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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (182,057)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 1
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
    Description: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches. Highlights: Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce. Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites.
    Description: Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010219
    Description: Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Response of subsoil organic matter contents and physical properties to long‐term, high‐rate farmyard manure application (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-26
    Description: Application of farmyard manure (FYM) is common practice to improve physical and chemical properties of arable soil and crop yields. However, studies on effects of FYM application mainly focussed on topsoils, whereas subsoils have rarely been addressed so far. We, therefore, investigated the effects of 36‐year FYM application with different rates of annual organic carbon (OC) addition (0, 469, 938 and 1875 g C m−2 a−1) on OC contents of a Chernozem in 0–30 cm (topsoil) and 35–45 cm (subsoil) depth. We also investigated its effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties in subsoil. X‐ray computed tomography was used to analyse the response of the subsoil macropore system (≥19 μm) and the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) to different FYM applications, which were related to contents in total OC (TOC) and water‐extractable OC (WEOC). We show that FYM‐C application of 469 g C m−2 a−1 caused increases in TOC and WEOC contents only in the topsoil, whereas rates of ≥938 g C m−2 a−1 were necessary for TOC enrichment also in the subsoil. At this depth, the subdivision of TOC into different OC sources shows that most of the increase was due to fresh POM, likely by the stimulation of root growth and bioturbation. The increase in subsoil TOC went along with increases in macroporosity and macropore connectivity. We neither observed increases in plant‐available water capacity nor in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, only very high application of FYM over long periods can increase OC content of subsoil at our study site, but this increase is largely based on fresh, easily degradable POM and likely accompanied by high C losses when considering the discrepancy between OC addition rate by FYM and TOC response in soil. Highlights A new image processing procedure to distinguish fresh and decomposed POM. The increase of subsoil C stock based to a large extend on fresh, labile POM. Potential of arable subsoils for long‐term C storage by large FYM application rates is limited. The increase in TOC has no effect on hydraulic properties of the subsoil.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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    How to Find Aquifer Statistics Utilizing Pumping Tests? Two Field Studies Using welltestpy (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: We present a workflow to estimate geostatistical aquifer parameters from pumping test data using the Python package welltestpy. The procedure of pumping test analysis is exemplified for two data sets from the Horkheimer Insel site and from the Lauswiesen site, Germany. The analysis is based on a semi‐analytical drawdown solution from the upscaling approach Radial Coarse Graining, which enables to infer log‐transmissivity variance and horizontal correlation length, beside mean transmissivity, and storativity, from pumping test data. We estimate these parameters of aquifer heterogeneity from type‐curve analysis and determine their sensitivity. This procedure, implemented in welltestpy, is a template for analyzing any pumping test. It goes beyond the possibilities of standard methods, for example, based on Theis' equation, which are limited to mean transmissivity and storativity. A sensitivity study showed the impact of observation well positions on the parameter estimation quality. The insights of this study help to optimize future test setups for geostatistical aquifer analysis and provides guidance for investigating pumping tests with regard to aquifer statistics using the open‐source software package welltestpy.
    Description: Article impact statement: We present a workflow to infer parameters of subsurface heterogeneity from pumping test data exemplified at two sites using welltestpy.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Keywords: ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Importance of sources of variability, scales and experimental design: A case study about the effects of biochar and slurry application on soil properties in agricultural silty loam soils (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: In designed experiments, different sources of variability and an adequate scale of measurement need to be considered, but not all approaches in common usage are equally valid. In order to elucidate the importance of sources of variability and choice of scale, we conducted an experiment where the effects of biochar and slurry applications on soil properties related to soil fertility were studied for different designs: (a) for a field‐scale sampling design with either a model soil (without natural variability) as an internal control or with composited soils, (b) for a design with a focus on amendment variabilities, and (c) for three individual field‐scale designs with true field replication and a combined analysis representative of the population of loess‐derived soils. Three silty loam sites in Germany were sampled and the soil macroaggregates were crushed. For each design, six treatments (0, 0.15 and 0.30 g slurry‐N kg−1 with and without 30 g biochar kg−1) were applied before incubating the units under constant soil moisture conditions for 78 days. CO2 fluxes were monitored and soils were analysed for macroaggregate yields and associated organic carbon (C). Mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. For all soil properties, results for the loess sites differed with respect to significant contributions of fixed effects for at least one site, suggesting the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils to be made and showed that site:slurry:biochar and site:slurry interactions were not negligible for macroaggregate yields. The use of a model soil as an internal control enabled observation of variabilities other than those related to soils or amendments. Experiments incorporating natural variability in soils or amendments resulted in partially different outcomes, indicating the need to include all important sources of variability. Highlights Effects of biochar and slurry applications were studied for different designs and mixed‐effects models were used to describe the effects. Including an internal control allowed observation of, e.g., methodological and analytical variabilities. The results suggested the need for a general inclusion of different sites. Analysis using a multilevel model allowed generalizations for loess soils. The results indicated the need to include all important sources of variability.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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    Do tree species affect decadal changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Danish common garden experiments? (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Temperate forest soils are often considered as an important sink for atmospheric carbon (C), thereby buffering anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the effect of tree species composition on the magnitude of this sink is unclear. We resampled a tree species common garden experiment (six sites) a decade after initial sampling to evaluate whether forest floor (FF) and topsoil organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Nt) stocks changed in dependence of tree species (Norway spruce—Picea abies L., European beech—Fagus sylvatica L., pedunculate oak—Quercus robur L., sycamore maple—Acer pseudoplatanus L., European ash—Fraxinus excelsior L. and small‐leaved lime—Tilia cordata L.). Two groups of species were identified in terms of Corg and Nt distribution: (1) Spruce with high Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as a mor humus layer which tended to have smaller Corg and Nt stocks and a wider Corg:Nt ratio in the mineral topsoil, and (2) the broadleaved species, of which ash and maple distinguished most clearly from spruce by very low Corg and Nt stocks in the FF developed as mull humus layer, had greater Corg and Nt stocks, and narrow Corg:Nt ratios in the mineral topsoil. Over 11 years, FF Corg and Nt stocks increased most under spruce, while small decreases in bulk mineral soil (esp. in 0–15 cm and 0–30 cm depth) Corg and Nt stocks dominated irrespective of species. Observed decadal changes were associated with site‐related and tree species‐mediated soil properties in a way that hinted towards short‐term accumulation and mineralisation dynamics of easily available organic substances. We found no indication for Corg stabilisation. However, results indicated increasing Nt stabilisation with increasing biomass of burrowing earthworms, which were highest under ash, lime and maple and lowest under spruce. Highlights We studied if tree species differences in topsoil Corg and Nt stocks substantiate after a decade. The study is unique in its repeated soil sampling in a multisite common garden experiment. Forest floors increased under spruce, but topsoil stocks decreased irrespective of species. Changes were of short‐term nature. Nitrogen was most stable under arbuscular mycorrhizal species.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaff (DFG)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:631.41
    Language: English
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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    Urban pluvial flood adaptation: Results of a household survey across four German municipalities (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2022-09-30
    Description: In recent years, German cities were heavily impacted by pluvial flooding and related damage is projected to increase due to climate change and urbanisation. It is important to ask how to improve urban pluvial flood risk management. To understand the current state of property level adaptation, a survey was conducted in four municipalities that had recently been impacted by pluvial flooding. A hybrid framework based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Protection Action Decision Model (PADM) was used to investigate drivers of adaptive behaviour through both descriptive and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics revealed that participants tended to instal more low‐ and medium‐cost measures than high‐cost measures. Regression analyses showed that coping appraisal increased protection motivation, but that the adaptive behaviour also depends on framing factors, particularly homeownership. We further found that, while threat appraisal solely affects protection motivation and responsibility appraisal affects solely maladaptive thinking, coping appraisal affects both. Our results indicate that PMT is a solid starting point to study adaptive behaviours in the context of pluvial flooding, but we need to go beyond that by, for instance, considering factors of the PADM, such as responsibility, ownership, or respondent age, to fully understand this complex decision‐making process.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.489 ; ddc:363.34
    Language: English
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    The mathematical model of short-time forecast of the Earth axial rotation irregularity (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The precision of the universal time UT1 forecast for the short time intervals (up to two months) is researched in this paper based on the celestial mechanical model of the Earth axial rotation irregularity. It is shown that use of the approximate low-parametric model for the problem of the Earth axial rotation velocity variation forecast on the short time intervals is justified. The approximate model is obtained by the averaging of the variable parameters that is exposed to small variations in consequence of perturbation factors nonstationarity. The method of weight coefficients distribution in approximation algorithm that takes into account the irregular oscillations of the Earth axial rotation velocity is suggested. The precision of the forecast that is identical to published by IERS one is achieved with the help of weighted least squares method.
