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  • Springer  (34,810)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,487)
  • 1950-1954  (37,297)
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  • 1
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans des séries étendues d'expériences, des ouvrières deLasius niger L. différemment et fortement intoxiquées par les insecticides DDT, HCH, E 605f (Parathion) et Chlordane, furent éprouvées pour savoir si elles étaient encore capables de faire des actions sociales. Il est possible d'expliquer les dérangements chez les Fourmis recueillant despupæ, donnant le fourrage et combattant par des changements de la fonction des mandibules. Ces changements arrivent dans une manière typique pour chaque insecticide. Parce que l'appétence correspondante est reconnaissable, on peut conclure que ne sont pas effectués de changements des fonctions centrales par l'intoxication commençante. Parce que les ouvrières facilement intoxiquées n'acceptent plus de fourrage, les fourrageurs sains offrent le fourrage avec une manière très typique. Il est très difficile d'observer cette manière dans le cas normal, car les Fourmis se donnent à manger tout de suite. Des combats ne furent pas observés entre les compagnons d'un nid chez lesL. niger. Les insecticides examinés sont transmis facilement par le contact entre les Fourmis intoxiquées et leurs compagnons sains.
    Abstract: Summary In extend series of experiments workers ofLasius niger L., poisoned in different stages with the insecticides DDT, HCH, E 605f (Parathion) and Chlordane, were tested if they were still able for doing some works, typical for their social behaviour. The irregular working of ants collectingpupæ, feeding themselves and fighting can be explained above all by changements of the function of the mandibules. Such changements appeare in a manner, typical for each insecticid. Indepedent of the functional changements can be seen an appetence correspondenting with the behaviour. Therefore we can conclude, that primarily no changements of the central functions are effected by the examinated insecticides. Because the hungry but poisoned ants don't eat, the food carring workers offer the food in a typical manner. It's difficult to observe this behaviour in the norm for the workers feed directly themselves. Fightings between poisoned ants of the same colony as a consequence of the higher excitability could not been observed byL. niger. The examinated insecticides are easily transfered by contact between poisoned and unpoisoned ants.
    Notes: C.—Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse In ausgedehnten Versuchsreihen wurden vonLasius niger L., die durch Begiftung mit den Kontaktinsektiziden DDT, HCH, E 605 und Chlordan verschieden stark geschädigt waren, auf ihre Fähigkeit hin überprüft, einige für ihr soziales Verhalten typische Tätigkeiten noch richtig auszuführen. Die Störungen bei der Ausführung des Puppensammelns, bei der Fütterung und im Kampfverhalten lassen sich neben allgemeinen Lähmungserscheinungen vor allem auf Ausfallserscheinungen in der Mandibelfunktion zurückführen, die in einer für jedes Insektizid charakteristischen Weise eintreten. Da trotz funktioneller Störungen das jeweils entsprechende Appetenzverhalten erkennbar ist, kann man annehmen, dass anfänglich durch die Vergiftung keine zentralen Ausfallserscheinungen bewirkt werden. Wenn leicht begiftete , die kein Futter mehr annehmen, mit gesunden Futterträgerinnen zûsammengebracht werden, zeigt sich auf Seiten der Futterträgerinnen ein ganz eindeutiges Anbietungsverhalten, das sonst wegen der sofort einsetzenden Fütterung nur schwer zu beobachten ist. Kämpfe zwischen Nestgenossen als Folge der durch die Begiftung gesteigerten Erregbarkeit wurden unter der Einwirkung der appl. Gifte beiL. niger nicht beobachtet. Eine Uebertragung der angewendten Insektizide durch Kontakt zwischen begifteten und unbegifteten Tieren findet leicht statt.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort Das Tracheen-System und die thorakalen Nerven des Imago vonCalotermes flavicollis werden beschrieben. Die Tracheen wurden nach der Methode vonWigglesworth und die Nerven mittels einer vonRichard gefundenen Methode gefärbt. Die Entwicklung des Tracheen-und Nerven-Systems durch alle Jugendstadien hindurch werden studiert unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der normalen Entwicklung im Vergleich mit Regressions-Erscheinungen. Schliesslich wird die Anatomie vonCalotermes mit derjenigen von anderen Blattopteroiden, im Besonderen vonPhyllodromia germanica verglichen.
    Abstract: Summary The tracheal system and the nerves of the thorax of the imago ofCalotermes flavicollis are described. The tracheas have been colored by the method ofWigglesworth and the nerve system by the method ofRichard. The entire organo-genesis of the tracheas and nerves through all instars of the development ofCalotermes has been followed. Special attention has been given to the construction of these systems as well as to their regression. The anatomy ofCalotermes is then compared to that of other Blattopteroids, in particular to that ofPhyllodromia germanica.
    Notes: Résumé On décrit les trachées, puis les nerfs thoraciques de l'imago deCalotermes flavicollis. Les trachées ont été colorées par la méthode deWigglesworth, les nerfs par la méthode deRichard. On suit l'organogenèse des trachées et des nerfs au travers des stades du développement deCalotermes en mettant en évidence, d'une part, les phénomènes de construction, d'autre part les phénomènes de régression. On compare l'anatomie deCalotermes à celle d'autres Blattoptéroïdes,Phyllodromia germanica, en particulier.
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  • 5
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 199-208 
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 209-217 
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Here is explained, through the solution of two problems, a procedure for the determination of the cartographic projections of the sphere, according to the principle that lines of a forfixed equation on paper correspond to determined lines on the sphere. Here are the problems in question: 1) To determine the equation of a rectilineal and convergent meridian lined paper in which the loxodromies are represented by straight lines. 2) To point out if there are other projections, besides the perspective centrographic one, turning maximum circles into straight lines.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espone, attraverso la risoluzione di due problemi, un procedimento di carattere generale per la determinazione di proiezioni cartografiche della sfera, secondo il principio che a determinate linee sulla sfera corrispondano linee di prefissata equazione sulla carta. I problemi trattati sono i seguenti: 1) Determinare l'equazione di una carta a meridiani rettilinei e convergenti in cui le lossodromie siano rappresentate con linee rette. 2) Ricercare se esistono altre proiezioni, oltre la centrografica prospettica, che trasformano i cerchi massimi in rette.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 37-53 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a comparative consideration of the generally used methods of measurements ofD, H, I andZ, emphasizing the characteristic differences between the measure of angles and intensities, the new methods of the absoluteZ-determination are examined, in particular those basing upon electronic principles. The description of a new magnetic apparatus, simular to another instrument for determining the atm.-electric potential, called “magnetische Feldmfihle” is as follows: The principle is based upon the interrupted covering of coils, the central part of which consists of Mu-metall with laminas of the same material. On account of the position of the coils the frequency is 4-times as much as that of an earth-inductor, for which reason a normal amplifier may be used. The totalZ-field induces in the Feldmfihle an effective voltage of more than 2 Volts, whereas the great station-inductor ofSchulze produces only 75 inV. The Feldmfihle is used as a zeroinstrument for the absoluteZ-determination. The compensation ofZ is effected by a solenoid which bears more windings in according toHelmholtz-style for the finer calculation. The inhomogenity of the field within the solenoid is computed. This method permits to measure the field-intensity up to ±0.6 ψ.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer vergleichenden Betrachtung der gebräuchlichen Meßmethoden yonD, H, I undZ unter Hervorhebung der charakteristischen Unterschiede zwischen Winkel- und Intensitätsmessungen, werden die neuen Methoden der absolutenZ-Messung, besonders auf elektronischer Grundlage untersucht. Eines neues magnetisches Meßgerät, entsprechend einem ähnlichen Gerät zur Messungen des luftelektrischen Potentials “magnetische Feldmiihle” bezeichuet, wird beschrieben. Das Prinzip beruht auf der intermittierten Abdeckung yon Spulen, deren Kerne aus Mu-Metallamellen bestehen, mit entsprechenden Lamellen und Kernen. Infolge der Anordnung der Spulen ist die Frequenz viermal so groß wie beim Erdinduktor, so daß ein normalcr Röhreuverstärker verwendet werden kann. Das totaleZ-Feld induziert in der Feldmühle eine effektive Spannung von über 2 Volt, wäihrend der große Stations-Induktor yonSchulze nur 75 mV gibt. Die Feldmühle wird als Nullinstrument für die absoluteZ-Messung verwendet. Die Kompensation vonZ erfolgt durch ein Solenoid, auf welchem sich noch weitere Wicklungen inHelmholt zanordnung zur Feinabstimmung desZ-Feldes befinden. Die Inhomogenitiit des Feldes im Solenoid wird berechnet. Bei 30–50-facher Verstärkung kann das Feldminimum mit einer Genauigkeit von +-0.6 ψ bestimmt werden.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mean ozone distribution for various geographical latitudes is derived from ozone distributions measured by means of balloon ascents, eclipses of the moon and the «Umkehreffekt» and compared with the theoretically calculated photochemical distributions, whereby the full scope of the latter is considerably limited. —The discrepancy between the calculated and the measured ozone distribution below the ozone maximum at 23 km altitude is a sign of a considerable effect of mass exchange in the troposphere and lower stratosphere which increases towards the equator. In the mean and higher latitudes we find — especially in spring — a second lower ozone maximum at 16 km altitude which cannot be explained photochemically but is probably due to advection, to ozone transported down from polar latitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den bei Ballonaufstiegen, bei Mondfinsternissen und durch den Umkehreffekt gemessenen Ozonverteilungen werden für verschiedene geographische Breiten gemittelte Ozonverteilungen abgeleitet und mit den theoretisch photochemisch berechneten Verteilungen verglichen, wodurch der Spielraum der letzten erheblich eingeengt wird. — Die Diskrepanz zwischen der berechneten und der gemessenen Ozonverteilung unterhalb des Ozonmaximums in 23 km Höhe lässt auf eine bedeutende Wirkung des Massenaustausches in der Troposphäre und in der unteren Stratosphäre schliessen, der nach den Aequator hin stark zunimmt. — In mittleren und höheren Breiten tritt — vornehmlich im Frühjahr — ein zweites tieferes Ozonmaximum in 16 km Höhe auf, das photochemisch nicht zu erklären ist, sondern advektiv, durch aus polaren Breiten herzugeführtes Ozon bedingt wird.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A radiation measuring instrument with windshelter transmitting infrared waves is described, it fulfills our demands for continuous records of the atmospheric radiation, of the long-wave outgoing radiation of the ground, of the effective outgoing radiation (nocturnal radiation), and of the radiation balance (during the days) on the conditions of protection against wind, of reception of radiation from the hemisphere (2 π), and of following the Cosinelaw; the instrument has proved well without interruption. The radiation is received by twoMoll thermopiles (one of which points towards the sky and the other one towards the earth's surface) which are protected against wind by means of a thin leave of Lupolen-H transmitting the infrared waves. The thermopiles are connected with three galvanometers in such a way that we are able to record continuously the atmospheric radiation for itself, the long-wave outgoing radiation of the ground for itself, and in the night additionally the effective outgoing radiation, as well as the whole day long the radiation balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Strahlungsmessgerät mit ultrarotdurchlässigen Windschutzhauben beschrieben, das die von uns gestellten Forderungen nach laufender Registrierung der atmosphärischen Gegenstrahlung, der langwelligen Ausstrahlung des Erdbodens, der effektiven Ausstrahlung (bei Nacht) und der Strahlungsbilanz (bei Tag) unter den Bedingungen des Windschutzes, des Strahlungsempfangs aus dem Halbraum 2 π und der Befolgung des Cos-Gesetzes erfüllt und sich im Dauerbetrieb bewährt hat. Als Strahlungsempfänger werden zweiMoll'sche Thermosäulen (eine nach oben und eine nach unten gerichtet) verwendet, die gegen den Windeinfluss durch eine ultrarotdurchlässige Lupolen-H-Folie geschützt sind. Die Thermosäulen sind elektrisch derart an drei Galvanometer geschaltet, dass die atmosphärische Gegenstrahlung für sich allein, die langwellige Ausstrahlung des Erdbodens für sich allein und bei Nacht zusätzlich die effektive Ausstrahlung sowie am Tage die Strahlungsbilanz laufend registriert werden können.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The observations of ten Aprils (1941–50) at Blue Hill have been analyzed, and it has been found that frost (night minimum temperature ≦32° F) (T) can be predicted on the basis of the 19h wet-bulb temperature (ti) by the formula:T=ti−k, in whichk is found to be 1.8 F deg. in clear weather and 2.1 F deg. in cloudy. The results of a test on an independent set of Aprils (1936–40), are satisfactory especially with clear skies at 19h.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 214-215 
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conditions géométriques de l'observation de fusées verticales ou horizontales sont examinées par rapport aux applications geodésiques et géophysiques. Les figures démontrent l'existance de quelques districts stationnaires, particulièrement destinés à l'observation par principes différents.
