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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (25,033)
  • 550 - Earth sciences
  • Deutschland
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (25,033)
  • Verlag Julius Klinkhardt  (16)
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  • 1
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Contrary to the assumption of worldwide diffusion processes of internationally circulating reform ideas in education there are examples of regions that resist. In the present study, the phenomenon of incorporating international reform ideas into local education systems is examined using new institutionalism as a theory for its explanatory power of worldwide diffusion processes in education together with a set of cases that offer semi-lab-like conditions: Not all German federated states have adopted Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees for teacher training; some have maintained the state examination. Based on this empirical finding, the question of the dissertation is: Whether and how were the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in German teacher training implemented on the federated statelevel in the period between 1999 and 2013? It can be shown that the federal ministers of higher education specified three core characteristics of the Bologna Process, namely the introduction of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees, a credit point system, and modularisation. A decision of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of Germany made in 2005 further ensured that the reformed degrees were recognised nationwide for teachers as well. The educational organisations’ demands were characterised by a large number of positive and only a few negative votes concerning the implementation of the Bologna Process in German teacher education. To provide specific insights into the reform process, this study focuses on teacher training for secondary school teachers, comparing the teacher training regulations as of 1999 with all subsequent changes until 2013 to obtain the degree of change for each federated state. As a result, it can be stated that eight states introduced reformed degrees into secondary school teacher education and eight states kept the state examination. Both groups are then compared as to whether a change of the degree towards Bachelor’s and Master’s is more likely to be accompanied by further reforms. The results suggest that while changes have occurred in all states, the percentage increase of courses in education and didactics, as well as the increased study duration, correlates positively with a change of the degree structure. Therefore one can interpret that the Bologna reforms, especially those concerning the degree structure, were used to implement other curricular and structural reforms that were not related to the Bologna Process itself. In the last step, plenary debates on the federated state level regarding the introduction of these Bologna reforms are analysed to examine the justifications for the introduction of a change in the degree structure, as well as for maintaining the state examination. Justifications or strategies for preserving the state examination are particularly relevant because they act against the political and public expectations analysed earlier. In a nutshell, it can be stated that the innovative strength of the partial reforms adopted in the hybrid model and the exclusion of a fundamental criticism of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees are used as a strategy to reject the implementation of a new degree structure without being interpreted as non-innovative. Federated states that implemented the degree reform referenced decisions made in other states or regions, as well as possible negative consequences of not implementing the degrees, to support their decision while also presenting it within the discourse as a window of opportunity for more fundamental reforms in teacher training.
    Description: Entgegen der Annahme weltweiter Diffusionsprozesse international kursierender Reformideen in der Bildungspolitik gibt es Beispiele für Regionen, die sich widersetzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieses Phänomen mithilfe eines Sets an Fällen untersucht, die in ihrer Gesamtheit quasi-laborartige Bedingungen bieten: Im Zuge des Bologna-Prozesses haben einige Bundesländer die Abschlüsse ‚Bachelor‘ und ‚Master‘ für die Lehrer*innenbildung übernommen, während andere die Staatsprüfung beibehalten haben. Ausgehend von diesem Befund wird in der Arbeit die Frage untersucht, mit welchen Strategien die Bologna-Reformen in der Lehrer*innenbildung der einzelnen Bundesländer in den Jahren von 1999 bis 2013 politisch umgesetzt bzw. wie deren Implementation verhindert wurde. Die Analyse der Erwartungen bildungspolitischer Akteure zeigt, dass die Hochschulminister*innen im Bologna-Prozess drei Kernmerkmale für die Organisation von Studiengängen festlegten, nämlich Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse, ein Leistungspunktesystem und die Modularisierung. Darüber hinaus wurde die Bologna-Reform durch die Kultusministerkonferenz im Jahr 2005 auch für die Lehrer*innenbildung deutschlandweit anerkannt. Der Diskurs weiterer wichtiger bildungspolitischer Akteure zeichnet sich darüber hinaus durch eine Vielzahl an positiven gegenüber nur wenigen negativen Stimmen zur Implementation des Bologna-Prozesses in der Lehrer*innenbildung aus. Um die tatsächlichen Reformen differenziert betrachten zu können, wird der Fokus der zweiten Untersuchung allein auf das gymnasiale Lehramt gelegt. Dabei wird für jedes Bundesland die Gestaltung der Studienphase im Jahr 1999 mit dem Stand im Jahr 2013 verglichen. Dabei kann festgestellt werden, dass in allen Bundesländern sowohl das Leistungspunktesystem als auch die Modularisierung eingeführt wurden. Eine Reform der Staatsprüfung hin zu einem Masterabschluss wurde im Untersuchungszeitraum jedoch nur in acht der 16 Bundesländer umgesetzt. Die Einführung der Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse ging zudem mit einer prozentualen Erhöhung des Anteils der Berufswissenschaften, definiert als Fachdidaktiken, Bildungswissenschaften und Schulpraktika, sowie einer Verlängerung der Studienzeit einher. Dies kann dahingehend interpretiert werden, dass die Bologna- Reformen insgesamt und die Einführung der Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse im Besonderen als window of opportunity genutzt wurden, um auch andere Reformen umzusetzen. In der dritten Untersuchung werden Plenardebatten in den Bundesländern im Rahmen der Einführung der Bologna-Reformen analysiert, um die Begründungen für eine Reform bzw. für die Beibehaltung der Staatsprüfung zu untersuchen. Insbesondere Begründungen bzw. Strategien der Nicht-Einführung sind dabei besonders relevant, weil sie gängigen theoretischen Annahmen der Diffusion von international kursierenden Reformideen widersprechen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Innovationskraft bzw. Passfähigkeit des eigenen Gesetzentwurfs unter Ausschluss einer Fundamentalkritik an den Bachelor- und Masterabschlüssen als Strategie verwendet wurden, um die Einführung dieser Abschlüsse zu umgehen, ohne gleichzeitig als rückständig im Vergleich zu den Ländern mit einer vollständigen Implementation zu gelten. Bei einer Implementation der Abschlüsse dient neben dem diskursiv hergestellten window of opportunity auch der Verweis auf an anderen Orten getroffene Entscheidungen und den daraus resultierenden negativen Konsequenzen für das eigene Bundesland bei einer etwaigen Nicht-Implementation als legitimitätsstiftend.
