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  • 1
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: The Massachusetts Bays Program made bottom pressure and water velocity observations in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays during 1990 and 1991. In the Bays, the sea surface elevation appeared to rise and fall in phase with equal amplitudes at each diurnal or semidiurnal tidal frequency. There is some amplification in Boston and Provincetown harbors. The semidiurnal tides (particularly the M2 constituent) dominate. Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays are part of the Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy system which is resonant near the semidiurnal frequency. This resonance amplifies the importance of the semidiurnal tides so that diurnal and higher harmonic tides become negligible. The sea level tides force currents which move with the same frequencies, but whose amplitudes are affected by the bathymetry. The strongest currents exist in the channel between Race Point and Stellwagen Bank where tidal currents exceed 1 knot. Analysis of current records for their tidal signal is complicated by internal tides which contaminate the records. These internal waves at tidal frequency exist on the stratification in the water column, and disappear during winter well-mixed times. At other times they must be considered as a signifcant source of energy for mixing and resuspension of sediments.
    Schlagwort(e): Tides ; Currents ; Internal waves
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Format: 3845643 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: A workshop entitled "Internal Solitary Waves in the Ocean: Their Physics and Implications for Acoustics, Biology, and Geology" was held during October, 1998 in Sydney, British Columbia, Canada. It was jointly organized by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (MA, USA), the Institute of Ocean Sciences, (Sydney, BC, Canada), and the U. S. Office of Naval Research. More than 60 scientists from seven countries attended. Participants contributed papers prior to the meeting which were published on the internet at the Woods Hole web site. Those papers are reproduced here.
    Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nos. N00014-95-1-0633 and N00014-99-1-0126.
    Schlagwort(e): Solitary waves ; Internal waves ; Wave workshop
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Format: 14709571 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: The summer of 2004 saw the GFD program tackle “Tides”. Myrl Hendershott (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) gave a fabulous introduction to the subject in the first week of the course, laying the foundations from astronomy and classical geophysical fluid dynamics. In the second week, Chris Garrett (University of Victoria) admirably followed up with recent developments on the subject, including the recent observations from satellite altimetry, their implications to mixing and circulation, and even a memorable lecture on the noble theme of how we might solve the world's energy crisis. The principal lectures proved unusually popular this summer, and the seminar room at Walsh often overflowed in the first two weeks. Following on from the lectures, the seminar schedule of the summer covered in greater detail the oceanographic issues with which researchers are actively grappling. We also heard about related problems regarding atmospheric, planetary and stellar tides, together with the usual mix of topics on GFD in general. The summer once again featured a lecture for the general public in the Woods Hole area. Carl Wunsch delivered a very well received lecture entitled “Climate Change Stories”, in which he gave an impression of how scientists generally believe our climate is currently changing, whilst simultaneously urging caution against some of the more outrageous and exaggerated claims. The lecture was held at Lilly Auditorium, thanks to the hospitality of the Marine Biology Laboratory. The reception following the lecture was enjoyed by all. Neil Balmforth and Stefan Llewellyn Smith acted as Co-Directors for the summer. Janet Fields, Jeanne Fleming and Penny Foster provided the administrative backbone to the Program, both during the summer and throughout the year beforehand. As always, we were grateful to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the use of Walsh Cottage, and Keith Bradley's solid service could not be overlooked. Shilpa Ghadge and Shreyas Mandre are to be thanked for their part in comforting the fellows, developing the summer's proceedings volume (available on the GFD web site) and for running the computer network.
    Beschreibung: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-04-1-0157 and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0325296.
    Schlagwort(e): Tides ; Internal waves ; Ocean tides
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Format: 14646887 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Also published as: Reviews of geophysics and space physics (1979) 17: 1524-1548
    Beschreibung: Progress in measuring, interpreting, and understanding oceanic internal gravity waves and fine and microstructure is reviewed; we emphasize the quadrennium 1975-1978. The context is how these subjects contribute to oceanic mixing. The overlap between the areas is examined, as is the relevance of the subjects to other aspects of Present trends and suggestions for future work are included, and we offer some speculation on possible progress during the next quadrennium, which may be substantial especially for finestructure understanding.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-004 and N00014-75-C-0502 (to the University of Washington) and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-25803.
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves ; Fine-structure constant ; Microstructure
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980): 135~145
    Beschreibung: The effects of critical level absorption of oceanic internal waves by a mean flow are estimated using the Garrett and Munk (1975) model spectrum. The horizontal currents of the wave field are found to be more intense perpendicular to the mean flow than parallel to it. The cause of this anisotropy is preferential absorption of waves travelling with the mean flow. However, the current anisotropy is only half as large as would be necessary to explain Frankignoul's (1974) observations. The wave momentum flux lost to critical level absorption is found to be nearly proportional to the mean velocity. When the momentum flux is deposited throughout a 400 m thick shear zone, typical of the main thermocline in the North-west Atlantic, the observed stress-shear relationship would correspond to a wave-induced eddy viscosity of -200 cm2 s-1. The effect of the absorbed momentum on the mean flow is to cause a slow (5 m/day) downward phase propagation and slow broadening of the shear profile.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083~400.