    Notes: Summary The most suitable geometrical conditions of observation of vertically or horizontally moved rockets are inquired, with respect to geodetical and geophysical applications. Some diagrams show, that there exist several regions of stationary state, apt for different principles of observation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the development of the theory of the adoption of the ellipsoid of revolution in the gravimetric method, for the determination of the earth's shape, presented by the author in a former work. The conclusion completly justifies the actual practical methods for the calculation of the ellipsoidic gravity.
    Notes: Résumé On Cherche le développement de la théorie de l'adoption de l'ellipsoöde de révolution dans la méthode gravimétrique pour la détermination de la figure de la Terre, exposée par l'auteur dans un ouvrage antérieur. La conclusion justifie complètement les actuels méthodes pratiques pour le calcul de la pésanteur ellipsoïdique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measuring the deflections of the plumb-line the attainable precision is determined, in particular to investigations for geophysical prospecting.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird für die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen der erreichbare Genauigkeitsgrad untersucht, besonders im Hinblick auf Messungen zur Erforschung des Untergrundes.
    Notes: Riassunto Si determinano le precisioni con le quali possono venire osservate le deviazioni della verticale e si richiama l'attenzione su ciò quando si debbono interpretare le misure predette per prospezioni del sottosuolo.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 16-18 
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 38-46 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The research deals with the hydrographic observations of the East-Europe's plain. The monthly means of the water level have been elaborated after the method of Mr. and Mrs.Labrouste with the aim to determine the phase of the yearly component. The map of the phase distribution and the profiles along the streams shows that this distribution is governed by the physiography, as well as by the seasonal course of the temperatures, what can permit to explain the observed particularities.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude publiée intéresse l'ensemble des échelles hydrométriques de la plaine de l'Est européen. Les moyennes mensuelles des niveaux ont été élaborées par la méthode d'analyse par combinaisons linéaires d'ordonnées, due à M. et MmeLabrouste, afin de définir la phase de la composante annuelle. La carte de la répartition de la phase et les profils de celle-ci le long des cours d'eau, montrent que cette répartition est commandée par le relief, ainsi que par la marche saisonnière des températures, ce qui permet d'expliquer les particularités constatées par les causes naturelles: altitudes, forme et extension du bassin, etc.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 47-75 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A detailed description of an electrical method is given, developped by the author, concerning the application of two pairs of electrodes rectangular to each other, the one of which is creating an electrical field, whilst the other is measuring the disturbing function when turning the electrode arrangement. The disturbing function has been calculated for spherical and ellipsoidal bodies, taking into account the decrease of the current with increasing distance. It is shown, that it is possible to localize disturbing bodies when turning the electrode arrangement at one or a few places only and without any measuring equipotential lines and their distortions. It is proved that the determination of the direction of disturbing bodies is possible without the knowledge of their distance. It is emphasized that this theory is an other modification may also be applied on corresponding induction methods, based on the application of twe coils rectangular to each other and supplied by low frequency currents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die vom Verfasser entwickelte elektrische Drehkreuzmethode beschrieben. Die Messanordnung besteht aus zwei Elektrodenpaaren, von denen das eine zur Erzeugung eines elektrischen Feldes dient, während das andere zur Messung des elektrischen Störfeldes verwandt wird. Die Störfunktion beim Drehen der Elektrodenanordnung wird für elliptische Störkörper quantitativ berechnet, und es werden die Bedingungen für die Ortnung von Störkörpern quantitativ diskutiert
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper there is a description of a very strange kind of thunderstorm with fog and only one thunder-clap. It is analysed with regard to synoptic aerology and atmospheric electricity. It belonged to a cold-front-thunderstorm, but the characteristic frontal phenomenons occurred hours before. By a combination of the theories ofWilson andSimpson we try to explain the distribution of the charge and the single discharge. The quantity of the charge can grow enormously by ground fog and this fact stands for the intensity of the clap. The form of the discharge can be explained by the theory ofSchonland-Walter. We found gliding phenomenons in the fog and disruptige discharges from cloud to earth, but it is very difficult to say whether there is an uniform direction of the different branches of the single lightning. The different partial discharges of the single lightning are analogous to the discharge of a rapidly and strongly charged condenser, the plates of which are at a small distance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein eigenartiges Gewitter beschrieben und aerologischsynoptisch sowie luftelektrisch analysiert. Es trat nur ein einziger, allerdings sehr heftiger Donner auf. Während des Gewitters herrschte Nebel, es ergab sich, dass es sich um ein «maskiertes Kaltfrontgewitter» handelte, bei dem die Kaltfronterscheinungen aber bereits Stunden vorher aufgetreten waren. Die Erklärung der Ladungsverteilung und in ihrer Folge der einzigen kräftigen Entladung als gesamte wahrnehmbare elektrische Gewittererscheinung wird durch eine Kombination der scheinbar gegensätzlichen Gewittertheorien vonWilson undSimpson versucht. Die Ladungsmenge kann durch den herrschenden Bodennebel ungeheuer anwachsen und erklärt damit die Stärke des Schlages. Die Entladungsform wird nach derSchonland-Walterschen Theorie zu deuten versucht. Es ergeben sich Gleitvorgänge im Nebel und Funkenentladungen von der Wolke zur Erde, wobei eine endgültige Entscheidung über die einheitliche Richtung der Verästelung nicht getroffen werden kann. Die mehrfachen Teilentladungen des einzigen Blitzes werden erklärt als Analogie zu den Funkenentladungen zwischen den Platten eines Kondensators mit geringem Abstand, der plötzlich stark aufgeladen wird.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 76-80 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fussend auf theoretischen Ergebnissen vonR. M. Foster undS. S. Stefanescu wird ein neuartiges Verfahren zur elektrischen Tiefensondierung bei horizontaler Schichtung vorgeschlagen. Dieses Verfahren arbeitet im Gegensatz zum bekanntenWenner-Verfahren und zum «Zentralinduktions-Verfahren» nachKoenigsberger nicht mit der Veränderung eines Längenparameters (Elektrodenabstand, Schleifenradius), sondern mit veränderlicher Frequenz bei unveränderter Position der Elektroden und Sonden. Einige Vorzüge werden genannt, die diese Methode in praktischer Hinsicht haben dürfte.
    Notes: Summary Taking reference of theoretical results ofR. M. Foster andS. S. Stefanescu, a new method of electrical depth-sounding refering to horizontal strata is proposed. This new way works contrary to the wellknown princip ofWenner and also to the «Zentral-Induktions-Verfahren» afterKoenigsberger not with a change of a length-parameter (electrode-distance and coilradius), but with changeable frequency at unchanged position of electrodes and sondes. A few advantages are described, which this method may have in practice.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 98-99 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 81-86 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, mit welcher Verzögerung und Verformung eine in einem Induktions-Seismometer erzeugte elektrische Spannungsschwankung die Registriervorrichtung erreicht, wenn die Uebertragung durch eine Leitung erfolgt. Es werden «Verformungszahlen» definiert, mittels deren sich Leitungen verschiedenen Typs hinsichtlich der Formtreue der Uebertragung vergleichen lassen. Einige Beispiele hierfür werden behandelt. Die erforderliche Selbstinduktivität (Pupinisierung) eine freischwebenden Doppelleitung für grösstmögliche Formtreue wird angegeben. Hierbei ergibt sich z.B. für 20 km Kabellänge eine Laufzeit von der Grössenordnung einer hundertstel Sekunde.
