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  • Books  (5)
  • Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI  (5)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (5)
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  • 1
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: chitosan ; alginate ; agar ; carrageenans ; exopolysaccharides ; chemical modification ; drug delivery ; gene delivery
    Description / Table of Contents: Biopolymers, as natural polysaccharides, are considered benign polymers for what concerns the environment. This is not a new invention, but at best a renaissance: the first type of polymers used by human kind were animal hides, cellulose, silk, wool. Among benefits of natural occurring biopolymers there are potential biocompatibility, renewable resources, low processing costs, tailoring of structure by genetic manipulation, and, as said, environmentally compatibility. Limits are, sometimes, premature degradation and high production costs due to the very high purity required for medical uses. Polysaccharides are not drugs by themselves, but their use in pharmaceutical field, for example as drug carriers or antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or anticoagulant agents, is increasingly promising. Marine polysaccharides include chitin, chitosan, alginate, agar and carrageenans. Chitosan is a cationic carbohydrate biopolymer derived from chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharides present in nature after cellulose. The main sources of chitin are the shell wastes of shrimps, lobsters and crabs. For its characteristics, chitosan founds particular application as non viral vector in gene delivery. Films from chitosan are very tough and long lasting. Alginates derive from seaweed extraction (pheophyceae), and are mainly used in drug delivery and as hydrogels for immobilizing cells and enzymes, due to the mild conditions of cross-linking through bivalent cations (Ca2 ). Agar (or agar-agar) and carrageenans are linear polysaccharides from red seaweeds. They are highly reactive chemically and are peculiar for thermoreversible gel formation. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), substantial components of the extracellular matrix of many cells of marine origin, also have to be mentioned for their potential interest in pharmaceuticals, and new EPS producing bacteria, particularly from extreme marine environments, are being isolated.The possibility of chemical modification, blending and addition of biodegradable additives allows to tailor the final properties of polysaccharides and opens the doors to wider applications, particularly in pharmaceutical area. This issue is intended to explore any new potentiality of marine polysaccharides, as those above mentioned, deriving from chemical or chemical-physical modifications, and the scaling-up of their pharmaceutical applications.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 564 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Marine Drugs
    ISBN: 9783038429029
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: mineral nucleation and growth ; non-classical crystallization ; pre-nucleation clusters ; amorphous intermediates ; mineral poly(a)morphism ; formation mechanisms of biominerals ; additive-controlled mineralization ; mechanims of bio-inspired mineralization ; in situ analyses of the early stages of mineralization
    Description / Table of Contents: Kuwahara, Y.; Liu, W.; Makio, M.; Otsuka, K. In Situ AFM Study of Crystal Growth on a Barite (001) Surface in BaSO4 Solutions at 30 °C. Minerals 2016, 6(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040117 --- Evans, J. Polymorphs, Proteins, and Nucleation Theory: A Critical Analysis. Minerals 2017, 7(4), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7040062 --- Ochiai, A.; Utsunomiya, S. Crystal Chemistry and Stability of Hydrated Rare-Earth Phosphates Formed at Room Temperature. Minerals 2017, 7(5), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7050084 --- Jones, F. Crystallization of Jarosite with Variable Al3+ Content: The Transition to Alunite. Minerals 2017, 7(6), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7060090 --- Bacsik, Z.; Zhang, P.; Hedin, N. Ammonium-Carbamate-Rich Organogels for the Preparation of Amorphous Calcium Carbonates. Minerals 2017, 7(7), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070110 --- Harris, J.; Wolf, S. Desiccator Volume: A Vital Yet Ignored Parameter in CaCO3 Crystallization by the Ammonium Carbonate Diffusion Method. Minerals 2017, 7(7), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070122 --- Burgos-Cara, A.; Putnis, C.; Rodriguez-Navarro, C.; Ruiz-Agudo, E. Hydration Effects on the Stability of Calcium Carbonate Pre-Nucleation Species. Minerals 2017, 7(7), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070126 --- Ross, J.; Gao, L.; Meouch, O.; Anthony, E.; Sutarwala, D.; Mamo, H.; Omelon, S. Carbonate Apatite Precipitation from Synthetic Municipal Wastewater. Minerals 2017, 7(8), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7080129 --- Kezuka, Y.; Kawai, K.; Eguchi, K.; Tajika, M. Fabrication