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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (40,398)
  • 1985-1989  (28,447)
  • 1970-1974  (11,951)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EQUIPROPORTIONATE GROWTH OF INCOMES AND FISCAL DRAG (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00345.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    THE ECONOMICS OF LABOUR MARKETS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TEXTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00346.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE EQUIVALENCE OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF THE ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence of three alternative measures of the elasticity of factor substitution: the Allen-Uzawa partial elasticity, the shadow elasticity and the general two-factor two-price elasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00338.x
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  • 4
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    A NOTE ON CONCAVITY AND SCALAR PROPERTIES IN PRODUCTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00339.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE DEMAND FOR ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper adopts a systems approach to estimate budget share equations for four categories of alcoholic drinks and for tobacco, using quarterly expenditure data for the period 1964 to 1983. The emphasis is on the importance of the tolerance effects of addiction and on the smoker's participation decision in correctly specifying the model of demand. The model makes explicit recognition of a separate participation decision and the estimates suggest that there is something to be gained by introducing variables to indicate changes in the distribution of income and the demographic structure of the population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00282.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    USLNG FUTURES INSTRUMENT PRICES TO TARGET NOMINAL INCOME (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nominal GNP targeting offers the advantage of allowing monetary policymakers to offset velocity shocks and cushion the impact of autonomous price shocks. Instability associated with the recognition lag can be minimized by fixing a futures instrument price linked to nominal GNP. In fact, if financial markets arc efficient, then a policy of fixing futures instrument prices would seem preferable to a policy feedback mechanism for any economic aggregate target which involves a recognition lag. This conclusion is robust with respect to a wide range of macroeconomic models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00287.x
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  • 7
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    THE ‘CHILLING EFFECT’ OF CONVENTIONAL ARBITRATION: A COUNTEREXAMPLE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the context of a simple model, it is demonstrated that it is possible for a conventional arbitrator to determine his decision in such a way as to remove the so-called ‘chilling effect’. It is shown that an arbitrator adopting the kind of rule envisaged here would be more successful in moderating claims of the negotiators than would a final-offer arbitrator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00278.x
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  • 8
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    EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD CORRECTIONS IN THE FACE OF LOCAL MISSPECIFICATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00276.x
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  • 9
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    THE SIMPLE ANALYTICS OF IMPLICIT LABOUR CONTRACTS: A COMMENT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00281.x
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  • 10
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    MONOPOLY EXTRACTION UNDER PERFORMANCE CONSTRAINTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00283.x
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  • 11
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    UNCERTAINTY AND THE POSITIVE THEORY OF THE PUBLIC ENTERPRISE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper extends the analysis of Rees (1984a) of a public enterprise pursuing a size-related objective in the face of uncertain demand to a situation where its managers may be risk neutral or risk averse and where the public enterprise may produce more than one output. The optimal pricing policy of the public enterprise is analysed and the importance of not only the expected profit constraint but also the attitude to risk of the public enterprise in determining its relative prices is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00286.x
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  • 12
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    A STRUCTURAL EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF METROPOLITAN LABOR DEMAND (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper uses a large data base to study metropolitan labor demand functions. The data are disaggregated by two-digit SICs in manufacturing for SMS As, and are corrected for changing SMSA boundaries. Labor demand elasticities are estimated for factor and commodity prices, transportation costs, state and local taxes and expenditures, and production-function shifters. Estimates from different years allow one to test Le Chatelier's principle in the context of interregional change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01383.x
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  • 13
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    REAL WAGE RIGIDITY IN REGIONAL LABOR MARKETS IN THE U.K., THE U.S., AND WEST GERMANY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines the extent to which regional differences in wage rigidity exist and can help explain interregional differences in unemployment trends. Phillips-curve models of manufacturing wage inflation are estimated for the 10 largest states in the U.S., the 10 economic regions in the United Kingdom, and the 11 Lände in the Federal Republic of Germany over the 1971 to 1985 period. There is evidence of significant differences in the responsiveness of wage inflation to unemployment and the rate of change in consumer prices across the regions within each country and across the three nations. An index of real wage rigidity derived from the Phillips-curve coefficients is positively correlated with unemployment trends across the regions in our sample, suggesting that wage rigidity may be an important determinant of regional differences in labor market responses to macroeconomic shocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01387.x
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  • 14
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    ON THE PLAUSIBILITY OF THE SUPPLY—DRIVEN INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL: A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR INPUT-COEFFICIENT CHANGE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Oosterhaven (1988) labels the supply-driven input-output model “theoretically implausible” and criticizes the straightforward use of the model for impact studies. This comment extends and corrects some of the issues addressed by Oosterhaven. We derive the characteristics which industry production relations must possess to be consistent with the implied changes in industry inputs and outputs when supply-side input-output models are employed for impact analysis. First, it is shown that an implicit assumption is the characteristic of perfect substitutability among all inputs in each industry production function. This is the polar opposite of the Leontief assumption of zero elasticity of factor substitution among all inputs, and is very unrealistic for large changes from the initially observed solution since it implies that all inputs are non-essential in the production process and that any input can be substituted for all others simultaneously. Second, it is shown that the model may still be reasonable for approximating the effect of small changes since the implied production relation may be interpreted as a cost minimizing choice for a standard constant-returns-to-scale production function linearized around the initial solution under the assumption that relative prices are unchanged. Under this alternative interpretation, the supply-side model may be expected to provide a reasonable approximation, useful for analyzing changes in the neighborhood of the initial solution, but would appear to be inappropriate for analyzing large changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01389.x
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  • 15
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01394.x
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  • 16
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    AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERREGIONAL PRICE LINKAGES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Vector autoregression models are used to analyze the relationships between Texas and Illinois corn prices, and the New Orleans export price. Decomposition of error variances suggests an increasing exogeneity in the recent years between the export market and the two U.S. markets. Impulse response functions indicate that the export price influences both the Illinois and Texas prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01231.x
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  • 17
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    USING A COMPOSED ERROR MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE FRICTIONAL AND EXCESS-SUPPLY COMPONENTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We present in this paper a plausible and simple method of estimating the two components (frictional and excess supply) of unemployment. This approach uses a stochastic model whose error term is composed of two elements–the usual two-sided error and a one-sided error. Our method has several strengths. First, we are able to explicitly model the universally held view that there is a nonzero lower bound on unemployment. Second, we can easily determine whether each region's unemployment rate is caused primarily by excess supply or frictional forces. We illustrate our technique on a data set comprised of all 50 states over the period 1960-1979. Finally, estimation of the frictional rates of unemployment allows us to analyze, in the last part of the paper, the underlying economic and demographic determinants of differences in frictional unemployment rates across states and over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01233.x