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    Modeling of compensatory sustainbility on the basis of algebraic formalization of systems (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: A solution of the problem of modeling the compensatory system’s sustainability on the basis of the algebraic formalization of the general concept of the system is proposed. By a compensatory sustainability is meant the internal structure of the system’s links, which ensures the interchangeability of its structural resources.
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    Fundamental and Applied Problems of Mechanics - 2017 (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: List of Photo available in this pdf.
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    Analysis of oscillations of framework at pulse influence taking into account physical non-linearity (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article illustrates the analysis of oscillations of a flat multi-storey framework as discrete dissipative systems (DDS) at pulse influence by the time analysis method (TAM). Brief theoretical prepositions of TAM, such as description of the equation of motion of the DDS and expressions of response parameters, are given. The design dynamic model of the structure represents the flat three-storey shear frame having three degrees of freedom. The calculation results are oscillograms of internal response characteristics and reaction parameters of the system on the time slice t ϵ [0;8] sec. The multi-cycle nature of deformation of racks and also the change of parameters of plastic zones of framework supporters in the process of non-linear oscillations are considered.
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    Increasing the water yielding capacity of natural water sediments (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: When carrying out water treatment processes, a significant amount of hydroxide sediments is formed, which have a low water-yielding capacity. In the paper, the sediment of sewage treatment facilities of water pipes, which is formed in the conditions of low turbidity and medium color of water in a water source, was investigated. The effect of seasonal variations in turbidity, color and temperature of the treated water on the specific resistance of sediment filtration is shown. The features of sediment formation in sedimentation tanks of various types are considered. It is shown that the conditions for the formation of sediment affect its properties. It is established that the return of washing water, realized on one of the blocks of main water treatment facilities, increases the turbidity of the water to be purified and leads to the formation of sediments that are easier to be conditioned. At the same time, the sediment, formed in two-tier sedimentation tanks, when they are condi...
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    Problems of rational use of territory and conservation of natural resources in hunting areas (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The wealth of our country is not only people and a multinational culture, but also a vast territory on which the areas of a unique animal and plant world, depending on their geographical location, have spread. In order to preserve the natural environment on the territory of our country, since the Soviet era, protected natural areas, hunting facilities have been created, and a hunting resources fund has been established. In Russia, there are about 5,000 hunting users, who carry out hunting activities in 7,000 hunting farms, employing about 80,000 people. The territory of the hunting area may include lands of various categories of the Land Fund of the Russian Federation and lands for various special purposes, as well as limitedly defensible lands. According to the current legislation, a differentiated approach is used to regulate the use of these lands, which makes it difficult to use and manage this type of land, and accordingly the industry. The article deals with the problems, ...
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    Strengthening of pressed building materials (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The acceleration of hardening of compositions, based on cement and low cement binding materials, is possible in special conditions of concrete mixtures consolidation when a disperse system “binding aggregate” is being consolidated by a small amount of water. These are so-called methods of vibration pressing and pressing. Vibration pressing presupposes a binary mechanical influence on the consolidated mixture – vibration and pressure, generated by a power installation of a press or a set-on weight the strength of which is widely variable. No need for mixture plastic state sustention in the conditions of such influences imposes special requirements both for the mixture composition design and modes of its consolidation and strengthening. At present, a recovery of industrial powder wastes which do not possess the binding properties, while being produced by the traditional methods of building materials manufacture with the use of easy-to-place mixtures (vibration pressing, tamping, a...
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    Creation of Stalingrad look in postwar period (1940 – 1950) (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: This article deals with the particular objects of the reconstructed historical architectural sights in Tsaritsin and considers the architecture of the Soviet Neoclassicism of Stalingrad’s post-war restoration of the 1940s and the 1950s. It shows what the architects’ efforts were directed to and considers the style and compositional arrangement of buildings of the time. The study is conducted by means of the analysis of the materials found in central and regional archives, the literature review, and field observations (measuring and photographic registration). The article provides the description and analysis of the architecture of the city’s most significant buildings of the time. It analyses and classifies main specificities of architectural details and principles of their use in various types of buildings of the Soviet Neoclassicism. It also highlights the role of the architectural detail in creation of an image of the Hero City. The article also provides a new record of photo...
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    Assessment of the efficiency of using heat recovery units in ventilation systems in the conditions of the Southern Urals (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The increase of energy efficiency and energy saving are the main indicators of the improvement and growth of the competitiveness of the Russian economy. One of the system approaches is saving of energy resources through heat recovery. The use of heat recovery units and assessment of the boundaries of their effective use are rather relevant for regions with a long heating period and low negative temperatures. The study proves that special climatic conditions of the Southern Urals provide certain benefits when using heat recovery units in the cold season, relative to other regions, which allows us to use them effectively in ventilation and air conditioning systems throughout the year.
