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  • Articles  (16,285)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (16,285)
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  • 1
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    [Perspective] Thinking abstractly like a duck(ling) (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, when one of a trio of bungling prison escapees angrily asks another, “Who elected you leader of this outfit?” his buddy smugly quips, “I figured it should be the one with the capacity for abstract thought.” Indeed, abstract conceptual thought is held to be so central to being human that the idea of someone being incapable of this kind of thinking is a subject for (sometimes rather cruel) humor. Interest in understanding the capacity for abstract thought has been a matter of serious consideration that dates back at least three centuries to the famous English philosopher John Locke. Locke confidently contended that “brutes abstract not” (1) and insisted that exhibiting abstract thought definitively divided humans from all other animals. However, no science then existed to confirm or refute Locke's contention. On page 286 of this issue, Martinho and Kacelnik (2) put the claim that animals are incapable of abstract thought to a strong behavioral test. Author: Edward A. Wasserman
    Keywords: Cognition
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    [In Depth] First farmers' motley roots (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Farming was such a good idea when it was invented 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent that it was quickly adopted by several different groups of people. According to three teams who used new techniques to gain glimpses of the nuclear DNA of the world's very first farmers, farming was adopted by at least three genetically distinct groups scattered across the Middle East and Anatolia. The research found that early farmers of Israel and Jordan were genetically distinct from those in the Zagros Mountains, and that both populations were distinct from the western Anatolians. This shows that farming wasn't spread initially by just one group of people, but that it was invented more than once—or was an idea that spread rapidly between groups. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Keywords: Ancient DNA
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    [Policy Forum] Crisis informatics—New data for extraordinary times (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Crisis informatics is a multidisciplinary field combining computing and social science knowledge of disasters; its central tenet is that people use personal information and communication technology to respond to disaster in creative ways to cope with uncertainty. We study and develop computational support for collection and sociobehavioral analysis of online participation (i.e., tweets and Facebook posts) to address challenges in disaster warning, response, and recovery. Because such data are rarely tidy, we offer lessons—learned the hard way, as we have made every mistake described below—with respect to the opportunities and limitations of social media research on crisis events. Authors: Leysia Palen, Kenneth M. Anderson
    Keywords: Social Media Research
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    [Perspective] How much biodiversity loss is too much? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    [Book Review] A toxic timeline (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the 1970s, residents of a Niagara Falls neighborhood realized that chemicals from a toxic waste dump had leached into their homes, parks, and neighborhood school. Their cancers, miscarriages, and myriad chronic ailments told the tale, and in 1978 they organized, filed lawsuits, and demanded intervention. The federal government eventually complied, evacuating the residents and creating the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund Act, which provides a framework for cleaning up such sites. In his new book, Love Canal: A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present, Richard S. Newman urges us to see the Love Canal disaster stretched out in time, rooted in the long history of the Niagara Falls area. The crisis itself, he says, was an outcome of patterns established generations earlier that pitted developmental pressures against environmental and human health and created a "cycle of disposable land use that had long dominated area politics and economics." Author: Jacob Darwin Hamblin
    Keywords: Environmental Policy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    [Introduction to Special Issue] Nature's Fury (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Brent Grocholski, Robert Coontz
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    [Letter] Mining undermining Brazil's environment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Hani Rocha El Bizri, Jonathan Christopher Bausch Macedo, Adriano Pereira Paglia, Thaís Queiroz Morcatty
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    [Special Issue News] Doomsday Machines (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In San Diego, California, a six-story tower riddled with strain gauges and accelerometers rises from the platform of one of the world's biggest earthquake machines. This device—a sort of bull ride for buildings—is one in a network built around the United States to advance natural disaster science with more realistic and sophisticated tests. The National Science Foundation initiative has helped scientists simulate some of the most powerful and destructive forces on Earth, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and landslides. The work has led to new building standards and better ways to build or retrofit everything from wharves to older concrete buildings. Now, in a new $62 million, 5-year program, the network of doomsday machines is expanding to simulate hurricanes and tornadoes and is joining forces with computer modeling to study how things too big for a physical test—such as nuclear reactors or even an entire city—will weather what Mother Nature throws at them. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    [Special Issue News] Thinking the Unthinkable (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: What are the greatest threats to humanity and human civilization? Scholars think a self-induced catastrophe such as nuclear war or a bioengineered pandemic is most likely to do us in. But extreme natural hazards—including threats from space and geologic upheavals here on Earth—could also do the job. Although common, moderately severe disasters such as earthquakes attract far more funding and attention than low-probability apocalyptic ones, a handful of researchers persists in thinking the unthinkable. With knowledge and planning, they say, it's possible to prepare for—or in some cases prevent—rare but devastating natural disasters such as blasts of particles from the sun, collisions with near-Earth asteroids like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs, and supervolcanoes that dwarf any eruptions in recorded history. Author: Julia Rosen
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    [This Week in Science] The innate wisdom of ducklings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolutionary Cognition
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    [Special Issue Review] Global trends in satellite-based emergency mapping (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Over the past 15 years, scientists and disaster responders have increasingly used satellite-based Earth observations for global rapid assessment of disaster situations. We review global trends in satellite rapid response and emergency mapping from 2000 to 2014, analyzing more than 1000 incidents in which satellite monitoring was used for assessing major disaster situations. We provide a synthesis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in global satellite emergency mapping efforts and show that satellite-based emergency mapping is most intensively deployed in Asia and Europe and follows well the geographic, physical, and temporal distributions of global natural disasters. We present an outlook on the future use of Earth observation technology for disaster response and mitigation by putting past and current developments into context and perspective. Authors: Stefan Voigt, Fabio Giulio-Tonolo, Josh Lyons, Jan Kučera, Brenda Jones, Tobias Schneiderhan, Gabriel Platzeck, Kazuya Kaku, Manzul Kumar Hazarika, Lorant Czaran, Suju Li, Wendi Pedersen, Godstime Kadiri James, Catherine Proy, Denis Macharia Muthike, Jerome Bequignon, Debarati Guha-Sapir