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  • 18
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    PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN STATE MANUFACTURING (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper uses a stochastic frontier production-function model to measure and compare productivity efficiency in the manufacturing sector of states in the United States over the period 1959–1972. Based on this model we find considerable variations in productive efficiency across states. A large portion of the variation is found to be related to regional differences in labor-force characteristics, levels of urbanization and industrial structure. We also examine the relationship between productive efficiency and the subsequent growth of manufacturing and find some evidence of a weak relationship between efficiency and the growth of employment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01219.x
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  • 19
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    ON THE OPTIMUM LOCATION OF VERTICALLY RELATED FIRMS WITH SIMULTANEOUS ENTRY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers a case of bilateral monopoly and examines the possibility of an intermediate location for two vertically related firms under simultaneous entry, and then analyzes the welfare-maximizing location for both firms. It shows that whatever the case, an intermediate location for both firms is unlikely to occur and that the pattern of industrial location under welfare maximization is equivalent to the one under perfect competition, but is different from the one under bilateral monopoly under certain circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01221.x
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  • 20
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    ON THE ROLE OF AMENITIES IN MODELS OF MIGRATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The role of location-specific amenities in human migration decisions, and subsequently regional development, is explored. A framework is developed which motivates a new assessment of existing alternative models of regional development, indicating the need for additional modeling efforts which focus upon amenities as critical elements in such analyses. The approach hinges upon the notion that amenity values are capitalized into wages, rents, or other local prices. This process of capitalization enables researchers to explore the implicit value that society places upon amenities, which can then be used in assessing future regional-development trends in a more comprehensive manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01223.x
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  • 21
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    ERRATUM: STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING MODELS OF STOCHASTIC NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01225.x
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  • 22
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in This Article: Geographical Systems and Systems of Geography: Essasy in Honour of William Warntz, edited by William J. Coffey. Urban Development: Theory, Fact, and Illusion, by J. Vernon Henderson. The Economics of a Regulated Housing Market, by Alex Anas, Goran Cars, Joong Rae Cho, Bjorn Harsman, Ulf Jirlow, and Folke Snickars. Homeowners and Neighborhood Reinvestment, by George C. Galster. Real Estate Market Analysis: Methods and Applications, edited by John M. Clapp and Stephen D. Messner. Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns, by Rodney Vaughan. Class and Space: The Making of Urban Society, edited by Nigel Thrift and Peter Williams. The Metropolis Era: Vol. 1, A World of Giant Cities and Vol. 2, Mega-Cities, edited by Mattei Dogan and John D. Kasarda. Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City, by Thomas H. Elkins with Burkhard Hofmeister. Job Creation in America, by David Birch. Federalism and the Economic Union in Canada, by K. Norrie, R. Simeon, and M. Krasnick. Perspectives on the Canadian Economic Union, by M. Krasnick (research coordinator).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01237.x
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  • 23
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01240.x
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  • 24
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    THE MEDIAN VOTER, VOTING, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper provides an explanation for the level of local government employment by developing a median voter model that allows for migration into and out of the city, a local government balanced-budget constraint, and voting behavior by public employees that reflects their role as both demanders and suppliers of local government goods. Unlike previous research, the model developed here explicitly considers voting (for the incumbent) probability density functions which furthermore need not be stationary. The main conclusions of the model are that, ceteris paribus, it is plausible that the level of local government employment varies inversely with the public employee wage demand and with the elasticity of the privately employed voting population with respect to the local tax rate but directly with the voter participation rate of public employees. Contrary to previous theoretical research, there is no determinate relationship between the level of local government employment and the voter participation rate of privately employed citizens. Inferences concerning the structure of local government are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01220.x
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  • 25
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01227.x
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  • 26
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    IMPERFECT INFORMATION, UNCERTAINTY AND OPTIMAL SAMPLING IN LOCATION THEORY: AN INITIAL REEXAMINATION OF HOTELLING, WEBER, AND VON THÜNEN (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Sophisticated locational analysis should no longer proceed without examining (1) the feasibility of reducing uncertainty about the size and spatial spread of the market, prices and other elements and (2) the practicality of information generation through sampling. The present paper points out the methodology for Hotelling-, Weberian- and von Thünen- type location problems by examining simplified situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01241.x
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  • 27
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    NEOCLASSICAL AND KEYNESIAN PERSPECTIVES ON THE REGIONAL MACRO-ECONOMY: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Regional economic models typically either ignore prices altogether or simply treat them as exogenously determined. An unfortunate consequence of the neglect of prices is that model builders have been very much limited in the range of macroeconomic perspectives they have been able to bring to bear on regional economic issues. In this paper, we first explain how prices can be modeled endogenously at a regional level despite the paucity of data on regional prices. Using an illustrative interregional computable general equilibrium model for Malaysia, we then demonstrate how alternative macroeconomic visions of regional systems may be captured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01244.x
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  • 28
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    SOLVING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL URBAN ACTIVITY MODEL OF LAND USE INTENSITY AND TRANSPORT CONGESTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent developments in combining input-output and transportation planning models have made it possible to construct realistic comprehensive urban and regional activity models of land use intensity. These models form the basis for a rigorous approach to studying the interactions among urban activities. However, efficient computational solution methods for implementing such comprehensive models are still not available.In this paper, an efficient solution method for a nonlinear programming urban systems model is developed by combining Evans's partial linearization technique with Powell's hybrid method. The solution algorithm is applied to a small but realistic urban area with a detailed transportation network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01246.x
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  • 29
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    BOOK NOTES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01251.x
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  • 30
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Property Taxes and House Values: The Theory and Estimation of Intrajurisdictional Property Tax Capitalization, by John Yinger, Howard S. Bloom, Axel Borsch-Supan, and Helen F. Ladd. Spatial Price Theory of Imperfect Competition, by Hiroshi Ohta. Advanced Spatial Statistics, by Daniel A. Griffith. Regional Economic Development: Essays in Honour of François Perroux, edited by Benjamin Higgins and Donald J. Savoie. Recent Advances in Regional Economic Modelling, edited by Frank Harrigan and Peter McGregor. State Policy Choices: The Wisconsin Experience, edited by Sheldon Danziger and John F. Witte. Resource Development and Environmental Issues: Opportunities and Constraints in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, edited by A. J. Jakeman, P. K. Parker, J. Formby, and D. G. Day. The Urbanization of the Third World, edited by Josef Gugler. Indonesia: The Transmigration Program in Perspective, by the World Bank. The Economic Geography of China, edited by Sun Jingzhi.