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    Peer review statement (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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    Contemporary methods of production of pigments obtained from non-ferrous industrial waste (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The current article describes green pigments’ manufacturing and application problems. Verditer green, or green pigment, is a group or chemical compounds used in various branches of industry, especially in manufacturing paints used for decoration and restoration of engineering constructions and other buildings. The properties and methods of obtaining verditer green from industrial waste are presented with the properties of viridian and cobalt green taken as the examples of green pigments. The technology of obtaining chromium oxide III, chromium hydroxide III, cobalt green including the required equipment, is given with the focus on the calcination process, the chemical reactions are performed both in description and chemical formulae, the different methods of obtaining the pigments, depending on the demanded pigment’s colour, are offered, and the technical and chemical requirements for the raw material and the pigments’ compound are listed.
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    Modern technology of sulphide-bearing wastewater sanitation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The industry that forms sulphide-bearing wastewater imposes a big man-made burden on the ambient environment. Existing treatment methods of sulphide-bearing wastewater intend for insignificant decrease of sulphide concentration, water purification without further use, and storing of sediments at polygons. Transportation of sulphide-bearing wastewater causes heavy corrosion of pipe system. The developed modern technology allows carrying out quality purification of wastewater, obtaining circulating water for process purposes as well as commodity products used in the main technology. The relevant is development of optimal techniques for sanitation of sulphide-bearing wastewater from the position of using the pollutant as a finished reagent solution. Research on the processes of forming sulphide-bearing wastewater was carried out, selection of purification method by treatment using ferrous sulphate was conducted, conditions for efficient use of this method with the purpose to develo...
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    Innovative solutions implemented in design of iset tower (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: A significant increase in the construction of high-rise buildings in Russia is observed in the last decades. Ekaterinburg takes the second place in Russia after Moscow as regards the annual construction volumes. The first high-rise buildings in the Urals region were built as early as in 19th century and the height of these buildings reached approximately 75 meters. Nowadays, two northernmost skyscrapers in the world are located in Ekaterinburg, one of which is a part of a business district "Ekaterinburg-City". The height of these skyscrapers is above 150 meters. The incompleteness of the Russian regulatory basis for designing high-rise buildings makes it necessary to carry out a large amount of additional design and construction processes. Therefore, despite the experience of previous projects, designers have to create individual innovative design solutions for every new high-rise building. This article describes the features of design of the high-rise building is the Iset Tower...
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    Nambu mechanics and its applications (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Here mechanical systems with the Nambu bracket is discussed. We consider some examples of the Nambu mechanics. The main idea that the superintegrability of mechanical system leads to the Nambu bracket. Some applications for the field theory are given.
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    Automation of computation of insolation duration in architectural design (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The system of automated computation of the insolation duration is considered as applied to the tasks of architectural design. The model and algorithm of computation and plotting are given. The system allows to perform computation in a point, inside a contour, plotted on a territory or a building’s wall. By way of illustration, shadow movement animation is performed, as well as building of the sectors of light indicating at the reasons of limited insolation. The influence of the computation date on the insolation duration is considered. It is demonstrated that changing the date of the normative computation from March 22 to April 22 reduces the region of unacceptable insolation by 50...70%. The examples of computation are given. The system interface is considered. A brief description of the system’s software implementation is provided. The models are designed in the AutoCAD package. The programs are written in the AutoLisp programming language.
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    Forms of landscaping modern architectural environment (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The urbanization of territories, changes in the lifestyle of the population, significant deterioration of the environment require a change in the traditional approach of the formation of urban and architectural space. In view of the limited time budget of the modern city dweller, it is necessary to revise the existing system of active green recreation, bringing it as close as possible to the space for life and work. Because of the limitations of territorial resources and aggressiveness of the external environment, the trend of green space "green building". This concept involves the active formation of several types of landscaping at the same time. That requires a special approach to the design of the "green" object. The article deals with the levels of the complex of factors that are necessary in the design of ecological space at various stages.
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    Evaluation of building collapse risk with damage localization (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article offers an approach to building collapse risk evaluation with damage localization. As a rule, the risk includes the probability and value of loss. The probability of failure for separate construction is determined by known methods, but for risk-management decisions these methods are too complicated. The solutions of the problem, using the specified theoretical base, are considered: for structural damages of the constructions the simple rules of criticality degree determination are used; they are based on fuzzy logic, which ensures the efficiency of structural state assessment. The represented risk assessment method is also based on technological and social loss cost evaluation for various areas under failed constructions and different accident scenarios. The risk oriented approach can be applied in few related areas of construction, from design to insurance.
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    Territorial Technosphere as Managed Dynamic System (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The territorial technosphere is a dynamic system described by a system of differential equations. The initial data of these equations take into account the conditions of normal functioning of the territorial technosphere and emergency situations. Changing the parameters of the impact of the technosphere allows you to influence the quality of the environment and to maintain it in a stable state. An effective mechanism for controlling the territorial technosphere as a dynamic system should be the elimination of inoperable States using: the formation of a set of informative parameters; control and registration of values of informative parameters; creation of a database of normative and actual values of informative parameters, formation of control actions.
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    Influence of changes in the Volga river water expenditure on water hardness and alkalinity increase in Kuibyshev refinery river intake (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The chemical control department of the Kuibyshev refinery (known as KNPZ) registers a systematic increase in river water hardness and alkalinity. The increase of these values changes the reagent softening mode of clearing agents with weighted sediments. It is required to carry out a constant analysis of water alkalinity before reagent softening. The researchers collected data of average monthly values of the Volga-river water samples from Samara Hydroelectric Station, the Samara-river water samples from the Bezymyanka heat power-station, the Volga-river water samples from Kuibyshev refinery as well as hourly water samples from the same stations and compared it with the data on average daily Volga-river water discharge from Zhiguly hydroelectric power station, obtained in 2016, from July till October. The analysis of the data showed that changes of the Volga-river water discharge had no effect on the increase of water alkalinity and hardness of the KNPZ river intake.
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    Smart parallel robots for massage (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: A new concept smart robots for massage with plane and spatial parallel mechanisms is shown. Plane and spatial parallel robots (PPR and SPR) are based on triangular and octahedral structures. Every one of sides of triangle and ribs of octahedron is linear drive. Ends of the adjacent linear drive are connected with by cylindrical (for triangle) and spherical (for octahedron) joints. As result PPR and SPR have three and twelve degrees of freedom, and they can adapt to body of patient and. Possibility of full automation some kinds massage by autonomous portable smart PPR and SPR is shown. The use of these robots will allow the masseur remotely via the Internet to serve several patients at the same time in real time. PPR and SPR are portable multifunctional smart robots for various rehabilitation applications. Both kinds parallel robots will be discussed in detail.