    Notes: Summary It is beeing investigated, with which retarding and deforming one in an induction-seismometer generated electrical tension-oscillation the recorderapparatus arrives, presuming the transformation has been taken by means of wire. Numbers of deforming are given, which allowes the comparison by different types of wires, regarding the true shape of the transmission. A few examples will be described. The necessary selfinduction («Pupinisierung») of a freehanging doublewire for the greatest possible true shape is named. Thereby results for instance by a cablelength of 20 km a traveltime of about 1/100 of a second.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 54-63 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An induction pulse method is described, based upon the measurement of a dielectric dispersion phenomenon. This method opens the possibility of a direct and selective reaction of the petroleum at a depth of more than 6000 feet. Hereby the selective reaction is based upon the variation of the exciting conditions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Induktionsimpulsmethode beschrieben, welche sich auf die Messung dielektrischer Dispersionsphänomene gründet, und welche einen direkten Nachweis des Petroleums auf Tiefen von über 2000 m ermöglicht. Durch Variation der Anfachungsbedingungen kann man selektive Reaktionswirkungen erzielen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 64-67 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 70-72 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 73-76 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 77-80 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 46-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. There are discussed individual proceedings which shall explain the characteristic behaviour of pressure, and temperature instability in their vertical distribution. When there exists equalization of pressure on a lower level near the ground, and again on a higher level, changes of temperature on one level will be compensated by such on another level. It is shown that the compensating influence of middle and upper troposphere is opposed by the compensating influence of cold, and heat waves from the ground layer, ultimately resulting in the removal of the level of pressure equalization from the ground to an altitude roughly corresponding to the height of ground layer. — 2. The influence of friction and convection on the formation of ground layer is discussed. While friction is acting slowly and by layers, convection is acting more rapidly, but only locally at first. In the long run however, also convection can produce homogeneity of the lower layers of the atmosphere, i. e. an atmospheric layer of uniform character. This process is being intensified when convection is associated with condensation. Then, another increase in height of the ground layer will be possible. However, as this process will not be of similar intensity over wide stages, the increase in height will vary locally. Therefore, generally the ground layer of the squally weather type will not possess a uniform surface extending over wide areas. — 3. Another important factor in the formation of ground layer is radiation. Since the share taken by each of the three factors (friction, convection, radiation) cannot be computed, one must be satisfied with qualitative valuation of the influence of the factors participating in the formation of ground layer. An appropriate scheme is submitted and discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es werden die einzelnen Vorgänge besprochen, die das eigentümliche Verhalten der Veränderlichkeit von Druck und Temperatur in ihrer vertikalen Verteilung erklären sollen. Wenn ein unteres an der Erdoberfläche vorhandenes Druckausgleichsniveau vorhanden ist und ein weiteres in grösserer Höhe, so müssen Temperaturänderungen in dem einen Niveau durch solche eines anderen ausgeglichen, kompensiert werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass dem kompensierenden Einfluss der mittleren und oberen Troposphäre ein kompensierender Einfluss der Kälte- und Wärmewellen aus dem Bereiche der Grundschicht entgegenwirkt, sodass letzten Endes das Druckausgleichsniveau nicht mehr am Erdboden liegt, sondern in eine Höhe verschoben wird, die der ungefähren Höhe der Grundschicht entspricht. — 2. Der Einfluss von Reibung und Konvektion auf die Bildung der Grundschicht wird besprochen. Die Reibung wirkt langsam und immer schichtweise. Die Konvektion wirkt rascher, aber zunächst immer nur lokal. Im Verlaufe längerer Zeit kann aber auch die Konvektion eine Homogenisierung der unteren Luftschichten bewirken, also eine Luftschicht von einem einheitlichen Charakter schaffen. Dieser Prozess wird noch verstärkt, wenn die Konvektion mit Kondensation verbunden ist. Jetzt ist eine weitere Ueberhöhung der Grundschicht möglich. Da dieser Prozess aber über weite Räume nicht von gleicher Grösse ist, wird diese Ueberhöhung vielfach gebietsweise verschieden sein. Die Grundschicht vom Böenwettertyp hat daher gewöhnlich keine einheitliche Oberfläche über weite Gebiete hinweg. — 3. Ein weiterer Faktor, der für die Bildung der Grundschicht von Bedeutung ist, ist die Strahlung. Da der Beitrag, den jeder der drei Faktoren (Reibung, Konvektion, Strahlung) zur Bildung der Grundschicht beisteuert, nicht errechnet werden kann, muss man sich zunächst mit einer qualititativen Abschätzung der Einflüsse der einzelnen an der Bildung der Grundschicht beteiligten Faktoren begnügen. Ein entsprechendes Schema wird vorgelegt und besprochen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 81-87 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 88-93 
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    Notes: Summary Laboratory-scale experiments on a small cylindrical barrier capable of being moved zonally with respect to a rotating hemispherical shell of liquid are described. When the cylinder is moved west relative to the shell at rates approximating 1/10 of the basic rotation a strong anticyclonic circulation developes around the cylinder and pronounced wave motions appear in the remainder of the liquid. When the cylinder is moved eastward at the same relative rates there is no net circulation around it and rapid motions toward the east occur in the latitude zone that it occupies. Velocity discontinuity surfaces on which occasional vortices develop divide this zone from the remainder of the liquid on both sides where much less developed motions occur. General implications of these and certain other types of experiments for problems of flow over large mountain masses are pointed out.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 121-126 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a procédé à des mesures simultanées de la radiation en deux stations d'altitude différente (400 et 1100 m/m) sur le versant sud des Alpes. On peut tirer de ces recherches les conclusions suivantes: Aux deux endroits l'intensité est la plus forte par situation de foehn. Les différences d'insolation sont minimum aux jours de foehn, maximum par temps brumeux; dans le rapport des deux radiations on remarque une courbe journalière prononcée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An zwei Stationen auf der Südseite der Alpen wurden in verschiedenen Meereshöhen (400 und 1100 m/M) zu gleicher Zeit Messungen der direkten Sonnenstrahlung vorgenommen. Aus diesen Untersuchungen geht folgendes hervor: Die grössten Intensitäten werden an beiden Orten bei Föhnlagen gefunden. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Strahlungen an beiden Stationen sind am kleinsten an Föhntagen, am grössten an dunstigen Tagen. Auch zeigt sich in dem Verhältnis beider Strahlungen ein ausgeprägter Tagesgang.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of direct sun radiation were taken contemporaneously by two stations on the south side of the Alps at two different altitudes above sea level, viz. 400 and 1100 meters. From these observations the following results were obtained: The greatest intensities are found in both places when Föhn prevails. The differences between the two stations are smallest on days of Föhn, largest on dusty and damp days. Furthermore, a marked daily march is found in the relation between both radiations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 130-135 
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    Notes: Summary The position of the very important climatic limit, definited byBenevent, which separates the humid climate of north Alps and the dry climate of south Alps, is first described. The method used for synoptic study of alpine precipitations is then exposed: it consists in plotting for every day on a great scale chart the amounts of rain measured in the alpine rain-jauge stations and in comparing this result with the isohypses charts at the 700, 500 and 300 mb levels.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 167-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The heavy «Foehn» of the 18 th of December 1945 is described in detail and considered in connection with a theory about the «Foehn» formerly published. Based on this theorie the essential problems of the development of the «Foehn» can well be explained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Dimmerföhnlage vom 18. Dez. 1945 wird in ihrer Entwicklung eingehend beschrieben und im Zusammenhang mit einer früher veröffentlichten Föhntheorie betrachtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 210-213 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments to determine the thickness of glaciers by high frequency prospecting were carried out on the Austrian glacier Hintereisferner in 1938. After the war electrohydrographical measurements on glacier rivulets were carried out in the Kaprun Valley. The resistance of the glacier water fluctuates according to the time of season. It depends on the respective composition of these waters (Fig. 2). Therefore the geologic and mineralogic properties of the glacier-water may be deducted from the electric resistance. Especially the amount of surface water may be deducted (Fig. 3). An example is shown in Fig. 4.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The articledeals with a preliminary evaluation of observations of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway during a period of ten years. The numerous observations show clearly the variation of the depth of a snow cover in between a small area in high mountains. The stations were located 100 meters and less apart from each other. 800 observation stations have been established extending 46 km along the highway. Observations were made once a week. Mean values obtained from 6 measurements in a 120 m broad profile rectangular to the road give a representative annual average of snow depth for different elevation and different orographic areas. Two types of annual variations can be distinguished according to the exposure of the considered area. The great variation of the mean snow depth at each of the six stations of one profile—there are variations of several meters-and variations of the same order of magnitude for stations of the same profile for different years show that the observations of a single station in high mountains are by no means representative. Therefore the evaluation of mean values over a certain small area must be recommended in order to obtain accurate results. In general a derivation of the amount of precipitation from the snow depth for a single station cannot be justified. The variation of snow depth can also be recognized from the average snow profile along the highway and from the difference of this quantity between the center and the border of the road. The results of frequent measurements of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway can be also used with success for considerations on the economy of glaciers and for an estimation of the water contents of a snow cover in winter which may be of particular interest for hydrology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine vorläufige Bearbeitung zehnjähriger Beobachtungen der Schneehöhen auf der Grossglockner-Hochalpenstrasse berichtet, die durch die Häufung von Beobachtungsstellen vor allem einen Einblick in die Veränderlichkeit der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke auf kleinem Raum im Hochgebirge gewähren. Die Messtellen lagen in Entfernungen von 100m und weniger. Aus je sechs Messungen in 120m breiten Profilen quer zur Strasse berechnete Mittelwerte erlauben, repräsentative durchschnittliche Jahresgänge der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke für verschiedene Höhen und orographische Lagen abzuleiten. Es lassen sich zwei Typen der Jahresgänge unterscheiden, die durch den Grad der Exposition des Messgebietes bestimmt werden. Die grossen Unterschiede der mittleren Schneehöhen an jeder der sechs Messtellen der einzelnen Profile, die mehrere Meter übersteigen können, und die ähnlich grossen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Schneehöhen auf die einzelnen Messtellen der Profile in den verschiedenen Jahren lassen erkennen, wie wenig repräsentativ für ein weiteres Gebiet im allgemeinen eine einzelne Schneehöhenmesstelle im unebenen Gelände des Hochgebirges ist. Zur Gewinnung repräsentativer Werte der Schneehöhen ist im Hochgebirge die Bildung von Gebietsmittel aus mehreren über einen kleinen Raum verteilten Messtellen zweckmässig. Ein Rückschluss auf die Niederschlagsmengen aus den Schneehöhen einer Messtelle ist im allgemeinen im Hochgebirge nicht gerechtfertigt. Die grosse Veränderlichkeit der Schneehöhe im Hochgebirge wird auch aus durchschnittlichen Schneeprofilen entlang der Hochalpenstrasse und aus den Unterschieden der durchschnittlichen Schneehöhen zwischen Strassenmitte und Strassenrand ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse der gehäuften Schneehöhenmessungen auf der Grossglocknerstrasse erscheinen für die Beurteilung der Nährgebiete der Gletscher und für die Abschätzung des Wasserwertes der winterlichen Schneedecke des Hochgebirges für die Zwecke der Wasserwirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 128-131 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent experiments on the radioactivity of potassium 40 give as result: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ λ K being the constant of decay byK-electron capture, λ=λβ+λ K the total decay constant. If we make following assumptions: 1st) the atmospheric argon is the decay product of potassium 40 in the earth, which has undergoneK-capture; 2nd) the potassium existing in the earth is practically all contained in the external crust, 10 miles thick; 3rd) the age of the solid crust does not exceed ∼3.109 years: we come to the conclusion that the earth as a whole must have remained in a fluid state for ∼ 109 years at least.