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    EMPIRICAL TESTS OF SOME SEMI-SURVEY UPDATE PROCEDURES APPLIED TO RECTANGULAR INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines the RAS, McMenamin and Haring, and Lagrange-multiplier update methods in the context of the dual accounting system of the rectangular input-output model. The motivation was to determine if the additional information contained in the dual system is exploitable, while maintaining the integrity of the rectangular structure with all its advantages. Tests were conducted on the performance of the various algorithms for a derivative Leontief model relative to their performance on the rectangular structure. The results obtained for rectangular tables were generally better than those obtained for the more conventional Leontief ones.
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    ON THE PLAUSIBILITY OF THE SUPPLY-DRIVEN INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON JOINT STABILITY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper addresses the issue of the plausibility of the supply-driven input-output model from an empirical standpoint. We suggest that requiring production coefficients to remain perfectly fixed during an application of the supply-driven input-output model is unnecessarily restrictive given the extensive use of approximation methods in mathematics, economics and regional science. Simulations with the supply-driven version of an input-output table for a representative region are shown to result in changes in the corresponding production coefficients well within conventional tolerance levels.
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    BOOK NOTES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    AN EQUILIBRIUM MODEL OF GROSS MIGRATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The paper presents and tests a new model of migration which differs significantly from the conventional disequilibrium approach. We show that variations in rates of gross migration across regions are equilibrium responses to variations in levels of amenities, governmental policies, etc. The model is tested using data on the gross migration of whites, 1975-80, together with amenities such as climate and with economic variables such as government services, taxes and unionization. Empirical results suggest that the equilibrium model is more consistent with actual migration patterns than is the conventional disequilibrium approach. We estimate compensating differentials and migration elasticities for these variables.
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    SMALL BUSINESS VIABILITY IN THE URBAN GHETTO (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Within the minority communities of large SMSAs, neither the black-owned business nor the small nonminority enterprises are flourishing. Facing limited access to financial capital as well as constrained markets, the ghetto firms that do persist are typically quite small in terms of sales and employment. Among black establishments, the least educated entrepreneurs are the ones who are most likely to remain in business. Unless greater financial capital is forthcoming and better educated owners are induced to remain in business, the business community that is located in minority neighborhoods of large urban areas may be destined to stagnate.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    HETEROGENEOUS TASTES AND RESIDENTIAL LOCATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In a simple urban model, where the only spatial distinction made is between center and suburb, we introduce a uniform distribution of preferences for land. Under a logarithmic utility function, we examine how the location and consumption decisions of individuals differ in consequence of their different preferences for land. Comparative statics indicate that the qualitative response of the city at equilibrium to changes in per capita income and transportation cost is not affected by the introduction of such heterogeneity. Possible extensions are also briefly discussed.
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    SPATIAL DISPERSION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION: A CASE STUDY FOR THE NETHERLANDS BY MEANS OF PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper the impact of spatial and nonspatial variables on the innovation potential and innovativeness of (small) industrial firms in The Netherlands will be analyzed. Innovation potential and innovativeness will be conceived as latent variables which will be measured by a partial least squares approach. The variables reflecting innovation potential are notably input variables such as internal and external R&D, while innovativeness will be based on output indicators such as the number of product and process innovations.The regional dimension enters our analysis essentially at two levels. First, we will investigate whether more innovative firms are to some extent spatially biased (i.e., on the basis of intrafirm characteristics). Secondly, we will analyze the relevance of an indigenous regional impact, per se. In other words, we will examine whether firms with an equal innovation capacity will differ in actual (i.e., realized) innovativeness as a consequence of different regional conditions.For the first issue, our results indicate that not all regions are equally well-endowed with potentially innovative (small) firms. Our analysis even demonstrates that these firms are underrepresented in regions which are generally considered to offer the most favorable production environment. After compensating for these differences in the composition of the regional set of firms, we demonstrate that an indigenous regional impact per se cannot be identified in The Netherlands.