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    Forest-park green belts as environment-forming element of urbanized territories (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The issues of protection and improvement of the environment surrounding residents of the cities are one of key in modern town planning. Their decision has to be a component of design and planning work. Throughout all evolution of the architectural and landscape environment of the city as anthropogenic ecosystem the quality of his territories in many respects defined gardening, which minimizes negative impact of factors of the urbanized environment on the person But in the modern cities its area decreases, the condition of vegetation worsens that, finally, leads to violation of spatial interrelations of an anthropogenic and natural component of the urban environment. The territorial growth of the cities has aggravated a problem of preservation of a natural landscape. The total area of public green areas in the majority of city districts does not meet the operating town-planning standards Owing to this fact in the Russian town planning to the forefront there were questions of form...
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    Formation of optimal structure of cellular concrete (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the effect of silica-containing components on the structure and properties of cellular concrete. It is shown that the creation of the optimal pore structure of concrete and the structure of the interporous frame, the intensification of hydration and crystallization processes in hydrothermal treatment can improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of cellular concrete. At the level of modern knowledge about the structure and properties of cellular concrete, the potential for increasing its strength characteristics has been studied. Through the effective use of the energy potentials of the multicomponent binder, including Portland cement, calcium lime and activated silica components, the nanopore structure of the matrix stone is formed.
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    Coupled Multi-Physics Modelling in Continuum Mechanics (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Contemporary models of solids of thermoelasticity requires to include multiphysics coupling and employ non classical e.g. elastic behavior. The permanent generalization of elastic model is the Cosseratt micropolar model. Now this model is to be applied to growing solids, biomaterials, granular media, concrete. The basic concepts of the continuum mechanics is considered in connection with the difference in the dimensions of the continuum and external space. New field variables are introduced representing complex continuum properties. A generalization of the model of the micropolar continuum has been proposed. The action and the action density for the complex continuum model are discussed. A new field-theoretic model of a nonlinearly elastic continuum is developed assuming existence of an isometric immersing into an external plane space.
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    Mathematical model of polystyrene concrete structure for design of its strength characteristics (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In the modern society a constant search is performed for the options to improve the energy efficiency of constructed residential and public buildings to reduce the cost of their operation and the human impact on the environment. One of the possible ways of the problem solution is using new construction and thermal insulation materials and products that meet modern requirements, for example, fencing and supporting construction made of polystyrene concrete. The authors carried out some research works, concerning the aforementioned improvement of deformation and strength characteristics of building material, by modeling its structure in the Institute of New Materials and Technologies of Ural Federal University. The research and mathematical modeling of the dependence of the composite material characteristics on the properties of raw materials and structure will allow predicting the strength of manufactured structures and determining the ratio and quality of raw materials of polysty...
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    Purification of aqueous media from toxicants carbon-mineral sorbent (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: To purify aquatic environments from various toxicants, we obtained a carbon-mineral sorbent from the reed stems of the South (Phragmitesaustralis) by carbonization. At the stage of carbonization of the crushed reed, a carcass, containing carbon and silicate constituents, is formed. Depending on the type of feedstock and the carbonization temperature of the organic component, the content of the silicate component varies in the range of 20-30%. The process is carried out until a sorbent containing 70-80% of the carbon component, 29-19% of the silicate component and 1% of water is obtained. The adsorption capacity of the obtained carbon-mineral sorbent towards to medium and macromolecular organic compounds, and heavy metals was studied. As a result, it was established that the carbon-mineral sorbent obtained from the reed stems of the South (Phragmitesaustralis) has moderately distributed sizes of macro- and micropores. The presence of two constituents, carbon and silicate, in the ...
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    Investigation of probiotic agent influence on sewage quality and active sludge properties (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: One of the new and promising directions in the wastewater treatment technologies and treatment of precipitation is the use of the probiotic agents. A lot of brands of probiotics, which differ in their composition, concentration and cost are offered by the producers on the market. The research results of the “Pip Plus Water” probiotic influence on the concentration of organic contaminants in the model wastewater solution are presented in this article. An additional point is that the changes in the quality indices of the wastewater, which is taken from municipal sewage treatment facilities, because of the contact with a probiotic have been investigated. The characteristics, describing the active sludge compaction process before and after the addition of the probiotic agent, have been obtained. The preliminary study stage has showed that the probiotic agent being considered has a positive impact on the certain sewage quality indicators and the precipitation properties. The ability ...
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    Influence of Orenburg gas condensate field development on ecological and biological condition of landscape-botanical complexes (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article presents the results of the study of the landscape-botanical complexes in the zone of influence of the Orenburg gas condensate field. The studies have found that the area objects in most cases are located on the territory of arable land, which occupy 60-90% of the terrain of the study area. Previously, natural vegetation was cut down and new trees and shrubs were planted. The studies have shown that during the reconstruction and construction works at industrial sites the soil was removed. During the work with the water wash the existing vegetation was subjected to species transformations, which led to the death of communities that can not withstand constant excessive moisture. Thus, the role of the floodplain as a natural filter under the condition of surface water pollution was violated. Water-washing works led to a change of the Ural river bed: the right bank became more steep, the river bed expanded, which affected the decrease in the flow rate, the process of sil...
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    Ecological and technological aspects of increasing sustainability of vegetation cover of caspian oil and gas provinces (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article presents the results of the study of the vegetation cover, in particular, the floristic and phytocenotic features of the territory of oil and gas extraction of the North-Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, the southeast of the Caspian lowland are determined. Also, modern ecological and technological methods and a monitoring program are reflected, which will allow us to identify and assess the level of man-made impact, to develop a system of compensation processes that balances the ecological system as a whole. It is shown that the production activity of the oil and gas industry remains one of the main reasons for the negative impact on the stability of the vegetation cover of the studied areas.
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    Features of forming a parallel staging launch vehicle mathematical model using the method of d’Alembert-Kane (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article discusses features of dynamic characteristics in a parallel-staging launch vehicle’s elastic design. In contrast to traditional forms of body transverse vibrations in rockets with tandem staging, the parallel-staging scheme features vibrational forms of spatial character which are associated with longitudinal and torsional vibrations of side blocks of the rocket. The attention in the paper is drawn to the simplicity and clarity of drawing up general equations of dynamics in the form of d’Alambert-Kane, as well as to the features of projections of overload forces and the main engines thrust onto the related and inertial axes.
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    Factors determining modern architectural space (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article gives a short review of modern trends in the development of architectural space and essential factors that influence this process: material and technical; and socio-cultural. The introduction touches upon modern requirements for organizing the living environment. The body of the article defines and analyses the factors determining the development of the modern architectural space. They represent two different trends of influence: material and technical; and socio-cultural. The body starts with the description of material and technical factors that include development and improvement of material and technical resources, technological progress, changes in the engineering and technical requirements. The author pays particular attention to their impact on modern construction concept and space planning. The article further on investigates socio-cultural factors that are regarded as the underlying for the process of shaping a modern architectural space. Among socio-cultura...