    Keywords: Lehrerbildung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Bologna-Prozess ; Hochschulpolitik ; Bachelor-Studiengang ; Master-Studiengang ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Hochschulreform ; Hochschule ; Entscheidung ; Strategie ; Studiengang ; Studienordnung ; Bildungspolitik ; Gymnasium ; Modularisierung ; Staatsprüfung ; Lehramtsprüfung ; Argumentation ; Debatte ; Politik ; Bundesland ; Nationaler Vergleich ; Baden-Württemberg ; Bayern ; Berlin ; Brandenburg ; Bremen ; Hamburg ; Hessen ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Niedersachsen ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Rheinland-Pfalz ; Saarland ; Sachsen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Schleswig-Holstein ; Thüringen ; Deutschland ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Teacher training ; Higher education policy ; University policy ; Bachelor course ; Master course ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Higher education reform ; University reform ; Higher education institute ; Strategy ; Channel of academic studies ; Course of studies ; Course of study ; Study regulations ; Educational policy ; German academic secondary school ; Grammar School ; Secondary school ; Modularization ; First state examination for the teaching profession ; Politics ; Baden-Wurtemberg ; Baden-Wurttemberg ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; Lower Saxony ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Rhineland-Palatinate ; Saxony ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Thuringia ; Germany ; Teaching post ; Teaching profession ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Within and outside Germany, practical phases in teacher education have been expanded in recent years. In contrast, empirical studies show that it is not primarily the duration of the internships but their qualitative design that is significant for the acquisition of competencies by the students. Against this background, the academic examination of concepts of learning support is gaining in importance. The authors in this volume take up this assumption and present ten context-bound learning support concepts and their empirical examination. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, theory-based hypotheses are tested and framework conditions are included in the discussion. In this respect, the results of the studies presented promise on the one hand in-depth insights into the opportunities and challenges of learning support services in the school internship, and on the other hand they point to desiderata for further studies in this field of research.
    Description: Innerhalb und außerhalb Deutschlands wurden in den vergangenen Jahren Praxisphasen in der Lehrerbildung ausgebaut. Empirische Studien zeigen demgegenüber, dass nicht vorrangig die Dauer der Praktika, sondern ihre qualitative Ausgestaltung bedeutsam für den Kompetenzerwerb der Studierenden ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Konzepten der Lernbegleitung an Bedeutung. Die Autorinnen und Autoren im vorliegenden Band knüpfen an dieser Annahme an und stellen zehn kontextgebundene Lernbegleitungskonzepte und deren empirische Überprüfung vor. Mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Forschungsmethoden werden dabei theoriegeleitete Hypothesen überprüft und Rahmenbedingungen in die Diskussion einbezogen. Insofern versprechen die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten Studien einerseits vertiefende Einblicke in Chancen und Herausforderungen lernbegleitender Angebote im Schulpraktikum, andererseits zeigen sie Desiderate für weiterführende Untersuchungen in diesem Forschungsfeld auf.
    Keywords: Lehrerbildung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lernbegleitung ; Praxissemester ; Schulpraxis ; Pädagogische Praxis ; Schulpraktikum ; Lehramtsstudent ; Kompetenzerwerb ; Pädagogische Kompetenz ; Lernkonzept ; Lehrerbildner ; Unterrichtsbeobachtung ; Unterrichtsanalyse ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Mentor ; Hochschule ; Schule ; Peer Group ; Lernwerkstatt ; Coaching ; Lehrberuf ; Hochschulbildung ; Professionalisierung ; Wohlbefinden ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Handlungskompetenz ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Dozent ; Lehrer ; Feed-back ; Interaktion ; Gespräch ; Besprechung ; Unterricht ; Audioaufzeichnung ; Diagnostik ; Kohärenz ; Mentoring ; Mentorprogramm ; Unterrichtsentwicklung ; Übergang Studium - Beruf ; Qualifizierung ; Hochschullehre ; Hochschulforschung ; Fortbildung ; Biologieunterricht ; Entwicklungsforschung ; Beziehung ; Peer-Beziehungen ; Kompetenzentwicklung ; Kompetenz ; Selbsteinschätzung ; Tandem-Methode ; Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied ; Kollegiale Beratung ; Qualifikationsentwicklung ; Austausch ; Beratung ; Moderator ; Moderation ; Lernprozess ; Grundschule ; Außerschulischer Lernort ; Lernumgebung ; Primarbereich ; Ethnografie ; Beobachtung ; Forschendes Lernen ; Belastung ; Stressbewältigung ; Wirksamkeit ; Digitale Medien ; Beruflicher Stress ; Lehrer-Alltag ; Bildungsangebot ; Online-Kurs ; Auditives Medium ; Zufriedenheit ; Quantitative Forschung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Empirische Forschung ; Interview ; Leitfadeninterview ; Studie ; Fragebogenerhebung ; Explorative Studie ; Grounded Theory ; Evaluation ; Niedersachsen ; Thüringen ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Hessen ; Deutschland ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Teacher training ; Practical semester ; Semester practical training ; Practical training in school ; Practice period at school ; Student teachers ; Teacher educators ; Observation of teaching ; Analysis of teaching process ; Teaching analysis ; Higher education institute ; School ; Peer groups ; Learning workshop ; Apprenticeship trade ; Teaching profession ; Higher education ; University level of education ; Professionalization ; Well being ; Well-being ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Competence for action ; Competence to act ; Lecturer ; Teacher ; Interaction ; Conversation ; Teaching ; Diagnostic ; Learning and teaching development ; Teaching improvement ; Qualification ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Academic research ; Further education ; Further training ; Biology lessons ; Teaching of Biology ; Peer relationship ; Skill development ; Competency ; Self-rating ; Gender-specific difference ; Counselling ; Deliberation ; Guidance ; Learning process ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Educational Environment ; Learning environment ; Primary education ; Primary level ; Ethnography ; Observation ; Stress management ; Educational offer ; Educational offerings ; Educational opportunities ; Educational possibilities ; Educational provision ; Online courses ; Satisfaction ; Quantitative research ; Qualitative research ; Empirical study ; Empirical research ; Questionnaire survey ; Lower Saxony ; Thuringia ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; Germany ; Practice ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Good inclusive teaching needs teachers who are able to plan and implement pedagogical offers in a heterogeneity-sensitive and adaptive way - however, in university teacher training there are only a few subject-didactically implementable contents for this so far. This book presents five flexibly applicable teaching-learning modules on central topics of inclusive teaching, which were developed by subject didacticians in cooperation with rehabilitation scientists and language educators for university teaching. Starting from the theoretical foundations, the structure, content and materials of the individual teaching-learning modules are presented and commented on didactically. Following on from this, the empirical results of the quantitative and qualitative accompanying evaluation of corresponding courses are analysed. In addition, the suitability of the teaching-learning modules for stabilisation in the university context as well as their possible use in the second and third phase of teacher training are discussed. This book aims to motivate lecturers to use the presented modules in their teaching. It is also aimed at students, researchers and teachers who want to develop their teaching in an inclusive way.