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    [Special Issue Review] Human influence on tropical cyclone intensity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Recent assessments agree that tropical cyclone intensity should increase as the climate warms. Less agreement exists on the detection of recent historical trends in tropical cyclone intensity. We interpret future and recent historical trends by using the theory of potential intensity, which predicts the maximum intensity achievable by a tropical cyclone in a given local environment. Although greenhouse gas–driven warming increases potential intensity, climate model simulations suggest that aerosol cooling has largely canceled that effect over the historical record. Large natural variability complicates analysis of trends, as do poleward shifts in the latitude of maximum intensity. In the absence of strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, future greenhouse gas forcing of potential intensity will increasingly dominate over aerosol forcing, leading to substantially larger increases in tropical cyclone intensities. Authors: Adam H. Sobel, Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy M. Hall, Chia-Ying Lee, Michael K. Tippett, Allison A. Wing
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    [This Week in Science] The heat is on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Glaciers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    [This Week in Science] Adaptors conduct the EGFR symphony (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Leslie K. Ferrarelli
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    [Editors' Choice] Why pay more for medicine in some places? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Brad Wible
    Keywords: Health Economics
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    [Editors' Choice] A less personal cancer therapy? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Paula A. Kiberstis
    Keywords: Tumor Immunology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    [Editors' Choice] Immigration and admixture in Europe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Andrew M. Sugden
    Keywords: Paleogenomics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    [Report] Discovery of robust in-plane ferroelectricity in atomic-thick SnTe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Stable ferroelectricity with high transition temperature in nanostructures is needed for miniaturizing ferroelectric devices. Here, we report the discovery of the stable in-plane spontaneous polarization in atomic-thick tin telluride (SnTe), down to a 1–unit cell (UC) limit. The ferroelectric transition temperature Tc of 1-UC SnTe film is greatly enhanced from the bulk value of 98 kelvin and reaches as high as 270 kelvin. Moreover, 2- to 4-UC SnTe films show robust ferroelectricity at room temperature. The interplay between semiconducting properties and ferroelectricity in this two-dimensional material may enable a wide range of applications in nonvolatile high-density memories, nanosensors, and electronics. Authors: Kai Chang, Junwei Liu, Haicheng Lin, Na Wang, Kun Zhao, Anmin Zhang, Feng Jin, Yong Zhong, Xiaopeng Hu, Wenhui Duan, Qingming Zhang, Liang Fu, Qi-Kun Xue, Xi Chen, Shuai-Hua Ji
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    [Working Life] Wearing my disability with pride (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Zachary S. Wiersma
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    [Report] Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In recent decades, hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula (63° to 70°S) have undergone systematic and progressive change. These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface air temperature, but it is now clear that this cannot be the sole driver. Here, we identify a strong correspondence between mid-depth ocean temperatures and glacier-front changes along the ~1000-kilometer western coastline. In the south, glaciers that terminate in warm Circumpolar Deep Water have undergone considerable retreat, whereas those in the far northwest, which terminate in cooler waters, have not. Furthermore, a mid-ocean warming since the 1990s in the south is coincident with widespread acceleration of glacier retreat. We conclude that changes in ocean-induced melting are the primary cause of retreat for glaciers in this region. Authors: A. J. Cook, P. R. Holland, M. P. Meredith, T. Murray, A. Luckman, D. G. Vaughan
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    [Report] Return to quiescence of mouse neural stem cells by degradation of a proactivation protein (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Quiescence is essential for long-term maintenance of adult stem cells. Niche signals regulate the transit of stem cells from dormant to activated states. Here, we show that the E3-ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain–containing 1) is required for proliferating stem cells of the adult mouse hippocampus to return to quiescence. Huwe1 destabilizes proactivation protein Ascl1 (achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1) in proliferating hippocampal stem cells, which prevents accumulation of cyclin Ds and promotes the return to a resting state. When stem cells fail to return to quiescence, the proliferative stem cell pool becomes depleted. Thus, long-term maintenance of hippocampal neurogenesis depends on the return of stem cells to a transient quiescent state through the rapid degradation of a key proactivation factor. Authors: Noelia Urbán, Debbie L. C. van den Berg, Antoine Forget, Jimena Andersen, Jeroen A. A. Demmers, Charles Hunt, Olivier Ayrault, François Guillemot
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    [This Week in Science] Show me a sign of sweetness to come (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Behavioral Ecology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    [This Week in Science] Cyclin suppresses antitumor immunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Cancer Immunotherapy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    [This Week in Science] Eliminating paternal mitochondria (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Mitochondria
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
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    [This Week in Science] How to link and separate memories (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Peter Stern
    Keywords: Memory Research
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    [In Depth] A time capsule from Bronze Age Britain (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Reconstructing daily life in the Bronze Age has been difficult in northern Europe. Most houses were poorly preserved, traced out by postholes or barren remains of hearths, and offer up only meager fragments of pottery. A major excavation near Peterborough, U.K., promises to fill in the picture. Archaeologists have dug up 3000-year-old roundhouses that were perched on stilts above a river, perhaps for defense or facilitating trade. The building materials and much of the contents are well-preserved because the five houses were quickly abandoned during a fire and then collapsed into a river. The rich array of artifacts includes textiles, wooden objects, metal tools, and complete sets of pottery. The arrangement of artifacts could indicate how various sections of the houses were used and perhaps new details about diet. The fact that all the buildings burned down, apparently at the same time, and the belongings were left behind, suggests the fires may have been part of an attack. Author: Erik Stokstad
