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  • Articles  (867)
  • Chemistry  (861)
  • constitutive modelling  (6)
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  • Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (867)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (867)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation on the uniqueness of the incremental response of elastoplastic models for virgin sand (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 3 (1998), S. 65-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: elastoplasticity ; sand ; constitutive modelling ; controllability ; instability ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper investigates the possibility of the occurrence of a multiplicity of homogeneous responses of soil specimens under the same incremental loading, and the associated non-controllability of the imposed loading path.It is shown that for non-associated elastoplastic strain-hardening constitutive laws, such a possibility exists even in the hardening regime. Only when the stiffness matrix is positive-definite is the incremental solution unique for any loading programme.A particular constitutive model is chosen and the shape of the loci of non-uniqueness is calculated for various loading programmes. It is shown that the conditions for the occurrence of a shear band and of a peak of the deviator stress in a triaxial undrained test can be seen as special cases of the theory presented. Accordingly, the so-called ‘instability line’ concept in undrained conditions is generalized. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implicit integration of elastoplastic constitutive models for frictional materials with highly non-linear hardening functions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: numerical integration ; constitutive modelling ; frictional materials ; highly non-linear hardening functions ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Constitutive relations in elastoplasticity may be formulated in a variety of ways, and different update algorithms may be employed to solve the resulting equations. Several implicit integration schemes, although some not widely used, have been suggested in the last years. Among them, the closest point projection method (CPPM) has proven to be an effective and robust integration scheme. In order to gain maximum control of the stress projection, a two-level CPPM iteration scheme is proposed. The hardening variables are fixed during the stress projection onto consequently fixed yield surfaces, and after the stress projection, new values of the hardening variables are calculated defining new yield surfaces. The update of the hardening parameters which, in general, may be highly nonlinear functions, may be determined by a combination of a Picard Iteration (PI) on the hardening variables and an adaptative order inverse interpolation (AOII) on the difference of subsequent iterations of the hardening variables.The integration scheme has been implemented in a general constitutive driver which has been formulated independent of the selected constitutive model and easily linked to finite element codes. A third stress invariant dependent, cone-cap elastoplastic constitutive model, referred to as the MRS-Lade, with a highly non-linear hardening function has been used to show the applicability of the proposed iteration scheme. Error analyses and accuracy assessment are presented along with some representative test results. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implicit integrations in elastoplastic geotechnics (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 165-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: elastoplasticity ; pressure sensitive materials ; constitutive modelling ; dilatancy ; implicit integrations ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper presents the derivation of a fully implicit Newton algorithm for direct integration of constitutive equations, in extended stress-internal variable space, involving hardening or softening of a general dilatant isotropic elastoplastic geomaterial. All relevant derivatives are provided in tensor notation, thus facilitating implementation. The consistent, algorithmic tangent stiffness tensor is derived. The relative accuracy of a template algorithm is assessed on a number of examples by means of iso-error maps. We present a rather simple, one-increment example concerning convergence properties of the Newton iterative scheme at the global, finite element level, associated with the consistent tangent stiffness tensor for integrating the weak form of the equilibrium equations. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Mech. Cohesive-frictional mater. 2, 165-183 (1977)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental and theoretical study of a partially saturated collapsible rock (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 251-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Pietra Leccesse chalk ; laboratory tests ; constitutive modelling ; capillary forces ; partial saturation ; collapsible rocks ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiments on Pietra Leccese chalk revealed that many of the material parameters describing its mechanical behaviour, such as the Young's modulus, the uniaxial compressive strength and the plastic yield stress, depend strongly on the water saturation and the ensuing capillary suction. The experimental results show that Bishop's generalized effective stress is not by itself adequate to explain the observed behaviour and in particular the spontaneous collapse which may occur upon water injection under stress. An elastoplastic constitutive model for partially-saturated collapsible rocks is proposed where the capillary suction is assumed to affect primarily the material properties related to the intergranular cohesion, such as the elastic stiffness, the plastic tension cut-off and pressure cap parameters. The model builds upon the well- established Mohr-Coulomb theory of elastoplasticity by including a pressure cap and considering the water saturation as an internal variable. In low levels of water saturation, as is often the case in oil reservoir formations, the experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the potential significance of capillary effects on the response of reservoir rocks, a mechanism that has been largely underestimated in the petroleum industry. