been learned in training sessions with the real world of operations.The author concludes by emphasising that the most important lesson learned by trainees is that managing the process of the Study Group was an essential part of managing its task. From this experience they also learnt the more important lesson that process review is basic to managing in real life.

Notizen: A career plateau is defined as that point in a person's career which represents a cessation of both lateral and upward movement between jobs. The present study elaborates the idea that a fuller understanding of individual reactions to the career plateau can be achieved by considering supervisory behaviours and job characteristics as variables transmitting the influence of career plateauing to behavioural and attitudinal reaction measures. It is suggested that supervisors invest less attention and resources in plateaued employees and that plateaued employees are assigned to jobs with less motivating potential. Analyses of questionnaire data from 618 R&D professionals in 11 large West German firms show that there are significant differences between plateaued R&D professionals (i. e. those subjects with at least 10 years of job tenure) and a nonplateaued comparison group (i. e. respondents with not more than 6 years of job tenure) controlling for age as a potential confounding influence. Specifically, plateaued R&D professionals indicate less working hours, to be less satisfied with their career and their work, to be less involved in their work, and they tend to produce less publications and patents per year of company tenure. Furthermore, considerable differences are found between one's immediate supervisor's behaviours (e. g. provision of job-related performance feedback) reported by plateaued professionals and their non-plateaued counterparts. However, even after controlling the mediating effects of supervisory behaviours and job characteristics variables plateauing still had a small, but significant detrimental effect on 3 out of 6 reaction measures. Implications are outlined for organizational career management activities.

Notizen: Over the last twenty years evidence has been accumulating in favour of targeting innovative early-stage entrepreneurs for new forms of assistance. Experimental programming has been underway to find new ways to effectively support technologically innovative entrepreneurs. Further experimentation is needed to overcome remaining uncertainties and continuing objections.

Notizen: In today's world industrial firms strive to achieve technical closeness in a multiplicity of cross-cultural environments. As yet, the management sciences appear not to have created concepts and procedures that have both heuristic merit and the potential to serve as a practical tool for describing and facilitating cross-cultural communication at the personal and organizational levels. This paper, drawing on the detailed evidence of five industrial firms' interactions (buying, selling, conducting market research and technical fact-finding) in and with France, the U. S. S. R., and Japan, will advance the concept of communication competence, an organizational capacity to interpret, and anticipate changes in, foreign sociocultural environments (Holden's Ph. D thesis, January 1986). It will be demonstrated that the concept of communication competence can be developed as a multi-dimensional device for assessing firms' capacities to sustain technical closeness and making evaluative comparisons of their performance.

Notizen: Science parks—high technology property developments associated with universities—have suddenly proliferated in Britain. Local authorities, universities and public sector development agencies are now eager to exploit what seems an obvious way of stimulating high technology industry. Though much of their enthusiasm is a product of self interest, it is justified by arguments that science parks provide conditions conducive to high technology industry's prosperity. These arguments are hard to accept, but then so too is the reasoning that perceives easy and instant benefits from high technology. Such euphoria is in stark contrast to the reality that will probably face many British science parks. Keywords: science parks, high technology, universities, Britain, information flow.

Notizen: The author sets out to critically reassess the conventional wisdom that, in the high-tech semiconductor market at least, R&D and innovation demands inter-firm collaboration and significant government intervention and funding. The hinge of his critique is that arguments for extensive collective work are dominated by technology and underestimate the need of individual firms to put the effect on their competitiveness first when new technology is on the agenda for development. Government sponsored collective agreements may in fact result in loss of competitiveness if they encourage technology inappropriate for market needs. In fact, R&D is not the only important contributor to innovation; licensing-in an existing technology new to the firm may be an equally effective means of achieving competitiveness.The author concludes that the value of technical agreements to a firm will differ from industry to industry and from nation to nation, but, whatever the situation, in making the decision whether or not to participate it must be expected a firm will give priority to maintaining its competitiveness.

Notizen: The authors have set out to review the procedures used in the allocation of public money by the Federal German government for research into ‘clean’ technologies. Public sponsorship of this kind of research is necessary as industrial firms rarely see enough return for their R&D investment to warrant their carrying it out. The authors have surveyed the methods used by the government funding agency (BMFT) to identify projects and to allocate money to them. 82 projects were included in the survey in the fields of low-emission processes.Projects were segmented in five ways: Status of the receiver; Type of technology; R&D stage (from basic through demonstration plant); Cooperative versus non-cooperative, Environmental medium. Their broad conclusions are that (a) most of the funds went to projects for the development of ‘end-of-the-pipe-cum-recycling’ technologies and integrated technologies, (b) where there was cooperation between a firm and a university the R&D concentrated on studying basic principles, and (c) success depends on the existence of a clear strategy for the research as a whole rather than on ad hoc monitoring against a narrowly conceived plan. The authors also summarise the problems met in ensuring that money allocated in this way is effectively used.

Notizen: This paper looks at a number of others which bear on the interface between Corporate Strategy and R&D Planning to see if a more systematic approach can suggest a sequence to be followed so that Corporate Strategy can be seen as a source of ideas for R&D.The purpose of R&D is defined in terms of contributing to the competitiveness of the Company or Business Unit being served. The areas of competition or threats from the external environment are then explored using a model taken from Porter's book ‘Competitive Strategy’. Each area of competition is considered in turn and strategies identified which might enable the company to maintain its competitive edge. Sub-objectives for the R&D function can then be determined allocating resources and time for their completion.It is the performance of the R&D function inj fulfilling these sub-objectives which can be the basis of measuring the effectiveness of R&D.

Notizen: Historically, the female unemployment rate in the U.S. has been higher than the male rate, but recently this unemployment rate differential has narrowed. This study looks at the reasons behind this phenomenon, and finds that relative declines in male-dominated industries such as durable manufacturing and construction increase the male unemployment rate relative to the female rate. If male-dominated industries continue to decline, the female unemployment rate is likely to fall below the male rate in the near future and remain lower in both recessions and expansions. The results reported here also indicate that increases in the female labor force participation rate are associated with relatively lower female unemployment rates after the mid-l970s, contrasting with the positive relationship in the 1950s and 1960s.

Notizen: One of the limitations to the widespread use of the Esteban-Marquillas shift-share extension has been the Stokes (1974) proof of the lack of regional additivity of the Esteban-Marquillas competitive components. Since the Arcelus extension (1984) of the traditional shift-share decomposition is a continuation of the logical framework by Esteban-Marquillas (1972), the Stokes criticism would at first appear to have equal relevance to this new work. This note demonstrates that the relationship between the rate of growth of the larger region and the rates of growth of its constituent subregions is ignored in the Stokes criticism and in the subsequent critique by Beaudry and Martin (1979). By explicitly incorporating the relationship between the rate of growth of the larger region and the rates of growth of the constituent subregions, we also demonstrate that the recent shift-share extensions by Esteban-Marquillas and Arcelus share with the classical shift-share decomposition the desirable additive properties under regional disaggregation of the data.