    Description: Guter inklusiver Unterricht braucht Lehrkräfte, die pädagogische Angebote heterogenitätssensibel und adaptiv planen und umsetzen können – in der universitären Lehrer*innenbildung existieren dafür bislang jedoch nur wenige fachdidaktisch implementierbare Inhalte. In diesem Buch werden fünf flexibel einsetzbare Lehr-Lern-Bausteine zu zentralen Themen inklusiven Unterrichtens vorgestellt, die von Fachdidaktiker*innen in Zusammenarbeit mit Rehabilitationswissenschaftler*innen und Sprachbildner*innen für die Hochschullehre entwickelt wurden. Ausgehend von den theoretischen Grundlagen werden der Aufbau, die Inhalte und die Materialien der einzelnen Lehr-Lern-Bausteine vorgestellt und didaktisch kommentiert. Daran anknüpfend werden die empirischen Ergebnisse der quantitativen und qualitativen Begleitevaluation entsprechender Lehrveranstaltungen analysiert. Außerdem werden die Eignung der Lehr-Lern-Bausteine für die Verstetigung im Hochschulkontext sowie deren Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der zweiten und dritten Phase der Lehrer*innenbildung diskutiert. Dieses Buch möchte Dozent*innen motivieren, die vorgestellten Bausteine selbst in ihrer Lehre einzusetzen. Es richtet sich außerdem an Student*innen, an Forscher*innen und an Lehrer*innen, die ihren Unterricht inklusionsorientiert weiterentwickeln möchten.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Unterricht ; Hochschule ; Hochschullehre ; Professionalisierung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lehr-Lern-Prozess ; Bildungskonzept ; Lehrerbildung ; Kompetenz ; Lehr-Lern-System ; Lehrevaluation ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Heterogenität ; Sensibilität ; Lehrkompetenz ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Professionalität ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Fachdidaktik ; Sonderpädagogik ; Klassenführung ; Adaptiver Unterricht ; Unterrichtskonzeption ; Sprachbildung ; Lehramtsstudent ; Baustein ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Selbstreflexion ; Pädagogische Diagnostik ; Diagnostik ; Begleituntersuchung ; Evaluation ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Quantitative Analyse ; Qualitative Analyse ; Forschungsprojekt ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Teaching ; Higher education institute ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Professionalization ; Teacher education ; Teacher training ; Teaching-learning process ; Educational conception ; Teachers' training ; Competency ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Heterogeneity ; Sensibility ; Teaching Skills ; Integrative education ; Professionalism ; Professionality ; Specialized didactics ; Subject didactics ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Classroom techniques ; Conception of teaching ; Linguistic input ; Student teachers ; Self-reflexion ; Pedagogical diagnostics ; Diagnostic ; Empirical study ; Germany ; Pedagogical thinking ; Teaching-learning research ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This book presents a selection of survey and evaluation instruments for recording relevant facets of institutional (written) language education. The seven methods focus on different aspects of language education as well as language and reading promotion in day-care centres and schools and address different target groups (educational professionals, teachers, children). The instruments, which were developed within the framework of the initiative "Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift" (BiSS), are primarily for research purposes, but can also be used in the training and further education of educational specialists and teachers. An online appendix provides the instruments as well as all necessary materials.
    Description: In diesem Buch wird eine Auswahl von Erhebungs- und Auswertungsinstrumenten zur Erfassung relevanter Facetten institutioneller (schrift-)sprachlicher Bildung vorgestellt. Die sieben Verfahren fokussieren unterschiedliche Aspekte der Sprachbildung sowie Sprach- und Leseförderung in Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen und adressieren unterschiedliche Zielgruppen (pädagogische Fachkräfte, Lehrkräfte, Kinder). Die Instrumente, die im Rahmen der Initiative „Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift“ (BiSS) entwickelt wurden, sind primär für Forschungszwecke, aber auch in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von pädagogischen Fach- und Lehrkräften einsetzbar. Ein Online-Anhang stellt die Instrumente sowie alle notwendigen Materialien zur Verfügung.