    Keywords: Archaeology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    [Feature] The Avenger (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: David Fajgenbaum was in his third year of medical school at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) 6 years ago, on an obstetrics-gynecology rotation, when he was first hit by night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. His eventual diagnosis: a deadly form of Castleman disease, a rare immune disorder for which knowledge was in depressingly short supply. So Fajgenbaum decided to dedicate himself to taking down this disease. He abandoned plans to become an oncologist, skipped medical residency, and enrolled in business school instead—building a powerhouse network of hundreds of physicians, researchers, and drug company employees around the world to help him decipher Castleman. He co-authored papers with his doctor, wrote a case study about himself, proposed a new model of the disease, and currently coordinates a dozen Castleman studies from his small office at UPenn, where he is an assistant professor. Author: Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    [Perspective] Butterfly communities under threat (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Butterflies are better documented and monitored worldwide than any other nonpest taxon of insects (1). In the United Kingdom alone, volunteer recorders have sampled more than 750,000 km of repeat transects since 1976, equivalent to walking to the Moon and back counting butterflies (2). Such programs are revealing regional extinctions and population declines that began before 1900 (3, 4). In a recent study, Habel et al. report a similar story based on inventories of butterflies and burnet moths since 1840 in a protected area in Bavaria, Germany (5). The results reveal severe species losses: Scarce, specialized butterflies have largely disappeared, leaving ecosystems dominated by common generalist ones. Similar trends are seen across Europe (6) and beyond, with protected areas failing to conserve many species for which they were once famed. Author: Jeremy A. Thomas
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Chromatin controls behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Chromatin structure stabilizes and compacts the genome to package it within the nucleus. This structure also serves as a dynamic regulator of gene expression, silencing or activating transcription depending on molecular signals impinging upon it. It has been understood for the past two decades that chromatin stabilizes gene readout after cell-fate determination, establishing and perpetuating the precise pattern of genes transcribed in a given cell to maintain its phenotype (1, 2). But what about dynamic regulation of chromatin structure and its biological role? On page 300 of this issue, Yang et al. (3) describe how dynamic regulation of chromatin remodeling controls cerebellar circuit development, function, and cerebellum-dependent learning and memory, and challenge prevailing epigenetics dogma in the central nervous system. Author: J. David Sweatt
    Keywords: Gene Expression
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    [In Depth] Brain scans are prone to false positives, study says (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A new study suggests that common settings used in software for analyzing brain scans may lead to false positive results. Researchers led by Anders Eklund, an electrical engineer at Linköping University in Sweden, analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from several public databases. Certain software settings, the team found, could give rise to a false positive result up to 70% of the time. In the context of a typical fMRI experiment, that could lead researchers to wrongly conclude that activity in a certain area of the brain plays a role in a cognitive function such as perception or memory. Author: Greg Miller
    Keywords: Neuroscience
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In science news around the world, the United States sets final safety regulations for oil and gas drilling in its Arctic waters, Australian researchers announce that the AIDS epidemic in the country is over—but caution that too many people are still being infected with HIV, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration halts a trial of a cancer drug following the deaths of three young adults with leukemia, French researchers sharply criticize the nomination of a policy expert rather than a scientist as the next head of the country's agricultural research institute, and more. Also, an Italian judge clears bird flu expert Ilaria Capua of a series of criminal charges brought against her 2 years ago. And the world's largest population of chinstrap penguins may be in peril because of an erupting volcano on their remote south Atlantic island.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [Editorial] Hazards without disasters (2016)
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    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A natural hazard need not become a human disaster if society learns and applies lessons in preparation and resilience. Earthquake history speaks well to this—engineered structures need to stand up to strong shaking. Chile learned this lesson before its 2010 earthquake of magnitude 8.8. Because it had already enforced seismic provisions of building codes, there was little loss of life due to damage to buildings. Engineered structures also performed very well during the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake in northeast Japan; however, approximately 20,000 lives were lost to the ensuing tsunami. What survival strategies are available for communities at risk for tsunamis? Author: Marcia McNutt
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    [Perspective] Ferroelectric chalcogenides—materials at the edge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A ferroelectric material possesses an intrinsic electric dipole (polarization) whose direction can be reversed with an applied field. Applications of ferroelectrics include nonvolatile memories and sensors, but for high-density electronic devices or nanoscale devices, a limitation has been that as a ferroelectric film gets thinner, the maximum temperature for retaining the dipole—the Curie temperature Tc—decreases (often well below room temperature). On page 274 of this issue, Chang et al. (1) show that ultrathin layers of tin telluride (SnTe) can display robust, room-temperature, ferroelectric properties with higher Tc than that of the bulk material. Authors: Bart J. Kooi, Beatriz Noheda
    Keywords: Ferroelectrics
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    [Book Review] Big data meets human health (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: There is a "veritable explosion" in the number of people using digital and wearable devices to record, analyze, and reflect upon data created by their own bodies and behaviors. In their new book, Self-Tracking, Gina Neff and Dawn Nafus tread carefully between the twin pitfalls of techno-utopianism and techno-dystopianism to develop a nuanced position that acknowledges both the opportunities and the challenges raised by this trend. Elad Yom-Tov's Crowdsourced Health discusses a different field of digital health, in which data are generated not through the use of wearable devices but from queries entered in search engines. Based on the premise that these searches mirror our offline behavior and that the Internet offers greater privacy and accessibility than many other possible sources of information, he shows how these data could reveal information about health that would be difficult or impossible to gather in other ways. The question that has yet to be answered is what should ultimately be done with all of these data—and by whom. Author: Conor Farrington
    Keywords: Health Analytics
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    [Letter] NextGen Voices: Submit Now (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