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Nordtest FIRE 007, CEN draft proposal (Radiant Panel) and Cone Calorimeter methods in the fire testing of floor coverings (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Different types of floor coverings were tested using three different methods: the Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660), the Nordtest floor covering test NT FIRE 007 and the German Radiant Panel Method (DIN 4102 Teil 14). The results of the comparisons between both flame spread and smoke production are given. Some correlation is found between the results of the Cone Calorimeter and the NT FIRE 007. Between other methods, no correlations seem to exist.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170406
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependent mass loss rate behavior of wall materials under external radiation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: External radiation in enclosure fires can significantly enhance flame spread and fire growth. One of the effects of external radiation is to increase the mass loss rate of the fuel, which in turn produces larger flames. In this work, a measurement of mass loss with and without applied radiation was made as a function of time for three types of materials: a plastic (polymethylmethacrylate), wood-based products (particle board and hardboard), and a paper-based product (cardboard). The levels of applied radiation ranged from 0 to nearly 12 kWm-2. The purpose of the investigation was to (1) quantitatively determine the effect of external radiation on the mass loss of various materials,(2) measure various parameters which may be used to characterize the mass loss rate history of the materials and (3) determine a method for expressing the mass loss rate as a function of time for input into numerical models. Higher levels of external radiation resulted in higher peak mass loss rates and quicker consumption of the material. Quantities which are useful for ranking the flammability of materials have been measured for the samples tested and are tabulated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170507
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170601
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Intermediate-Scale Calorimeter for building materials and assemblies (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new Intermediate Scale Heat Release Rate Test Method is being developed primarily for testing assemblies in the vertical mode. Using the oxygen consumption calorimetry methodology and exhaust collection systems that already exist in many laboratories in the US and around the world, the apparatus is very economical to install. The sample size lends itself to reptitive testing in a short period of time. Sample preparation is generally quick and easy. Further development of the method should progress now that the method has been introduced at ASTM and will be introduced formally into ISO in the near future. There has been a favorable response by several laboratories who are considering construction of the apparatus. Additional assemblies tests are already underway and additional data will be presented in the near future.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170602
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of effectiveness of smoke suppressants - using a He-Ne laser in a flow system (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the study of smoke suppressants the measurement of gross amount of smoke from a given sample is essential. However, smoke being a complex phenomenon, its measurement with optical methods presents practical problems. The paper describes a flow system for the measurement of smoke production. Effectiveness of smoke-suppressant formulations for poly(vinyl chloride) as assessed in a flow system is reported. Results of experiments conducted to probe and establish the capability of smoke measurement in a flow system using a helium-neon laser are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170604
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The flammability of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers III. Effect of flame retardants (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper extends previously reported work 1,2 and describes the influence that a range of selected flame retardants have on the burning behaviour and pyrolyses of homo-and copolymers of acrylonitrile. Various inorganic and organic phosphorus and nitrogen- or sulphur-containing, halogen-containing (in the absence and presence of halogen or antimony (III) oxide) and nitrogen-containing flame retardants and red phosphorus were studied using LOI, TGA, DSC and residual char measuring techniques. Flame retardancy relates directly to char-forming tendency for all retardants and their ability to reduce the dominance of flammable volatiles formed during the first stage of acrylic polymer pyrolysis. Ammonium phosphates are particularly effective flame retardants for the selected copolymers. Possible mechanisms of retardant activity are discussed, including the char-forming tendency of antimony-bromine combiniations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180406
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