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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014  (2,123)
  • 2010  (2,123)
  • 1
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    Newsmaker interview: Subra Suresh. A world of changes prepares Subra Suresh to tackle change at NSF (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suresh, Subra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1034-5. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6007.1034.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097912" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Natural and sexual selection in a wild insect population (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-05
    Description: The understanding of natural and sexual selection requires both field and laboratory studies to exploit the advantages and avoid the disadvantages of each approach. However, studies have tended to be polarized among the types of organisms studied, with vertebrates studied in the field and invertebrates in the lab. We used video monitoring combined with DNA profiling of all of the members of a wild population of field crickets across two generations to capture the factors predicting the reproductive success of males and females. The factors that predict a male's success in gaining mates differ from those that predict how many offspring he has. We confirm the fundamental prediction that males vary more in their reproductive success than females, and we find that females as well as males leave more offspring when they mate with more partners.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rodriguez-Munoz, R -- Bretman, A -- Slate, J -- Walling, C A -- Tregenza, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 4;328(5983):1269-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1188102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 EZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Gryllidae/*genetics/*physiology ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Oviposition ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 3
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    Measuring food insecurity (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: Food security is a growing concern worldwide. More than 1 billion people are estimated to lack sufficient dietary energy availability, and at least twice that number suffer micronutrient deficiencies. Because indicators inform action, much current research focuses on improving food insecurity measurement. Yet estimated prevalence rates and patterns remain tenuous because measuring food security, an elusive concept, remains difficult.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barrett, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 12;327(5967):825-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1182768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Applied Economics and Management, Warren Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7801, USA. cbb2@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diet ; Food/*statistics & numerical data ; Food Supply/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Malnutrition/*epidemiology ; Nutritional Status
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    United Kingdom. Will Britain's coalition wield the funding ax? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clery, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 21;328(5981):959. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5981.959.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Financing, Government ; Great Britain ; *Politics ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Engineering. Concentrating on solar electricity and fuels (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roeb, Martin -- Muller-Steinhagen, Hans -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):773-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1191137.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt, Linder Hoehe, Koeln, 51147 Germany. Martin.Roeb@dlr.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Ecology. Structure and dynamics of ecological networks (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bascompte, Jordi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):765-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1194255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Ecology Group, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Americo Vespucio s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain. bascompte@ebd.csic.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Insects/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Pollination ; *Symbiosis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Physics. Test shots show laser-fusion experiment is on target (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clery, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 29;327(5965):514. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5965.514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
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    Carbon accounting a tricky business (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedland, Andrew J -- Gillingham, Kenneth T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):411-2. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5964.411.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093457" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biofuels ; *Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide
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  • 9
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    National Institutes of Health. A government niche for translational medicine and drug development (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1462-3. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6010.1462-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Drug Discovery/economics/organization & administration ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; *Translational Medical Research/economics/organization & administration ; United States
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  • 10
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    Measurement of the instantaneous velocity of a Brownian particle (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: Brownian motion of particles affects many branches of science. We report on the Brownian motion of micrometer-sized beads of glass held in air by an optical tweezer, over a wide range of pressures, and we measured the instantaneous velocity of a Brownian particle. Our results provide direct verification of the energy equipartition theorem for a Brownian particle. For short times, the ballistic regime of Brownian motion was observed, in contrast to the usual diffusive regime. We discuss the applications of these methods toward cooling the center-of-mass motion of a bead in vacuum to the quantum ground motional state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Tongcang -- Kheifets, Simon -- Medellin, David -- Raizen, Mark G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1673-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1189403. Epub 2010 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 11
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    Molecular biology. Hiding in plain sight (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033778/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033778/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosenberg, Miriam I -- Desplan, Claude -- R01 GM064864/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):284-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1192769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*metabolism ; Epidermis/cytology ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Mutation ; Peptides/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 12
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    An emergent change of phase for electronics (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-27
    Description: Correlated electrons in transition metal oxides can form a variety of electronic phases. The phase change between these various states gives rise to novel device functions, including sensing, signal conversion, and nonvolatile memory, and is now at the frontier of research on "emergent research device materials." Those oxide devices may have an advantage over conventional semiconductor devices for added functionality and future downsizing to the nanoscale. The elucidation of the microscopic physics behind their operation is a key step for further development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takagi, Hidenori -- Hwang, Harold Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 26;327(5973):1601-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1182541.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Advanced Materials, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan. h-takagi@riken.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20339063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 13
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    Hydrogen bonding controls the dynamics of catechol adsorbed on a TiO2(110) surface (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: Direct studies of how organic molecules diffuse on metal oxide surfaces can provide insights into catalysis and molecular assembly processes. We studied individual catechol molecules, C6H4(OH)2, on a rutile TiO2(110) surface with scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface hydroxyls enhanced the diffusivity of adsorbed catecholates. The capture and release of a proton caused individual molecules to switch between mobile and immobile states within a measurement period of minutes. Density functional theory calculations showed that the transfer of hydrogen from surface hydroxyls to the molecule and its interaction with surface hydroxyls substantially lowered the activation barrier for rotational motion across the surface. Hydrogen bonding can play an essential role in the initial stages of the dynamics of molecular assembly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Shao-Chun -- Chu, Li-Na -- Gong, Xue-Qing -- Diebold, Ulrike -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):882-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1188328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA. sli1@tulane.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 14
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    Nebulin and N-WASP cooperate to cause IGF-1-induced sarcomeric actin filament formation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induces skeletal muscle maturation and enlargement (hypertrophy). These responses require protein synthesis and myofibril formation (myofibrillogenesis). However, the signaling mechanisms of myofibrillogenesis remain obscure. We found that IGF-1-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling formed a complex of nebulin and N-WASP at the Z bands of myofibrils by interfering with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in mice. Although N-WASP is known to be an activator of the Arp2/3 complex to form branched actin filaments, the nebulin-N-WASP complex caused actin nucleation for unbranched actin filament formation from the Z bands without the Arp2/3 complex. Furthermore, N-WASP was required for IGF-1-induced muscle hypertrophy. These findings present the mechanisms of IGF-1-induced actin filament formation in myofibrillogenesis required for muscle maturation and hypertrophy and a mechanism of actin nucleation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takano, Kazunori -- Watanabe-Takano, Haruko -- Suetsugu, Shiro -- Kurita, Souichi -- Tsujita, Kazuya -- Kimura, Sumiko -- Karatsu, Takashi -- Takenawa, Tadaomi -- Endo, Takeshi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1536-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1197767.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148390" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism ; Actins/*metabolism ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Hypertrophy ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; *Muscle Development ; Muscle Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism/pathology ; Myofibrils/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Sarcomeres/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/chemistry/*metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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  • 15