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Forschung ; Schriftsprache ; Sprachbildung ; Sprachförderung ; Leseförderung ; Diagnostik ; Förderungsmaßnahme ; Sprachentwicklung ; Schriftspracherwerb ; Förderdiagnostik ; Förderung ; Sprachstandsforschung ; Lesekompetenz ; Sprachkompetenz ; Sprachdiagnostik ; Fachdidaktik ; Sprachgebrauch ; Kompetenzmessung ; Handlungskompetenz ; Fachwissen ; Wissen ; Professionalisierung ; Profession ; Kompetenz ; Wissenstest ; Mathematikunterricht ; Deutschunterricht ; Fachunterricht ; Fachsprache ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Feed-back ; Videoaufzeichnung ; Videoanalyse ; Unterricht ; Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion ; Schülermitarbeit ; Transfer ; Kindertagesstätte ; Schule ; Grundschule ; Primarbereich ; Pädagogische Fachkraft ; Lehrer ; Lehramtsstudent ; Erzieher ; Erzieherin ; Berufliche Kompetenz ; Psychometrie ; Kind ; Schüler ; Bewertung ; Anwendung ; Software ; Bildungspraxis ; Sprachpraktische Übung ; Spracherwerb ; Kindergarten ; Kindergartenalltag ; Kindergartenpädagogik ; Korrektur ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Sekundarstufe I ; Aktivierung ; Erhebungsinstrument ; Auswertung ; Instrument ; Messinstrument ; Methode ; Forschungsmethode ; Vignette 〈Methode〉 ; Interview ; Leitfadeninterview ; Fragebogen ; Beobachtung ; Beobachtungsmethode ; Test ; Testvalidität ; Testverfahren ; Testkonstruktion ; Quantitative Forschung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Längsschnittuntersuchung ; Dokumentation ; Protokoll ; Empirische Forschung ; Datenerfassung ; Bayern ; Baden-Württemberg ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Deutschland ; Educational research ; Research ; Linguistic input ; Promotion of reading ; Support for reading improvement ; Diagnostic ; Promotional measure ; Language development ; Reading competence ; Language skill ; Linguistic Competence ; Specialized didactics ; Subject didactics ; Language usage ; Competency measurement ; Skills measurement ; Skills measurements ; Competence for action ; Competence to act ; Specialized knowledge ; Knowledge ; Professionalization ; Competency ; Mathematics lessons ; Teaching of mathematics ; German language teaching ; Teaching of German ; Teaching of a special subject ; Language for special purposes ; Technical language ; Teaching ; Pupil Participation ; Day nursery ; School ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Primary education ; Primary level ; Teacher ; Student teachers ; Caregiver ; Carer ; Educational childcare staff ; Educator ; Kindergarten teacher ; Nursery school teachers ; Nursery teacher ; Pre-primary school teacher ; Female Educator ; Governess ; Psychometry ; Child ; Pupil ; Pupils ; Assessment ; Judgement ; Judgment ; Educational practices ; Language acquisition ; Nursery school ; Revision (Written Composition) ; Lower level secondary education ; Lower secondary ; Lower secondary education ; Secondary education lower level ; Mail surveys ; Data analysis ; Interpretation of literature ; Measurement instrument ; Method ; Research method ; Questionnaire ; Observation ; Test validity ; Test coaching ; Quantitative research ; Qualitative research ; Longitudinal analysis ; Longitudinal study ; Documentation ; Empirical research ; Data acquisition ; Data capture ; Baden-Wurtemberg ; Baden-Wurttemberg ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFD Literacy strategies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: nklusion steht als normatives Konzept in einem Spannungsverhältnis zum bisher selektiv verfassten Schulsystem. Lehrkräfte an sich inklusiv entwickelnden Schulen sind daher mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert, zwischen ihrer eigenen Praxis, einer inklusiven schulischen Programmatik, dem gesellschaftlichen Leistungsverständnis und der schulischen Selektionsfunktion vermitteln zu müssen. Die vorliegende Studie wirft zunächst einen systematischen Blick auf den Inklusionsdiskurs und untersucht hieran anschließend den Umgang mit diesem Spannungsverhältnis anhand von Gruppendiskussionen mit Lehrkräften an sich als inklusiv verstehenden Grundschulen. Mithilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode werden fallübergreifende Orientierungen rekonstruiert, die sich vor allem in der Verortung der Problemlösekompetenz unterscheiden. So sieht ein Teil Lehrkräfte die Verantwortung zur Lösung von Problemen, die bei der Realisierung von Inklusion entstehen, bei Externen, wie der Bildungsadministration. Andere sehen sich hingegen selbst in der Lage, die bei der Realisierung von Inklusion entstehenden Herausforderungen erfolgreich zu lösen. Bei Letzteren wird eine Parallele zu einem Teil des Inklusionsdiskurses deutlich, da Inklusion auch dort als pädagogisch lösbare Herausforderung angenommen wird. Die Arbeit zeigt diesbezüglich Anknüpfungspunkte für die weitere Entwicklung inklusiver Schulen auf. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Schule ; Grundschule ; Integrative Schule ; Lehrer ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Problemlösen ; Sonderpädagogik ; Gruppendiskussion ; Typisierung ; Dokumentarische Methode ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; School ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Teacher ; Problem solving ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Group discussion ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: With the development of inclusive schools comes a broad range of new challenges within the whole German education system. According to the different responsibilities in the educational governance of the German system, not only the state level but also the district level has an important role in the reorganization process towards an inclusive school system. This doctoral thesis thus aims at developing a set of educational indicators at district and individual school level that provides information about the inputs, processes and outputs of inclusive schooling, i.e. conditions and school organizational aspects such as experience in dealing with heterogeneity (special educational needs, migration, gender, etc.). Thereby it can also provide a foundation for continuous, largely data-based observation and analysis of the implementation process of school inclusion. This kind of monitoring can inform both German educational policy and the public regarding contexts, process characteristics, outcomes and benefits of inclusive schooling. The main question of the thesis thus is: What indicators can be identified to describe and reflect developments in the implementation of an inclusive school system at the district level? This is addressed by a three-step analysis, exemplified by a typical German municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia. (1) Starting with an analysis of available school statistics in the period from 2007 to 2015 (2), the results are supplemented by a quantitative school-leadership survey in 2016 (3). A synthesis of the given results marks the last step with a characterization of the transformation process at school and district level. The framework of indicators is meant to identify general problems and offer an empirical foundation for the information on inclusive schooling in German municipalities, thus providing valid governance knowledge for a holistic, coherent educational management as well as contributing to improve the quality of inclusive education at district level. