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  • Ocean currents  (81)
  • Geophysics  (26)
  • International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965)  (19)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Humans
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (126)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is the first volume of a "final report" that summarizes, often in a speculative vein, what I have learned over the past 35 years or so about large-scale, low-frequency ocean currents, primarily with support from the Office of Naval Research (ONR). I was also fortunate to have been partially supported by the National Science Foundation and, during the preparation of this report, by the Clark Foundation. This report is meant to be an informal, occasionally anecdotal, state-of-the-art summary account of the World Ocean Circulation (WOC). Seemingly simple questions about how ocean currents behave, such as where various brands of sea water are coming from and going to, have been exciting and difficult research topics for many years. This report is not remotely about "all" of the WOC, it is simply a set of comments about what I have looked into. I believe that the results in this report, although presented in a personal way, are consistent with community wisdom. The report is intended to be readable by non-specialists who have a basic scientific/technical background, especially in other oceanographic areas or meteorology or physics or the geophysical disciplines, not just by specialists in physical oceanography. Anyone wishing to get spun up on the observational basis for the WOC could use this report and associated reference lists as a starting point. Volume I concentrates on the North Atlantic Ocean although there is preliminary discussion of global features. Highlights of this global summary are a new type of composite schematic picture of the World Ocean Circulation in its "upper layers" (Figure I-I) and new summaries (Figures 1-12, 21,91) of the global "thermohaline" circulation.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research, Grant Nos. N00014-89-J-1039 and N00014-95-1-0356, and the Clark Foundation.
    Keywords: Global ocean circulation ; North Atlantic Circulation ; Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 39418867 bytes
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  • 2
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Distinguished Lecture Series 1964-1965, sponsored by Science Bureau, Washington Board of Trade, presented at Georgetown University, January 27, 1965
    Description: Tonight, I want to tell you about another great oceanographic expedition; one which has been done in the tradition of the past great expeditions, but with all the tools available to modern oceanography. This is the International Indian Ocean Expedition, which constitutes the cooperative efforts of some 27 nations which have committed over 40 oceanographic research vessels to more than 70 cruises in the Indian Ocean over the past four years. It has been supported in this country by the National Science Foundation, the Navy, the Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Officially, the International Indian Ocean Expedition is being completed during the current year but it will be many years before all the data have been thoroughly analyzed and evaluated.
    Keywords: Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise ; Chain (Ship : 1958-) Cruise ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise ; International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation , Working Paper
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 64-51, series later renamed WHOI-.
    Description: This report contains charts of Cruise 43 of the CHAIN in the North Atlantic Ocean - Mediterranean Sea - Red Sea and Indian Ocean. There are 150 charts plotted on a Mercator Projection (Scale 1° longitude equals 4 inches) showing the track of the entire cruise. All types of observations made during the cruise are noted by suitable symbols or legends and are shown on Index Charts I through XIII. There are 42 pages showing continuous daily observations, including types of information gathered at each of the 115 stations. Soundings are read at equal time intervals, usually every five minutes, and at each break in slope. They are written along the ship's track as often as space permits.