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    Single-shot readout of a single nuclear spin (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: Projective measurement of single electron and nuclear spins has evolved from a gedanken experiment to a problem relevant for applications in atomic-scale technologies like quantum computing. Although several approaches allow for detection of a spin of single atoms and molecules, multiple repetitions of the experiment that are usually required for achieving a detectable signal obscure the intrinsic quantum nature of the spin's behavior. We demonstrated single-shot, projective measurement of a single nuclear spin in diamond using a quantum nondemolition measurement scheme, which allows real-time observation of an individual nuclear spin's state in a room-temperature solid. Such an ideal measurement is crucial for realization of, for example, quantum error correction protocols in a quantum register.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neumann, Philipp -- Beck, Johannes -- Steiner, Matthias -- Rempp, Florian -- Fedder, Helmut -- Hemmer, Philip R -- Wrachtrup, Jorg -- Jelezko, Fedor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):542-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1189075. Epub 2010 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉3rd Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70550, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 16
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    Microbiology. Feasting on minerals (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Newman, Dianne K -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 12;327(5967):793-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1184229.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. dkn@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acidithiobacillus/growth & development/*metabolism ; Bacteria/growth & development/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cytochromes c/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Energy Metabolism ; Ferric Compounds/*metabolism ; Ferrous Compounds/*metabolism/toxicity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxidation-Reduction
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  • 17
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    Regulating genetic tests: who owns the data? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baskys, Andrius -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 17;330(6011):1626; author reply 1626-7. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6011.1626-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Testing/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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  • 18
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    The best test of Ph.D. student success (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Newquist, Gunnar -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):585-7; author reply 587. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6004.585-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Accelerator physics. The next big beam? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clery, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):142-3. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5962.142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Medical Oncology/*instrumentation ; Nuclear Reactors ; Particle Accelerators/*instrumentation ; Physics ; Protons/therapeutic use ; Thorium
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    Research funding. U.K. physicists cry foul at major budget cuts (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clery, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):22-3. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5961.22-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Bioethics. Oversight but no strict rules for synthetic biology (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 26;330(6008):1166. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6008.1166-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; *Ethics Committees ; *Government Regulation ; Synthetic Biology/*ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    National Institutes of Health. Collins endorses merger of U.S. addiction research programs (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 26;330(6008):1166. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6008.1166-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Budgets ; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.)/economics/*organization ; & administration ; National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; United States
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    Ecology. The Seven Ages of Pan (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clutton-Brock, Tim -- Sheldon, Ben C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 5;327(5970):1207-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1187796.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Male ; *Mammals/physiology ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; *Primates/physiology ; Reproduction ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors
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    PRDM9 is a major determinant of meiotic recombination hotspots in humans and mice (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-02
    Description: Meiotic recombination events cluster into narrow segments of the genome, defined as hotspots. Here, we demonstrate that a major player for hotspot specification is the Prdm9 gene. First, two mouse strains that differ in hotspot usage are polymorphic for the zinc finger DNA binding array of PRDM9. Second, the human consensus PRDM9 allele is predicted to recognize the 13-mer motif enriched at human hotspots; this DNA binding specificity is verified by in vitro studies. Third, allelic variants of PRDM9 zinc fingers are significantly associated with variability in genome-wide hotspot usage among humans. Our results provide a molecular basis for the distribution of meiotic recombination in mammals, in which the binding of PRDM9 to specific DNA sequences targets the initiation of recombination at specific locations in the genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295902/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295902/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baudat, F -- Buard, J -- Grey, C -- Fledel-Alon, A -- Ober, C -- Przeworski, M -- Coop, G -- de Massy, B -- 03S1/PHS HHS/ -- GM83098/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD21244/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HL085197/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083098/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD021244/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL085197/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 12;327(5967):836-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1183439. Epub 2009 Dec 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genetique Humaine, UPR1142, CNRS, Montpellier, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genotype ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Meiosis/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Zinc Fingers/genetics
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    Contribution of semi-arid forests to the climate system (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: Forests both take up CO2 and enhance absorption of solar radiation, with contrasting effects on global temperature. Based on a 9-year study in the forests' dry timberline, we show that substantial carbon sequestration (cooling effect) is maintained in the large dry transition zone (precipitation from 200 to 600 millimeters) by shifts in peak photosynthetic activities from summer to early spring, and this is counteracted by longwave radiation (L) suppression (warming effect), doubling the forestation shortwave (S) albedo effect. Several decades of carbon accumulation are required to balance the twofold S + L effect. Desertification over the past several decades, however, contributed negative forcing at Earth's surface equivalent to approximately 20% of the global anthropogenic CO2 effect over the same period, moderating warming trends.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rotenberg, Eyal -- Yakir, Dan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):451-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1179998.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climatic Processes ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Israel ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Temperature ; *Trees/growth & development/metabolism
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    Visualizing the electron scattering force in nanostructures (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: In nanoscale metal wires, electrical current can cause structural changes through electromigration, in which the momentum of electrons biases atomic motion, but the microscopic details are complex. Using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, we examined the effects of thermally excited defects on the current-biased displacement of monatomic islands of radius 2 to 50 nanometers on single-crystal Ag(111). The islands move opposite to the current direction, with velocity varying inversely with radius. The force is thus in the same direction as electron flow and acts on atomic defect sites at the island edge. The unexpectedly large force on the boundary atoms can be decreased by over a factor of 10 by adding a mildly electron-withdrawing adsorbate, C60, which also modifies the step geometry. The low coordination of the identified scattering sites is the likely origin of the large force.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tao, Chenggang -- Cullen, W G -- Williams, E D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):736-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1186648.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Research Science and Engineering Center and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The fate of Atlantic bluefin tuna (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fromentin, Jean-Marc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 12;327(5971):1325-6. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5971.1325-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20223966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Endangered Species ; *Fisheries ; International Cooperation ; *Tuna
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    Quantifying E. coli proteome and transcriptome with single-molecule sensitivity in single cells (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) copy numbers vary from cell to cell in isogenic bacterial populations. However, these molecules often exist in low copy numbers and are difficult to detect in single cells. We carried out quantitative system-wide analyses of protein and mRNA expression in individual cells with single-molecule sensitivity using a newly constructed yellow fluorescent protein fusion library for Escherichia coli. We found that almost all protein number distributions can be described by the gamma distribution with two fitting parameters which, at low expression levels, have clear physical interpretations as the transcription rate and protein burst size. At high expression levels, the distributions are dominated by extrinsic noise. We found that a single cell's protein and mRNA copy numbers for any given gene are uncorrelated.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922915/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922915/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taniguchi, Yuichi -- Choi, Paul J -- Li, Gene-Wei -- Chen, Huiyi -- Babu, Mohan -- Hearn, Jeremy -- Emili, Andrew -- Xie, X Sunney -- DP1 OD000277/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000277-03/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000277-04/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000277-05/OD/NIH HHS/ -- MOP-77639/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):533-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1188308.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Escherichia coli/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*analysis/metabolism ; *Gene Expression ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Library ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Luminescent Proteins ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteome/*analysis ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*analysis/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Beta2-adrenergic receptor redistribution in heart failure changes cAMP compartmentation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-27