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Description: Die Umsetzung des Inklusionsgedankens konfrontiert das gesamte Bildungssystem mit neuen Herausforderungen. Entsprechend der föderalen Zuständigkeiten sind dafür neben dem Land auch Kreise und Schulträger in der Pflicht, die Entwicklung mitzugestalten. Derzeit gibt es nur wenig systematisierte Informationen über den Stand der inklusiven Bildung im Schulsystem auf kommunaler Ebene. Dies hängt auch mit einer weitgehenden Unklarheit zusammen, welche Bemessungsgrundlagen für eine Einschätzung der Qualität inklusiv arbeitender Schulen zur Verfügung stehen, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der lokal höchst unterschiedlichen Formen der Unterrichtsorganisation sowie ungleichen Voraussetzungen im Hinblick auf Ressourcenverteilung (personell, räumlich und sächlich) und Schülerklientel (sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf, soziale Herkunft, Migrationshintergrund, etc.). Untersucht werden am Beispiel des Flächenkreises Paderborn die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, die Entwicklung des Gemeinsamen Lernens im Bereich Schule indikatorengestützt abzubilden und Schlussfolgerungen für inklusive Schulorganisation und -planung auf kleinräumiger Ebene abzuleiten. Die Hauptfrage der Arbeit lautet: Welche Indikatoren lassen sich auf kommunaler Ebene identifizieren, um Entwicklungen in den Dimensionen Input, Prozess und Output bei der Umsetzung eines inklusiven Schulsystems zu beschreiben? Die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage folgt einem dreistufigen Vorgehen. In einem ersten Schritt werden auf Basis kleinräumiger und einzelschulischer Daten der amtlichen Schulstatistik indikatorengestützte Analysen im Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2015 durchgeführt. Im Anschluss werden diese datengestützten Befunde durch Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Schulleiterbefragung im Kreis Paderborn 2016 ergänzt. In einem letzten Schritt erfolgt drittens eine Charakterisierung des nachgezeichneten Transformationsprozesses auf Einzelschulebene sowie auf kommunaler Ebene. Die Synthese der gewonnenen Forschungsergebnisse bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die Ableitung von aussagekräftigen Indikatoren und Desideraten einer Dauerbeobachtung des Gemeinsamen Lernens von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit und ohne sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf. Wenngleich bestimmte Qualitätsaspekte schulischer Inklusion mit den verfügbaren amtlichen und den ergänzenden Schulleiterdaten nur näherungsweise indikatorisiert werden können, wird sowohl kommunalen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und -trägern aus Politik und Verwaltung, als auch Akteurinnen und Akteuren in den Bildungseinrichtungen ein breites Spektrum an Operationalisierungen zur Verfügung gestellt, um Ansatzpunkte zur organisationalen und systemischen Weiterentwicklung von Inklusion im Schulbereich auszumachen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Bildungsentwicklung ; Bildungsbeteiligung ; Bildungserfolg ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Schulqualität ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Beschulung ; Schulorganisation ; Schulplanung ; Gemeinde 〈Kommune〉 ; Schulleiter ; Schulentwicklung ; Transformation ; Sozialraum ; Indikator ; Amtliche Statistik ; Umfrage ; Statistische Analyse ; Quantitative Forschung ; Paderborn ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Development of education ; Educational development ; Participation in education ; Participation Rate ; Educational Success ; Success at school ; Success in Education ; Special Educational Needs ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; School organisation ; School organization ; Headteacher ; Headteachers ; School head teacher ; School development ; Indicator ; Official statistics ; Statistical analysis ; Quantitative research ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The way schools deal with "heterogeneity" of pupils has been the subject of a heated debate for a number of years. The present volume shows how the observation of differences between pupils - such as those in aptitude, behaviour and interest - has increasingly come into focus in schools since the last third of the 19th century. Disputes about how "suitable" learning groups should be put together against this background increasingly determined the picture of educational and school-political debates. Selection mechanisms in the school system between 1880 and 1980 are reconstructed that distinguished between the normal and the non-normal, between the gifted and the less gifted, between those who adapted and those who did not. The contributions examine practices of observing, testing and assessing pupils, the procedures and tests used for this purpose, and the individual, pedagogical and political conditions and consequences associated with them.
    Description: Über den schulischen Umgang mit einer „Heterogenität“ der Schüler*innen wird seit einer Reihe von Jahren heftig debattiert. Der vorliegende Band zeigt, wie seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts die Beobachtung von Unterschieden – solchen der Begabung, des Verhaltens und des Interesses – zwischen Schüler*innen in den Schulen mehr und mehr in das Blickfeld rückte. Auseinandersetzungen darüber, wie vor diesem Hintergrund „passende“ Lerngruppen zusammengestellt werden sollten, bestimmten zunehmend das Bild der pädagogischen und schulpolitischen Debatten. Rekonstruiert werden Selektionsmechanismen im Schulsystem zwischen 1880 und 1980, mit denen zwischen Normalen und Nicht-Normalen, zwischen Begabten und Minderbegabten, zwischen solchen, die sich anpassten, und solchen, die das nicht taten, unterschieden wurde. Die Beiträge untersuchen Praktiken des Beobachtens, Prüfens und Beurteilens von Schüler*innen, die dafür eingesetzten Verfahren und Tests sowie die damit verbundenen individuellen, pädagogischen und politischen Bedingungen und Folgen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Schüler ; Auslese ; Ausleseverfahren ; Schülerbeurteilung ; Historische Bildungsforschung ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Schulgeschichte ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Heterogenität ; Inklusion ; Exklusion ; Hilfsschule ; Kategorisierung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Abitur ; Aufsatz ; Begabung ; Hochbegabung ; Differenzierung ; Selektion ; Übergang Primarstufe - Sekundarstufe I ; Schulische Integration ; Beobachtung ; Lernbehinderung ; Sonderpädagogische Einrichtung ; Förderklasse ; Diagnostik ; Pädagogische Diagnostik ; Leistungsmessung ; Intelligenztest ; Schulsystem ; Intelligenzschwäche ; Lernschwäche ; Sonderschulpädagogik ; Psychiatrie ; Pädagogik ; Handschrift ; Diagnose ; Gehirn ; Schrift ; Experiment ; Geistige Behinderung ; Bildungsfähigkeit ; Primarbereich ; Sonderschule ; Schuleignung ; Gutachten ; Pädagogische Psychologie ; Differenzielle Psychologie ; Reform ; Abiturprüfung ; Leistungsbeurteilung ; Prüfungswesen ; psychometrische Tests ; Lehrergutachten ; Praktiken des Beobachtens ; Soldat ; Kriegsbeschädigter ; Gehirnschädigung ; Übungsschule ; Berufspsychologie ; Berufseignung ; Berufsberatung ; Migrant ; Migrationshintergrund ; Schulpsychologie ; Maßnahme ; Vergleich ; Stern ; William Louis ; 19. Jahrhundert ; 20. Jahrhundert ; Kaiserreich ; Weimarer Republik ; Fallbeispiel ; Test ; Historische Quelle ; Deutschland ; Schweiz ; Deutschland-BRD ; Deutschland-DDR ; Preußen ; New York ; N.Y. ; USA ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The historical and theoretical relationship between education and the body is the focus of this discourse-analytical study. It is situated at the interface of systematic educational science and historical educational research and looks at both the current debate on educational theory and the pedagogical discussions at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The starting point of the analyses is a theoretical phenomenon called disembodiment. This term refers to different dynamics that in their totality aim at the discursive exclusion and marginalisation of corporeality in the discourse on education. Three works from different currents of pedagogy are examined more closely for this purpose: Campe's 'Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens' (1785-1792), Niemeyer's 'Grundsätze der Erziehung und des Unterrichts' (1796-1824/5) and two writings by Schwarz, the 'Erziehungslehre' (1802-1813) and the 'Lehrbuch der Erziehung und Unterrichtslehre' (1805-1835). In addition to a presentation of the spectrum of perspectives on physical education, a reconstruction of the historical discourse of so-called physical education and case analyses of the anthropological contexts, the study is able to show that disembodiment tendencies can be traced not only in the current discourse, but already at the turn of the 19th century.