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    Confidence intervals for output variable in fuzzy linear regression model (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: An analogue of confidence intervals with a given level of possibility for output variable in a fuzzy linear regression model has been developed in the paper. The methods of fuzzy regression analysis extend the methods of classical regression analysis and allow to solve different problems in conditions of fuzzy and incomplete initial information without the limits of the probabilities methods. The developed approach opens up new opportunities for predicting of output fuzzy variable.
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    Integrating multi-level traffic intersections into urban environment (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article deals with the problem of architectural and city planning attractiveness of large cities due to the growing population and increased traffic. The author focuses on the negative impact of constructing multi-level highway intersections in the city structure in the light of socio-ecological, emotional-psychological, artistic-aesthetic and cultural-religious aspects. The article solves the problems of urban areas by integrating multi-level traffic intersections. The construction of low-rise settlements in the zones with much gardening, forest areas near lakes and rivers compensates city unattractiveness. Apparently, the solution of the problem is the harmonious combination of public administrative zones of "point" construction with buildings of different types in combination with low-rise buildings of a country type. The effective combination is based on developing a good transport system, based on multi-level traffic intersections. We suggest combining these zones with ...
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    Conceptual Design of Russian Modern Monotowns’ Architectural Space (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presents a historical perspective on the emergence and development of Russian monotowns. It also studies the lack of a case-by-case approach to the modern Russian monotowns architectural appearance formation of as well as contemporary creative approaches to the design process of architectural works and design. This paper makes the case for creative approaches to the creation modern objects in the monotown's architectural space. It provides an example of a creative approach to the architectural object design, at the initial designing stage enabling to individualize a future project, reflecting a part of the author's creative self-identity. A “self-concept" is given as an example of a design approach. That approach ensured the use of a graph unit - a prototype-based visual component formation of the organization corporate identity, reflected both in the building architecture, small architectural objects, and in design items. The visualization, accompanying the paper, is ...
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    International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety (ICCATS 2018) (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety (ICCATS-2018) was organized by South Ural State University (national research university), Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk and Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg on 26-28 of September, 2018. The conference program encompassed a wide range of topics and was divided into 9 sections: building materials and products; construction, buildings and structures; construction technology and organization; engineering networks and equipment. foundations, bases and underground structures; engineering and computer graphics in construction design; architecture, urban studies and design; analysis, assessment and technologies of natural and man-made disasters reduction; industrial ecology and waste-water treatment. More than 236 participants from 28 cities of the Russia and other countries attended the confe...
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    Radiation hygiene assessment of working conditions at construction industry enterprises (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The concept of safety and life support of the population in the context of urbanization is one of the most systemically important concepts of human ecology. Legislative and regulatory documents, concerning the radiation safety of the population and personnel, have been considered. Conceptual issues have been critically analyzed. The article deals with the problems of ensuring the radiation and environmental safety in the construction industry. The problem of radiation hygiene support of technological processes and construction is of particular importance. The radiation control of working conditions needs to be carried out in accordance with the legislative and regulatory acts accepted in Russia. The issues of the relevance of radiation risks have been considered in the context of working conditions in the construction industry that were specially assessed. The activities to reduce workers’ exposure from natural radionuclides should be carried out in all cases, when this dose exc...
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    Investigation of spatial density of public and business objects in the largest city with help of geoinformation technologies (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article reveals the study of spatial distribution of the density of public and business objects with the use of geoinformation technologies. The source of the data was data from the open geoinformation project OpenStreetMap. Earlier, we showed that for the radial component of the density of public and business facilities. This paper is a continuation of the previous one. The angular distribution of density of public and business objects is studied by example of the largest city - Ekaterinburg. Spatial density has "tails" that characterize the predominant directions of the city development. At the same time, the average spatial configuration for the average density distribution shows the radial-ring structure for urban planning. The obtained results are interpreted within the framework of the "frame-fabric".
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    State examination of BIM-model on the basis of object technological dependencies model (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: It is important to check the projects created on the basis of BIM. In this case, an automated process of checking and evaluating the quality of the BIM-model is necessary, for example, for express checking in the state expertise. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the technological and organizational features of construction and installation works. This issue is especially important and relevant for facilities that are dangerous and technologically complex (for instance, stadiums, high-rise buildings, hydroelectric power stations, bridges). In the article the authors propose to approach the examination of the state expertise of the projects of these objects from the position of the model of object technological dependencies. The key factor of this model is a description of the technology of the facility construction, which displays the technological interrelation of the works, their quantification and the definition of the time domain of these works. The mode...
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    Experimental selection of young’s modulus according the structure of concrete (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article provides an overview of the dependencies connecting structure of concrete with young’s modulus. The developed method experimental evaluation of the known dependencies. In the studies used samples with different number and different size of crushed stone. Shows the compositions of the used concretes. According to the results of the tests were obtained the theoretical diagrams of the concrete. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of various compositions of concrete. Part of the dependency of the young’s modulus was checked for consistency with experimental data. Proposed practical methodology for the evaluation of the concrete structure. According to the results of the comparison proposed a theoretical model for the estimation of the young’s modulus for concrete structures.
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    Application of geospatial technologies for analysis and development of transport infrastructure and cadastral activities in urban areas (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The current state, development and transformation of transport infrastructure in urban areas are due to factors such as increased safety, environmental requirements, as well as the provision of new opportunities through the connection of vehicles to the Internet. Connected, Autonomous and electric vehicles have become key areas of development in the automotive industry. By the end of 2020, there will be more than 14 million connected vehicles on the roads of Russia, 3.5 million of which are trucks and more than 10 million personal cars. In this paper, the object of the study is the transport interchange of regional importance as a structural component of a single urban space of the city district of Tyumen, Tyumen region. The authors present the results of theoretical research and practical work on the implementation of geospatial systems and technologies in the design of roads. The features of the design of this object using GIS technologies are considered. The analysis of the d...
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    Technological process of buildings construction as regards occupational risks (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Relative statistical indicators of injuries in construction are higher than the general rate for all types of economic activity. In this paper, the assessment has been made of the occupational risks during buildings construction with consideration to the peculiarities of technological stages. The occupational risks were assessed with regard to the probability of danger and seriousness of consequences. The highest risks were revealed for the following works: land plot fencing, demolition of the existing buildings, foundation excavation, trenching for communications, erecting outer walls of buildings, and wiring. The most frequently occurring accidents are falling from height and electric injuries. Namely these risks require putting more focus on them and using individual approach when trying to minimize them.