    Description: The beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors (betaARs) on the surface of cardiomyocytes mediate distinct effects on cardiac function and the development of heart failure by regulating production of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The spatial localization in cardiomyocytes of these betaARs, which are coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), and the functional implications of their localization have been unclear. We combined nanoscale live-cell scanning ion conductance and fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy techniques and found that, in cardiomyocytes from healthy adult rats and mice, spatially confined beta2AR-induced cAMP signals are localized exclusively to the deep transverse tubules, whereas functional beta1ARs are distributed across the entire cell surface. In cardiomyocytes derived from a rat model of chronic heart failure, beta2ARs were redistributed from the transverse tubules to the cell crest, which led to diffuse receptor-mediated cAMP signaling. Thus, the redistribution of beta(2)ARs in heart failure changes compartmentation of cAMP and might contribute to the failing myocardial phenotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nikolaev, Viacheslav O -- Moshkov, Alexey -- Lyon, Alexander R -- Miragoli, Michele -- Novak, Pavel -- Paur, Helen -- Lohse, Martin J -- Korchev, Yuri E -- Harding, Sian E -- Gorelik, Julia -- 084064/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/D020875/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0500373/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 26;327(5973):1653-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1185988. Epub 2010 Feb 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Compartmentation ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Chronic Disease ; Cyclic AMP/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Heart Failure/*metabolism/*pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy/methods ; Myocytes, Cardiac/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics/*metabolism ; Sarcolemma/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Signal Transduction
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    Sowing the seeds of soil conservation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Henry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 26;327(5969):1078. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5969.1078-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Soil ; United States
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    Ensuring integrity in science (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cicerone, Ralph J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 5;327(5966):624. doi: 10.1126/science.1187612.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20133539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; Research/*standards ; Science/*standards
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    Research management. Protests by staff, advisers rattle Australian Synchrotron (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkel, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):20-1. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5961.20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    HIV/AIDS. Gender inequities must be addressed in HIV prevention (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jewkes, Rachel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):145-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1193794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa. rjewkes@mrc.ac.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Domestic Violence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Dominance-Subordination ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Incidence ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Prejudice ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sex Factors ; Sex Offenses/statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; South Africa/epidemiology ; *Women's Health ; Women's Rights
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    Molecular biology. Surfing chromosomes (and Survivin) (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Musacchio, Andrea -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):183-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1197261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, I-20139 Milan, Italy. andrea.musacchio@ifom-ieo-campus.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aurora Kinases ; Autoantigens/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Centromere/enzymology/*metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human/metabolism ; Histones/*metabolism ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism ; Kinesin/metabolism ; Kinetochores/metabolism/physiology ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/metabolism
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    Vaccine introduction. The beginning of the end for Africa's devastating meningitis outbreaks? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1466-7. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6010.1466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drug Costs ; Epidemics/*prevention & control ; Humans ; *Mass Vaccination ; Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology/microbiology/*prevention & control ; *Meningococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage/economics/immunology ; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/*immunology ; Vaccines, Conjugate
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    The transition between real and complex superconducting order parameter phases in UPt3 (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: Order parameter symmetry is one of the basic characteristics of a superconductor. The heavy fermion compound UPt3 provides a rich system for studying the competition between superconductivity and other forms of electronic order and exhibits two distinct superconducting phases that are characterized by different symmetries. We fabricated a series of Josephson tunnel junctions on the as-grown surfaces of UPt3 single crystals spanning the a-b plane. By measuring their critical current, we mapped out the magnitude of the superconducting order parameter as a function of the momentum-space direction and temperature. In the high-temperature phase, we observed a sharp node in the superconducting gap at 45 degrees with respect to the a axis; an out-of-phase component appeared in the low-temperature phase, creating a complex order parameter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strand, J D -- Bahr, D J -- Van Harlingen, D J -- Davis, J P -- Gannon, W J -- Halperin, W P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1368-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1187943.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. strand2@illinois.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Immunology. Mouse studies challenge rare immune cell's powers (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 24;329(5999):1595. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5999.1595.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allergens/immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Basophils/*immunology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Helminths/immunology ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Mice ; Th2 Cells/*immunology
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    Profile: Dolores Piperno. In archaeobotanist's hands, tiny fossils yield big answers (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):28-9. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5987.28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; Americas ; Animals ; Archaeology/history ; Botany/history ; Diet ; *Fossils ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae ; Humans ; *Plants, Edible ; Radiometric Dating ; Starch/ultrastructure ; United States ; Zea mays
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    Structural biology. The flu's proton escort (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771513/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771513/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fiorin, Giacomo -- Carnevale, Vincenzo -- DeGrado, William F -- R37 GM054616/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 22;330(6003):456-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1197748.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966238" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*chemistry/physiology ; Ion Channels/*chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protons ; Viral Matrix Proteins/*chemistry ; Xenopus
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    Large angular jump mechanism observed for hydrogen bond exchange in aqueous perchlorate solution (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: The mechanism for hydrogen bond (H-bond) switching in solution has remained subject to debate despite extensive experimental and theoretical studies. We have applied polarization-selective multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy to investigate the H-bond exchange mechanism in aqueous NaClO4 solution. The results show that a water molecule shifts its donated H-bonds between water and perchlorate acceptors by means of large, prompt angular rotation. Using a jump-exchange kinetic model, we extracted an average jump angle of 49 +/- 4 degrees, in qualitative agreement with the jump angle observed in molecular dynamics simulations of the same aqueous NaClO4 solution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ji, Minbiao -- Odelius, Michael -- Gaffney, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 21;328(5981):1003-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1187707.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Applied physics. Why thick can be slick (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muser, Martin H -- Shakhvorostov, Dmitry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):52-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1188086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universitat des Saarlandes, Campus C6 3, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany. martin.mueser@mx.uni-saarland.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    A novel miRNA processing pathway independent of Dicer requires Argonaute2 catalytic activity (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: Dicer is a central enzyme in microRNA (miRNA) processing. We identified a Dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that uses Argonaute2 (Ago2) slicer catalytic activity. In contrast to other miRNAs, miR-451 levels were refractory to dicer loss of function but were reduced in MZago2 (maternal-zygotic) mutants. We found that pre-miR-451 processing requires Ago2 catalytic activity in vivo. MZago2 mutants showed delayed erythropoiesis that could be rescued by wild-type Ago2 or miR-451-duplex but not by catalytically dead Ago2. Changing the secondary structure of Dicer-dependent miRNAs to mimic that of pre-miR-451 restored miRNA function and rescued developmental defects in MZdicer mutants, indicating that the pre-miRNA secondary structure determines the processing pathway in vivo. We propose that Ago2-mediated cleavage of pre-miRNAs, followed by uridylation and trimming, generates functional miRNAs independently of Dicer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093307/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093307/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cifuentes, Daniel -- Xue, Huiling -- Taylor, David W -- Patnode, Heather -- Mishima, Yuichiro -- Cheloufi, Sihem -- Ma, Enbo -- Mane, Shrikant -- Hannon, Gregory J -- Lawson, Nathan D -- Wolfe, Scot A -- Giraldez, Antonio J -- P01 CA013106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA013106-38/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081602/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081602-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081602-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081602-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081602-03S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081602-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM101108/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL093766/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL093766-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01GM081602-03/03S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01HL093766/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1694-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1190809. Epub 2010 May 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; Biocatalysis ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; Erythropoiesis ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Morphogenesis ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA Precursors/metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Ribonuclease III/metabolism ; Zebrafish/embryology/genetics/*metabolism ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Human genetics. Who are the Jews? Genetic studies spark identity debate (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1342. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5984.1342.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genetics, Population ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Jews/*genetics ; Judaism ; Middle East ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Population Groups/*genetics