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    THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS OF MULTIPLE BRIDGES, CONNECTING FACILITIES, OR PRODUCT VARIETIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the optimal locations of two or more facilities, and the optimal number of facilities, when trips are made in pairs. The results are the same as standard models of spatial competition when there is perfect matching, but not when there is random matching. The first interpretation is bridges across a river, with residential locations on one side matched perfectly or randomly to jobs on the other side. The second interpretation is connecting facilities, such as tennis courts or restaurants where pairs of consumers meet. The third interpretation is product differentiation, with husbands and wives jointly choosing from among varieties.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this article:Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form, by Allen J. Scott.Services and Uneven Development. J. Neill Marshall in collaboration with P. Wood, P. W. Daniels et al.New Industrial Spaces. Allen J. Scott.Space-Structure Economy: A Tribute to August Lösch, edited by Rolf H. Funck and Antoni Kuklinski.The Changing Downtown: A Comparative Study of Baltimore and Hamburg, by Jurgen Friedrichs, Allen C. Goodman, et al.Store Choice, Store Location and Market Analysis, edited by Neil Wrigley.An Analysis of Cross-Border Shopping, by J. D. Fitzgerald, T. P. Quinn, B. J. Whelan, and J. A. Williams.Essay on the Economy of the Old Northwest. edited by David C. Klingaman and Richard K. Vedder.China: Growth and Development in Gansu Province, by the World Bank.Urban Development and Regional Policy in India: An Econometric Analysis. by Vibhooti Shukla.The Economics of Urbanisation and Urban Policies in Developing Countries, edited by George S. Tolley and Vinod Thomas.The New Economic Role of American States: Strategies in a Competitive World Economy, edited by R. Scott Fosler.Plant Closings and Worker Displacement, by Marie Howland.Industrial Location, by Keith Chapman and David Walker.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1989)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Economics of Imperfect Competition: A Spatial Approach, by Melvin L. Greenhut, George Norman, and Chao-Shun Hung. Regional Labour Markets, by Manfred M. Fischer and Peter Nijkamp (eds.). Unemployment, the Regions and Labour Markets: Reactions to Recessions, by I. R. Gordon (ed.). Multiregional Input-Output Models in Long-Run Simulation, by Norimichi Toyomane. Toward a New Iron Age? Quantitative Modeling of Resource Exhaustion, by Robert C. Gordon, Tjalling C. Koopmans, William D. Nordhaus, and Brian J. Skinnner. Location Strategies for Retail and Service Firas, by Avijit Ghosh and Sarah L. McLafferty. Protecting the New Jersey Pinelands: A New Direction in Land-Use Management, by Beryl Robichaud Collins and Emily W. B. Russell (eds.). Regional Policy: A European Approach (second edition), by Norbert Vanhove and Leo H. Klaassen. Urbanization Policies in Pacific Asia, by Roland J. Fuchs, Gavin W. Jones, and Ernesto M. Pernia (eds.). International Economic Restructuring and the Regional Community, Herman Muegge, Walter B. Stöhr, Paul Hesp, and Barbara Stuckey (eds.). Land Use and Urban Form: The Consumption Theory of Land Rent, by Grant. Ian Thrall.
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    METROPOLITAN FISCAL STRUCTURE AND MIGRATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: This study examines the degree to which individuals “vote with their feet” when considering metropolitan fiscal structure. Local (and state) fiscal policies are considered in detail by investigating migration impacts of expenditures and revenues, as well as by examining effects of distribution of expenditures by type and revenues by source. These impacts are considered across three dimensions of the migration decision: the decision of a metropolitan resident to move (relocate), the decision to depart the metropolitan area, and the decision to enter such an area. Empirical results indicate that fiscal structure plays an important role within these decisions, and particularly that to depart the metropolitan area.
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    GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM OF SPATIAL PRODUCT AND LABOR MARKETS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A simple general equilibrium model relates spatial product markets and spatial labor markets. The firm is treated as being a spatial monopolist or as a Löschian competitor in the output market and as a spatial monopsonist in the labor market. Derived free spatial demand and free regional labor supply are defined, and their properties examined. The model provides the framework for analyzing the impact of a technological improvement in labor productivity on the structure of the spatial markets. The impact of entry on spatial labor supply is an important determinant of whether or not entry lowers wages and raises output prices. Unlike the spaceless competitive paradigm, zero-profit long-run equilibrium can occur in a space economy under conditions of increasing returns to scale.
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    CASINO GAMBLING AS A “GROWTH POLE” STRATEGY AND ITS EFFECT ON CRIME (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: Casinos are often considered as a “growth pole” strategy to revitalize dilapidated regions. However, voters often reject casinos due to their perceived adverse impact on crime.Using a quasi-experimental design we analyze the impact of the casinos on crime spillover from Atlantic City to other localities in the region. We found that the level of crime in localities adjacent to Atlantic City and along the major nontoll routes to Philadelphia and New York City up to approximately 30 miles from Atlantic City rose significantly following the introduction of casinos. Crime levels are higher than they would have been in the absence of casinos.
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    FIRM ENTRY AND EXIT: CAUSALITY TESTS AND ECONOMIC-BASE LINKAGES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: One of the foundations of applied regional economics down through the years has been economic base theory (EBT). EBT presumes that economic activity within the basic sector unidirectionally causes economic activity in nonbasic sectors. In recent years, however, increasing attention has been given to the possibility that traditionally nonbasic activities (e.g., services) may be quite important in determining a region's total economic activity. In this paper, we examine the nature and direction of causality of economic activity within a regional economy. Using novel data on entry and exit of firms, the empirical analysis provides new insights into the strengths and weaknesses of traditional economic base theory.
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    THE WEBER PROBLEM: FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT SOLUTION TYPES AND EXTENSION TO REPULSIVE FORCES AND DYNAMIC PROCESSES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: . The frequency of occurrence of the different types of solutions to the Weber problem is studied. These solutions are: a location at an attraction point due to a dominant force, to incompatible angles, or to concavity; a location at infinity; a location inside the polygon; and a location outside the polygon. Situations involving both attraction and repulsion points are examined in the triangle and in the more-than-three-sided polygon context, and methods for solving the corresponding problems are compared. A trigonometric solution is proposed for the triangle case involving one repulsion and two attraction points. The variation in the frequency of a location at an attraction point when the number of attraction points increases while the number of repulsion points remains the same is observed as well. Implications of the results are studied for the analysis of dynamic location processes.
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    THE MAXIMUM CAPTURE PROBLEM IN A WEIGHTED NETWORK (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: . In this paper, a conditional location problem on a weighted network is examined. Attraction functions are defined and the problem is formulated as a mixed integer program. A method which simultaneously locates an additional facility on the given network and optimizes its weight is then described. A numerical example is provided.