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    Rationale for necessity of production enterprises entering in zones of residential development, borders of settled points, by example of “plemennoe” swine complex in Zavodoukovsk city of Tyumen region (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article deals with the problem of protecting the population and the environment from the negative impact of an agricultural enterprise built on the territory of a settlement prior to the enactment of land and urban codes. The enterprise under consideration refers to hazardous production facilities of the third hazard class. In accordance with the urban development plan for the city of Zavodoukovsk, the enterprise was in the residential development zone. Taking into account that, since the establishment of the company, not only the production capacities but also the area allocated for the land plot have increased, there is an urgent need to resolve the issues of its future activities on the territory of the settlement in accordance with the current legislation.
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    Fractals in construction material science (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The application of the theory of fractal geometry in construction materials production allows revealing a new possibility to model the properties of materials and processes. The fractal theory can be used in the research of the processes of cement paste hardening as the formation of a cluster structure; the structure and properties of dispersed media; structural characteristics of the porous material; cracking caused by various factors, using data received at predicting the collapse of critical structures. The investigation of surface properties of aggregate, using a fractal approach, allowed one to reveal the direct dependence between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the concrete and the value of the fractal dimension of such aggregate. Thus, application of the method based on the determination of the fractal dimension of the aggregate, allows predicting the properties of concrete as well as to regulate its physical and mechanical properties by selecting or modify...
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    Regional specific features of modern residential compounds. Affordable housing in the city of Samara, Russia (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The identification of modern approaches and the specifics of the improvement of architectural solutions for residential buildings of an affordable price category in non-capital cities of the Russian Federation has become the main task of the research. From the generalization and analysis of the overall results of the development of the housing sector in the Russian Federation, the authors proceed to the consideration of the situation in one of the megacities of the country - Samara. With the example of seven residential compounds being built or newly built in this city, the approaches to the formation of architectural solutions that are characteristic of local conditions at the present stage of housing construction have been shown. A particular attention was paid to the social infrastructure and the functional and spatial organization of residential complexes, environmental and social aspects. The conclusion about the gradual increase of consumer properties of affordable housing...
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    Composition and synthesis development of building glass on the basis of non-standard raw materials (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Colorless building glass on the basis of non-standard raw materials with the use of discolourers-cerium oxide and potassium nitrate-was synthesized. The regularities of the cerium oxide addition effect on the light transmittance of the glasses are shown when the proportion of Na 2 O is replaced by K 2 O. The results of ORP and iron oxide equilibrium investigation in glasses, improvement of light transmission by means of correction of ORP glass are presented. The physical and chemical properties of glasses are measured: thermal coefficient of linear expansion (TCLE), water resistance and crystallization ability of glasses. The recommended composition of a building glass on the basis of non-standard raw materials is presented.
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    Parametric optimization of pre-stressed steel arch-shaped trusses with ties (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: An algorithm of searching for the efficient values of the parameters of pre-stressed steel arch trusses with high-strength ties is currently being developed. The task in focus is to reduce the cost of the operating trusses while taking into consideration the strength, rigidness, and stability limitations as per regulatory requirements. It is assumed that a truss shall be fastened to be displaced from its plane by the nodes, and its bars shall generally be subjected to stretching-compression and in-plane bending. The cross-section areas of bars and ties along with the pretension force vary within discrete sets of allowable values. The optimization is performed via a genetic algorithm. The strain-stress state of the structure variants is calculated basing upon the finite element method. The feasibility of the suggested method was illustrated for optimal engineering of a steel truss with a 60 m span, pre-stressed with a double-lay rope.
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    Creating natural climate resources and tourist landscapes on Shengsi islands in China (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Shengsi County is located in Zhoushan City of Zhejiang Province at the junction of the Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Bay, which is known as an island county or the Shengsi Islands. The east side of the islands is surrounded by the sea, the south and west sides are facing Mount Putuo - a Buddhist resort - and Jinshanwei in Shanghai, and the north side of the islands are connected to the Yellow Sea. The islands, known as the only way of international access to the Yangtze River and Wusong from the ocean. The Shengsi Islands are made up of 404 islands, 16 of which are inhabited. The total area of the islands is 8,824 square kilometers. The Shengsi Islands, also known as a fairy mountain, are the only state-level scenic spot in China. There are reefs, rocks, nice beaches and precipitous cliffs distributed on the islands. The paper considers tourism resources of the Shengsi Islands, the elements of natural climate resources, tourist landscapes and reveals the present situation o...
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    Bearing capacity and life time of multielement structures exposed to corrosive wear (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: When in operation, a significant part of metal structures is exposed to aggressive media, causing the damage and failure of construction sites. This paper reviewed the well-known mathematical models and calculation methods of multielement metal structures, exposed to corrosive wear. Also, this paper described the solution approaches of stress-strain state and a life time evaluation of multielement rod structures. The finite element method is used for the solution of stress-strain state evaluation; the advantages of this method are also described. This paper proposes the statements of problems and solution algorithms of life time calculation of multielement rod structures, such as statically indeterminate trusses operating in the aggressive medium. This paper considered the most common corrosion wear case, where the corrosion rate is a stress function. The proposed solution methods involve the use of mathematical models and analytical formulas.
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    Window display in formation of safe perception of urban light and colour environment (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article considers the issues of a safe approach to the formation of comfortable light and colour environment of a modern megacity The factors influencing the perception of light and colour environment by drivers and pedestrians in the dark are determined. The state of the regulatory framework on this issue is analyzed. The ways of dark time lighting for window displays at Chelyabinsk intersections are studied, taking into account the historically formed light and colour context of the Ural region in the interrelation of objects and the existing lighting system. The contextual peculiarities of the perception of window display light and colour design in the era of “information society” were revealed.
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    On use of blast-furnace granulated ground slag in construction (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presents the results of studies on the replacement of a cement binder in a concrete mixture with fine blast-furnace granulated ground slag. This material has found its application in construction as an active mineral additive, improving the structure of concrete, and it also allows reducing the cost of concrete production. The results of the matching composition of concrete class B25 with a cement binder, as well as with the use of ground slag, are demonstrated. The information on the physico-mechanical characteristics recorded during the preparation of the concrete mix is also given. As a result of the control samples testing, it was revealed that the replacement of cement with slag in the range of up to 30 percent allows achieving the required parameters of compressive strength. This circumstance makes it possible to speak about the possibility of using blast-furnace granulated ground slag for building structures both in factory production and in the production of mo...
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    Architecture and construction of low-rise buildings from composite wooden modules (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Wooden architecture is a significant part of the Russian culture and largely determines its national identity. Wood as a construction material has not exhausted its historical role yet. The reliability of wooden structures can be considered taking into account new processing possibilities. Wooden structures remain important in the face of growing environmental problems, resource-saving. As a renewable building material wood has great prospects. As the decrease in the thermal protection properties of wooden enclosing structures leads not only to heat losses and to the creation of an uncomfortable temperature and humidity regime of residential premises, but also to the decrease in the durability of buildings, increasing the thermal protection properties of enclosing structures in residential buildings should be considered a task of a not only technical, but also social nature. As a result of the analysis, the author of the article suggests using a wooden module for low-rise buildi...