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    [Special Issue Review] Connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Slow earthquakes are characterized by a wide spectrum of fault slip behaviors and seismic radiation patterns that differ from those of traditional earthquakes. However, slow earthquakes and huge megathrust earthquakes can have common slip mechanisms and are located in neighboring regions of the seismogenic zone. The frequent occurrence of slow earthquakes may help to reveal the physics underlying megathrust events as useful analogs. Slow earthquakes may function as stress meters because of their high sensitivity to stress changes in the seismogenic zone. Episodic stress transfer to megathrust source faults leads to an increased probability of triggering huge earthquakes if the adjacent locked region is critically loaded. Careful and precise monitoring of slow earthquakes may provide new information on the likelihood of impending huge earthquakes. Authors: Kazushige Obara, Aitaro Kato
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    [Editors' Choice] Smashing bits to show asteroid strength (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Keywords: Planetary Science
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    [Business Office Feature] Structural biology shapes up (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Despite advances in the field of proteomics, protein folding still remains a mystery. Yet innovations in X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and data analysis (think robots and Google) are yielding answers about protein structures faster than ever before.Read the Feature (Full-Text HTML)Read the Feature (PDF)Read New Products (PDF) Author: Alan Dove
    Keywords: Business Office Feature
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    [In Depth] African HIV/tuberculosis institutes merge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Two prominent biomedical research institutes in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province announced that they plan to merge and form the Africa Health Research Institute. One of the partners, the Africa Centre for Population Health, has long focused on epidemiological and demographic studies. Its funder is the Wellcome Trust. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute founded the second partner, the KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV. The Africa Health Research Institute is a new lease on life for both struggling institutes, which plan to combine their clinical and basic research skills to address major research questions in both HIV and tuberculosis. The Wellcome Trust is eventually expected to take over, but, for now, both philanthropies are backing the endeavor. Author: Jon Cohen
    Keywords: Public Health
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    [In Depth] To save caribou, Alberta wants to fence them in (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: An imperiled caribou herd in western Alberta province in Canada could become a high-profile test case for a controversial plan to save some of Canada's woodland caribou from extinction: herding them into pens enclosing 100 square kilometers or more and ringed with electric fences, and killing or removing every predator inside. The approach, proposed last month by Alberta's government, is an attempt to arrest the decline of the animals, threatened by development and preyed on by wolves. But some caribou advocates are skeptical that the expensive pens will work. They also fear that the strategy, which the energy industry has helped fund, will undermine efforts to curb habitat destruction. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Conservation
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    [In Depth] Do genomic conflicts drive evolution? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Two billion years ago, an early cell swallowed an energy-producing microbe, giving birth to the mitochondria that are the hallmarks of all eukaryotes. Evolutionary biologists now think that was just the start of the influence that the cell's "powerhouses" have on the tree of life. Mitochondria, which can exist by the scores in a eukaryotic cell, have their own set of genes, which can replicate and mutate faster than the cell's better-known complement in the nucleus. Yet both genomes code for products that have to work together in the mitochondria. Researchers are now finding hints that cells' efforts to keep nuclear and mitochondrial genes in sync could play a major role in evolution. At a recent meeting, biologists suggested out-of-sync nuclear and mitochondrial genomes may explain many biological puzzles—from why some female birds prefer the reddest mates to the evolution of new species in both plants and animals. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Evolutionary Biology
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    [In Depth] Vaginal microbiome affects HIV risk (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: South African teen girls and young women have astonishingly high rates of HIV infection, and researchers for years have suspected that there might be biological factors making them unusually susceptible to infection. New studies presented at the International AIDS Conference being held in Durban, South Africa—located in KwaZulu-Natal province, the hardest hit region in the country—suggest a possible culprit, Prevotella bivia, a bacterium found in the vagina that causes inflammation. The close examination of the vaginal microbiome found a second bacterium, Gardnerella, may help explain why a microbicide gel that contained the anti-HIV drug tenofovir failed to protect many uninfected women who used it in a clinical trial. In test tube experiments, Garnderella "gobbled up" tenofovir, rapidly reducing levels of the drug. Author: Jon Cohen
    Keywords: Infectious Disease
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    [In Depth] Wild bird comes when honey hunters call for help (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Of all relationships between wild animals and people, few are more heartwarming than that of African honey hunters and a robin-sized bird called the greater honeyguide. Flitting and calling, the bird leads the way to a bee's nest and feasts on the wax after the honey hunters have raided it. Researchers have discovered that this mutualistic relationship is even tighter than it seemed, with the bird recognizing and responding to specific calls from its human partners. In the new work, the researchers quantify the benefit to people helped by the birds and test how much more guiding occurs when the honey hunters attract the birds first with a "trill-grunt" call. This work was done in Mozambique, but it seems honey hunters elsewhere also have special calls, albeit different ones. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Animal Behavior
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    [In Depth] A lichen ménage à trois (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Lichen isn't much to look at—often just a gray, yellow-green, or garish orange crust on rock or bark. Yet lichens cover up to 6% of Earth's surface, by one estimate. Now, modern genomics is revealing that lichens are startlingly complex. For some 140 years, scientists have understood lichens to be a symbiosis between a fungus, which provides a physical structure and supplies moisture, and a photosynthesizing alga or cyanobacterium, which produces nutrients. Studies of gene activity have now revealed that many lichens are instead a threesome, with two fungi in the mix. The role of the second fungus, a yeast, is uncertain, and some lichen aficionados aren't convinced it is a true symbiotic partner. But others say it's time to throw the textbook understanding of lichens out the window. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Symbiosis
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    [Feature] Rules of the game (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Proteins consist of long chains of building blocks known as amino acids that fold up into precise 3D shapes that govern their function. David Baker, a computational biochemist at the University of Washington, Seattle, has spent years deciphering the rules that govern how these amino acid chains fold, and develop software to predict the 3D shape unknown amino acid chains are likely to take. Recent improvements to this software from Baker and others now make it possible to extend such prediction to the majority of proteins in nature. That's likely to lead to novel insights for biochemists working to understand what all these proteins do. It is also allowing Baker and his colleagues to design novel proteins to work as everything from medicines to materials, and catalysts to biochemical sensors. Author: Robert F. Service