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Derived from the equations of motion, the bispectrum of power indicates the rate of energy transfer among components of the internal wave field . This, or any other bispectrum, can be evaluated from weak resonant interaction theory given the wave spectrum. Using the Garrett and Munk model of the deep open ocean internal wave spectrum, the bispectrum of power and the closely related auto-bispectrum of vertical displacements are evaluated numerically with the intention of providing an observational test of the weak interaction theory and its predictions. The resulting levels of the bispectra for typical deep ocean internal waves are generally too low to be observed with any statistical confidence in an experiment of reasonable length and cost.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE76-23532 and in part by Grants OCE77-25803 and OCE76-14739.
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves ; Energy transfer
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979): 769-776.
    Beschreibung: The relation between internal wave variability and larger and smaller scales of motion is investigated, using the IWEX data set. To investigate the role of internal waves in the vertical diffusion of large scale momentum, the time variability of the vertical flux of horizontal internal wave momentum (estimated from temperature and current data) is compared to that of the mean vertical shear. It is found that internal waves cannot cause a vertical viscosity as large as proposed by Müller (1976), but that the data are too noisy to detect a possible wave‐induced viscosity in absolute value of the order of 10−2 m2 s−1 or less. Similarities in the time behavior of the total internal wave energy and that of the square mean vertical shear suggest that some kind of dynamical coupling exists between internal waves and larger scale flows. There is some evidence that the level of temperature finestructure activity also varies in a related way. An analysis of CTD station data taken during Mode demonstrates the mappability of the finestructure activity, and again suggests a relation with the geostrophic eddy flow.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083- 004 , N00014-76-C-0197: NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 74-19782 .
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: A prototype four-dimensional (x,y,z,t) continental shelf/deep ocean model is described. In its present form, the model incorporates the effects of finite-amplitude topography, advective nonlinearities, and variable stratification and rotation. The model can be forced either directly by imposed atmospheric windstress and surface pressure distributions, and energetic mean currents imposed by the exterior oceanic circulation; or indirectly by initial distributions of shoreward propagating mesoscale waves and eddies. To avoid concerns over the appropriate specification of "open" boundary conditions on the cross-shelf and seaward model boundaries, a periodic channel geometry (oriented along-coast) is used. The model employs a traditional finite-difference expansion in the cross-shelf direction, and a Fourier (periodic) representation in the long-shelf coordinate. A modified sigma coordinate system, and a Chebyshev-tau approximation scheme, are used to incorporate the vertical dependence. The model has been validated against a variety of propagating topographic wave problems. Representative run times and error estimates are given.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant NAG 5-8.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean waves ; Internal waves
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 9 (1979): 518-530
    Beschreibung: Constant depth and isopycnal‐following tows are used to estimate the, towed vertical coherence of the internal wave field, at vertical separations of 8.5, 18, 28 and 70 m. The depths of the tows are ∼750 m at the maximum of the buoyancy frequency in the main thermocline of the Sargasso Sea, and near 350 m in the buoyancy frequency minimum between the main and seasonal thermoclines. The towed spectra and towed vertical coherence are compared with three model spectra (GM75, GM76 and IWEX): at 750 m the agreement between data and models is very good, with IWEX being slightly better. At 350 m several of the measured towed vertical coherence spectra are more complex than the spectra from the deeper tows, there are anomalously high coherences in a band from 0.7 to 2 cycles per kilometer that are not predictable by the models. We suggest this coherence bump may be evidence of Eckart resonance, i.e., modes tunneling between the two thermoclines into the region of low buoyancy frequency.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 74-19608.
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 9 (1979): 489-517
    Beschreibung: A total of four moorings from POLYMODE array I and II were analyzed in an investigation of the interaction of wavefields and mean flow. In particular, evidence for internal wave-mean flow interaction was sought by searching for time correlations between the vertically acting Reynolds stress of the wavefield (estimated using the temperature and velocity records), and the mean shear. No significant stress-shear correlations were found at the less energetic moorings (u¯≲10 cm s−1), indicating that the magnitude of the eddy viscosity was under 200 cm2 s−1, with the sign of the energy transfer uncertain. This is considerably below the O(4500 cm2 s−1) predicted by Müller (1976). An extensive error analysis indicates that the large wave stress predicted by the theory should have been observable clearly under the conditions of measurement. At moorings typified by a higher mean velocity (u¯≈25 cm s−1), statistically significant stress-shear correlations were found, and the wavefield energy level was observed to modulate with the strength of the mean shear. The observations were consistent with generation of short (∼1 km horizontal wavelength) internal waves by the mean shear near the thermocline, resulting in an effective eddy viscosity of ∼100 cm2 s−1. Theoretical computations indicate that the wavefield “basic state” may not be independent of the mean flow as assumed by Müller (1976) but can actually be modified by large-scale vertical shear and still remain in equilibrium. In that case, the wavefield does not exchange momentum with a large-scale vertical shear flow and, excepting critical-layer effects, a small vertical eddy viscosity is to be expected. Using the Garrett-Munk (1975) model internal wave spectrum, estimates were made of the maximum momentum flux (stress) expected to be lost to critical-layer absorption. This stress was found to increase almost linearly with the velocity difference across the shear zone, corresponding to a vertical eddy viscosity of −100 cm2 s−1. Stresses indicative of this effect were not observed in the data.
    Beschreibung: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400.
    Schlagwort(e): Internal waves ; Ocean currents
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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