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    Influence of water saturation on strength of modified gypsum-alumina expanding cement at stage of delayed hardening (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article analyzes the influence of material composition of modified gypsum-alumina expanding cement with regard to mineral components ratio on its mechanical-and-physical properties change due to water saturation at the stage of delayed hardening. The expandable cementing medium applied in the survey, except for traditional components such as crushed gypsum rock and alumina cement, contained additionally portland cement and superplasticizer, based on polycarboxylic ethers. It has been established that depending on mineral components ratio water saturation of one-year-old cement rock can either improve or worsen its strength properties, provided that bending and compression resistance can change asynchronously and divergently. A regularity has been revealed regarding composite water resistance change depending on mass ratio of portland cement and gypsum rock (AC/GR). Within the variability of experimental factors a judicious ratio - AC/GR=0,2-0,95 has been established, where b...
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    Microrotation Waves Propagating in a Cylindrical Waveguide (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The present study is devoted to analysis of coupled harmonic waves of translational displacements and microrotations propagating along the axis of a long cylindrical waveguide with circular cross-section. Microrotation waves modelling is realized within the frameworks of linear micropolar elasticity by introducing microrotations as independent degrees of freedom of the elastic continuum. The coupled system of vector differential equations of the micropolar elasticity is given. The translational displacements and microrotations vectors in the coupled wave are decomposed into potential and vortex parts. The coupled differential equations are uncoupled for some distinguished cases. The Helmholtz equations solutions for the translational and microrotation waves are obtained for a high-frequency waves in a cylindrical domain.
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    Estimation of economic efficiency of convective heating methods (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The methods of convective heating of thin-walled monolithic structures constructed in winter conditions in tunnel formwork are considered. The classification of convection heating methods, based on the principle of heat flow to the heated structure, is made: traditional chamber heating, chamber heating with air ducts, convection heating with pre-form curtains, developed at the Department of Construction and the theory of structures of the South Ural State University. The efficiency of capital investments for the methods under consideration is determined on the basis of the determination of the area under the investment curve. The unit costs in rubles per cubic meter of heated concrete for the considered methods are calculated. The results on capital investments and specific costs for heat treatment of concrete by convective methods are compared. The authors draw the conclusions about the effectiveness of using the method of convection heating with pre-form curtains for heat trea...
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    Computing experiment for unloading dumper truck at a sloping pad (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The results of a computational experiment on unloading a dump truck are described. The experiment was carried out on the mathematical model of a car built on the basis of Lagrange’s equations. Before the movement (unloading) of cargo, the lifting of the platform is considered as a quasi-static process. From the equations of the equilibrium of the car and geometric relationships, analytical expressions are derived for calculating the force interaction between the platform and the frame. When the cargo moves as a monolithic block, the mathematical model is represented in the form of a system of differential equations. After the adoption of a number of assumptions, its solution was substantially simplified. An algorithm for solving the problem is proposed that implements the method of incremental change of parameters. The results of calculation of forces in hydraulic cylinders during unloading of BelAZ mining dump truck are given.
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    Formation of professional competences of bachelors in design in course of artistic activities (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In the article the authors consider an important role of development of creative abilities of design students on the objects of a graphic cycle, design activity during training. The importance of the disciplines "Drawing", "Bases and language of visual culture", "Architectural and Design", "Prototyping" in training preparation where students get acquainted with the bases of the graphic diploma (terms, concepts, laws) comes to light, study the main methods of design activity, master stages of creative activity, acquire professional skills. These objects provide communication with design disciplines that contributes to the development of professional competences of the profile disciplines studied in the course of education and also when performing independent works.
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    Effect of reactant treatment of rolling slime sewage on slime quality (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: This article considers the way to improve the quality of slime obtained from rolling based on the example of the slimes of the hot rolling mill 2500, Sheet Rolling Shop of the Open Joint-Stock Company “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” (MMK, OJSC). Hot rolling mill slimes can be used as secondary raw materials for metallurgical (blast-furnace and open- hearth steelmaking) and related manufacturing processes. At elevated slime humidity and high oil concentration its processing becomes rather difficult. Due to the improper slime quality, it is seldom applied for further production and is just accumulated in piles. Such piles pose a serious environmental threat polluting the atmosphere, groundwater, and soil. To resolve this problem, the authors studied the influence of slime sewage reactant treatment on slime quality.
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    Constraint stabilization of two-wheeled sleigh (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In this paper a problem of constraint stabilization of a two-wheeled sleigh is considered. This problem is solved with the help of the Chaplygin’s approach, in which Lagrange equations of the second kind are modified with respect to the nonholonomic constraints. For the obtained equations we define the functions of reactions forces of constraints with respect to their stabilization. During the numerical integration some of the stabilization parameters are defining at each step of the summation. This gives an advantage in comparison with the classical stabilization approach.
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    Quadratic birational transformations in computer simulation of building structures (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Quadratic transformations are a perspective way of form-making in architectural and engineering-construction design. A quadratic (nonlinear) transformation is based on the establishment of one-to-one correspondence between the algebraic n- and 2nd-order curves. In particular, lines correspond to the second-order curves, which are widely used in the design of gridwork building structures and utility lines. Quadratic transformations are used to model the profile of rotor blades of environmentally friendly wind farms. We developed algorithms for building corresponding points for the practical application of nonlinear transformations in the computer simulation of building structures. We have shown that the inversion relative to the circle is a central quadratic transformation with imaginary fundamental point, coinciding with the cyclic points of the plane. We considered an example of using the inversion for building the rotor blade profile of a wind power installation and a cam prof...
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    Features of numerical simulation of the unsteady vortex flow around aircraft considering airbrake (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The paper presented the specifics of calculating the characteristics of vortex propagation and decay processes which cause aerodynamic tail fin-buffet loads in an aircraft at incompressible subsonic flow. Analysis of numerical diffusion and stability of differencing schemes implemented in OpenFOAM software package has been carried out. Based on the obtained results, differencing schemes are selected and their modification has been done. An algorithm has been presented for combining various approaches for modelling turbulent flows (RANS-LES) by means of zonal isolation and its implementation in OpenFOAM package is carried out. A series of calculations of three-dimensional flow around an aircraft at angles of attack of 0 to 30 degree considering airbrake deflections on 60 degree are conducted. Flow separation at the airbrake side edges and upper edge result in a highly turbulent wake. The corresponding region of vortex flow affects the fin and causes buffet loads.