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    LOCATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES WITH SPILLOVER EFFECTS: VARIABLE LOCATION AND PARAMETRIC SCALE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper studies the location of public facilities of two neighboring local governments which consider not only the influence of the land market but also the spillover effects that each jurisdiction may have on the other. We obtain the following results: (1) in most cases, one of the cities behaves as an isolated city in choosing the facility location while the other enjoys the spillover effect as a free rider; (2) we also find that the equilibrium location in the two noncooperative city case is not socially optimal except for a special case.
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    URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF LABOR MARKETS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE “TODARO PARADOX” IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Todaro paradox and the effects of job creation in urban areas will be re-examined in our spatial model in which the radius of the labor market is endogenously determined by the rational choices of workers. The travel cost of workers plays a crucial role in the choice between two different types of response, migration or commuting. By considering travel costs, we find that the Todaro paradox can be applied to developed, as well as developing, countries. Job creation in urban areas can produce a paradoxical increase in urban unemployment in developed countries, because the low marginal cost of travel will significantly increase the radius of the urban labor market and create new labor supply without migration.
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    EFFICIENTLY MANAGING SPATIALLY COMPETING WATER USES: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A REGIONAL RECREATION DEMAND MODEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: In arid regions, managing water efficiently among competing demands depends critically on measuring comparable economic values of each end use. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to measure recreational values of water in the arid western U.S. These difficulties result from open spaces, few sites, and low incomes typical of the region. We examine whether water used for recreation can economically compete with agriculture. We accomplish this objective by extending the travel cost model to account for conditions unique to arid environments. We use demand systems theory to estimate a regional travel cost model which accounts for travel time, substitute sites, and discretionary travel cost. Findings from New Mexico's Pecos River Basin reveal recreational values of water which are 4040 percent higher than would result from conventional travel cost methodology. Measured recreation values of $130 per acre-foot compare with equivalent values of water in irrigated agriculture of $25–$40 per acre-foot.
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    BOOK NOTE (1989)
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    SPATIAL COMPETITION WITH CONSISTENT CONJECTURES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Equilibrium in spatial models invariably depends on firms' conjectures about how competitors will react to their price changes. This paper analyzes spatial price and location equilibrium when firms hold consistent (i.e. correct) conjectures. Most spatial models assume an exogenous conjecture. Consistent conjectures are one method, albeit a controversial one, for endogenizing the conjecture.We show that the consistent conjecture about a competitor's reaction to a price change in the simplest case is 1/3. When demand is elastic the consistent conjecture is a decreasing function of the radius. It is always below 1/3 and can be negative. In the third model, we show that the consistent conjecture declines as the number of dimensions and the number of competitors increases.
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    THE SUPPLY-DRIVEN INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL: A NEW INTERPRETATION BUT STILL IMPLAUSIBLE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: . In this reply, I argue that the production function proposed by Gruver provides a theoretical foundation for the supply model only in a most trivial case. He proposes a more general alternative which is, however, still very implausible. Furthermore, against Rose and Allison, I argue that small input-coefficient changes provide an insufficient excuse for using the supply model for impact studies, and I show that employment estimates may be quite different depending on the approach used.
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    A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING QUARTERLY LOCAL-AREA PERSONAL INCOME (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    Notes: A single-equation econometric approach is developed for estimating personal income on a quarterly basis for counties and county aggregates (e.g., metropolitan areas). An experiment is conducted on state data to test the accuracy of the estimates. The experiment indicates that they would be highly accurate for large local areas; for local areas comprising at least 20 percent of their state's total personal income, the estimates would fall within 2 percent of BEA-type estimates 95 percent of the time. An aggregate estimation approach is shown to be preferable to a component approach. Using data on local department store sales, the quarterly personal income estimates are shown to forecast better than the currently available annual estimates.
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01395.x
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    CANADA DIVIDED: THE OPTIMAL DIVISION OF AN ECONOMY INTO REGIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We develop an objective methodology for forming large regions (called macroregions) from small regions (microregions). We observe that the aggregation of microregions in an interregional input-output model causes aggregation error in the model. Our optimal regions are those that cause aggregation error to be minimized. We apply our methodology to Canada, and we compare our optimal regions for Canada to those of Statistics Canada and to those obtained using the well-known heuristic of Kossov. Statistics Canada's regions as well as those produced using Kossov's technique are characterized by substantially greater aggregation error than are those produced with our methodology.
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    PUBLIC POLICY, LOCAL LABOR DEMAND, AND MIGRATION IN SWEDEN, 1979-84 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A model of private local labor demand and interjurisdictional migration is presented and estimated using data from Swedish counties and municipalities for 1979-84. Our goal is to compare the effects on local labor markets of distinctive public-sector programs with those of traditional market variables. We find that local income taxes and tax-equalization grants have important effects on local labor markets; regional development policy measures and geographical-mobility subsidies do not. Thus, recent efforts scaling back some of these programs may not materially alter the regional economy's performance. Wages and other traditional market variables are also often found to influence significantly local labor markets.
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    THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LABOR-FORCE PARTICIPATION, SERVICE-SECTOR EMPLOYMENT, AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this study, it is argued the underemployment is both affected by and affects the labor-force participation rate (LFPR) and the level of service employment. Interestingly, the analysis reveals that service employment lowers the LFPR and raises underemployment. In turn, underemployment increases the LFPR as more secondary workers are pushed into the labor market in an effort to support their households. Thus, secondary workers are not pulled into the labor market by the availability of service jobs, but are rather pushed into these jobs by the condition of underemployment that is brought on by the growing concentration of low-paying service jobs.