    Notes: Riassunto Da esperienze recenti risultano per le costanti radioattive del potassio 40 i valori seguenti: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ dove λ=λβ+λ K è la costante di disintegrazione totale λ K la costante di catturaK. Se si ammette che: 1°) l'argon atmosferico abbia origine dal potassio 40 contenuto nella terra, che ha subìto la catturaK; 2°) la massa di potassio disponibile nella terra sia praticamente quella contenuta nella crosta, di 16 km di spessore; 3°) la crosta si sia solidificata da non più di ∼ 3.109 a: si conclude che la terra deve essere rimasta allo stato fluido per un tempo dell'ordine di 109 anni almeno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 113-119 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Geodesy is at present faced with tremendous tasks of world-wide scope. Main triangulations constituting the basis for a reliable determination of the earth's figure, the establishment of absolute coordinates and consistent large-scale mapping have, in the course of the past 150 years, been completed only to a very limited extent. In order to speed up efforts the customary methods and instruments of observation should be revised on the grounds of recent experiences made in the field of physics. Numerous nations have already made valuable contributions and an appreciable increase of results has been reached by means of the optical micrometer, theodolites with photographic registration, steel towers etc. In order to overcome obstacles due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions, the electric eye has been designed, replacing visual observation by photo-electric indication. The present note is in particular a report on the present stage of experiments made by the Institut für angewandte Geodäsie. These experiments have proved that generally speaking the new device is well suited for the purpose on hand. However, further efforts will be required for creating an apparatus thoroughly reliable also in the field.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die internationale Geodäsie steht noch heute vor gewaltigen Aufgaben. Das Hauptdreiecksnetz, das die Grundlage der sicheren Bestimmung der Erdfigur, der Schaffung absoluter Koordinaten für die gesamte Erdoberfläche und klaffungsfreier grossmasstäblicher Karten dient, ist in den letzten 150 Jahren nur zu einem geringen Bruchteil fertiggestellt. Moderne physikalische Erkenntnisse müssen die klassischen Beobachtungsmethoden und-instrumente reformieren, um die Leistungen zu beschleunigen. Viele Nationen haben hier wertvolle Beiträge geliefert. Optisches Mikrometer, photographisch registrierende. Theodolitc, stählerne Beobachtungstürme usw. haben schon bedeutende Leistungssteigerungen erzielt. Zur Ueberwindung der Hindernisse, die durch ungünstige atmosphärische Verhältnisse erzeugt werden, ist das elektrische Auge konstruiert worden, das die visuelle Beobachtung durch elektrische Anzeigegeräte ersetzt. Es wird über den neuesten Stand der im Institut für angewandte Geodäsie durchgeführten Versuche berichtet, die bereits die grundsätzliche Eignung des Gerätes im erstrebten Sinne beweisen liessen. Fernere Versuche und Vervollkommnungen werden notwendig sein, um das Gerät zu einem nie versagenden, feldmässig einsatzfähigen Gerät zu gestalten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 120-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The oscillation of the sight point picture in telescope and simultaneously the difference of the air temperatures between the hights of 0.5 and 2.5 meters have been observed every two hours through two clear days and nights. Hereby the following results have been obtained. Short after the sunrise the sight point picture is quite immovable. Soon after it beginns to vibrate, at first slightly and slowly (one time in second) and then more violently and quickly (five times in second). The vibration attains its maximum short after the noon, then it decreases and becomes zero not long before the sunset. From now till the sunrise the sight point picture is swaying very slowly (in periods of several minutes). The vibration is proportional to the 1.68-power of the sight length. It correlates the vertical temperature gradient, and the vibration is e. g. for the sight of 75 m:F 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, where ϱ means the temperature increase from 0.5 to 2.5 m (here negative). The swaying is proportional to the 2.05-power of the sight length. It correlates the gradient, and the swaying is e. g. for the sight of 125 m:S 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, where ϱ has the same meaning as above. Between the sight errorZ and the vibrationF a relation:Z=0.11+0.029F mm is to be seen. Thus the accuracy of the sighting is not very sensitive to the vibration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zwei Beobachtungsserien von 24 Stunden ist jede zweite Stunde die Schwankung des Zielbildes beobachtet und gleichzeitig die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m gemessen worden. Aus diesen Beobachtungen gehen folgende Resultate hervor. Kurz nach Sonnenaufgang ist das Zielbild unbeweglich. Bald beginnt es zu flimmern, zuerst schwach und langsam (einmal in der Sek.) später stärker und schneller (5 mal in der Sek.). Das Flimmern erreicht sein Maximum etwas nach Mittag, vermindert sich dann und wird Null kurz vor Sonnenuntergang. Von hier an beginnt das Zielbild sehr langsam (in Perioden von Minuten) zu schweben. Der Betrag des Flimmerns ist proportional der 1.68-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 75 m beträgtF 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m bezeichnet. Der Betrag des Schwebens ist proportional der 2.05-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 125 m beträgtS 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die obenangegebene Bedeutung hat. Zwischen dem ZielungsfehlerZ und dem FlimmernF besteht die BeziehungZ=0.11++0.029F mm. Das Schweben wirkt sehr stark auf die Zielungsgenauigkeit ein, obgleich beim Vorkommen des Schwebens das Zielbild nach dem Augenmass unbeweglich erscheint.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 33-38 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From 1941 to 1942 at Cologne ionospheric interferences have been observed, which showed a specially favoured flow from NNE in the E-layer. In the F-layer such favoured flow were not to recognize. If one interpret the movement of these ionospheric interferences as a motion of material particles, this direction distribution is incompatible with the direction distribution ofHoffmeister's «Leuchtstreifen» (glowing stripes) at 120 km. Of course it is to concede, that the «Leuchtstreifen» were observed at night, while the ionospheric interferences are day observations. An explanation of these differences and an unobjectionable interpretation of the mechanism of the ionospheric interferences are so much the more necessary as the synoptic meteorology is more and more interested in the ionosphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Köln wurden in den Jahren 1941 bis 1942 Ionosphärenstörungen beobachtet, die in der E-Schicht eine bevorzugte Zugrichtung aus NNE aufwiesen. In der F-Schicht liess sich eine solche Bevorzugung einer Zugrichtung nicht erkennen. Wenn man die Wanderung dieser Ionosphärenstörungen als Bewegung materieller Teile deutet, so steht die Richtungsverteilung in einem klaffenden Widerspruch zur Richtungsverteilung der vonHoffmeister beobachteten Leuchtstreifen in rund 120 km Höhe. Es muss allerdings eingeräumt werden, dass es sich bei Leuchtstreifen um Nacht-, bei den Ionosphärenstörungen um Tagesbeobachtungen handelt. Eine Aufklärung dieser Unterschiede und eine einwandfreie Deutung des Mechanismus dieser Ionosphärenstörungen ist umso notwendiger, als die Ionosphäre steigendes Interesse auch für die synoptische Meteorologie gewinnt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 39-43 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary One may represent a spatial curve Γ on a plane by bending a metal thread along the curve and then photographing it, but in this way much time is wasted. In the present paper the A. suggests an optical device which, replaced to the pencil of the out-put table ofBush's machine, traces on film a curve Γ′ that should look like the photographic image of the thread. In this study were taken into account only the cases in which the light source lighting Γ′, is at the infinite or in the coordinate origin, while the point of view is always at the infinite.
    Notes: Riassunto Per rappresentare una curva spaziale Γ su un piano si può piegare un filo metallico secondo la curva e fotografarlo, operazione che però richiede molto tempo. Nel presente articolo l'A. illustra un dispositivo ottico che, sostituito alla matita della tavola di egresso della macchina diBush, è atto a descrivere su pellicola una curva Γ′ simile all'immagine fotografica del filo. In questo studio si sono considerati soltanto i casi in cui la sorgente di luce che illumina la Γ′ è all'infinito o nella origine delle coordinate, mentre il punto di vista à sempre all'infinito.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 47-51 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The index of similarity calculated between one alpine locality, Sion in Wallis, and some other places situated on each side of the Alps shows the dissimilarity of the rain systems of both sides. In North, the nearly normal indices reflect the homogeneous distribution of rain in large areas; in South, too small indices betray the irregularity of rain zones and their geographic dispersion. Wallis belongs to the north region.
    Notes: Résumé L'indice de similitude calculé entre une station alpine, Sion en Valais, et quelques localités situées de part et d'autre des Alpes met en évidence la dissemblance des régimes pluviaux des deux versants. Au Nord, les indices quasi normaux reflètent la distribution homogène des pluies en plages de grandes dimensions; au Sud, les indices trop faibles trahissent l'irrégularité des zones pluvieuses et leur dispersion géographique. La Valais appartient à la région nord.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 60-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An investigation is made into the possibility of replacing the normal magnetic needle jewelled bearings by a torsion suspended needle. The needle is suspended between two wires (ribbons) under torsion. The object is to make practical use of the new magnetic material, with practical reference to permanently magnetic materials, in magnetic measuring instruments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden systematisch die physikalischen Grundlagen untersucht, um die bisherigen gewöhnlichen Magnetnadeln mit Steinlagerung durch eine solche Torsionsmagnetnadel zu ersetzen, deren Torsionsaufhängung beiderseitig gespannt ist. Das Ziel ist, für magnetische Messinstrumente die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe, hier vorerst die Dauermagnetwerkstoffe, nutzbar zu verwenden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 52-59 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The five cold front types adopted by the author, with the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area as the essential characteristic, and stable und unstable warm frontal systems are distinguishable in the weather maps by specific weather phenomena connected with them. Based on the weather maps for Hamburg Germany, in 1950, the annual mean coefficient of vertical exchange at the 35-m level and the oxydation value of the surface air layer were determined for each of these frontal types. The results obtained are confirming as justified the adopted classification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vom Verfasser aufgestellten fünf Typen von Kaltfronten, die als wesentliches Unterscheidungsmerkmal die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich benutzen, sowie stabile und labile Warmfronten zeichnen sich in den Wetterkarten durch typische Wettererscheinungen aus. Für jeden dieser Fronttypen, die nach diesen Erscheinungen aus den Wetterkarten des Jahres 1950 für Hamburg ausgesucht wurden, wurde das Jahresmittel des vertikalen Austauschkoeffizienten in 35 m Höhe und der Oxydationswert der Bodenluft bestimmt. Die Ergebjisse bestätigen die Berechtigung der gegebenen Frontenklassifikation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 100-104 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 92-99 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to close the clefts in subsoil of dams, cement is pressed into them. A geoelectrical method of measuring is now described, with which the following data may be determined: the open volume of the clefts before injection of cement, the volume that has been filled with cement during injection and the still open volume after injection. Further we can state, whether cement has flows to distant spaces. The method was esamined by some hundred injections in Austria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um den Kluftraum im Baugrunde von Staumauern zu schliessen, presst man in diesen Zementmilch. Es wird nun ein geoelektrisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem folgende Angaben bestimmt werden können: Das offene Kluftvolumen vor der Injektion; das durch die Injektion gefüllte Kluftvolumen; die Menge von Injektionsmilch, die aus dem für die Injektion bestimmten Raume nach entfernten Räumen ausfloss. Das Verfahren wurde in Oesterreich an mehreren hundert Einzelinjektionen erprobt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 75-91 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It follows from the geophysical facts that in prospecting, especially for ore, an universal magnetic instrument with a relative measuring accuracy of 0.1 p. c. is completely adequate. The field components are compensated by means of bar magnets. A magnetic needle suspended under tension serves here as the zero indicator. The vertical component is determined by means of deflectors. Apart from research into their scientific basis, the new magnetic materials are being examined in respect of their most suitable practical application. The temperature coefficients of the magnetic moment of permanent bar magnets are measured. The theory of deflectors is given. The experimental research on various highly permeable newer alloys shows that the magnetic induction in deflectors composed of such materials is in actual fact dependent only on their geometrical proportions. In particular descriptions are given of prospecting apparatus with offset-scales (Ablenkungsschienen) and of the type known as Kohlrausch-variometers (Einstabvariometer). The desired accuracy of 0.1 p. c. inH andZ is already being achieved by direct indicator reading of the torsion needle.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den geophysikalischen Gegebenheiten folgt, dass für die Prospektion, vornehmlich auf Erz, ein magnetisches Universalinstrument mit einer relativen Messgenauigkeit von 0.1 % völlig ausreicht. Die Feldkomponenten werden durch Stabmagnete kompensiert. Als Nullindikator dient dabei eine Spannbandmagnetnadel. Die Vertikalkomponente wird mittels Deflektorstäbe bestimmt. Neben den theoretischen Grundlagen werden die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe auf ihre zweckentsprechende Verwendung hin untersucht. Die Temperaturkoeffizienten des magnetischen Moments von Stabdauermagneten werden magnetometrisch gemessen. Die Theorie der Deflektorstäbe wird gegeben. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen an verschiedenen neueren hochpermeablen Legierungen zeigen, dass die magnetische Induktion in kurzen Deflektorstäben aus solchen Materialien praktisch nur noch von dem geometrischen Dimensionsverhältnis abhängt. Im einzelnen werden Prospektorgeräte mit Ablenkungsschienen und als Einstabvariometer beschrieben. Die angestrebte Genauigkeit von 0.1 % inH unZ wird bereits mit Zeigerablesung der Spannbandmagnetnadel erreicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 105-107 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 108-108 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 111-116 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 109-111 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 124-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some simple relations between the formation of the mountains and the gravity are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einige einfache Beziehungen zwischen den Schwere-Werten und der Formung der Gebirge werden gezeigt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 117-123 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le déclinaison gravitationelle apparaît ici comme analogue à la déclinaison magnétique. Le théodolite photographique enrégistreur utilisé avec des signaux horaires radiotélégraphiques spéciaux permet par une méthode de simultanéité, appliquée à deux stations de campagne, sa détermination et son élimination rélativement à des directions géodésiques. La méthode est basée sur des équations linéaires et ne demande que des mesures horizontales par rapport à un système simple d'étoiles sans avoir recours aux pendules transportables. Elle fournit probablement une exactitude bien améliorée et une vitesse plusieurs fois plus grande comparées à l'état actuel.