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    [Feature] Red star rising (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: China is in the midst of launching a clutch of space science missions, with four put into space within a 13-month span. Its lunar exploration program is also increasingly science-driven, with a sample return mission scheduled for next year and the first ever landing on the far side of the moon planned for 2018. Beginning in 2020, China will launch another round of four science missions and the nation's first Mars probe. Chinese space administrators say that to build on these advances, the space science program needs reliable annual funding, instead of the 5-year lump sums now provided. They also think merging the country's different space agencies could maximize the scientific impact and lead to greater efficiencies. Author: Dennis Normile
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: In science news around the world, a United Nations panel rules against China's claim to a vast swath of the South China Sea, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research reverses course on its controversial online peer-review system, a U.S. federal appeals court finds that the Navy failed to protect whales from its low-frequency sonar, and researchers at the International Space Station prepare to test a DNA sequencer in orbit. Also, U.K. science and universities minister Jo Johnson keeps his job amid a shakeup in the cabinet, researchers demonstrate single-atom memory storage using chlorine and copper, and scientists from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III unveil the largest 3D map of the universe to date.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [In Depth] Huge statue suggests early rise for Buddhism (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Archaeologists excavating at the sprawling Buddhist complex of Bhamala Stupa, north of Islamabad, at first thought they were digging up yet another stone wall. But they soon realized they had discovered the shattered remains of a massive statue—a monumental reclining Buddha that stretched more than 15 meters, the length of a shipping container. Radiocarbon dates on wood recovered from the site came back at 240 C.E. to 390 C.E.—several centuries before Buddhists were thought to have created the massive sculptures common in temples across Asia. If confirmed, the early date would make this the oldest evidence of monumental Buddhist sculpture. And big statues have big implications, because they require wealthy patrons and rulers to fund their creation. Author: Andrew Lawler
    Keywords: Archaeology
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    [Editorial] The communities of Science (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: My father was a mathematician. When I was a teenager, I talked to him about careers. I love math, even fairly esoteric stuff. He surprised me by saying, “Math is something to pursue only if you cannot imagine doing anything else. You can follow other careers and still do math, but pure math can be very isolating; only a few people in the world are likely to really understand what you are working on.” I was surprised that he was discouraging me from his career path. But wait, what? He was also implying that science was a social activity in an essential way. Author: Jeremy Berg
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    [In Depth] Long-delayed nuclear center looks set for construction (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: After many years of delays, the €1.7 billion Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, an extension of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, may finally get built. At a council meeting on 27 and 28 June, the partner countries—eight European Union members plus India and Russia—concluded that they have enough money to cover a €320 million budget gap; they will now seek building permits from the German government. Still, some countries have yet to commit their share of the missing cash, including Russia, which had agreed to bear about 18% of FAIR's total construction cost, the second largest contribution after Germany's 70%. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Physics
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    [In Depth] Titanic balloon sets record and tantalizes scientists (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The largest pressurized balloon to be launched by NASA has set a record for endurance: the longest midlatitude flight by a large scientific balloon. For decades, conventional "zero-pressure" balloons have given researchers a high-altitude platform for studying atmospheric chemistry, the cosmic microwave background, and many other phenomena. But at temperate latitudes, the endurance of conventional balloons is limited. So-called superpressure balloons promise to bring that endurance to temperate latitudes, opening new phenomena to observation. Packing 532,000 cubic meters of helium and measuring 114 meters in diameter, NASA's latest superpressure balloon circled the Southern Hemisphere for 46 days, lofting a gamma ray telescope to the edges of space. Author: Patrick Monahan
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    [In Depth] Massive helium fields found in rift zone of Tanzania (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: A mineral exploration company called Helium One says it has found three massive fields of helium gas in Tanzania that might be big enough to supply the world with helium for decades. But experts say the fields might not be worth developing anytime soon. Helium is the world's best coolant; in liquid form, its ultralow boiling point of 4 K makes it invaluable for keeping scientific and medical equipment extremely cold. It comes from Earth's crust, where radioactive uranium and thorium in rocks emit helium nuclei when they decay. Helium One hopes to raise $40 million to start drilling in Tanzania in 2017, but the company may struggle to enter a world market that has recently swung from shortage to surplus thanks to conservation by helium users and to stepped-up output by producers such as the United States, Qatar, and Russia. Author: Eric Hand
    Keywords: Economic Geology
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    [In Depth] Heartmaker's next step: a ray ‘biohybrid’ (2016)
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    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Kevin Kit Parker wants to build a human heart. His young daughter loves the New England Aquarium in Boston. Now father's and daughter's obsessions have combined in an unlikely creation: a nickel-sized artificial stingray whose swimming is guided by light and powered by rat heart muscle cells. Incorporating advances in engineering, cell culture, genetics, and biomechanics, the "living" robot brings Parker's dream of a humanmade human heart a step closer. The stingray represents a step up from his previous effort, a robotic jellyfish, as the new robot can be maneuvered around obstacle courses with beams of light. But there's a long way to go to make larger biohybrids that can work in the natural environment, and an even longer way before Parker can really build his heart. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Robotics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Feature] Rewilding Rio (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: A team of ecologists is recreating a living rainforest in the heart of the Olympic city Author: Herton Escobar