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    FUNCTION AND COMPETITION AMONG URBAN CENTERS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper uses a logit model of consumer choice to examine how changes in the spatial behavior of rural consumers will affect the commercial base of smaller urban places. Various socio-economic changes in a region can be expected to cause a number of behavioral changes, including changes in where people work and shop. The analysis presented in the paper emphasizes the importance of location to the commercial prospects of small trade centers as consumers become more spatially mobile and engage in more multipurpose shopping. Places that are centrally located have the best prospects for ensuring that functions are either maintained or suffer the least decline as a result of competition from higher-order centers. Remoter locations will be adversely affected by these competitive pressures.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01239.x
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1989)
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    Journal of regional science 29 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01228.x
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    In this Issue (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00651.x
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    R&D collaboration as a global competitive tactic —Biotechnology and the ethical pharmaceutical industry (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractIn a technology driven industry, emergence of a new technology can trigger changes in the associated market structure and in the nature of competitive forces – changes herein defined as an industry paradigm shift. Biotechnology has precipitated such a paradigm shift in the ethical pharmaceutical industry, and one consequence is a proliferation of R&D collaborations. However, this paradigm shift is occurring at the same time that global competition is intensifying, and biotechnology R&D collaboration has become a tool in the geopolitical strategies of the major industrial nations. Government intervention to promote such collaborations can have deleterious long-term effects, as described earlier for the semiconductor industry. These effects are posed again for biotechnology and the ethical pharmaceutical industry, in the hopes of provoking a dialogue among concerned parties. These issues must be addressed soon, if the competitive position of this industry –as well as governments and universities – is not to be compromised.
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    Uncertainty and stress in an R&D project environment (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractR&D project managers work in an environment in which the uncertainty and complexity of engineering development problems are an important source of episodic job stress. A study of the US. Navy's top major project R&D managers (N = 118) was conducted to test the use of various coping skills and social support as preventive stress management techniques for this population. It was found that perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU) had a direct, positive effect on psychological distress of these project managers while social support had a therapeutic effect on their experience of burnout. While problem focussed coping had a small, positive effect on burnout, neither coping skills nor social support were found to have a primary prevention effect upon perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU).Engineering managers engaged in high technology R&D are confronted by a wide range of uncertainties, risks and changing demands that give rise to the stress response with its attendant physiological and psychological changes (Asterita, 1985). Adams (1980) has argued that an episodic versus chronic dichotomy of stressors is valuable because it distinguishes between intermittent stressors of finite duration (episodic) and ongoing stressors of indeterminant duration (chronic). This article reports the results of a study of uncertainty as an episodic work stressor for the U.S. Navy's high technology R&D project managers. The results suggest that R&D project managers should develop social support systems and structures to maintain well-being and avert distress and strain.
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    The Functional Sources of Innovation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    In this Issue (1989)
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    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00641.x
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    Technology and strategic management progress and future directions (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractStrategic management researchers are showing increasing interest in the interface technology and strategic management. This paper provides a literature review focussing on theory development and empirical examination. It also indicates some of the more common strategic responses and prescriptions which have been proposed to manage technology. A set of issues for guiding future research are suggested and research designs for handling some of these research hypotheses are proposed.
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    Technology Innovation Indicators (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractA survey of the US patent database has yielded indicators to trends in technology innovations. Three types of indicator were developed, namely technology maturity, growth potential and product vs process innovations. The patent data show how innovations in one technology area are linked to other technologies and a measure of these links was incorporated into the above trend indicators. Results have a wide range of applications, including assessment of technological opportunities and helping a company in the analysis of strategic alternatives.
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    The commerciaIization of stagnant technologies (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThis paper focusses on technologies which have failed to reach the marketplace for reasons which are connected more with the organization in which they were developed than with the technology itself. They are referred to as stagnant technologies.Such technologies can clearly be exploited via joint ventures; however there can be problems of finding a suitable partner and managing the partnership when one has been found. To overcome such problems a role for a third party is suggested which has been called the catalyst firm. Such a firm can be involved in identifying stagnant technologies, locating a suitable partner, and assisting in the management of the partnership through to commercialization.This approach is central to the activities of Aprotec, a Manchester-based company specializing in the development and commercialization of new technologies, which plays the role of the catalyst firm. Experience to date is described in the paper, and a case study is used to show how the approach has been successfully applied in practice.
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    Company technology strategy (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThe authors report the results of a small-scale study of the attitudes of 174 British companies to managing their technology. Their data sources were replies to a questionnaire and interviews with 18 senior managers of the respondent companies. They relate their findings to current academic thinking about technolgy strategy, of which a bibliography and critical review is presented in the paper.The results showed that the firms in the survey did not give much specific attention to technology when formulating their strategies. Some do not have a clear notion of what is meant by ‘their technology’, and others have difficulty in deciding its character. In any case a ‘firm's technology’ is usually seen as a cluster of technologies, which is enmeshed in a network of external technologies such as those practised by suppliers and customers, rather than as a single entity. After in-house R&D the most often used forms of technology acquisition are licensing-in and contract R&D. The import of technology presents difficulties, such as codifying it in usable form and making sure that there are in-house staff capable of using it.The authors conclude overall that few firms in the sample can assess their technological strengths and weaknesses or clearly conceptualize their situation. They remark that academic approaches to technology strategy are oversimplified and do not sufficiently address the main problems in this area, which are to help managers to understand the nature of their technology position and the technological network of which their firm forms a part.
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    Technologically evolving industrial equipment fabricators: their foreign involvement (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the United States fabrication shops build equipment to client specifications. Once their growth and profitability were closely aligned with those of their clients who were generally the larger firms. Now that most of these clients import their needs from abroad, fabrication shops need to compete on their own in both domestic and foreign markets. In order to help them achieve their goal, we need to have some understanding of their internal development and further identify possible barriers to their foreign involvement. To this end, a conceptual model with several operational and planning variables, to discriminate fabrication shops that service foreign markets from those that do not, is postulated and empirically tested. Policy implications of the study findings are discussed briefly. Limitations of the statistical procedures and possible future work are outlined.
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    Strategic evaluation and selection of R&D projects (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The most important families of R&D project evaluation and selection methodologies and associated techniques are briefly reviewed. For each family, generally one or two methods were chosen to be analysed from the point of view of the integration with the strategy. But, first some definitions and some aspects of the new strategic role of the evaluation and selection of R&D projects, which were in mind during the interviews, are presented.Finally, some empirical results of the use of these methodologies in France and Japan are presented. The strong and weak points of the most prevalent methods are described as they are considered by the users.