    Description: Prepared under National Science Foundation Grant GP-2370 and under Contract Nonr-4029(00) with the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Chain (Ship : 1958-) Cruise CH43 ; Bathymetric maps
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: En route from the U. S. to Bombay, India during February - March, 1963 an unscheduled oceanographic section of 13 stations was made in the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay. Standard hydrographic casts were made to 1400 meters indicated depth (1000 meters at Stations 1-3) for meas9rement of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and silicate. A large, plastic sampler was used to obtain water samples from depths corresponding to 100, 50, 25, 10 and 1% of the sunlight incident to the surface. These samples were used for measurement of primary productivity (C-14 method), phytoplankton pigments, particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Oceanography ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise A
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Laboratory, theoretical and numerical research was conducted into the structure and stability of baroclinic non-linear currents in a rotating fluid. A rotating version of the dam-break problem in which a . density current is generated after a barrier has been removed was studied. The speed of the current and its width and depth were measured by Whitehead (1981) and more extensively by Stern, Whitehead, and Lien Hua (1982), who report the experiments and compare the results to theory. Properties of a limiting bore solution for rotation density currents predicted earlier by Stern are incorporated into the above theory to predict the speed of the nose of the current. Experiments are described in which the current width is measured to be in reasonable agreement with the theory. Theoretical studies of the stability of a free isolated baroclinic jet whose free surface in cross-section intersects the water surface at two points by Griffiths, Killworth and Stern (1982) was undertaken. The waves permit the release of both kinetic and potential energy. They can have rapid growth rates, thee-folding time for waves on a current with zero potential vorticity being close to one-half of a rotation period. Experiments with a current of buoyant fluid at the free surface of a lower layer were also conducted. The current was observed to be always unstable. Killworth and Stern (1982) showed that a coastal density current in a rotating system is unstable to downstream wave disturbances when the mean potential vorticity increases towards the (vertically-walled) coast and when the mean current vanishes there. Other new instability modes were also found which do not require the potential vorticity extremum of quasi-geostrophic theory. Paldor, in his Ph.D. thesis, used Rayleigh integral to prove that an unbounded geostrophic front of uniform potential vorticity is stable with respect to small perturbations of arbitrary wavelength. Stern and Paldor (1983) used extremum concepts to analyze large amplitude disturbances in a boundary layer shear flow with an inviscid and longwave theory. It was found that initially weak horizontal convergences were concentrated and amplified in time.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-81-C-0010 and for the National Science Foundation, Ocean Science Division under Grant 0CE 80-18322.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Hydrodynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The following report, in two volumes, presents the reduced oceanographic, chemical,and biological data, bathythermograph positions, and station lists for biological collections taken during Cruise 1 of the ANTON BRUUN in the Bay of Bengal during March-May, 1963, as a part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1. Tables 1-3 respectively give the cruise itinerary with port calls, a summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed with references. A narrative report of Cruise 1 including the list of participants, related shore activities, and preliminary scientific results was issued as News Bulletin No. 2 of the U.S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated July, 1963.
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Anton Bruun (Ship) Cruise 1
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Cruise 6 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, originating from Bombay on May 15 and terminating at Durban, South Africa on July 16, 1964, was the second of two cruises on which a special effort was made to sample the meso- and bathypelagic fauna of the western Indian Ocean. Collections were made with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at 61 stations from about 18° N latitude to 41° S latitude, along the 65° E meridian. In addition to the midwater trawl collections, the basic program of hydrography, biological oceanography, and primary production was continued. Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton, midwater trawl, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 6. A narrative report of Cruise 6 was issued as News Bulletin No.8 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated December, 1964.
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Cruise 2 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN took place in the western Indian Ocean from May 22 to July 23, 1964, The following report presents the station lists for plankton collections, bathythermograph positions, and reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data for Cruise 2. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1, and the itinerary with ports of call is given in Table 1. A summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In addition to the basic hydrographic and biological programs and the researches of individual scientists, a special program of long-line fishing was carried out in a cooperative effort with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Details regarding the composition of the long-line catches and associated data are on file at the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. A narrative report of Cruise 2, including a list of participants and brief descriptions of their research interests and preliminary results, was issued as New Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated January, 1964,
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 9
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The proposed cruise of R/V CHAIN to the Indian Ocean will take place from February to June 1964. Following the Indian Ocean section of the cruise, R/V CHAIN will proceed to the Mediterranean Sea and will do further work in this area. The latter program will be covered in a separate cruise plan. The background and objectives of the scientific program in the Indian Ocean are detailed in the research proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation, found in Appendix A.
    Description: This work was performed under NSF Grant 2370 with the National Science Foundation, and ONR Contract 4029(00) with the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Chain (Ship : 1958-) Cruise CH43 ; International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.
    Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.
    Keywords: Coastal ; Landforms ; Humans
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1574993 bytes
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