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Feature] Hurdling obstacles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Earlier this month, Marcia McNutt officially became the president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the latest in a long line of accomplishments for the geophysicist, many of them a first for a woman—she previously ran the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), was president and CEO of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, and most recently was editor-in-chief of the Science family of journals. None of those stints were easy—she dealt with the massive oil spill from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and pushed through a major reorganization while at USGS, for example. Colleagues say that a mix of decisiveness, humanity, and negotiating skill have served McNutt well both as a researcher and an administrator. "I bow my head to Marcia," says Massachusetts Institute of Technology physical oceanographer Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli. "She has a spine of iron." Author: Ellen Ruppel Shell
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    [In Depth] In Canada, peer-review changes stir outrage (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Nearly 1000 Canadian researchers are demanding that the government immediately reverse "radical" changes that the nation's main biomedical research funder has made to its grantsmaking process, arguing that they are wreaking havoc on the science community. In particular, the researchers want the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to reinstate face-to-face meetings of peer review panels, which the agency has ended in favor of an on-line system for evaluating grant proposals. The letter represents the latest salvo against a controversial reform effort launched roughly 4 years ago by CIHR President Alain Beaudet. Responding to recommendations made in 2011 by an international review panel, the agency launched a three-pronged reform effort that revamped its funding streams, the way researchers submitted proposals, and the way proposals are reviewed. But the changes have been met with fierce criticism from researchers. Author: Wayne Kondro
    Keywords: Funding
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    [Multimedia] Cover stories: Making the robotic ray cover (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Learning to move on land (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: How did early four-limbed vertebrates, or stem tetrapods, move on land? On page 154 of this issue, McInroe and co-workers bring together expertise from several fields—including biomechanical analysis of a modern analog, mathematical modeling, controlled drag measurements in granular media, and bioinspired robotics—to address this question (1). They find that properly coordinated tail movements make locomotion efficient when limb motion is suboptimal and substrates are challenging. Thus, the tail may have helped stem tetrapods to move on land. The work exemplifies a move in paleontology toward increasingly interdisciplinary research (2). Author: John A. Nyakatura
    Keywords: Paleontology
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In science news around the world, NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully enters into orbit around Jupiter, the National Science Foundation's troubled National Ecological Observatory Network gets an additional $35 million, the Wellcome Trust prepares to launch an open-access journal that will publish only research funded by a Wellcome grant, more than 100 Nobel laureates sign a strongly worded letter chastising Greenpeace for its anti-GMO stance, and more. Also, Mexico faces particular challenges in adhering to the agreement it made with the United States and Canada to each generate 50% of their electricity from clean energy sources by 2025. And NASA announces the future of two spacecraft: Dawn will remain in orbit around Ceres, and New Horizons, which visited Pluto in 2015, will venture further to a rendezvous with an icy Kuiper belt object in 2019.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [In Depth] Panel slams plan for human research rules (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In a development certain to fuel a long-running controversy, a prominent science advisory panel is calling on the U.S. government to abandon a nearly finished update to rules on protecting human research participants. It should wait until a new high-level commission, created by Congress and the president, to recommend improvements and then start over, the panel says. The recommendation, made 29 June by a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is examining ways to reduce the regulatory burden on academic scientists, is the political equivalent of stepping in front of a speeding car in a bid to prevent a disastrous wreck. It's not clear, however, whether the panel will succeed in stopping the regulatory express—or just get run over. Both the Obama administration, which has been pushing to complete the new rules this year, and key lawmakers in Congress would need to back the halt—and so far they've been silent. Still, many researchers and university groups are thrilled with the panel's recommendation, noting that they have repeatedly objected to some of the proposed rule changes as unworkable—with little apparent impact. Author: David Malakoff
    Keywords: Research Regulation
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    [Perspective] Molecular sieves for gas separation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Network analytics in the age of big data (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: We live in a complex world of interconnected entities. In all areas of human endeavor, from biology to medicine, economics, and climate science, we are flooded with large-scale data sets. These data sets describe intricate real-world systems from different and complementary viewpoints, with entities being modeled as nodes and their connections as edges, comprising large networks. These networked data are a new and rich source of domain-specific information, but that information is currently largely hidden within the complicated wiring patterns. Deciphering these patterns is paramount, because computational analyses of large networks are often intractable, so that many questions we ask about the world cannot be answered exactly, even with unlimited computer power and time (1). Hence, the only hope is to answer these questions approximately (that is, heuristically) and prove how far the approximate answer is from the exact, unknown one, in the worst case. On page 163 of this issue, Benson et al. (2) take an important step in that direction by providing a scalable heuristic framework for grouping entities based on their wiring patterns and using the discovered patterns for revealing the higher-order organizational principles of several real-world networked systems. Authors: Nataša Pržulj, Noël Malod-Dognin
    Keywords: Network Analysis
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    [Book Review] Aftershocks (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Traditionally, when scientists discuss earthquakes, we talk about geology and seismology, infrastructure and engineering, as well as management strategies for minimizing human and material losses. Nevertheless, the study of an earthquake's effect on the social and cultural elements of a community can help us understand how different societies have evolved and adapted over time and how cities have built up their relative capacity to withstand future large seismic events. In fact, as Andrew Robinson describes in his new book, Earth-Shattering Events, the effects of an earthquake can reverberate throughout a society's identity. In some cases, they have played a catalyzing role in the evolution of urban and architectural style and have irrevocably altered the communities in question. Author: Sebastiano D'Amico
    Keywords: Seismology
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    [Perspective] Solar-powering the Internet of Things (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The Internet connects billions of computational platforms of various sizes, from supercomputers to smart phones. However, the same types of data transmission can connect computational resources to much simpler sensors “at the edge of the net” that collect, analyze, and transmit data, as well as controllers that receive instructions. Devices deployed in the environment, homes and offices, and even our bodies would expand the number of connected devices to the trillions. This “Internet of Things” (IoT) underlies the vision of smart homes and buildings that could sense and transmit their status and respond appropriately (1), or track and report on the state of objects (vehicles, goods, or even animals) in the environment. However, the practical implementation of the IoT has been relatively slow, in part because all of these edge devices must draw electrical power from their local environment. We analyze the use of photovoltaics (PV) to power devices and help bring the IoT to fruition. Authors: Richard Haight, Wilfried Haensch, Daniel Friedman