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    Managing an in-house R&D service department (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper reports a study carried out in a large UK industrial R&D establishment which had recognised that queuing for service from support groups was becoming a serious problem.The main part of the study was carried out on the operations of an analytical department. Interviews were carried out with both ‘servers’ and ‘customers’ at all levels in the organisation. These were supplemented by observations of the actual process by which service was demanded and rendered, and by analysis of records.The study revealed why the queuing problem arose and the reasons for its undesirable effects. The authors concluded that resolution of the problems is a matter for the organization as a whole, and not merely for servers and customers.The situation is further analysed in terms of queuing theory. It is argued that improvement could be achieved if a systematic priority allocation system which took into account both urgency and importance were instituted. However, rational scheduling is possible only over a short time horizon, given current human and computing abilities. To achieve optimization over a longer time horizon the authors recommend the development of an expert system incorporating past experience into its knowledge base.
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    The state of the art in R&D management (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Managing New Product Innovations. (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00619.x
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    R&D Project Selection Strategy: an empirical study in Spain (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The author has investigated the role played by project selection methods in defining a firm's technology strategy, as exemplified by a sample of innovative companies in Spain. The information was collected by a combination of questionnaire and interview with key personnel.The author was able to classify strategies into four groups: (1) a planning strategy, essentially a negotiation comprising top-down and bottom-up elements; (2) an economic strategy in which a large number of economic criteria set in advance by top management are used to evaluate projects; (3) a market strategy in which R&D is seen more or less as an adjunct to the Marketing function, which defines the products needed and negotiates the programme with top management; (4) a technical strategy, used in circumstances in which technological innovation is essential and in which, therefore, economic factors take a subsidiary place.The author's data show that in companies operating a planning strategy project selection methods of various, perhaps ad hoc kinds play a key role in reaching a company consensus. For those using an economic strategy the selection criteria are predetermined and selection methods inflexible. In the case of the market strategy, evaluation methods are used solely to help to rank projects prior to selection. Firms employing the technical strategy clearly base their decisions purely on the technical merit of the various projects put up for implementation.The paper includes information on the types of selection method used, broken down by company size and other similar criteria, and comparisons with practice in the USA, France and some other countries.
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    Technology Generation in Latin American Manufacturing Industries. (1989)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    A systematic technique for new product idea generation: the external brain (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The author outlines a novel computer-based technique to generate ideas for new products. Essentially the technique uses the so-called Dialog databank, claimed to have access to 152 million units of information, to search for all publications in the database which combine a root concept and words such as idea, innovation, novelty, and so on. The computer can then be instructed to print out the titles of a restricted number defined by the searcher from each database accessed. The searcher can then study the contents of each publication at leisure. In principle other similar databanks can be used.The technique is illustrated by two hypothetical cases: new uses for water and new uses for metal-powder technology.The author claims that the technique will generate a large number of ideas in a short time at low-cost, can be used selectively (eg to search within a stated time-period), will link otherwise unrelated disciplines, and is well suited to brainstorming. The main drawbacks are that much of the information may be irrelevant, it cannot provide entirely new ideas though it can link existing concepts in a new way, and it cannot print out the total text from an identified source.
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    Management for Engineers. (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    Technological Innovation: Strategies for a New Partnership. (1989)
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Colours of Your Mind. (1989)
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    Topics: Economics
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    New Office Information Technology: Human and Managerial Implications. (1989)
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    In the Wake of the Future: Swedish perspectives on the problems of structural change. (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Managing Organisational Change: Human Factors and Automation. (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Greening of the Cities. (1989)
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    Topics: Economics
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    Management of Research, Development and Design in Industry. (1989)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00628.x
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    AN APPROXIMATELY UNBIASED ESTIMATOR FOR THE THEORETICAL BLACK-SCHOLES EUROPEAN CALL VALUATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Black-Scholes price estimate of a call is commonly formed by using an estimate of the stock return variance rate in the formula. This, however, produces systematic bias with respect to the model's value with the true variance rate. This paper proposes a new procedure to form Black-Scholes price estimates using Taylor series approximation. Our Monte Carlo results favour the new procedure over the common and the recently proposed Butler-Schachter approaches when bias magnitude and any systematic pattern thereof are the relevant concerns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00285.x
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  • 89
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    WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT DETERMINATION WHEN EMPLOYMENT ADJUSTMENT IS COSTLY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper introduces employment adjustment costs into two widely used models of the trade union, and contrasts the resulting equilibrium wage and employment levels with those which result if employment can be costlessly adjusted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00280.x
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    MODELS OF PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00275.x
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  • 91
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    BONDING, AGENCY COSTS AND MANAGEMENT BUYOUTS: A NOTE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00279.x
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  • 92
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    WORLD INCOME SHARES AND THE TERMS OF TRADE: A NORTH-SOUTH GROWTH CYCLE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 41 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The trading relationship between a primary-producing South and a manufacturing North has dynamic properties of conflict and symbiosis similar to those of the closed-economy, worker-capitalist relationship. In a simple model these dynamics may lead to cyclical behaviour involving two variables, the Southern share of world income and the rate of exploitation of primary producing capacity. The rate of change of the terms of trade is also cyclical. Long-run income shares are constant, however, implying that the Southern terms of trade rise by just enough to offset productivity savings on primary inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00336.x
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  • 93
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    In-house R&D management development — strategy and implementation in a major government R&D agency (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThe paper describes the experiences of CSIR in developing an in-house capability and implementation process of R&D management development programmes. The conceptual approach of the laboratory-based R&D management development programmes is described. Different phases in the process of implementation are presented along with the case studies of recent training programmes in two different laboratories. Some of the key aspects of the training programmes —- successful implementation, relationship with policy-making, and improving R&D performance have been examined. The role of international co-operation in R&D management development is suggested. The paper also discusses the future prospects of R&D management development programmes in the country.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00637.x