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    Water resources of southern economic region: status and prospects of use (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: Description unavailable
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    Motion planning of a space robot (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The plane problem of motion control of a free-floating space robot is investigated. The robot is supposed to be in a state of passive flight. It is assumed that the vectors of momentum and kinetic moment of the robot equal to zero. The movement of the arm relative to the robot body changes the position of the center of masses of the body and leads to its rotation around the center of masses. There are constraints on the range of variation of the manipulator length and the angle of its rotation relative to the body. It is shown that while carrying out special movements of the manipulator, it is possible to ensure the movement of robot gripper from arbitrary initial to an arbitrary final position, if they are located inside the workspace, which is a ring with a centre in the centre of masses of the robot. Moreover, it is possible to get the desired value of the angle between the manipulator and the body in the final position.
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    Role of EM technologies in solving bioremediation problems with regard to polluted soils (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: To clean and restore areas with man-made pollution, bioremediation methods are increasingly used. These methods are based on the use of the biochemical potential of microorganisms and are safe for the environment. The article is devoted to the investigation of the effectiveness of the use of a microbial preparation for the remediation of soils contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene. We experimented to test the ability of «Baikal EM1», a microbiological compound, to destroy benzo(a)pyrene in contaminated soils. The compound was found to be efficient at 96.7% in «dangerously» contaminated soils (up to 5 MAC), while less efficient at higher contaminations (38.7 to 52.6% at 15 to 19 MAC). When diluted 1 to 100, the compound was more efficient than in case of dilution 1 to 50. Studies have shown «Baikal EM1» a promising biological compound for further research into the remediation and restoration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-polluted soils.
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    Determination of dust disperse composition in energy-efficient aspiration systems for building materials production (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In various industries, primarily, the production of building materials, technological processes include multiple transfer operations, during which a large amount of dust is released. The resulting dust causes air pollution and various diseases of workers. To prevent this, different dust removing systems are used. One of them is the aspiration system, which includes air purification devices. For the operation of these systems, it is necessary to obtain the data on the disperse composition of dust and its concentration. Since aspiration systems consume a lot of energy, various improvements are used. Here, basing upon the processed experimental data, the authors proposed a method to determine the main parameters of the dust flow, formed in the bulk materials transfer units of energy-efficient aspiration systems.
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    Porous materials based on flax boon technology (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In the article we considered the technological modes of obtaining heat-insulating materials on the basis of flax boon. The technology of gas-concrete blocks on the basis of flax boon production is given. The data on the structure and properties of organic aggregate (flax boon) are presented.
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    Anisotropy of strength properties of aluminate cement after exposure to single-axis loading at early stage of hardening (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The article considers the impact of short-term compression at an early age on the flexural strength of aluminate cement. Taking into account the results of the previous research, the authors took the samples with the identical planes instead of prisms. The change in splitting tensile strength of pre-stressed samples at different planes has been analyzed. The studies have shown cement hardening in a plane perpendicular to the direction of short-time compression. It can be explained by the compaction of cement stone, decrease in porosity and formation of additional bonds through the chemical-plastic hardening, as noted by F. J. Ulm and O. Coussy. The research revealed that, after the removal of load, the difference between the strength of pre-stressed and control samples tends to reduce. The X-ray phase analysis demonstrates the difference in the hydration process in the first 24 hours after loading and change in the recrystallization of hexagonal hydroalumates into cubic crystals...
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    Combined cements with non-shrinking properties using sulfoferrite clinker (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The increase of stackable waste products quantity demands taking measures is directed towards its decrease. This waste products usage in cement production which is one of the most consumptive branches of production, based on material and expenditure of energy, is one of the possible decisions. The usage of recycled resources in special sorts of cement production in contrast with its application in the Portland cement production is poorly understood and requires the increase of scientific knowledge with the purpose of total control over a technological process. The appropriate roasting conditions and whole technology ensuring is possible by careful updating and control of raw mixes. There is a potential that the most components are added the most qualitative final product will be in condition of necessary control. Two calculated modules (ferrite and sulfate) are usually used in the production, which guarantees an optimal technology of relatively clean raw materials production. Th...
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    Technical properties of activated gypsum (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The influence of the activation of the building gypsum in the vortex layer apparatus on the specific surface, the setting time, the heat release, the change in the mineralogical composition, and the strength of the gypsum stone are presented in the article. The measurements were carried out by standard methods. It has been found that the processing of the gypsum binding material in the fluidized bed results in its mechanical activation, which (assuming the optimum processing conditions), in its turn, results in a 200 percent increase in the gypsum’s specific surface area, as well as in a 47 percent increase in heat emission during hydration. Assuming the optimum ABS-processing conditions, there is a 44 percent increase in compression strength, and a 50 percent increase in the flexural strength. It takes 2-10 minutes less for the gypsum paste setting.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 98
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    Methods for reducing color and oxidability of natural waters (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The qualitative indicators of natural waters of the open source of drinking water supply have been studied. The discrepancy with the regulatory requirements for such indicators as color and oxidability has been established. With the aim of reducing the color and oxidation of natural water, oxidative-sorption methods have been investigated. Based on the water quality indicators of the source, a non-reagent scheme of water treatment has been preliminarily proposed, including the filtration on sorption loads with preliminary chlorination of water with a dose within the limits of chlorine absorption. Such materials as quartz sand, granulated activated carbon of the brand "PUROLAT-ACTIVE", anthracite of the brand "PUROLAT-standard" and garnet have been investigated as possible loads for filtering plants. It has been established that effective reduction of water color in all considered periods of the year is achieved on a combined loading of "quartz sand - activated carbon". However, ...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 99
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    Study of snow cover of functional zones of city territory (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: In cities the surface flow is one of the main sources of pollution for surface waters within urban development. Snow cover is an indicator of the atmospheric air pollution and sanitary state of populated areas. Using the examples of various urban functional zones, the evaluation of the snow cover state in modern conditions has been carried out. The analysis of the meltwater composition has shown that the metal ions are one of the main components of pollutants. In order to decrease the negative influence upon water bodies of surface waters of populated areas, a system of surface flow with compulsory afterpurification should be organized. A version of reconstruction for existing network of surface flow has been considered, with installation of local purification facilities including cartridge filters. A version with gabion structures has been considered for shallow parts of coastal zones. In this case rainwater and meltwater flow through spaces between gabions, without affecting a...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 100
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    Use of metallurgical slags in mortar production (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-16
    Description: The possibility of using the metallurgical slags of metallurgical enterprises of the Novokuznetsk city as a filler in the manufacture of mortars is shown in this work. The methodology of the research is based on the previously developed technological schemes for recycling metallurgical slags in the form of a system of work stages, which is associated with the need for a consistent transformation of the properties of slags, and what is achieved through a series of mechanical and physicochemical effects. The use of the express method of selecting the composition of aggregate fractions from open-hearth slag made it possible to obtain the densest packing of filler grains in compliance with the strength requirements for mortars. On a set of basic physical and mechanical quality indicators, experimental mortars meet the current regulatory requirements, which allows us to recommend their compositions for testing in industrial conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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