    Description: Das geschichtliche sowie theoretische Verhältnis von Erziehung und Körper steht im Zentrum dieser diskursanalytisch angelegten Studie. Diese ist an der Schnittstelle von systematischer Erziehungswissenschaft und historischer Bildungsforschung angesiedelt und betrachtet sowohl die aktuelle erziehungstheoretische Debatte als auch die pädagogischen Diskussionen am Ende des 18. und zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ausgangspunkt der Analysen ist ein theoretisches Phänomen, das als Entkörperung bezeichnet wird. Mit diesem Begriff sind unterschiedliche Dynamiken gemeint, die in ihrer Gesamtheit auf die diskursive Ausgrenzung und Marginalisierung von Körperlichkeit in der Rede über Erziehung zielen. Drei Werke aus unterschiedlichen Strömungen der Pädagogik sind hierfür näher untersucht: Die von Campe herausgegebene ‚Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens‘ (1785–1792), die ‚Grundsätze der Erziehung und des Unterrichts‘ (1796–1824/5) von Niemeyer und zwei Schriften von Schwarz, die ‚Erziehungslehre‘ (1802–1813) sowie das ‚Lehrbuch der Erziehung und Unterrichtslehre‘ (1805–1835). Neben einer Darstellung des Spektrums der körperpädagogischen Perspektiven, einer Rekonstruktion des historischen Diskurses der sogenannten physischen Erziehung und Fallanalysen zu den anthropologischen Kontexten, kann die Untersuchung im Ergebnis zeigen, dass nicht nur im aktuellen Diskurs, sondern bereits an der Wende zum 19. Jahrhundert Entkörperungstendenzen nachzuweisen sind. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Historische Bildungsforschung ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Körper 〈Biol〉 ; Körperlichkeit ; Leiblichkeit ; Menschlicher Körper ; Pädagogische Theorie ; Bildungstheorie ; Erziehung ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Diskursanalyse ; Historische Analyse ; Campe, Joachim Heinrich ; Niemeyer, August Hermann ; Schwarz, Friedrich Heinrich Christian ; 18. Jahrhundert ; 19. Jahrhundert ; Dissertationsschrift ; Deutschland ; Sciences of education ; Corporeality ; Corporealtity ; Human body ; Pedagogical theory ; Educational theory ; Theory of education ; Education ; History ; Discourse Analysis ; Historical analysis ; Doctoral Theses ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: "1918" signifies more than the end of the First World War. The reference to the year often also justifies narratives in the history of education. On the other hand, this volume explores the simultaneities of caesurae and traditions, ruptures and continuities in regional, national, European and global perspectives. It examines diverse paradoxes of supposedly old and new pedagogical cultures and practices as well as ambivalences of youth between rebellion and attachment to educational ideals. It also focuses on the questioning of schools and pedagogy, their relegitimisation and the intertwining of social democracy and socialism with educational reforms and traditions. In this way, the volume aims at the often described "clash of ideologies" in the interwar period and at the circulation of competing knowledge, so that it discusses the complex openness of 1918 in terms of educational history.
    Description: „1918“ bezeichnet mehr als das Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs. Der Jahresbezug begründet häufig auch bildungsgeschichtliche Narrative. Hingegen fragt der Band nach Gleichzeitigkeiten von Zäsuren und Tradierungen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten in regionalen, nationalen, europäischen und globalen Perspektiven. Er untersucht vielfältige Paradoxien vermeintlich alter und neuer pädagogischer Kulturen und Praktiken ebenso wie Ambivalenzen der Jugend zwischen Aufbegehren und Anknüpfung an Bildungsideale. Auch die Infragestellung von Schule und Pädagogik, ihre Relegitimierung sowie die Verflechtung von Sozialdemokratie und Sozialismus mit Bildungsreformen und -traditionen werden fokussiert. Damit zielt der Band auf den vielfach beschriebenen «Kampf der Ideologien» in der Zwischenkriegszeit und auf die Zirkulation konkurrierender Wissen, sodass er bildungshistorisch die komplexe Offenheit von 1918 diskutiert.