    Notes: Summary The gravitational declination appears here as the analogue of the wellknown magnetic declination. The photographic recording theodolit in connection with a high frequency impulse transmitter allows, by a method of simultaneousness on two fieldstations, its direct and connected measurement and its elimination with regard to geodetic directions. The method has been based on linear equations, with the only request of horizontal angle measurements to a plain system of stars, abstracting from any transportable clocks. The method promises a higher accuracy and a multiple as great working velocity, comparatively to the state at present.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 144-150 
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    Notes: Summary By substituting in an allowed manner the actual waves with plane waves and considering that any segments of the trajectories between the same wave fronts are isochronic ways for the vibrations: on derives the well known travel-time formulas quite plainly without the tiresome geometrical calculations applied hitherto.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 232-236 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 231-232 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 170-172 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The true solar constant 2.4 is proved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Solarkonstante 2.4 wird begründet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 46-49 
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    Notes: Summary The comparison of the geomagneticK-indices for Mogadiscio with the correspondingK p for the whole earth, during the 2.nd Intern. Polar Year 1932–33, allows to deduce some features of the equatorial geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, evidence is adduced indicating that the geomagnetic disturbance at Mogadiscio is normal inH andD, while it appears slightly abnormal inZ.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 24-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On rencontre souvent des problèmes où divers oscillateurs dé périodes propres différentesT 0j et de même coefficient d'amortissement ε, sont attaqués par un phénomène sinusoïdal de périodeT. Les courbes classiques qui donnent l'amplitude et la phase du mouvement forcé en fonction du rapportT/T 0 pour différentes valeurs du paramètreh=εT 0/2π, ne peuvent alors être utilisées. Nous donnons ici les courbes correspondant à des valeurs différentes du paramètreh(=ε/n)=ε T/2π.
    Notes: Summary Frequency characteristics of a linear oscillator or a seismometer, whose equation of free oscillation is $$\ddot x + 2\varepsilon \dot x$$ +n 2 x=0, are usually represented by takingh(=ε/n) as parameters. In this case, however, the independent variable is the frequency of impressed force or displacement from outside on the oscillator. But, we often encounter those cases, where the frequencies from outside are constant, and the frequency of the oscillator or pick-up is to be changed, or the several oscillators with various frequencies are to be used. Then, of course,h cannot be taken as parameters, as they vary with the oscillator's frequencyn. The author here calculated the amplitude- and phase-characteristics for the latter case, taking $$\bar h$$ (=ε/n) as parameters and represented them in thick lines in the figures together with the ordinary ones in thin lines.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 27-30 
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    Notes: Summary Following on the examination of the frequencies of S. Cs. and S. Is. given in a recent paper (1), the diurnal variation of theH-amplitudes at the six stations Cheltenham, Tucson, San Juan, Honolulu, Huancayo and Watheroo during the period 1926–46 is investigated, and in this S. Cs. and S. Is. do not appear to differ greatly in their behaviour. Except in the case of Huancayo, the greatest amplitudes occur near 0h. local time, after which there is a fall to the lowest values about 7h. The S. Is. amplitudes may have a secondary minimum near 18h., but this is not certain.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 138-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verteilung der Kondensationskerne auf der Messplatte des kleinenScholz-Zählers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind die folgenden: 1) Mit zunehmender Expansionsgeschwindigkeit und Kerndichte verstärkt sich die Wirbelbildung im Rezipienten und führt zu einer ungleichmässigen Verteilung der Kerne auf der Messplatte. 2) Der Einfluss der Expansionsgeschwindigkeit kann dann vernachlässigt werden, wenn die Luftprobe so dosiert wird, dass etwa 5–8 Tropfen auf den Quadratmillimeter fallen. 3) Der Rührflügel ist notwendig. Er muss jedoch so angebracht werden, dass er keine zusätzliche Wirbelbildung verursacht.
    Abstract: Riassunto Nella presente ricerca si studia la distribuzione dei nuclei di condensazione sulla lastra di misura del piccolo contatoreScholz. I risultati sono i seguenti: 1) Con l'aumento della velocità di espansione e della densità dei nuclei, si rafforza la formazione di vortici nel recipiente e si ha una distribuzione irregolare dei nuclei sulla lastra di misura. 2) L'influenza della velocità di espansione può essere trascurata quando il provino d'aria vien dosato in modo che su un millimetro quadrato cadano pressapoco 5–8 gocce. 3) La paletta per rimescolare l'aria è necessaria. Deve però essere applicata in modo che non provochi una formazione supplementare di vortici.
    Notes: Summary In this paper results of researches which have been carried out on the distribution of the condensation nucleus on the ruled plate of the small counter-Scholz are presented. They are as follows: 1) The quicker the expansion and the greater the number of the nucleus, the stronger the vortex in the receiver. This vortex causes an irregular distribution of the nucleus on the ruled plate. 2) The influence of the velocity of expansion can be disregarded when the quantity of dust-laden air is chosen in such a manner, that no more than 5–8 droplets fall upon the ruled plate. 3) The stirrer is absolutely necessary, but its construction must not cause any new vortexes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 183-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Description of two ordinary globular lightnings (Nr. 1 and 2), one multiple globular lightning (Nr. 5) and two other phenomena (Nr. 3 and 4) similar to a globular lightning.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei einfache Kugelblitze (Nr. 1 und 2), ein mehrfacher Kugelblitz (Nr. 5) und zwei weitere kugelblitzähnliche Erscheinungen (Nr.3 und 4) werden beschrieben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 1-14 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the past, spectral analysis of oscillations was based upon the Fourier transform almost exclusively. This spectral decomposition is shown to be merely a special case of a more general type of decomposition which is based upon the concept of exhaustion largely used in periodographic analysis. The exhaustion principle is extended to continuous variable shift periods, the result being an integral transform similar to the Fourier transform, with the exception that the cosine function is replaced by a series of equidistantDirac functions. A periodograph is described which permits continuous exhaustion analysis of oscillogram patterns by means of an optical projection device.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Spektralanalyse von Schwingungsvorgängen basierte bisher ausschliesslich auf der Fourierschen Funktionaltransformation. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Art der spektralen Zerlegung nur ein Sonderfall einer allgemeinen Zerlegungsart ist, die auf dem in der periodographischen Analyse vielbenutzten Exhaustionsprinzip beruht. Dieses Prinzip wird auf kontinuierlich variable Verschiebungsweiten ausgedehnt und führt dann zu einer Integraltransformation, die der Fourier-Transformation analog gebildet ist, aber an Stelle der Cosinusfunktion eine Summe von gleichabständigenDirac-Funktionen enthält. Es wird ein Periodograph beschrieben, der eine kontinuierliche Exhaustionsanalyse von Oszillogrammschablonen nach dem optischen Projektionsverfahren ermöglicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 50-55 
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    Notes: Summary Tangential and normal equations of horizontal motion along and normal to the characteristic lines (for example: stream lines, isobars, isotherms, etc.) are derived in general form. Then the later section of this paper is devoted to applications to natural coordinates and the coordinates chosen to lie parallel and normal to the isobars.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 67-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The conditions for the measurement of the intensity of the solar and sky radiation and the sunshine by the Department of Radiation at Uccle are given. A study of the radiation climate is presented. In connection with a determination of the sunshine, a comparison of observationnal results is made with that calculated from new formulas. The intensity of direct solar radiation and of total solar and sky radiation on a horizontal surface is known by a computation. The limitations of the classical formulas are given.