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  • 94
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    The strategic management of re-innovation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractMost studies of the management of the technological innovation process cover the range of activities that culminate in the commercial introduction of a new product. In certain sectors of industry, however, especially those characterised by extended product lifecycles, continued competitiveness depends on vigorous and continuous product improvement, i.e. on the process of ‘re-innovation’ to satisfy evolving user requirements. Ongoing research at SPRU has investigated the process of re-innovation in a number of industry sectors, and the paper presents material relating to two of the characteristic patterns of re-innovation identified in this research.The first characteristic pattern is re-innovation combining the existing with the new. Two brief case studies are presented. In both cases, the manufacturer and customer gained significant benefits from this re-innovation strategy. For the manufacturer there were reduced development and testing costs, scale and learning curve benefits, distributed inventories of spares and servicing experience. For the customer there were familiarity benefits and reduced entry risks associated with proven reliability of parts and sub-systems.The second, and more general pattern of re-innovation is based on the concept of the ‘robust design’. This is a basic design which has sufficient inherent technological slack or flexibility to enable it to evolve into a significant design family of variants. Product design families offer the producer economies of scale in R&D, manufacturing, marketing and sales and servicing. They offer the user learning from experience, the enhanced possibility of user-inspired modifications, a wider range of price/ performance packages and rapid adaptations to changing environments. Robust designs can effectively combine economies of scale with economies of scope; they are strategically more flexible than leanly configured designs which satisfy only transient user requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00635.x
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    The division of labour in innovation management (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThe literature shows a plethora of roles in innovation management. These roles have not provided a systematic and unique pattern of relationship which can serve as an instrument of organization. An analysis of the empirical findings shows the existence of division of labour in innovation management in a multiple role concept. The concepts like ‘product champion’, ‘gatekeeper’, ‘sponsor’, ‘business innovator’, ‘technical innovator’, ‘promoter’ etc. have some elements of commonality and complementarity. Two underlying principles can be delineated: division of labour according to phases of the innovation process and according to sources of power of the incumbents. An interaction model and a process linkage model for innovation management are developed to explain the different findings. These models help to integrate these empirical concepts and serve as guidelines for possible organization of the innovation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00636.x
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    Organisational culture and decision making: a case of consensus management (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThis paper explores how a state-of-the-art concept, organization culture, shapes decision making and consensus generating strategies used in the successful management of product development activities in high technology companies. Engineering development groups interact with many individuals and groups on a wide variety of very comples engineering, manufacturing, marketing and business issues Much uncertainty exists around these issues because information that would allow for a decision to be made is often unknow or unknowable. Trade-offs are made continually resulting in a high degree of interdependence among development groups and others with whom they interact. Achieving a balance between controlling development activities on the on hand, and encouraging creativity and initiative on the other, is a complicated process.this paper illustrates the role of organizational culture in product development using case material from a very successful US high case material from a very successful US high technology company. ‘Consensus management’, a major cultural theme at ‘DW Enterprises’, is a decision making style that involves everyone in the decision making process who might have relevant input. A cultural analysis reveals that the engineers developed specific techniques for generating consensus, and that these related as much to control over participation in product development as to decision making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00638.x
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    Correlates of turnover propensity of software professionals in small high tech companies (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThe intent of this study is to shed some empirical light on the turnover propensity of software professionals in small software companies. Different sized firms were included to examine whether organizational size affected the relationships between the time the employees expected to stay in their present company, and a range of personal and organizational characteristics. A sample of 339 employees completed a questionnaire on their experience of and reactions to working in their current firm. None of the usual demographic indicators, e.g. age or tenure, was related to turnover propensity. The more time spent on programming, debugging or implementation, the shorter the time expected to stay. Satisfaction with both job and senior management was strongly related to expecting to stay longer, although satisfaction with project team or immediate boss showed virtually no relationship at all. The effect of organizational size occurred primarily with different company atmosphere qualities and certain work conditions. A warm atmosphere, fun and enjoyment, and friends in the company were important correlates only for the companies with below 50 people. Autonomy was a critical theme in the companies with 150–250 people, and recognition and advancement were important in the large company with approximately 2,000 employees. This suggests that the critical issues managers are confronted with would be different in organizations of different sizes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00655.x
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    Managing the search for new product concepts: a strategic approach (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractThe authors point out that there is little in the academic literature about the way ideas for new products emerge and how the emergence is managed. They have identified the main top management problem as the strategic one of achieving the right balance between resources put into new product search and those put into current business operations. To obtain more information on good and bad practice in this area they have investigated how a specially selected sample of small to medium-sized Canadian technological companies actually carry out new product search.The research method was to ascertain how far corporate goals, organization structures and corporate values affected the effectiveness of new product search. Unstructured interviews were conducted with senior staff in the companies, during which information was sought about company goals, innovation strategy, internal relationships and how these impinged on the genesis of 35 projects.The authors found an important corporate goal spurring innovation was growth (or survival), to be achieved by using new products to dominate their markets. R&D was oriented to achieving a technical edge, though not necessarily a radical breakthrough in market driven ways. Few had effective formal strategic plans for new product search. On the whole, top managements emphasized the importance of individual initiative and commitment to get results and the necessity of open communication throughout the organization.Overall, this research reveals once more that any organization that wishes to pursue a strategy of product innovation has to build a climate which explicitly favours that strategy. Corporate strategy, itself, has a major influence on that climate. New product search requires resources and a place in the strategic plan but the extent to which it can be formalized is limited. It must be possible for new ideas, wherever generated, to emerge and gather momentum informally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00653.x
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    Problems of R&D manpower in India (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: AbstractManpower Planning is important in R&D organizations. If one examines the budget of a research institute in any part of the world, one would find that 60–70% of the expenditure is incurred on staff salaries and benefits. Of course, manpower planning is beset with problems. This paper deals with: (i) lack of literature; (ii) scientific manpower statistics; (iii) recruitment; (iv) unemployment of S&T personnel; (v) brain drain; (vi) internal brain drain; and (vii) suggestions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00656.x
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    Anglo-American Znnovation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 19 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1989.tb00657.x
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