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    Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-07
    Description: For RNA viruses, rapid viral evolution and the biological similarity of closely related host species have been proposed as key determinants of the occurrence and long-term outcome of cross-species transmission. Using a data set of hundreds of rabies viruses sampled from 23 North American bat species, we present a general framework to quantify per capita rates of cross-species transmission and reconstruct historical patterns of viral establishment in new host species using molecular sequence data. These estimates demonstrate diminishing frequencies of both cross-species transmission and host shifts with increasing phylogenetic distance between bat species. Evolutionary constraints on viral host range indicate that host species barriers may trump the intrinsic mutability of RNA viruses in determining the fate of emerging host-virus interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Streicker, Daniel G -- Turmelle, Amy S -- Vonhof, Maarten J -- Kuzmin, Ivan V -- McCracken, Gary F -- Rupprecht, Charles E -- 0430418/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 6;329(5992):676-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1188836.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rabies Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. dstrike@uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Chiroptera/*classification/genetics/*virology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission/*veterinary/virology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Viral ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monte Carlo Method ; Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Rabies/transmission/*veterinary/virology ; Rabies virus/classification/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Species Specificity
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    Elimination meets reality in Hispaniola (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):850-1. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5980.850.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/parasitology ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Dominican Republic/epidemiology ; Earthquakes ; Haiti/epidemiology ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/parasitology ; Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Organizations, Nonprofit ; Pilot Projects ; Population Surveillance
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    Differential arginylation of actin isoforms is regulated by coding sequence-dependent degradation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: The mammalian cytoskeletal proteins beta- and gamma-actin are highly homologous, but only beta-actin is amino-terminally arginylated in vivo, which regulates its function. We examined the metabolic fate of exogenously expressed arginylated and nonarginylated actin isoforms. Arginylated gamma-actin, unlike beta-, was highly unstable and was selectively ubiquitinated and degraded in vivo. This instability was regulated by the differences in the nucleotide coding sequence between the two actin isoforms, which conferred different translation rates. gamma-actin was translated more slowly than beta-actin, and this slower processing resulted in the exposure of a normally hidden lysine residue for ubiquitination, leading to the preferential degradation of gamma-actin upon arginylation. This degradation mechanism, coupled to nucleotide coding sequence, may regulate protein arginylation in vivo.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941909/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941909/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Fangliang -- Saha, Sougata -- Shabalina, Svetlana A -- Kashina, Anna -- 5R01HL084419/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL084419/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL084419-03/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL084419-03S1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1534-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1191701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arginine/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Codon ; Humans ; Lysine/metabolism ; Mice ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Folding ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Protein Modification, Translational ; Protein Stability ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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    Evolution of language. Animal communication helps reveal roots of language (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 21;328(5981):969-71. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5981.969.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Dominance, Cerebral ; *Gestures ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; *Language ; Language Development ; Sign Language ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Speech ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Melting of peridotite to 140 gigapascals (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: Interrogating physical processes that occur within the lowermost mantle is a key to understanding Earth's evolution and present-day inner composition. Among such processes, partial melting has been proposed to explain mantle regions with ultralow seismic velocities near the core-mantle boundary, but experimental validation at the appropriate temperature and pressure regimes remains challenging. Using laser-heated diamond anvil cells, we constructed the solidus curve of a natural fertile peridotite between 36 and 140 gigapascals. Melting at core-mantle boundary pressures occurs at 4180 +/- 150 kelvin, which is a value that matches estimated mantle geotherms. Molten regions may therefore exist at the base of the present-day mantle. Melting phase relations and element partitioning data also show that these liquids could host many incompatible elements at the base of the mantle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fiquet, G -- Auzende, A L -- Siebert, J -- Corgne, A -- Bureau, H -- Ozawa, H -- Garbarino, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1192448.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Mineralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condenses, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR CNRS 7590, Universite Paris Diderot, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France. guillame.fiquet@impmc.upmc.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Tracking the source of glacier misinformation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cogley, J Graham -- Kargel, Jeffrey S -- Kaser, G -- van der Veen, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 29;327(5965):522. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5965.522-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Ecology. China, India, and the environment (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bawa, Kamaljit S -- Koh, Lian Pin -- Lee, Tien Ming -- Liu, Jianguo -- Ramakrishnan, P S -- Yu, Douglas W -- Zhang, Ya-ping -- Raven, Peter H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 19;327(5972):1457, 1459. doi: 10.1126/science.1185164.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; China ; *Climate Change ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; India ; *International Cooperation ; Politics ; Trees ; Water
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    Climate. A paleoclimatic enigma? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruddiman, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):838-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1188292.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. wfr5c@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Bioethics. U.S. panel weighs guidelines for synthetic biology (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 16;329(5989):264-5. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5989.264-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Advisory Committees ; Bioengineering/*ethics ; *Bioethical Issues ; *Guidelines as Topic ; United States
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    Biochemistry. Assembling the outer membrane (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stroud, David A -- Meisinger, Chris -- Pfanner, Nikolaus -- Wiedemann, Nils -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):831-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1190507.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Trinationales Graduiertenkolleg 1478, Fakultat fur Biologie, and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universitat Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Liposomes ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/chemistry/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Precursors/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Transport
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    Joint Mathematics Meeting, 13-16 January, San Francisco, California. Politics as (un)usual (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cipra, Barry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):942-3. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5968.942-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The structure of iron in Earth's inner core (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: Earth's solid inner core is mainly composed of iron (Fe). Because the relevant ultrahigh pressure and temperature conditions are difficult to produce experimentally, the preferred crystal structure of Fe at the inner core remains uncertain. Static compression experiments showed that the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure of Fe is stable up to 377 gigapascals and 5700 kelvin, corresponding to inner core conditions. The observed weak temperature dependence of the c/a axial ratio suggests that hcp Fe is elastically anisotropic at core temperatures. Preferred orientation of the hcp phase may explain previously observed inner core seismic anisotropy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tateno, Shigehiko -- Hirose, Kei -- Ohishi, Yasuo -- Tatsumi, Yoshiyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):359-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1194662.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan. tateno.s.aa@m.titech.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Archaeology. Virtual archaeologists recreate parts of ancient worlds (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bawaya, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):140-1. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5962.140.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    HIV/AIDS clinical trials. A powerful and perplexing new HIV prevention tool (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1298-9. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6009.1298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127220" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage/*analogs & ; derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Costs ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination ; Female ; HIV/drug effects ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/transmission ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; Organophosphorus Compounds/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Transsexualism