    Keywords: Historische Bildungsforschung ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Schule ; Jugend ; Schülermitwirkung ; Lehrerseminar ; Mitbestimmung ; Reformpädagogik ; Jugendbewegung ; Kritik ; Schülerbewegung ; Aufstand ; Elternmitwirkung ; Nachkriegsgeschichte ; Zwischenkriegszeit ; Weltkrieg I ; Schülerorganisation ; Kollektives Gedächtnis ; Turnverein ; Körpererziehung ; Männlichkeit ; Patriotismus ; Persönlichkeitsbildung ; Körperkultur ; Leitbild ; Körperbild ; Geschlecht ; Geschlechtsspezifische Sozialisation ; Geschlechtergeschichte ; Turnen ; Jugendkultur ; Orientalistik ; Interesse ; Indienbild ; Rezeption ; Lehrerfortbildung ; Organisation ; Politische Kultur ; Volksschule ; Selbstwahrnehmung ; Bildungspolitik ; Praxeologie ; Lehrer ; Neuorientierung ; Pädagogik ; Reform ; Gesellschaft ; Positivismus ; Evolutionismus ; Experimentelle Pädagogik ; Kinderpsychologie ; Steuerung ; Schulbuch ; Analyse ; Vergleich ; Evangelischer Religionsunterricht ; Religionsunterricht ; Schulbuchforschung ; Lebenskunde ; Mittelschule ; Lehrmittel ; Erziehung ; Lehrplan ; Lehrplanvergleich ; Curriculum ; Kirche-Staat-Beziehung ; Schulsystem ; Sozialdemokrat ; Schriftsteller ; Sozialist ; Pädagoge ; Historische Persönlichkeit ; Pädagogisierung ; Biografie ; Autobiografie ; Linke 〈Pol〉 ; Bildung ; Arbeiterbildung ; Arbeiterbewegung ; Arbeiterklasse ; Sozialistische Bildung ; Außerschulischer Lernort ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Politisches Programm ; Erziehungsprogramm ; Sozialdemokratie ; Schulreform ; Bildungsreform ; Sozialismus ; Sozialgeschichte ; Kulturgeschichte ; Bildungszugang ; Schulgemeinde ; Quellenkritik ; Historische Quelle ; Tagore ; Rabindranath ; Thorndike ; Edward L. ; Dewey ; John ; Traber ; Alfred ; Glöckel ; Otto ; Bernfeld ; Siegfried ; 20. Jahrhundert ; Zürich ; Schweiz ; Deutschland ; Indien ; Deutschland 〈bis 1945〉 ; Tschechische Republik ; Tschechoslowakei ; USA ; Weimarer Republik ; Preußen ; Preußische Reform ; Deutsches Reich ; Wien ; Österreich ; History of education ; History of educational activities ; History ; School ; Adolescence ; Youth ; Pupil Participation ; Teachers' training college ; Codetermination ; Progressive Education ; Progressive education ; Reform pedagogics ; Youth movement ; Criticism ; Revolt ; Parent participation ; Post-war period ; Peace time ; World War I ; Student organizations ; Physical education ; Masculinity ; Patriotism ; Personality development ; Ideal (model) ; Body image ; Sex ; Gender-specific socialization ; Gymnastics ; Youth culture ; Reception ; Further education for teachers ; Further education of teachers ; Further training for teachers ; Organization ; Political culture ; Elementary School ; General compulsory school ; Primary school ; Self-perception ; Educational policy ; Teacher ; Pedagogics ; Sciences of education ; Society ; Positivism ; Experimental education ; Experimental pedagogics ; Experimental teaching ; Child psychology ; Children's hospital ; Text book ; Textbook ; Religious instruction ; Teaching of religion ; Textbook research ; Intermediate school ; Educational Materials ; Teaching aids ; Training aid ; Education ; State church separation ; School system ; Pedagogue ; Biographies ; Autobiographies ; Education of workers ; Workers' education ; Labor movement ; Working Class ; Adult education ; Adult training ; Political program ; Social democracy ; School reform ; Educational reform ; Socialism ; Social history ; Cultural history ; Access to Education ; School community ; Zurich ; Switzerland ; Germany ; India ; Czech Republic ; Czechoslovakia ; Weimar Republic ; Weimar Republic (Germany ; 1918-33) ; German Reich ; Vienna ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Befürwortende ebenso wie skeptische Stimmen zum Thema Inklusion klingen häufig so, als sei ein Gelingen oder Scheitern inklusiver Prozesse kaum beeinflussbar. Entsprechend wenig ist untersucht, wie sich Gruppenprozesse in inklusiven Gruppen gestalten. Die vorliegende Studie schließt diese Lücke, indem sie die Zusammenarbeit in Kleingruppen im Kontext inklusiver Hochschulbildung untersucht. Gegenstand sind vier rekonstruktive Fallstudien aus Seminaren, an denen Studierende und behinderte Menschen – zumeist ohne Hochschulzugangsberechtigung – teilnehmen. Unter Anwendung der dokumentarischen Methode werden Arbeitsprozesse von Projektgruppen im Rahmen inklusionsorientierter Seminare analysiert. Die leitende Fragestellung besteht darin, wie die Mitglieder einer Gruppe Gemeinsamkeit herstellen, Differenz bearbeiten und Verantwortung verteilen. Somit ist die Ambivalenz von Gemeinsamkeit und Differenz und ihre ‚Herstellung’ in inklusiven Kleingruppen Gegenstand der Dissertation. Sie leistet für die Förder-/Sonder-/Rehabilitations- und Inklusionspädagogik einen Beitrag zur kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit Differenz und den damit verbundenen Zuschreibungen. Zugleich wird aber auch die Entstehung von gemeinsamen Erfahrungsräumen in Gruppenprozessen analysiert. Obwohl im Hochschulbereich angesiedelt, sind die Ergebnisse auch für außerschulische Jugendbildung und den Sekundarbereich als relevant anzusehen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Hochschule ; Hochschulseminar ; Gruppe 〈Soz〉 ; Heterogene Lerngruppe ; Gruppendynamik ; Kleingruppe ; Gruppenpsychologie ; Heterogenität ; Sozialer Prozess ; Soziale Interaktion ; Soziale Integration ; Gemeinsamkeit ; Differenz ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Sonderpädagogik ; Dokumentarische Methode ; Fallbeispiel ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Higher education institute ; Group dynamics ; Small goup ; Small group ; Group psychology ; Heterogeneity ; Social process ; Social interaction ; Social integration ; Integrative education ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Exemplary model ; Germany ; Document ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Vor zehn Jahren regte die Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention und die damit einhergehende rechtliche Verankerung inklusiver Prozesse eine Vielzahl von strukturellen Veränderungen im Bildungssystem an. Daher liegt der inhaltliche Fokus auf Lehren und Lernen in inklusiven Settings. Thematisiert werden damit sowohl inklusives Lehren und Lernen im Bildungsverlauf durch Kindertagesstätten und Schulen als auch in den Hochschulen.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Integration ; Sonderpädagogik ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Integrative Beschulung ; Kindertagesstätte ; Grundschule ; Schule ; Hochschule ; Lehr-Lern-Prozess ; Lernforschung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lehrerfortbildung ; Professionalisierung ; Weiterbildung ; Lehrerbildung ; Qualifizierung ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Lernwerkstatt ; Hochschulbildung ; Interview ; Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ; Kooperation ; Hochschullehre ; Differenzierung ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Heterogenität ; Lehrer ; Lehramtsstudent ; Normalisierung ; Diagnostik ; Übergang Schule - Beruf ; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung ; Lernprozess ; Frühförderung ; Erlebnispädagogik ; Normalität ; Vielfalt ; Unterrichtsqualität ; Schulorganisation ; Volksschule ; Lernumgebung ; Nachteilsausgleich ; Chancengleichheit ; Österreich ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Integrative education ; Day nursery ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; School ; Higher education institute ; Teaching-learning process ; Research on learning ; Teacher education ; Teacher training ; Further education for teachers ; Further education of teachers ; Further training for teachers ; Professionalization ; Continuing education ; Further education ; Teachers' training ; Qualification ; Learning workshop ; Higher education ; University level of education ; Cooperation ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Heterogeneity ; Teacher ; Student teachers ; Normalization (Disabilities) ; Diagnostic ; Pupil-teacher relation ; Pupil-teacher relationship ; Learning process ; Early remedial education ; Adventure pedagogics ; Experience pedagogics ; Teaching quality ; School organisation ; School organization ; General compulsory school ; Educational Environment ; Learning environment ; Equal opportunities ; Equal opportunity ; Austria ; Germany ; Type of school ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This volume is dedicated to the professional re-entry of teachers with a refugee background into the teaching profession. The book presents the certificate course "Educational Science Basics for Teachers with a Refugee Background" at the University of Vienna and research results on it in detail. Furthermore, the teachers and participants reflect on their experiences with this measure. Challenges and synergies in connection with the implementation of such a course are discussed as well as international perspectives on the requalification of refugee teachers.