of Single-Crystalline Calcite Needle-Like Particles Using the Aragonite–Calcite Phase Transition. Minerals 2017, 7(8), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7080133 --- Pastero, L.; Bruno, M.; Aquilano, D. About the Genetic Mechanisms of Apatites: A Survey on the Methodological Approaches. Minerals 2017, 7(8), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7080139 --- Ossorio, M.; Stawski, T.; Rodríguez-Blanco, J.; Sleutel, M.; García-Ruiz, J.; Benning, L.; Van Driessche, A. Physicochemical and Additive Controls on the Multistep Precipitation Pathway of Gypsum. Minerals 2017, 7(8), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7080140 --- Zeng, C.; Vitale-Sullivan, C.; Ma, X. In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Studies on Nucleation and Self-Assembly of Biogenic and Bio-Inspired Materials. Minerals 2017, 7(9), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7090158 --- Gruber, D.; Wolf, S.; Hoyt, A.; Konsek, J.; Cölfen, H. A Micro-Comb Test System for In Situ Investigation of Infiltration and Crystallization Processes. Minerals 2017, 7(10), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100187 --- Kröger, R.; Verch, A. Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy and the Impact of Confinement on the Precipitation from Supersaturated Solutions. Minerals 2018, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8010021 --- Ibsen, C.; Birkedal, H. Pyrophosphate-Inhibition of Apatite Formation Studied by In Situ X-Ray Diffraction. Minerals 2018, 8(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8020065 --- Opel, J.; Kellermeier, M.; Sickinger, A.; Morales, J.; Cölfen, H.; García-Ruiz, J. Structural Transition of Inorganic Silica–Carbonate Composites Towards Curved Lifelike Morphologies. Minerals 2018, 8(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8020075 --- Gebauer, D.; Jansson, K.; Oliveberg, M.; Hedin, N. Indications that Amorphous Calcium Carbonates Occur in Pathological Mineralisation—A Urinary Stone from a Guinea Pig. Minerals 2018, 8(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8030084 --- Gebauer, D. Editorial for Special Issue “Nucleation of Minerals: Precursors, Intermediates and Their Use in Materials Chemistry”. Minerals 2018, 8(6), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8060239
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 236 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Minerals
    ISBN: 9783038970361
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: chitosan ; alginate ; agar ; carrageenans ; exopolysaccharides ; chemical modification ; drug delivery ; gene delivery
    Description / Table of Contents: Biopolymers, as natural polysaccharides, are considered benign polymers for what concerns the environment. This is not a new invention, but at best a renaissance: the first type of polymers used by human kind were animal hides, cellulose, silk, wool. Among benefits of natural occurring biopolymers there are potential biocompatibility, renewable resources, low processing costs, tailoring of structure by genetic manipulation, and, as said, environmentally compatibility. Limits are, sometimes, premature degradation and high production costs due to the very high purity required for medical uses. Polysaccharides are not drugs by themselves, but their use in pharmaceutical field, for example as drug carriers or antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or anticoagulant agents, is increasingly promising. Marine polysaccharides include chitin, chitosan, alginate, agar and carrageenans. Chitosan is a cationic carbohydrate biopolymer derived from chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharides present in nature after cellulose. The main sources of chitin are the shell wastes of shrimps, lobsters and crabs. For its characteristics, chitosan founds particular application as non viral vector in gene delivery. Films from chitosan are very tough and long lasting. Alginates derive from seaweed extraction (pheophyceae), and are mainly used in drug delivery and as hydrogels for immobilizing cells and enzymes, due to the mild conditions of cross-linking through bivalent cations (Ca2+). Agar (or agar-agar) and carrageenans are linear polysaccharides from red seaweeds. They are highly reactive chemically and are peculiar for thermoreversible gel formation. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), substantial components of the extracellular matrix of many cells of marine origin, also have to be mentioned for their potential interest in pharmaceuticals, and new EPS producing bacteria, particularly from extreme marine environments, are being isolated. The possibility of chemical modification, blending and addition of biodegradable additives allows to tailor the final properties of polysaccharides and opens the doors to wider applications, particularly in pharmaceutical area. This issue is intended to explore any new potentiality of marine polysaccharides, as those above mentioned, deriving from chemical or chemical-physical modifications, and the scaling-up of their pharmaceutical applications.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 224 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Marine Drugs