    Keywords: Engineering
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    [Letter] Insufficient research on land grabbing (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Authors: Chuan Liao, Suhyun Jung, Daniel G. Brown, Arun Agrawal
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Policy Forum] The Genome Project-Write (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The Human Genome Project (“HGP-read”), nominally completed in 2004, aimed to sequence the human genome and to improve the technology, cost, and quality of DNA sequencing (1, 2). It was biology's first genome-scale project and at the time was considered controversial by some. Now, it is recognized as one of the great feats of exploration, one that has revolutionized science and medicine. Authors: Jef D. Boeke, George Church, Andrew Hessel, Nancy J. Kelley, Adam Arkin, Yizhi Cai, Rob Carlson, Aravinda Chakravarti, Virginia W. Cornish, Liam Holt, Farren J. Isaacs, Todd Kuiken, Marc Lajoie, Tracy Lessor, Jeantine Lunshof, Matthew T. Maurano, Leslie A. Mitchell, Jasper Rine, Susan Rosser, Neville E. Sanjana, Pamela A. Silver, David Valle, Harris Wang, Jeffrey C. Way, Luhan Yang
    Keywords: Genome Engineering
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    [Letter] Science stands by 2009 fisheries study (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Marcia McNutt
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    [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations” (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Goldblatt argues that a decrease in pressure broadening of absorption lines in an atmosphere with low oxygen leads to an increase in outgoing longwave radiation and atmospheric cooling. We demonstrate that cloud and water vapor feedbacks in a global climate model compensate for these decreases and lead to atmospheric warming. Authors: Christopher J. Poulsen, Clay Tabor, Joseph White
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    [This Week in Science] Hot single-atom catalysts (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: Catalysis
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    [This Week in Science] Env's transmembrane domain revealed (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Structural Biology
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    [This Week in Science] Sparking greater blood loss (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Wei Wong
    Keywords: Physiology
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    [Book Review] Master manipulators (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In her new book, This Is Your Brain on Parasites, Kathleen McAuliffe examines the unusual and often dramatic ways that parasites and microbial manipulators can influence the behavior of their hosts, raising the question of how much control we have over our own behavior. After reading the book, you may come to the conclusion that it is actually far less than you once thought. Author: Shelley Adamo
    Keywords: Parasitology
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    [This Week in Science] Cartilage claims a permanent home (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Megan Frisk
    Keywords: Bone
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    [This Week in Science] Engineering T cells to treat autoimmunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Immunotherapy
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    [This Week in Science] No turning back? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Climate Change
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    [Letter] Mexico struggles to keep foreign grants (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Authors: Christopher E. Ormsby, Santiago Ávila-Ríos, Gustavo Reyes-Terán
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    [Technical Comment] Comment on “Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations” (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Poulsen et al. (Reports, 12 June 2015, p. 1238) argued that lower atmospheric oxygen levels during the Phanerozoic would have given a warmer climate. However, radiative and atmospheric structure changes under lower pressure both cause cooling, making their result unusual in that a hierarchy of models gives opposing results. Scrutiny of how radiative and cloud processes were represented, and a mechanistic explanation of the results, are required. Author: Colin Goldblatt
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    [This Week in Science] Location, location, S-acylation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Pamela J. Hines
    Keywords: Plant Science
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    [This Week in Science] Dividing asymmetrically to fix muscle (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Regeneration
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    [Editors' Choice] A viral blight on ocean sunshine sugars (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Keywords: Microbiology
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    [Editors' Choice] Even more pain in opioid treatment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: L. Bryan Ray
    Keywords: Neurobiology
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    [Editors' Choice] Silica surfaces send the heat away (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Brent Grocholski
    Keywords: Thermal Management
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    [Editors' Choice] Carboxylating stubborn alkyl chlorides (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
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    [Editors' Choice] Breathing life into the antiviral response (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Antiviral Immunity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Genetics of the great migration (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: LZ
    Keywords: Human Genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    [Editors' Choice] How a particle gets its quantum kicks (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Keywords: Quantum Optics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    [Research Article] Asymmetric division of clonal muscle stem cells coordinates muscle regeneration in vivo (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Skeletal muscle is an example of a tissue that deploys a self-renewing stem cell, the satellite cell, to effect regeneration. Recent in vitro studies have highlighted a role for asymmetric divisions in renewing rare “immortal” stem cells and generating a clonal population of differentiation-competent myoblasts. However, this model currently lacks in vivo validation. We define a zebrafish muscle stem cell population analogous to the mammalian satellite cell and image the entire process of muscle regeneration from injury to fiber replacement in vivo. This analysis reveals complex interactions between satellite cells and both injured and uninjured fibers and provides in vivo evidence for the asymmetric division of satellite cells driving both self-renewal and regeneration via a clonally restricted progenitor pool. Authors: David B. Gurevich, Phong Dang Nguyen, Ashley L. Siegel, Ophelia V. Ehrlich, Carmen Sonntag, Jennifer M. N. Phan, Silke Berger, Dhanushika Ratnayake, Lucy Hersey, Joachim Berger, Heather Verkade, Thomas E. Hall, Peter D. Currie
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    [This Week in Science] Separating one organic from another (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Authors: Phil Szuromi, Marc S. Lavine
    Keywords: Microporous Networks