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    The ligase PIAS1 restricts natural regulatory T cell differentiation by epigenetic repression (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are important for maintaining immune tolerance. Understanding the molecular mechanism that regulates T(reg) differentiation will facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies against autoimmune diseases. We report here that the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 restricts the differentiation of natural T(reg) cells by maintaining a repressive chromatin state of the Foxp3 promoter. PIAS1 acts by binding to the Foxp3 promoter to recruit DNA methyltransferases and heterochromatin protein 1 for epigenetic modifications. Pias1 deletion caused promoter demethylation, reduced histone H3 methylation at Lys(9), and enhanced promoter accessibility. Consistently, Pias1(-/-) mice displayed an increased natural T(reg) cell population and were resistant to the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our studies have identified an epigenetic mechanism that negatively regulates the differentiation of natural T(reg) cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043201/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043201/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Bin -- Tahk, Samuel -- Yee, Kathleen M -- Fan, Guoping -- Shuai, Ke -- K01 AR52717-01/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI063286/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI063286-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085797/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085797-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01AI063286/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01GM085797/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 22;330(6003):521-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1193787.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, 11-934 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. bliu@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics ; Histones/metabolism ; Lymphopoiesis/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT/*physiology ; Repressor Proteins/*physiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*cytology/immunology ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*physiology
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    Biochemistry. Membrane protein gymnastics (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tate, Christopher G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1644-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1193065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. cgt@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antiporters/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/*chemistry/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*chemistry/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Lipid Bilayers ; Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thermodynamics
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    Interview: Andrei Fursenko. University research should compete with Russian Academy, science minister argues. Interview by Daniel Clery (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fursenko, Andrei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1038-9. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6007.1038.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Scientific community. Will homebody researchers turn Japan into a scientific backwater? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1475. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6010.1475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Career Choice ; *Education, Graduate ; Humans ; Japan ; *Research Personnel ; *Travel
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    Ultrahigh porosity in metal-organic frameworks (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: Crystalline solids with extended non-interpenetrating three-dimensional crystal structures were synthesized that support well-defined pores with internal diameters of up to 48 angstroms. The Zn4O(CO2)6 unit was joined with either one or two kinds of organic link, 4,4',4''-[benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl)]tribenzoate (BTE), 4,4',44''-[benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1-diyl)]tribenzoate (BBC), 4,4',44''-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoate (BTB)/2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (NDC), and BTE/biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (BPDC), to give four metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF-180, -200, -205, and -210, respectively. Members of this series of MOFs show exceptional porosities and gas (hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide) uptake capacities. For example, MOF-210 has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Langmuir surface areas of 6240 and 10,400 square meters per gram, respectively, and a total carbon dioxide storage capacity of 2870 milligrams per gram. The volume-specific internal surface area of MOF-210 (2060 square meters per cubic centimeter) is equivalent to the outer surface of nanoparticles (3-nanometer cubes) and near the ultimate adsorption limit for solid materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Furukawa, Hiroyasu -- Ko, Nakeun -- Go, Yong Bok -- Aratani, Naoki -- Choi, Sang Beom -- Choi, Eunwoo -- Yazaydin, A Ozgur -- Snurr, Randall Q -- O'Keeffe, Michael -- Kim, Jaheon -- Yaghi, Omar M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):424-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1192160. Epub 2010 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Reticular Chemistry at the California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry ; Crystallization ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Metals/*chemistry ; Methane/chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; *Nanostructures ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Organic Chemicals/*chemistry ; Particle Size ; Porosity ; Surface Properties ; Zinc/*chemistry
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    Food security: green revolution drawbacks (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rull, Valenti -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):169. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5975.169-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Environment ; *Food ; *Food Supply ; Population Growth
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    Teacher quality moderates the genetic effects on early reading (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-24
    Description: Children's reading achievement is influenced by genetics as well as by family and school environments. The importance of teacher quality as a specific school environmental influence on reading achievement is unknown. We studied first- and second-grade students in Florida from schools representing diverse environments. Comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, differentiating genetic similarities of 100% and 50%, provided an estimate of genetic variance in reading achievement. Teacher quality was measured by how much reading gain the non-twin classmates achieved. The magnitude of genetic variance associated with twins' oral reading fluency increased as the quality of their teacher increased. In circumstances where the teachers are all excellent, the variability in student reading achievement may appear to be largely due to genetics. However, poor teaching impedes the ability of children to reach their potential.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2905841/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2905841/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, J -- Roehrig, A D -- Soden Hensler, B -- Connor, C M -- Schatschneider, C -- P50 HD052120/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD052120-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD052120-020003/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD052120-030003/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD052120-040003/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 23;328(5977):512-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1186149.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA. taylor@psy.fsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Child ; *Educational Measurement ; *Educational Status ; Faculty/*standards ; Female ; Florida ; *Genes ; Humans ; Male ; *Reading ; Teaching/*standards ; Twins, Dizygotic ; Twins, Monozygotic
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    Convention on Biological Diversity. U.N. biodiversity summit yields welcome and unexpected progress (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):742-3. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6005.742.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Congresses as Topic ; Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Intellectual Property ; *International Cooperation ; Policy ; Population Groups ; *United Nations
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    The dirt on ocean garbage patches (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1506. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5985.1506.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Ecosystem ; Pacific Ocean ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter ; *Plastics/toxicity ; *Seawater ; Water Movements ; *Water Pollution ; Zooplankton
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    Cell biology. The case for RNA (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Chang C -- Arkin, Adam P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 26;330(6008):1185-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1199495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ccliu@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Apoptosis ; Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Artificial Gene Fusion ; Biotechnology ; Ganciclovir/pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Introns ; NF-kappa B/genetics/metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; beta Catenin/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Species interactions in a parasite community drive infection risk in a wildlife population (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Most hosts, including humans, are simultaneously or sequentially infected with several parasites. A key question is whether patterns of coinfection arise because infection by one parasite species affects susceptibility to others or because of inherent differences between hosts. We used time-series data from individual hosts in natural populations to analyze patterns of infection risk for a microparasite community, detecting large positive and negative effects of other infections. Patterns remain once variations in host susceptibility and exposure are accounted for. Indeed, effects are typically of greater magnitude, and explain more variation in infection risk, than the effects associated with host and environmental factors more commonly considered in disease studies. We highlight the danger of mistaken inference when considering parasite species in isolation rather than parasite communities.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033556/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033556/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Telfer, Sandra -- Lambin, Xavier -- Birtles, Richard -- Beldomenico, Pablo -- Burthe, Sarah -- Paterson, Steve -- Begon, Mike -- 070675/Z/03/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 075202/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 075202/Z/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 081705/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):243-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1190333.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. s.telfer@abdn.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaplasma phagocytophilum/physiology ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; *Arvicolinae/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Babesia microti ; Babesiosis/complications/immunology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Bartonella/physiology ; Bartonella Infections/complications/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Cowpox/complications/immunology/*veterinary/virology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Ehrlichiosis/complications/immunology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Male ; *Microbial Interactions ; Risk Factors ; *Rodent Diseases/microbiology/parasitology/virology ; Seasons