    Notes: Résumé Après avoir précisé les conditions dans lesquelles les mesures de la radiation solaire directe, de la radiation globale, de la radiation du ciel et de la durée d'insolation sont effectuées au Service du Rayonnement, à Uccle, une étude du climat solaire est présentée. On montre sous quelle forme on peut calculer l'énergie du rayonnement solaire direct à partir de la durée d'insolation. On détermine ensuite la radiation globale pour toutes les conditions d'insolation. Les nouvelles formules proposées permettent de fixer les limites de validité des formules classiques.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 181-182 
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    Notes: Summary The electric atmospheric discharges in different places of North Italy have been recorded with ceraunometers of theGane & Schonland's type: some preliminar results are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 19-31 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By the German Atlantic Expedition on the «Meteor», 1925–1927, and the marine-aerological work of the Deutsche Seewarte numerous upper air wind measurements were gained from the Atlantic. The evaluation of this material for the area in the south of 20° northern latitude and of the measurements up to 1937 is done within the scale of the «Meteorwerk», vol. XVI as a continuation of vol. XV. In consequence of war events and the difficulties of the time after the war the publication has been delayed considerably. For the information on hand, some partial results are selected which refer to the route to South America; as a contribution for gaining necessaryquantitative data on the general circulation. For the levels 4–5, 9–10, and 14–15 km the average wind elements and the dispersion of the wind velocities are treated. The stratification of air currents in the vertical profile of the route is given for the height of 0–15 km. It is entered into particulars of the structure of the «Urpassat» (tropical easterlies), and the tropical West-wind layer of the upper troposphere in various seasons.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch die Deutsche Atlantische Expedition auf «Meteor» 1925–27 und das maritim-aerologische Werk der Deutschen Seewarte wurden zahlreiche Höhenwindmessungen auf dem Atlantischen Ozean gewonnen. Die Bearbeitung dieses Materials, für das Gebiet südlich von 20° Nordbreite und die Messungen bis 1937, geschieht im Rahmen des Meteorwerkes, in Band XVI als Fortsetzung von Band XV-Kriegsereignisse und Schwierigkeiten der Nachkriegszeit haben die Veröffentlichung leider stark verzögert. Für die vorliegende Mitteilung werden einige Teilergebnisse ausgewählt, die sich auf den Seeweg nach Südamerika beziehen; als Beitrag zur Gewinnung erforderlicher quantitativer Daten über die allgemeine Zirkulation. Für die Höhenstufen 4–5, 9–10 und 14–15 km werden die mittleren Windelemente und die Streuung der Windgeschwindigkeiten behandelt. Es wird die Schichtung der Luftströmungen im Vertikalprofil des Seeweges für 0–15 km Höhe gegeben. Auf die Struktur des Urpassates (der tropischen Ostströmung) und der tropischen Westwindschicht der hohen Troposphäre in den verschiedenen Jahreszeiten wird näher eingegangen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 7-18 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent research, and particularly that undertaken by the «Kieler Institut für Meereskunde», has suggested a re-examination of the water households of both the Mediterranean and the Baltic Seas. It is hoped that a comparative study of the two may contribute to a better understanding of the maritim-meteorological and oceanographic characteristics of either sea. The latest rain maps byW. Daume, F. Möller, andW. Brogmus show an average annual amount of rainfall of 345 mm in the Mediterranean, and 474 mm in the Baltic. In both cases these figures are roughly 15 per cent lower than what authors have so far assumed them to be. The figures for the fresh-water sypply from the land have also been revised in recent publications byDaume andBrogmus, the annual figures for the Mediterranean being 350 km3 (i. e. 129mm in hight), while the annual figure for the Baltic is 480 km3 (i. e. 1243 mm in hight). These figures have been used together with recent, but still largely hypothetical, figures for the difference between in- and outflow at the straits (Gibraltar, Bosphorus, the Belts, and the Sound), to calculate the evaporation from the basic water-household equation. The annual evaporation figure is 1450 mm for the Mediterranean, and only 473 mm for the Baltic. Again, these figures differ from former estimates, but they are confirmed by other considerations, and calculations of maritime meteorology. It is with these new figures in mind that the author finally goes into the question of the hydrographic and climatic effects of a damming-up of the above-mentioned straits.Soergel's fantastic «Atlantropa» project, already criticised bytroll, van Einerm andDaume, is briefly treated from the point of view of the water household and is found to be largely impracticable. It is pointed out that the systematic collection of further information on the meteorological and oceanographic conditions of the two seas is urgently needed for the sake of further reducing the margin of error in the above calculations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund neuerer, besonders auch im Kieler Institut für Meereskunde durchgeführter Untersuchungen wird der Versuch gemacht, die Wasserhaushalte des Mittelländischen Meeres und der Ostsee einer Revision zu unterziehen und durch eine vergleichende Betrachtung zu einem vertieften Verständnis der maritim-meteorologischen und ozeanographischen Besonderheiten beider meere beizutragen. Aus neuen Regenkarten vonW. Daume, F. Möller undW. Brogmus ergibt sich die mittlere Niederschlagshöhe für das Mittelmeer zu 345 mm/Jahr und für die Ostsee zu 474 mm/Jahr, das sind in beiden Fällen um rd. 15% niedrigere Werte, als frühere Autoren vermuteten. Auch für die Süßwasserzufuhr vom Lande werden im Anschluss an die neuen Arbeiten vonDaume undBrogmus neue Zahlen geboten: für das Mittelmeer 350 km3/Jahr (=129 mm/Jahr Wasserhöhe), für die Ostsee hingegen 480 km3/Jahr (=1243 mm/Jahr Wasserhöhe). Unter Benutzung dieser Zahlen und neuerer z.T. zwar noch sehr hypothetischer Angaben über die Differenz von Ausstrom und Einstrom in den ozeanischen Verbindungsstraßen (Straße von Gibraltar, Bosporus, Belte und Sund) wird die Verdunstung aus der Grundgleichung des Wasserhaushaltes rechnerisch ermittelt und für das Mittelmeer zu 1450 mm/Jahr, für die Ostsee hingegen zu nur 473 mm/Jahr gefunden, Werte, die von früheren Schätzungen abweichen, aber auch durch andere maritim- meteorologische Ueberlegungen und Berechnungen gestützt werden können. Zum Schluss wird die Frage der hydrographischen und klimatischen Auswirkung der Abdämmung der genannten Meeresengen vom Standpunkte dieser neuen Wasserbilanzen kritisch geprüft. Das phantastische «Atlantropa»-ProjektSoergels wird im Anschluss an die kritischen Betrachtungen vonTroll, van Einerm undDaume vom Standpunkte des Wasserhaushalts kurz beleuchtet und seine Durchfürhung in grossen Teilen als unmöglich angesehen. Weitere systematische maritimmeteorologische und ozeanographische Beobachtungen werden für beide Nebenmeere als dringend erwünscht bezeichnet, um die in dem Bilanzen noch bestehenden Unsicherheiten weiter zu verringern.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 58-62 
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    Notes: Summary The frequency of mist and fog over the Eastern Mediterranean generally shows a maximum in the warm season and a minimum in winter. It is also less on the African coats than on the northern shores. In the warm season visibility may also deteriorate as a result of the spreading out of heat-haze, notably by midday, or by dust-haze. An outline of the distributions favouring these weather features has been given. It has also been shown that apart from these features, visibility may deteriorate as a result of suspended dust blown from the African deserts by southerly winds in front of travelling depressions in winter or in spring. Visibility may also deteriorate as a result of heavy precipitation in a ≪Cyprus low≫ in winter.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 52-57 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Conclusions Importance pour l'économie mondiale du problème de la connaissance des vents en altitude et necessité de la collaboration des organisations scientifiques. Suggestions pour un plan de travail des Etats: a) extension au sol du réseau aérologique mondial tout spécialement dans l'hémisphère sud. b) utilisation des déplacements de navires spécialement équipés pour la télémetrie des radio-sondes. c) exploitation systématique des anciens journaux de navigation pour connaître les positions des cirrus. d) observation généralisée des cirrus par les navires et les stations au sol actuelles: directives correspondantes à donner par les Amirautés et les Marines Marchandes. e) préparation en 1953 de journées mondiales d'observations aérologiques spécialement dans l'hémisphère sud. f) collationnement des résultats: établissement généralisé de pilot charts. analogues aux cartes ≪upper air≫ américaines, leur extension systématique. g) rôle de l'Organisation Météorologique Mondiale et de l'Union géodésique et géophysique internationale pour l'organisation du plan de travail et l'exploitation des résultats obtenus.
    Notes: Summary About the middle of the 19th century, clipper sailing made astouding progress, owing toMaury's famous works on surface winds. These works, kept up to date and constantly perfected since, were to lead to the American ≪Pilots Charts≫ known to-day. — We are at present perfectly acquainted with the high altitude winds in the medium range of the Northern hemisphere, since modern flying tends more and more to adopt the isobaric method. As for the Southern hemisphere, our aerological knowledge, although obtained from theoretical studies and from a few isolated measurements remains very incomplete. However, it seems practically certain that air currents and the ≪Jet Stream≫ do exist, with strong and very regular Western components. — In practice, this means that in view of the gradual decrease of sea travel and of the generalisation of high altitude flying exact knowledge of air currents becomes indispensable: the working conclusions of this point will be found at the end of this communication. — For example, it is already an evident fact that the route from Europe to Australia will lie via South Africa and the Kerguelen Islands, and no longer via India. More generally speaking, a kind of one-way route will appear in the Southern hemisphere on the level of 34° South, as shown by our sketches, and we suggest that this migh be called the ≪Southern Circus≫.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 102-109 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the observations of the seawave-motion effectuated in Trieste at 8h, 14h and 19h, during the years 1931–1950, the monthly and annual mean values are calculated. The maximum wave-motion results at 14h of the summer months, the minimum one at 8h of the same months. The mean annual value is 1.7, that is: a little inferior than «lightly moved». Between the wind-velocity and the wave-motion have been determined correlation-coefficients varying from 0.49 to 0.94.
    Notes: Riassunto Dalle osservazioni dello stato del mare, eseguite a Trieste alle ore 8, 14 e 19, nel ventennio 1931–1950, si deducono le medie mensili, stagionali ed annue. Il moto ondoso risulta massimo alle ore 14 dei mesi estivi, minimo alle ore 8 degli stessi mesi. Il valore medio annuo è 1.7, lo stato medio del mare risulta poco meno che leggermente mosso. Nel ventennio l'andamento medio annuo non è nè crescente nè decrescente, presenta una concavità negli anni centrali. Tra la velocità del vento e lo stato ondoso sono stati determinati coefficienti di correlazione che variano, secondo i casi, da 0.49 a 0.94.
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    Notes: Summary It is physiographically elaborated correlation among the volumetrical variations relates to the bottom Mediterranean Sea, occurred from 1824 to 1924, and the centurial continental-shelf sedimentation or water-level sea vertical variations of Italy and Tunisy, the neutral-line Cornaglia's, the axis of minima selection Thoulet's, the mud-line Murray's. It is too remarked the gross mistake of some geographer when the morphological confrontation it is limited linearly with only one dimension (coastlines variations) or surfacially with two dimensions (area's variations), not to esteeming of any account of the bathylithological synchronous variations, without orthodromical compensation of scale, if it is about of original maps differently dated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 127-130 
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    Notes: Summary The A. describes the meteorological service of the Italian merchant ship organised after 1-1-1950 by the Istituto Idrografico di Genova, according to the resolutions of the Meteorological Conference, Washington 1947. The actual effort to overcome the difficulty of some observations at sea is emphasised.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 131-132 
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    Notes: Summary The A. points out that the confirmation of the theory ofNeumann's significative waves, which differ from those ofSverdrup andMunk, would require observations of an accuracy not yet available. The existence of these waves would not change, anyhow,Sverdrup andMunk's conclusions out of the wind area.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 133-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short description of the Lido of Venice, their microclimatic features (marine and paramarine air) are discussed, together with a report of the researches made on the temperature and salinity of the air and rain, as well as on the dampness at the Lido and at the near island of Poveglia, also from biological standpoint, for the knowledge of the seatherapy, psammotherapy and physiotherapy of the Ospedale al Mare.