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    [Report] Pore chemistry and size control in hybrid porous materials for acetylene capture from ethylene (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The trade-off between physical adsorption capacity and selectivity of porous materials is a major barrier for efficient gas separation and purification through physisorption. We report control over pore chemistry and size in metal coordination networks with hexafluorosilicate and organic linkers for the purpose of preferential binding and orderly assembly of acetylene molecules through cooperative host-guest and/or guest-guest interactions. The specific binding sites for acetylene are validated by modeling and neutron powder diffraction studies. The energies associated with these binding interactions afford high adsorption capacity (2.1 millimoles per gram at 0.025 bar) and selectivity (39.7 to 44.8) for acetylene at ambient conditions. Their efficiency for the separation of acetylene/ethylene mixtures is demonstrated by experimental breakthrough curves (0.73 millimoles per gram from a 1/99 mixture). Authors: Xili Cui, Kaijie Chen, Huabin Xing, Qiwei Yang, Rajamani Krishna, Zongbi Bao, Hui Wu, Wei Zhou, Xinglong Dong, Yu Han, Bin Li, Qilong Ren, Michael J. Zaworotko, Banglin Chen
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    [This Week in Science] Swim into the light (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: Robotics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    [Report] A metal-organic framework–based splitter for separating propylene from propane (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The chemical industry is dependent on the olefin/paraffin separation, which is mainly accomplished by using energy-intensive processes. We report the use of reticular chemistry for the fabrication of a chemically stable fluorinated metal-organic framework (MOF) material (NbOFFIVE-1-Ni, also referred to as KAUST-7). The bridging of Ni(II)-pyrazine square-grid layers with (NbOF5)2– pillars afforded the construction of a three-dimensional MOF, enclosing a periodic array of fluoride anions in contracted square-shaped channels. The judiciously selected bulkier (NbOF5)2– caused the looked-for hindrance of the previously free-rotating pyrazine moieties, delimiting the pore system and dictating the pore aperture size and its maximum opening. The restricted MOF window resulted in the selective molecular exclusion of propane from propylene at atmospheric pressure, as evidenced through multiple cyclic mixed-gas adsorption and calorimetric studies. Authors: A. Cadiau, K. Adil, P. M. Bhatt, Y. Belmabkhout, M. Eddaoudi
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    [This Week in Science] Resolving a network of hubs (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Barbara R. Jasny
    Keywords: Network Science
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    [This Week in Science] In situ vaccine production and delivery (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Philip Yeagle
    Keywords: Vaccination
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Going with the flow (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Stella M. Hurtley
    Keywords: Neurophysiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    [This Week in Science] Olefins enlisted to attack ketones (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    [Report] Phototactic guidance of a tissue-engineered soft-robotic ray (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Inspired by the relatively simple morphological blueprint provided by batoid fish such as stingrays and skates, we created a biohybrid system that enables an artificial animal—a tissue-engineered ray—to swim and phototactically follow a light cue. By patterning dissociated rat cardiomyocytes on an elastomeric body enclosing a microfabricated gold skeleton, we replicated fish morphology at 110 scale and captured basic fin deflection patterns of batoid fish. Optogenetics allows for phototactic guidance, steering, and turning maneuvers. Optical stimulation induced sequential muscle activation via serpentine-patterned muscle circuits, leading to coordinated undulatory swimming. The speed and direction of the ray was controlled by modulating light frequency and by independently eliciting right and left fins, allowing the biohybrid machine to maneuver through an obstacle course. Authors: Sung-Jin Park, Mattia Gazzola, Kyung Soo Park, Shirley Park, Valentina Di Santo, Erin L. Blevins, Johan U. Lind, Patrick H. Campbell, Stephanie Dauth, Andrew K. Capulli, Francesco S. Pasqualini, Seungkuk Ahn, Alexander Cho, Hongyan Yuan, Ben M. Maoz, Ragu Vijaykumar, Jeong-Woo Choi, Karl Deisseroth, George V. Lauder, L. Mahadevan, Kevin Kit Parker
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    [Report] Copper-catalyzed asymmetric addition of olefin-derived nucleophiles to ketones (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Enantioenriched alcohols found in an array of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical agents are often synthesized by asymmetric nucleophilic addition to carbonyls. However, this approach generally shows limited functional-group compatibility, requiring the use of preformed organometallic reagents in conjunction with a stoichiometric or substoichiometric amount of chiral controller to deliver optically active alcohols. Herein we report a copper-catalyzed strategy for the stereoselective nucleophilic addition of propargylic and other alkyl groups to ketones, using easily accessible (poly)unsaturated hydrocarbons as latent carbanion equivalents. Our method features the catalytic generation of highly enantioenriched organocopper intermediates and their subsequent diastereoselective addition to ketones, allowing for the effective construction of highly substituted stereochemical dyads with excellent stereocontrol. Moreover, this process is general, scalable, and occurs at ambient temperature. Authors: Yang Yang, Ian B. Perry, Gang Lu, Peng Liu, Stephen L. Buchwald
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    [Report] S-Acylation of the cellulose synthase complex is essential for its plasma membrane localization (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Plant cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by a process that propels the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) through the plane of the plasma membrane. How interactions between membranes and the CSC are regulated is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that all catalytic subunits of the CSC, known as cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, are S-acylated. Analysis of Arabidopsis CESA7 reveals four cysteines in variable region 2 (VR2) and two cysteines at the carboxy terminus (CT) as S-acylation sites. Mutating both the VR2 and CT cysteines permits CSC assembly and trafficking to the Golgi but prevents localization to the plasma membrane. Estimates suggest that a single CSC contains more than 100 S-acyl groups, which greatly increase the hydrophobic nature of the CSC and likely influence its immediate membrane environment. Authors: Manoj Kumar, Raymond Wightman, Ivan Atanassov, Anjali Gupta, Charlotte H. Hurst, Piers A. Hemsley, Simon Turner
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    [Report] Cilia-based flow network in the brain ventricles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Cerebrospinal fluid conveys many physiologically important signaling factors through the ventricular cavities of the brain. We investigated the transport of cerebrospinal fluid in the third ventricle of the mouse brain and discovered a highly organized pattern of cilia modules, which collectively give rise to a network of fluid flows that allows for precise transport within this ventricle. We also discovered a cilia-based switch that reliably and periodically alters the flow pattern so as to create a dynamic subdivision that may control substance distribution in the third ventricle. Complex flow patterns were also present in the third ventricles of rats and pigs. Our work suggests that ciliated epithelia can generate and maintain complex, spatiotemporally regulated flow networks. Authors: Regina Faubel, Christian Westendorf, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Gregor Eichele
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