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biomedical research. Dream team plans a blitz on schizophrenia (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):130. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5988.130.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; Baltimore ; *Biomedical Research ; *Brain/growth & development/physiology ; Budgets ; Financial Support ; Fund Raising ; Humans ; *Mental Disorders ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Personnel ; *Schizophrenia/drug therapy ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Probing the ultimate limit of fiber-optic strain sensing (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-30
    Description: The measurement of relative displacements and deformations is important in many fields such as structural engineering, aerospace, geophysics, and nanotechnology. Optical-fiber sensors have become key tools for strain measurements, with sensitivity limits ranging between 10(-9) and 10(-6)epsilon hertz (Hz)(-1/2) (where epsilon is the fractional length change). We report on strain measurements at the 10(-13)epsilon-Hz(-1/2) level using a fiber Bragg-grating resonator with a diode-laser source that is stabilized against a quartz-disciplined optical frequency comb, thus approaching detection limits set by thermodynamic phase fluctuations in the fiber. This scheme may provide a route to a new generation of strain sensors that is entirely based on fiber-optic systems, which are aimed at measuring fundamental physical quantities; for example, in gyroscopes, accelerometers, and gravity experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gagliardi, G -- Salza, M -- Avino, S -- Ferraro, P -- De Natale, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1081-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1195818. Epub 2010 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO) and European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Comprensorio A. Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy. gianluca.gagliardi@ino.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    National Institutes of Health. Lowering the boom on financial conflicts (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1091. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5982.1091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conflict of Interest ; *Disclosure ; Financing, Government ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Income ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Personnel/*economics/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Translocation of single-stranded DNA through single-walled carbon nanotubes (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-02
    Description: We report the fabrication of devices in which one single-walled carbon nanotube spans a barrier between two fluid reservoirs, enabling direct electrical measurement of ion transport through the tube. A fraction of the tubes pass anomalously high ionic currents. Electrophoretic transport of small single-stranded DNA oligomers through these tubes is marked by large transient increases in ion current and was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Each current pulse contains about 10(7) charges, an enormous amplification of the translocated charge. Carbon nanotubes simplify the construction of nanopores, permit new types of electrical measurements, and may open avenues for control of DNA translocation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801077/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801077/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Haitao -- He, Jin -- Tang, Jinyao -- Liu, Hao -- Pang, Pei -- Cao, Di -- Krstic, Predrag -- Joseph, Sony -- Lindsay, Stuart -- Nuckolls, Colin -- R21 HG004770/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R21 HG004770-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 1;327(5961):64-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1181799.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044570" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *DNA, Single-Stranded ; Electric Conductivity ; Electrochemistry ; Ion Transport ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Nanotubes, Carbon ; *Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction
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    Immunology. Painful failure of promising genital herpes vaccine (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):304. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6002.304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Industry ; Female ; Herpes Genitalis/immunology/*prevention & control ; Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines/*immunology ; Herpesvirus 2, Human/*immunology ; Humans ; Patient Selection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Animal science. Rinderpest, deadly for cattle, joins smallpox as a vanquished disease (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 22;330(6003):435. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6003.435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; *Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology ; *Rinderpest/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology ; Smallpox
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    Honing the geoengineering strategy (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Bayden D -- Connell, Sean D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):144-5. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5962.144-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Graduate education: the future is now (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russel, William B -- Ortega, Suzanne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 30;329(5991):511. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5991.511-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; Federal Government ; Financing, Government ; *Training Support ; United States
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    Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971456/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971456/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baxter, Laura -- Tripathy, Sucheta -- Ishaque, Naveed -- Boot, Nico -- Cabral, Adriana -- Kemen, Eric -- Thines, Marco -- Ah-Fong, Audrey -- Anderson, Ryan -- Badejoko, Wole -- Bittner-Eddy, Peter -- Boore, Jeffrey L -- Chibucos, Marcus C -- Coates, Mary -- Dehal, Paramvir -- Delehaunty, Kim -- Dong, Suomeng -- Downton, Polly -- Dumas, Bernard -- Fabro, Georgina -- Fronick, Catrina -- Fuerstenberg, Susan I -- Fulton, Lucinda -- Gaulin, Elodie -- Govers, Francine -- Hughes, Linda -- Humphray, Sean -- Jiang, Rays H Y -- Judelson, Howard -- Kamoun, Sophien -- Kyung, Kim -- Meijer, Harold -- Minx, Patrick -- Morris, Paul -- Nelson, Joanne -- Phuntumart, Vipa -- Qutob, Dinah -- Rehmany, Anne -- Rougon-Cardoso, Alejandra -- Ryden, Peter -- Torto-Alalibo, Trudy -- Studholme, David -- Wang, Yuanchao -- Win, Joe -- Wood, Jo -- Clifton, Sandra W -- Rogers, Jane -- Van den Ackerveken, Guido -- Jones, Jonathan D G -- McDowell, John M -- Beynon, Jim -- Tyler, Brett M -- 079643/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/C509123/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E007120/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E024815/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E024882/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/F0161901/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G015244/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- EP/F500025/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- T12144/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1549-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1195203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*parasitology ; Enzymes/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Dosage ; Genes ; *Genome ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oomycetes/*genetics/*growth & development/pathogenicity/physiology ; Phytophthora/genetics ; Plant Diseases/*parasitology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spores/physiology ; Synteny ; Virulence Factors/genetics
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    Geophysics. Fine-scale modeling of global plate tectonics (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Becker, Thorsten -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1020-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1194858.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA. thorstinski@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Arsenic trioxide controls the fate of the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein by directly binding PML (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-10
    Description: Arsenic, an ancient drug used in traditional Chinese medicine, has attracted worldwide interest because it shows substantial anticancer activity in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) exerts its therapeutic effect by promoting degradation of an oncogenic protein that drives the growth of APL cells, PML-RARalpha (a fusion protein containing sequences from the PML zinc finger protein and retinoic acid receptor alpha). PML and PML-RARalpha degradation is triggered by their SUMOylation, but the mechanism by which As2O3 induces this posttranslational modification is unclear. Here we show that arsenic binds directly to cysteine residues in zinc fingers located within the RBCC domain of PML-RARalpha and PML. Arsenic binding induces PML oligomerization, which increases its interaction with the small ubiquitin-like protein modifier (SUMO)-conjugating enzyme UBC9, resulting in enhanced SUMOylation and degradation. The identification of PML as a direct target of As2O3 provides new insights into the drug's mechanism of action and its specificity for APL.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xiao-Wei -- Yan, Xiao-Jing -- Zhou, Zi-Ren -- Yang, Fei-Fei -- Wu, Zi-Yu -- Sun, Hong-Bin -- Liang, Wen-Xue -- Song, Ai-Xin -- Lallemand-Breitenbach, Valerie -- Jeanne, Marion -- Zhang, Qun-Ye -- Yang, Huai-Yu -- Huang, Qiu-Hua -- Zhou, Guang-Biao -- Tong, Jian-Hua -- Zhang, Yan -- Wu, Ji-Hui -- Hu, Hong-Yu -- de The, Hugues -- Chen, Sai-Juan -- Chen, Zhu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):240-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1183424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arsenic/*metabolism ; Arsenicals/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy/genetics ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Oxazines/metabolism ; Oxides/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination ; Zinc Fingers
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    Caspase-dependent conversion of Dicer ribonuclease into a death-promoting deoxyribonuclease (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-13