    Notes: Riassunto Fatta una breve descrizione del Lido di Venezia si enunciano i caratteri del suo microclima (ariamarina e ariaparamarina) e si dà relazione degli studi fatti relativamente alla temperatura, alla salsedine dell'aria e della pioggia, all'umidità, sia al Lido come nella vicina Isola di Poveglia, anche in relazione alla biologia zoologica e botanica, a servizio della talassoterapia, elioterapia, psammoterapia, fisioterapia dell'Ospedale al Mare.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 159-168 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the recording of sea-wave motion is described and explained. It consists in having the vertical movement of the sea surface transformed into compression or expansion of a volume of air enclosed in a tube which is carrying on its upper part a sensitive membrane. This self-recording instrument, set up at Prà (Genoa) by the ≪Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova≫ is functioning since several months already without giving rise to objections. Some first results obtained up now are also examided, from which it appears the importance of the passage of cold fronts.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Verfahren für die Registrierung der Meereswellenbewegung beschrieben und erläutert. Es besteht darin, dass der vertikale Gang der Meeresoberfläche umgewandelt wird in Kompression oder Expansion einer in einem Rohre befindlichen Luftmasse, welche am oberen Teil von einer empfindlichen Membran geschlossen ist. Dieser Gerät, vom ≪Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova≫ in Prà (Genua) aufgestellt, arbeitet bereits seit einigen Monaten einwandfrei. Einige vorläufige Ergebnisse werden dann erläutert, wofür auf die Bedeutung des Durchganges von Kaltfronten hingewiesen wird.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene descritto ed illustrato un nuovo procedimento di registrazione del moto ondoso marino, il quale consiste sostanzialmente nel trasformare l'escursione verticale che subisce la superficie del mare nella compressione o dilatazione di una massa d'aria sovrastante racchiusa in un tubo verticale munito superiormente di opportuna membrana sensibile. Un tale apparecchio, installato a Prà (Genova) dal-l'Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova, funziona con successo da alcuni mesi. Segue un esame dei primi risultati ivi conseguiti, dal quale appare l'importanza del passaggio dei fronti freddi sul moto ondoso del mare.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 1-36 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is examined which changes of the vertical extension and of the density of rectangular prisms are allowed without changing their gravity effects beyond certain limits. Forms of mass respectively of geological layers which differ from each other only in geometrical dimensions and in density but have practically the same gravity effect are called ≪gravimetrically equivalent≫. — A synthetical example is treated in which the dimensions are such that the rectangular prism can be regarded as isostatic compensation for a pattern mountain range of the extension of the Alps. — It is concluded that the examination of the gravity anomalies cannot furnish a clear conception of the extension of the ≪disturbing geological layer≫ below the mountain range, even if its form is known. — In an appendix the necessary formulas for calculating the ≪gravimetrical equivalence≫ are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, welche Aenderungen in der vertikalen Ausdehnung und der Dichte von rechteckigen Prismen erlaubt sind, ohne ihren gravimetrischen Effekt über gewisse Grenzen hinaus zu ändern. Formen von Massen bzw. von geologischen Körpern, die sich untereinander nur in geometrischen Dimensionen und in der Dichte unterscheiden, praktisch aber den gleichen gravimetrischen Effekt haben, werden ≪gravimetrisch äquivalent≫ genannt. — Es wird ein Beispiel durchgerechnet, in dem die Abmessungen solche sind, dass die rechteckigen Prismen als isostatische Kompensation einer Modell-Gebirgskette, von der Erstreckung der Alpen angesehen werden können. — Aus dem Ergebnis wird der Schluss gezogen, dass das Studium der Schwereanomalien keine klare Vorstellung von der Erstreckung des ≪störenden geologischen Körpers≫ unter dem Gebirgszuge liefern kann, selbst wenn seine Form bekannt ist. — In einem Anhang werden die für die Berechnung der ≪gravimetrischen Aequivalenz≫ nötigen Formeln mitgeteilt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 37-41 
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    Notes: Summary From the standpoint of the electrical state of the earth's interior as inferred from both geophysical and physical researches, the possibility ofElsasser-Bullard's theory is discussed. The electromagnetic shielding within the earth's mantle is also taken into account. It is of interest that the theory seems to well harmonize with the electrical state considered.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 63-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ion-production of a monochromatic radiation in an atmosphere with variable temperature in various heights is considered. A stratification ofF-layer intoF 1-andF 2-layer appears by a heat zone between these layers. But always the temperature of theF 2-layer is lower as this ofF 1-layer. Thus some difficulties ofF 2-layer can be removed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Theorie der Schichtbildung durch eine monochromatische Strahlung wird für beliebige Temperaturverteilungen in der Atmosphäre erweitert. Unter gewissen Voraussetzungen ergeben sich durch Ionisation einer einzigen Komponente des Luftgemisches bereits zwei Maxima der Ionenbildung. Es wird vermutet, daß dieser Vorgang bei der häufig beobachteten Aufspaltung der F-Schicht in dieF 1- undF 2-Schicht vorliegt; aus der Theorie ergibt sich dann, daß die Temperatur in derF 2-Schicht tiefer sein muß als in derF 1-Schicht, weiters können verschiedene bisher bestandene Schwierigkeiten hinsichtlich derF 2-Schicht behoben werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 84-88 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author describes a new highly sensitive recording instrument for the measurement of the atmospheric electric field, which enables a separated registration of the plus and minus fields. Furthermore the author presents some registrations of the atmospheric electric field obtained in the most various conditions at the Institute for terrestrial physics of the University of Naples.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene fatta la descrizione di un nuovo sensibile apparecchio registratore per la misura del campo elettrico atmosferico che offre la possibilità di una registrazione differenziata dei campi positivi e negativi. Vengono presentate inoltre alcune registrazioni di campo elettrico atmosferico nelle più varie condizioni, ottenute col discritto apparecchio nell'Istituto di Fisica Terrestre dell'Università di Napoli.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 97-107 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We confirm with a new septennium of observations the value that has been already other times determined by the author of the critical temperature of ≪antèsi≫ for the ≪Taxus baccata≫ and with a period of twenty years of observations we determine the value of the analogous biologic element for the ≪Punica granatum≫.
    Notes: Riassunto Si conferma, con un nuovo settennio di osservazioni, il valore già altre volte determinato dall'A. dellatemperatura critica di antèsi per ilTaxus baccata. E con un ventennio di osservazioni si determina il valore dell'analogo elemento biologico per ilPunica granatum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 129-132 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 133-138 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Aufsatze werden die lokalen, nationalen und weltweiten geodätischen Systeme behandelt, vor zu grossem Vertrauen in die Ausgleichsrechnungen gewarnt, einige Vorbedingungen für gute Ausgleichung der Europäischen Triangulation erwähnt, die Bedeutung der gravimetrischen Methode für das weltweite geodätische System, für Kontrolle der Karten von kleinem Masstabe (nicht grösser als 1∶100.000), für Berechnung der Erddimensionen und für Gründung der Superkontrollpunkte für die grossen Triangulationen betont.
    Notes: Summary In this article the local, nation-wide and world-wide geodetic control systems will be treated as well as the advantage and limitation of the geodetic adjustments of large triangulation nets, and the additional observations needed before the second adjustment of the European triangulation. The fundamental significance of the gravimetric method for establishing the world-wide geodetic system, for the control of small scale maps beginning from 1∶100.000 for determining of the super control points for the long-range triangulations and particulary for checking the earth's dimensions will be emphasized.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 147-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet principal de l'article se rapporte à des propositions de l'auteur ayant le but de modifier le bienconnu appareil à fil (FP), construit parBessel en 1826 à Königsberg. Les propositions tendent à l'introduction de méthodes et de matériaux physiques modernes. La méthode est probablement la seule comparable en exactitude aux pendules de reversion (RP). En outre la méthode de la “chute libre” (FF) a été discutée relativement aux erreurs moyennes expectables, au but de la comparaison avec les deux autres. La méthode FF est trouvée incapable à contrôler les mesures RP.
    Notes: Summary The chief object treated here relates to the proposals of the author, to modify the wellknown thread-pendulum apparatus (FP), constructed byBessel 1826 at Königsberg, aiming at the introduction of modern physical methods and materials. This method seems to be the single one comparable in exactitude with reversion pendulum (RP). Further more the “free fall” method (FF) has been shortly discussed with regard to the expectable mean errors, for purpose of comparison with the two others. The FF-method seems not to be able to control the RP-measurements.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 166-170 
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    Notes: Summary The study deals with expansion waves in fluids, with particular reference to hydrodynamic earthquake effects. The current assumption of steady harmonic motion is compared with the assumption that the motion is discontinuous in the sense that it starts from the initial condition of rest. A numerical example shows that the impulsive start may have a considerable influence on the dynamic water pressure.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 174-188 
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    Notes: Summary The solution of the heat diffusion equation with a periodic, plane source is applied to problems of the diurnal and annual range of surface temperature, and its lag on insolation. The application of diffusion theory to practical problems is much simplified by the introduction of the concept of a heat capacity for a surface source. Heat capacity may be calculated from the thermal characteristics of the diffusing substance, and the nature of the periodic source. Heat capacities so determined give diurnal surface temperature ranges fo the order revealed in nature. It is possible to account for the way in which the annual temperature range changes with latitude. The annual temperature range computed on diffusion theory alone is about 250% in excess of observed values, but the discrepancy may be accounted for by the interlatitudinal exchange of heat. The indications are that in average circumstances the air absorbs 50%–100% more heat from a plane source than the soil.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 195-204 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper is determined the energy scattered by a grain of volcanic ashes in each of the two hemispaces individuated by a plane passing through the figure centre of the grain, in the case of a beam of parallel rays incident on it, the direction of the rays forming an angle ζ with the normal to the considered plane. One arrives to the conclusion that, varying ζ from 0 to π, the energy scattered in the hemispace of the light origin varies from 26‰ to 130‰ of the incident energy, and, vice-versa, the energy scattered in the hemispace in which the light continues its way, varies from 130‰ to 26‰ of the incident energy; and that, in the case in which the light is incident on a grain from all the directions contained in the solid angle 2π, a 38‰ is scattered in the hemispace of the light origin and a 118‰ in the other hemispace, while, as it is obvious, in each case the ratio between scattered energy and incident energy is constant and equal to 0.156.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene determinata l'energia diffusa da un granulo di polvere vulcanica in ciascuno dei due semispazi individuati da un piano passante per il centro di figura del granulo, nel caso in cui incida su di esso un fascio di raggi paralleli, la cui direzione formi un angolo ζ con la normale al piano considerato, pervenendo alla conclusione che, al variare di ζ da 0 a π, l'energia diffusa nel semispazio di provenienza della luce varia dal 26 ‰ al 130 ‰ dell'energia incidente e, viceversa, quella diffusa nel semispazio in cui la luce prosegue il suo cammino varia dal 130‰ al 26‰ dell'energia incidente, e che, nel caso in cui la luce incida su un granulo secondo tutte le direzioni contenute nell'angolo solido 2 π, il 38‰ viene diffuso nel semispazio di provenienza e il 118‰ nell'altro semispazio, mentre, com'è ovvio, in ogni caso il rapporto tra energia diffusa ed energia incidente si mantiene costante ed è pari a 0.156.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 237-250 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experiments carried out by the Author in Austria show the following results: 1. The electrical conductivity of the grounds has a decisive influence on the course of the lightning: such zones are called «lightning nests». 3. The amplitude of the strength of lightning current is determined also by the specific resistivity of ground. 4. The agreement between the position of lightning nests and the geoelectric condition of ground is beyond dispute.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den Untersuchungen, die vom Verf. in Oesterreich ausgeführt wurden, werden folgende Ergebnisse bewiesen: 1. Die elektrische Bodenleitfähigkeit beinflusst massgebend den erdnahen Teil der Blitzbahn; 2. Es gibt daher Zonen hoher Blitzgefährdung, die Blitznester genannt werden; 3. Die Scheitelstromstärke des Blitzes ist durch den spezifischen Bodenwiderstand mitbestimmt; 4. Es besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen Blitzgefährdung und geoelektrischer Bodenbeschaffenheit.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two examples of retrograde displacement of depressions in the Mediterranean are being examined, explaining their causes. For one of them the energetic elements are calculated showing how the ratioK/P between the kinetic and the potential energy of the depression constitutes an index of its capacity to continue the motion along the preceding course.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Fälle rückläufiger Bewegungen, von Mittelmeerdepressionen untersucht und die Ursachen derselben erläutert. Für einen dieser Fälle werden die Grössen der Energie berechnet: und es wird gezeigt, dass das VerhältnisK/P zwischen kinetischer und potentieller Energie massgebend ist für die Fähigkeit der Depression, ihre Bewegung in der ursprünglichen Richtung fortzusetzen.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esaminati due esempi di spostamento retrogrado di depressioni nel Mediterraneo, illustrandone le cause. Per uno di essi si calcolano gli elementi energetici, dimostrando come il rapportoK/P fra l'energia cinetica e quella potenziale della depressione costituisca un indice della sua capacità di proseguire il moto lungo la rotta precedente.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 1-5 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on the recordings of the free oscillations of a seismometer, an approximate method is developed for calculating the non-linear terms of the corresponding indicator equation. An equivalent linear indicator equation is calculated with the results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 6-20 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary All the investigations carried out up to date regarding the magnetic state of the Earth have led unanimously to the conclusion that during the last one hundred years the average mean magnetization of our planet has been diminishing at the rate of 1/1.500 annually. In the above-mentioned study a comparison is made between the present magnetic state of the Earth and that of earlier periods, and it is shown that the absolute value of the mean magnetization of the globe has experienced a notable increase since about the year 1930. Finally, an analysis is made of the geographic distribution shown by the signs and gradients of the secular variation offered by geomagnetic intensity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical distribution of the temperature in a step-shaped part of the earth's crust has been determined, how it would be on the edge of the continents or the shelf of the oceans, under isotropic conditions and homogeneity of the material. Some inferences are deduced.