    ISBN: 9783038428985
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: chitosan ; alginate ; agar ; carrageenans ; exopolysaccharides ; chemical modification ; drug delivery ; gene delivery
    Description / Table of Contents: Biopolymers, as natural polysaccharides, are considered benign polymers for what concerns the environment. This is not a new invention, but at best a renaissance: the first type of polymers used by human kind were animal hides, cellulose, silk, wool. Among benefits of natural occurring biopolymers there are potential biocompatibility, renewable resources, low processing costs, tailoring of structure by genetic manipulation, and, as said, environmentally compatibility. Limits are, sometimes, premature degradation and high production costs due to the very high purity required for medical uses. Polysaccharides are not drugs by themselves, but their use in pharmaceutical field, for example as drug carriers or antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or anticoagulant agents, is increasingly promising. Marine polysaccharides include chitin, chitosan, alginate, agar and carrageenans. Chitosan is a cationic carbohydrate biopolymer derived from chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharides present in nature after cellulose. The main sources of chitin are the shell wastes of shrimps, lobsters and crabs. For its characteristics, chitosan founds particular application as non viral vector in gene delivery. Films from chitosan are very tough and long lasting. Alginates derive from seaweed extraction (pheophyceae), and are mainly used in drug delivery and as hydrogels for immobilizing cells and enzymes, due to the mild conditions of cross-linking through bivalent cations (Ca2 ). Agar (or agar-agar) and carrageenans are linear polysaccharides from red seaweeds. They are highly reactive chemically and are peculiar for thermoreversible gel formation. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), substantial components of the extracellular matrix of many cells of marine origin, also have to be mentioned for their potential interest in pharmaceuticals, and new EPS producing bacteria, particularly from extreme marine environments, are being isolated.The possibility of chemical modification, blending and addition of biodegradable additives allows to tailor the final properties of polysaccharides and opens the doors to wider applications, particularly in pharmaceutical area. This issue is intended to explore any new potentiality of marine polysaccharides, as those above mentioned, deriving from chemical or chemical-physical modifications, and the scaling-up of their pharmaceutical applications.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 290 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Marine Drugs
    ISBN: 9783038429005
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: Organometallic chemistry ; Reactivity ; Catalysis ; Theoretical studies ; Health and medical applications ; Electronic and magnetic properties ; Environmental aspects ; Understanding products generated in the nuclear industry
    Description / Table of Contents: As the fields of organometallic and coordination chemistry of the transition metals has grown more mature, the under-explored chemistry of the rare-earths and actinides has drawn the attention of research groups from across the globe looking for new fundamental discoveries and access to compounds with unique properties. The rare earths – the group 3 metals and the 4f lanthanide series – have long shown many interesting properties in the solid state which exploit their unique electronic configurations. However, it is the molecular chemistry of these metals that has expanded dramatically in recent years as researchers identify the differences between – and unique features of – their molecular compounds. Recent highlights include the identification of new oxidation states and patterns of reactivity as well as applications in medical imaging and health care which represent new and exciting areas of research. The actinides show a wide range of different properties as a consequence of their radioactivity and radiochemistry, but this has not stopped recent rapid progress into the exploration of their unique chemistry. Uranium, in particular, shows huge potential with its transition metal like range of oxidation states (+2 to +6), and in specialised laboratories, the heavier actinides are also beginning to show their unique chemistry as well. This Special Issue aims to bring together these strands of research in an openly-accessible way to allow better communication of these advances to a wider audience. This is necessary as despite these exciting advances, the rare earths and actinides are still much neglected topics in both school and undergraduate curriculums.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 254 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Inorganics
    ISBN: 9783038423294
    Language: English
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