    Description: Chromosome fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis, conserved in diverse organisms. In mammals, caspases activate apoptotic chromosome fragmentation by cleaving and inactivating an apoptotic nuclease inhibitor. We report that inactivation of the Caenorhabditis elegans dcr-1 gene, which encodes the Dicer ribonuclease important for processing of small RNAs, compromises apoptosis and blocks apoptotic chromosome fragmentation. DCR-1 was cleaved by the CED-3 caspase to generate a C-terminal fragment with deoxyribonuclease activity, which produced 3' hydroxyl DNA breaks on chromosomes and promoted apoptosis. Thus, caspase-mediated activation of apoptotic DNA degradation is conserved. DCR-1 functions in fragmenting chromosomal DNA during apoptosis, in addition to processing of small RNAs, and undergoes a protease-mediated conversion from a ribonuclease to a deoxyribonuclease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313557/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313557/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakagawa, Akihisa -- Shi, Yong -- Kage-Nakadai, Eriko -- Mitani, Shohei -- Xue, Ding -- R01 GM059083/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079097/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM59083/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM79097/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):327-34. doi: 10.1126/science.1182374. Epub 2010 Mar 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20223951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Apoptosis ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*enzymology/genetics/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspases/genetics/*metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; *DNA Fragmentation ; DNA, Helminth/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonucleases/*metabolism ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Helminth/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Ribonuclease III/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009 (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) quantifies the amount of atmospheric carbon fixed by plants and accumulated as biomass. Previous studies have shown that climate constraints were relaxing with increasing temperature and solar radiation, allowing an upward trend in NPP from 1982 through 1999. The past decade (2000 to 2009) has been the warmest since instrumental measurements began, which could imply continued increases in NPP; however, our estimates suggest a reduction in the global NPP of 0.55 petagrams of carbon. Large-scale droughts have reduced regional NPP, and a drying trend in the Southern Hemisphere has decreased NPP in that area, counteracting the increased NPP over the Northern Hemisphere. A continued decline in NPP would not only weaken the terrestrial carbon sink, but it would also intensify future competition between food demand and proposed biofuel production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Maosheng -- Running, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 20;329(5994):940-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1192666.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. zhao@ntsg.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Plants/*metabolism
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    Paleontology. And then there were none? (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Richard G -- Brook, Barry W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):420-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1185517.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. rgrob@uow.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093463" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Carnivora ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Fossils ; Lizards ; Marsupialia ; New South Wales ; Time
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    The control of the metabolic switch in cancers by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-04
    Description: Cells from some tumors use an altered metabolic pattern compared with that of normal differentiated adult cells in the body. Tumor cells take up much more glucose and mainly process it through aerobic glycolysis, producing large quantities of secreted lactate with a lower use of oxidative phosphorylation that would generate more adenosine triphosphate (ATP), water, and carbon dioxide. This is the Warburg effect, which provides substrates for cell growth and division and free energy (ATP) from enhanced glucose use. This metabolic switch places the emphasis on producing intermediates for cell growth and division, and it is regulated by both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in a number of key cancer-producing pathways. Blocking these metabolic pathways or restoring these altered pathways could lead to a new approach in cancer treatments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, Arnold J -- Puzio-Kuter, Anna M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1340-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1193494.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. alevine@ias.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Citric Acid Cycle ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glutamine/metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; NADP/metabolism ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/*genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; *Oncogenes ; Pentose Phosphate Pathway ; Signal Transduction
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    Muscle dysfunction caused by a KATP channel mutation in neonatal diabetes is neuronal in origin (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: Gain-of-function mutations in Kir6.2 (KCNJ11), the pore-forming subunit of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, cause neonatal diabetes. Many patients also suffer from hypotonia (weak and flaccid muscles) and balance problems. The diabetes arises from suppressed insulin secretion by overactive KATP channels in pancreatic beta-cells, but the source of the motor phenotype is unknown. By using mice carrying a human Kir6.2 mutation (Val59--〉Met59) targeted to either muscle or nerve, we show that analogous motor impairments originate in the central nervous system rather than in muscle or peripheral nerves. We also identify locomotor hyperactivity as a feature of KATP channel overactivity. These findings suggest that drugs targeted against neuronal, rather than muscle, KATP channels are needed to treat the motor deficits and that such drugs require high blood-brain barrier permeability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Rebecca H -- McTaggart, James S -- Webster, Richard -- Mannikko, Roope -- Iberl, Michaela -- Sim, Xiu Li -- Rorsman, Patrik -- Glitsch, Maike -- Beeson, David -- Ashcroft, Frances M -- 084655/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0701521/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):458-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1186146. Epub 2010 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595581" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Ataxia/physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus/*genetics/metabolism/physiopathology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Activity ; Muscle Hypotonia/*genetics/metabolism/physiopathology ; Muscle Strength ; Muscles/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Postural Balance ; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/*genetics/*metabolism ; Purkinje Cells/physiology ; Receptors, Drug/metabolism ; Sulfonylurea Receptors ; Syndrome
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    Extending healthy life span--from yeast to humans (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-17
    Description: When the food intake of organisms such as yeast and rodents is reduced (dietary restriction), they live longer than organisms fed a normal diet. A similar effect is seen when the activity of nutrient-sensing pathways is reduced by mutations or chemical inhibitors. In rodents, both dietary restriction and decreased nutrient-sensing pathway activity can lower the incidence of age-related loss of function and disease, including tumors and neurodegeneration. Dietary restriction also increases life span and protects against diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in rhesus monkeys, and in humans it causes changes that protect against these age-related pathologies. Tumors and diabetes are also uncommon in humans with mutations in the growth hormone receptor, and natural genetic variants in nutrient-sensing pathways are associated with increased human life span. Dietary restriction and reduced activity of nutrient-sensing pathways may thus slow aging by similar mechanisms, which have been conserved during evolution. We discuss these findings and their potential application to prevention of age-related disease and promotion of healthy aging in humans, and the challenge of possible negative side effects.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607354/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607354/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fontana, Luigi -- Partridge, Linda -- Longo, Valter D -- AG025135/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG20642/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- GM075308/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DK056341/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG020642/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024992/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):321-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1172539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. lfontana@dom.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/physiology ; *Caloric Restriction ; Drosophila/genetics/physiology ; Eating ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Mice ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/physiology ; *Signal Transduction
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    Responsible researchers required (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levinger, Nancy E -- Fisher, Ellen R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):957-8. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5968.957-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*standards ; *Education, Graduate ; Research/*standards ; Research Personnel/*education
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    Tuberculosis: what we don't know can, and does, hurt us (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a penetrance of its host population that would be the envy of most human pathogens. About one-third of the human population would have a positive skin test for the infection and is thus thought to harbor the bacterium. Globally, 22 "high-burden" countries account for more than 80% of the active tuberculosis cases in the world, which shows the inequitable distribution of the disease. There is no effective vaccine against infection, and current drug therapies are fraught with problems, predominantly because of the protracted nature of the treatment and the increasing occurrence of drug resistance. Here we focus on the biology of the host-pathogen interaction and discuss new and evolving strategies for intervention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872107/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872107/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, David G -- Barry, Clifton E 3rd -- Flynn, JoAnne L -- AI057086/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI067027/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI080651/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI50732/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL055936/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL075845/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL092883/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL100928/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL71241/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI037859/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050732/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050732-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057086/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057086-06A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI067027/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI067027-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080651/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080651-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL055936/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL055936-14/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL075845/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL075845-05/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL100928/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL100928-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R33 HL092883/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R33 HL092883-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):852-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1184784.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. dgr8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage/immunology ; Biomarkers ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Discovery ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Mice ; *Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development/immunology/metabolism ; Public Health Practice ; *Tuberculosis/drug therapy/immunology/microbiology/prevention & control ; Vaccination