    Notes: Riassunto Si determina la distribuzione teorica della temperatura in an gradino della crosta terrestre, quale si averebbe ai margini dei continenti o delle fosse cceaniche in condizioni di isotropia ed omogeneità del materiale; deducendone alcune particolarità.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author reports the results of ionospheric observations made at Deception (Antarctics, 63.0°S; 60.7°W); during summer, the foF2 has a minimum about noon and a maximum at nearly 2300 (60°W M.T.).—It was seen that in summer the foF2 shows at midnight a gradual and considerable increase with the southern latitude, abouth the 60° meridian.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce i risultati di osservazioni ionosferiche eseguite nell'isola di Decepción (63° S, 60.7° W): nei mesi estivi la frequenza critica della regione F2 presenta un minimo attorno al mezzodì e un massimo verso le 23 h . Si è rilevato che detta frequenza critica, a mezzanotte, d'estate, presenta un progressivo e notevole aumento procedendo verso il polo Sud, lungo il meridiano di 60° W.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 130-136 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The regions of prevailing rains of convection and the neighbouring areas with more frequent precipitation of advection prove as «swings of precipitation». The former are to be found preferably in the lee of advectiv winds of air. As «swings of temperature» are to be regarded the following areas in the northern hemispheric summer: Northamerican Polarsea coast-central part of Alaska-Peninsula Northern Westsiberian region westward off the Northern Ural. The cause is to be found in the contrary thermic effect of cyclonic disturbances.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Niederschlagsschaukeln erweisen sich die Gebiete mit vorwiegenden Konvektionsregen und die benachbarten Bereiche mit häufigeren Advektionsniederschlägen. Erstere befinden sich vorzugsweise im Lee advektiver Luftströmungen. Als Temperaturschaukeln sind im nordhemisphärischen Sommer die Gebiete: nordamerikanische Eismeerküste-mittlere Alaskahalbinsel, nördliches Westsibirien-Gebiet westlich des Nordural anzusehen. Die Ursache liegt in der konträren thermischen Wirkung der zyklonalen Störungen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 124-129 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le 5 mai 1950 un halo solaire remarquable a attiré l'attention d'une grande partie des habitants de l'Ile de Cuba. Les photographies en couleurs prises par l'auteur démontre qu'il s'agit d'un halo circulaire de 22 degrés circonscrit par un ovale osculateur en deux points, calculé, avec d'autres, parA. Wegener. L'auteur, au moyen de plusieurs dessins, donne une explication détaillée de l'origine de ce phénomène, qui est du à la grande hauteur du soleil (65°) et à la prédominance horizontale des cristaux de glace allongés constituant le cirrus.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am 5. Mai 1950 beobachteten viele Bewohner der Insel Kuba einen auffälligen Sonnenhalo. Die vom Verfasser aufgenommenen Farbphotographien zeigen, dass es sich um einen Kreishalo von 22 Grad handelte, der von einem in zwei Punkten berührenden Oval umschrieben war, so wie dies vonA. Wegener und andern Autoren bereits eingehend beschrieben und auch berechnet wurde. Mit Hilfe mehrerer Zeichnungen gibt der Autor eine eingehende Erklärung der Ursache dieser Erscheinung, die auf dem hohen Sonnenstand (65°) und auf der Vorherrschaft länglicher, horizontal orientierter Eisflimmerchen der Zirrenwolke beruht.
    Notes: Summary On May 5th 1950 a conspicuous solar halo attracted the interest of many of the inhabitants of the Isle of Cuba. The colour photographs taken by the author prove that it was a circular halo of 22 degrees, circumscribed by a doubly osculating oval, as theoretically studied byA. Wegener and others. By means of several drawings, the author gives a detailed explanation of the origin of this phenomenon, due to the high elevation of the sun (65°) and the prevalence of elongated horizontal ice crystals which constitute the cirrus.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 137-144 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using the results obtained in preceding investigations we arrived to the equations of propagation of the solar beams through a layer of volcanic dusts. These equations applied to the data furnished by the observations made in the summer and autumn of 1912 after the violent Katmai paroxysm, brought to the following conclusions: 1 st ) the layer of dusts had to be such to contain approximately 15×106 granules in a vertical cylinder of a height equal to the thickness and with a section of 1 cm2, number about 44 times higher than the one obtained byHumphreys with a much more simplified method applied to the same observations of 1912; 2 nd ) assuming as likely an equivalent thickness of 1 Km for the layer, the number of granules for each cm3 results to be about 150.
    Notes: Riassunto Servendosi dei risultati ottenuti in precedenti lavori, si perviene alle equazioni che regolano la propagazione dei raggi solari attraverso ad uno strato di polveri vulcaniche le quali, applicate ai dati forniti dalle osservazioni effettuate nell'estate e nell'autunno 1912, dopo il violento parossismo del Katmai, hanno permesso di pervenire alle conclusioni seguenti: 1o) lo strato di polveri dovette essere tale da contenere circa 15×106 granuli in un cilindro ad asse verticale, di altezza uguale allo spessore dello strato e di sezione 1 cm2, numero circa 44 volte più grande di quello determinato dall'Humphreys con altro metodo assai più semplificato applicato alle medesime osservazioni del 1912; 2o) ammettendo come probabile uno spessore equivalente di 1 Km per lo strato, il numero di granuli per cm3 risulta di circa 150.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 60-64 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author reports synthetically the results of an investigation concerning the characteristics of ionospheric storms at Buenos Aires. In winter, the positive phase of the storms in the F2 region appears considerably large, and a close negative correlation is observed between the foF2 and the horizontal component of the terrestrial magnetic field.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. espone in forma sintetica i risultati di uno studio sulle caratteristiche delle perturbazioni ionosferiche in Buenos Aires. Durante i mesi invernali la fase positiva delle perturbazioni nella regione F2 appare notevolmente ampia e si nota una stretta correlazione negativa fra la foF2 e la componente orizzontale del campomagnetico terrestre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that in order for a steady-state closed circulation to be maintained in the atmosphere, the working of the pressure force on a particle moving round the closed circuit is exactly balanced by the working of the particle against friction. It is concluded that sources of heat are associated with low surface pressure, and sinks with high surface pressure. This association of sources and sinkswith low and high surface pressure is verified, for circulations ranging in scale from that associated with an individual cumulus cloud to large-scale monsoonal systems.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two determination of the sun's temperatur by application of the law ofWien on 2 published bolometer-curves of the Astrophysical Observatory, Washington.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 69-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary I) The basic principles of computing the colour of the sky are outlined. Scattering of light by air molecules and its dependence of direction and wavelength is well known. From recent papers the dependence of scattering by aerosol, supposed to consist of waterdroplets (refractive numberm=4/3), of the angle of dispersion and of the wavelenght is known. The variation with the refractive index of the droplets assumed to consist of highly diluted solutions of salt can be estimated. The scattering function of a non-homogeneous aerosol consisting of a spectrum of different radii of droplets has been deduced on the assumption that the droplets show an average distribution of size as found byJunge. So we obtain the scattering function depending on wavelenght and amount of dust. It is used when computing the primary radiation scattered from a point of the sky.-II) For 7 wavelenghts in the visible spectrum the intensities of primary light scattered from points of the sky situated on the vertical through the sun and its opposite at zenith distances of 90, 85, 60, 30, and 0°, further from points at 10° distance above and below the sun have been computed. All these calculations have been made for two different altitudes of the sun and for four different degrees of turbidity. Applying the «Farbdreieck» (= colorimetric diagram) the wavelength of equivalent colour, the colour saturation, and the brightness are obtained, further the variation of these characteristic figures of the sun's vertical with turbidity of the atmosphere are discussed.-III) The influences of secondary scattering within the atmosphere, of illumination of the atmosphere by radiation reflected from the ground, and of multiple scattering are determined. For this purpose the method of vertical radiation flux (from which the azimuth dependence of secondary scattering cannot be found), and further the direct computation of secondary scattering from the atmosphere and ground are used. Because of the multiple numerical integration this latter procedure is rather tedious. However, it only allows for accurate estimations for the region of the sky close to the sun. The effect of secondary scattering is shown for three points of the sky. In the vicinity of the sun it is about 30%, and at greater distances it rises to about 50% of the sky light. Thus this effect is of great importance for accurately considering the shade of colour and its saturation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung I.-Es werden die Grundlagen für eine Berechnung der Farbe des Himmels zusammengestellt. Die Lichtstreuung an Luftmolekülen ist nach Richtungs- und Wellenlängenabhängigkeit bekannt. Für das Aerosol, das aus Wassertröpfchen (Brechungszahlm=4/3) bestehend angenommen wird, ist die Abhängigkeit der Streuung vom Streuwinkel und von der Wellenlänge durch neuere Arbeiten bekannt; die Veränderung mit dem Brechungsindex der Tröpfchen kann für den Fall, dass diese aus stark verdünnten. Salzlösungen bestehen, abgeschätzt werden. Die Streufunktion für ein nicht homogenes sondern aus einem Spektrum verschiedener Tropfengrössen bestehendes Aerosol wird unter der Annahme abgeleitet, dass die vonJunge im Mittel gefundene Tropfenverteilung vorliegt. Damit ergibt sich die Abhängigkeit der Streufunktion von Wellenlänge und Dunstgehalt. Sei findet ihre Verwendung in der Formel für die primäre Streustrahlung eines Himmelspunktes.-II.-Es werden für 7 Wellenlängen im sichtbaren Spektrum die Intensität des primären Streulichtes der im Sonnen- und im Gegenvertikal in 90, 85, 60, 30 0° Zenithdistanz, sowie beiderseits der Sonne in 10° Abstand gelegenen Himmelspunkte bei 2 Sonnenhöhen und vier verschiedenen Trübungszuständen der Atmosphäre gerechnet. Durch Auswertung im Farbdreieck werden hieraus die farbtongleiche Wellenlänge, die Farbsättigung und die Leuchtdichte bestimmt und die Veränderung dieser charakteristischen Grössen im Sonnenvertikal mit dem Trübungszustand der Atmosphäre diskutiert.-III.-Die Einflüsse der zweifachen Streuung innerhalb der Atmosphäre, der Beleuchtung der Atmosphäre durch Reflexstrahlung des Bodens und der Vielfachstreuung werden bestimmt. Hierfür finden einmal die Methode der vertikalen Strahlungsströme (die die Abhängigkeit der sekundären Streuung von Azimuth nicht zu erkennen gestattet), zum zweiten die direkte Berechnung der Sekundärstreuung aus der Atmosphäre und vom Erdboden Verwendung. Letzteres, Verfahren ist wegen der notwendigen mehrfachen numerischen Integrationen sehr langwierig. Es gestattet jedoch allein klare Abschätzungen für den sonnennahen Himmelsteil. An drei berechneten Punkten wird gezeigt, dass die Wirkung der sekundären Streuung in Sonnennähe etwa 30%, an sonnenfernen Himmelspunkten etwa 50% des Himmelslichtes ausmacht, und dass sie für die korrekte Erfassung des Farbtones und der Farbstättigung wesentlich ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 151-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Answer to the apprehensions of Dr.Schüepp regarding the errors of the executed measurements of the sun's radiation.
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