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    HIV/AIDS. At last, vaginal gel scores victory against HIV (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):374-5. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5990.374. Epub 2010 Jul 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission ; *HIV-1/drug effects ; Humans ; Medication Adherence ; Organophosphonates/*administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; South Africa ; Tenofovir ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Young Adult
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    The hazy details of early Earth's atmosphere (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Michael John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):754; author reply 754-6. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6005.754-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Covering a broad dynamic range: information processing at the erythropoietin receptor (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-22
    Description: Cell surface receptors convert extracellular cues into receptor activation, thereby triggering intracellular signaling networks and controlling cellular decisions. A major unresolved issue is the identification of receptor properties that critically determine processing of ligand-encoded information. We show by mathematical modeling of quantitative data and experimental validation that rapid ligand depletion and replenishment of the cell surface receptor are characteristic features of the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor (EpoR). The amount of Epo-EpoR complexes and EpoR activation integrated over time corresponds linearly to ligand input; this process is carried out over a broad range of ligand concentrations. This relation depends solely on EpoR turnover independent of ligand binding, which suggests an essential role of large intracellular receptor pools. These receptor properties enable the system to cope with basal and acute demand in the hematopoietic system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Becker, Verena -- Schilling, Marcel -- Bachmann, Julie -- Baumann, Ute -- Raue, Andreas -- Maiwald, Thomas -- Timmer, Jens -- Klingmuller, Ursula -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 11;328(5984):1404-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1184913. Epub 2010 May 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Computer Simulation ; Endocytosis ; Epoetin Alfa ; Erythropoietin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Erythropoietin/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; Signal Transduction
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    Cassini finds an oxygen-carbon dioxide atmosphere at Saturn's icy moon Rhea (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-27
    Description: The flyby measurements of the Cassini spacecraft at Saturn's moon Rhea reveal a tenuous oxygen (O(2))-carbon dioxide (CO(2)) atmosphere. The atmosphere appears to be sustained by chemical decomposition of the surface water ice under irradiation from Saturn's magnetospheric plasma. This in situ detection of an oxidizing atmosphere is consistent with remote observations of other icy bodies, such as Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede, and suggestive of a reservoir of radiolytic O(2) locked within Rhea's ice. The presence of CO(2) suggests radiolysis reactions between surface oxidants and organics or sputtering and/or outgassing of CO(2) endogenic to Rhea's ice. Observations of outflowing positive and negative ions give evidence for pickup ionization as a major atmospheric loss mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teolis, B D -- Jones, G H -- Miles, P F -- Tokar, R L -- Magee, B A -- Waite, J H -- Roussos, E -- Young, D T -- Crary, F J -- Coates, A J -- Johnson, R E -- Tseng, W-L -- Baragiola, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1813-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1198366. Epub 2010 Nov 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, Space Science and Engineering Division, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA. ben.teolis@swri.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; Mass Spectrometry ; *Oxygen ; Photochemical Processes ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft
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    Cultivating young academies (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉ter Meulen, Volker -- Stock, Gunter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1455. doi: 10.1126/science.1200095.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Cellodextrin transport in yeast for improved biofuel production (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: Fungal degradation of plant biomass may provide insights for improving cellulosic biofuel production. We show that the model cellulolytic fungus Neurospora crassa relies on a high-affinity cellodextrin transport system for rapid growth on cellulose. Reconstitution of the N. crassa cellodextrin transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes efficient growth of this yeast on cellodextrins. In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation experiments, the engineered yeast strains more rapidly convert cellulose to ethanol when compared with yeast lacking this system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galazka, Jonathan M -- Tian, Chaoguang -- Beeson, William T -- Martinez, Bruno -- Glass, N Louise -- Cate, Jamie H D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 1;330(6000):84-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1192838. Epub 2010 Sep 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biofuels ; Biological Transport ; Biomass ; Cellobiose/metabolism ; Cellulase/metabolism ; Cellulose/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Dextrins/*metabolism ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; Kinetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurospora crassa/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; beta-Glucosidase/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HIV/AIDS investigators few and far between (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):173. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5988.173.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines ; *Academies and Institutes/organization & administration ; *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; *Biomedical Research ; HIV/genetics ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Research Personnel ; Russia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Environment. China's road to sustainability (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Jianguo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):50. doi: 10.1126/science.1186234.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. jliu@panda.msu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Environment ; Environmental Pollution/prevention & control ; Humans ; Population Density ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biomedical research. Peering over a cliff at the poststimulus world (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):676. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5979.676.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ; Biomedical Research/*economics ; Budgets ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Life in science. Up a creek in Indonesia (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beehler, Bruce M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 20;329(5994):901. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5994.901-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Biodiversity ; Indonesia ; Wit and Humor as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: Transport networks are ubiquitous in both social and biological systems. Robust network performance involves a complex trade-off involving cost, transport efficiency, and fault tolerance. Biological networks have been honed by many cycles of evolutionary selection pressure and are likely to yield reasonable solutions to such combinatorial optimization problems. Furthermore, they develop without centralized control and may represent a readily scalable solution for growing networks in general. We show that the slime mold Physarum polycephalum forms networks with comparable efficiency, fault tolerance, and cost to those of real-world infrastructure networks--in this case, the Tokyo rail system. The core mechanisms needed for adaptive network formation can be captured in a biologically inspired mathematical model that may be useful to guide network construction in other domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tero, Atsushi -- Takagi, Seiji -- Saigusa, Tetsu -- Ito, Kentaro -- Bebber, Dan P -- Fricker, Mark D -- Yumiki, Kenji -- Kobayashi, Ryo -- Nakagaki, Toshiyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):439-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1177894.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; *Computer Simulation ; Food ; *Models, Biological ; Physarum polycephalum/*cytology/growth & development/*physiology ; *Railroads ; Systems Biology ; Tokyo
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Cytoplasmic partitioning of P granule components is not required to specify the germline in C. elegans (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-04
    Description: Asymmetric segregation of P granules during the first four divisions of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is a classic example of cytoplasmic partitioning of germline determinants. It is thought that asymmetric partitioning of P granule components during mitosis is essential to distinguish germline from soma. We have identified a mutant (pptr-1) in which P granules become unstable during mitosis and P granule proteins and RNAs are distributed equally to somatic and germline blastomeres. Despite symmetric partitioning of P granule components, pptr-1 mutants segregate a germline that uniquely expresses P granules during postembryonic development. pptr-1 mutants are fertile, except at high temperatures. Hence, asymmetric partitioning of maternal P granules is not essential to specify germ cell fate. Instead, it may serve to protect the nascent germline from stress.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3072820/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3072820/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Christopher M -- Wang, Jennifer T -- Motegi, Fumio -- Seydoux, Geraldine -- GM080042/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD007276/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD037047/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD037047/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD037047-12/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 17;330(6011):1685-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1193697. Epub 2010 Dec 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, PCTB 706, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastomeres/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/physiology ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; Cytoplasmic Granules/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Germ Cells/*physiology ; Interphase ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; RNA, Helminth/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Zygote/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    India's courteous creativity (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Narasimhan, T N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1466-7. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5998.1466-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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