    Description: Der Band widmet sich dem beruflichen Wiedereinstieg von Lehrkräften mit Fluchthintergrund in den Schuldienst. Das Buch stellt den Zertifikatskurs "Bildungswissenschaftliche Grundlagen für Lehrkräfte mit Fluchthintergrund" an der Universität Wien und Forschungsergebnisse dazu eingehend dar. Weiterhin reflektieren die Lehrenden und die Teilnehmenden ihre Erfahrungen mit dieser Maßnahme. Herausforderungen und Synergien im Zusammenhang mit der Implementierung eines solchen Kurses werden ebenso diskutiert wie internationale Perspektiven auf die Requalifizierung geflüchteter Lehrkräfte.
    Keywords: Lehrer ; Beruflicher Wiedereinstieg ; Flüchtling ; Zertifikatskurs ; Zertifizierung ; Berufliche Integration ; Berufspädagogik ; Flucht ; Migration ; Migrationshintergrund ; Qualifizierung ; Qualifizierungsmaßnahme ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Anerkennung ; Lehrerbildung ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Theorie-Praxis-Beziehung ; Unterrichtspraxis ; Heterogenität ; Weiterbildung ; Hochschule ; Hochschullehre ; Deutschland ; Schweden ; Österreich ; Teacher ; Re-entry ; Refugee ; Certification ; Occupational integration ; Vocational pedagogics ; Flight ; Running away ; Immigrant background ; Migration background ; Qualification ; National Vocational Qualification ; Occupational qualification ; Vocational qualification ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Theory Practice Relationship ; Teaching practice ; Heterogeneity ; Continuing education ; Further education ; Higher education institute ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Germany ; Sweden ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNP Adult education, continuous learning ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNP Adult education, continuous learning
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The dissertation is located in the context of research on adolescence and transitions with a focus on special education. Disadvantaged adolescents are the target group of this study. Adolescents were interviewed at two points in time using biographical narrative interviews. In addition, parent interviews took place once, which serve as an addition or contrast, but primarily in order to stress the intergenerational contouring of the life phase of adolescence. The focus of the study is on how adolescents experience and handle the transition from school to post-school life. By using biographical case reconstructions, biographical coping strategies and vocational self-presentations were reconstructed from the narratives in order to illuminate the complexity that such transitions pose. The theoretical framework used in this dissertation understands adolescence as embedded in generational relations, which is also viewed in terms of inequality theory. As a result, the perspective on the adolescent life stage is not only focused on adolescent developmental tasks, but is characterized by an intergenerational view that forms the background for complex and dynamic readjustment processes. Thus, persistent familial significance in this phase of life is emphasized. By reconstructing biographical coping strategies, it becomes visible how young people deal with vocational orientation processes against their familial background and what efforts they partly expend to fulfill familial missions or to distance themselves from them. The research design of the study responds to a desideratum that exists with regard to qualitative or biographical long-term studies in the area of adolescence in school and vocational contexts. The life stories of the adolescents clearly point to the necessity of embedding transitions in an overall biographical context and of reacting to the associated ways of looking at the life phase of adolescence. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Description: Die vorliegende Studie beleuchtet mit Hilfe eines biographischen Forschungszugangs die Komplexität des Übergangsprozesses von benachteiligten Jugendlichen am Übergang von der Schule ins nachschulische Leben. Entgegen der gängigen Betonung der Ablösung vom Elternhaus wird im Rahmen der Arbeit die anhaltende familiale Bedeutung in der Lebensphase herausgearbeitet. Das Konzept der Entwicklungsaufgaben wird daher intergenerational konturiert und ungleichheitstheoretisch ausgeleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Eltern und ihre (Berufs-)Biographien eine hohe Bedeutung für die eigene Übergangsgestaltung der Adoleszenten haben. Die biographischen Texte illustrieren die jeweiligen Bewältigungs- und Gestaltungsstrategien der Jugendlichen, die Konsequenzen für eine biographieorientierte Beratung am Übergang zulassen. Weiterhin lassen die Erkenntnisse Implikationen für Hochschullehre zu, indem biographieanalytische und ungleichheitstheoretische Aspekte in der Adoleszenzphase im Lehrplan verankert werden. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Transition ; Übergang Schule - Beruf ; Benachteiligter Jugendlicher ; Familie ; Einflussfaktor ; Berufsbiografie ; Eltern ; Adoleszenz ; Sonderpädagogik ; Sozialer Raum ; Übergang ; Wahrnehmung ; Entscheidung ; Bewältigung ; Selbstdarstellung ; Handlungsfähigkeit ; Sozialpädagogik ; Entwicklungsaufgabe ; Benachteiligung ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Förderschule ; Sozialer Hintergrund ; Forscher ; Soziale Herkunft ; Generationenverhältnis ; Bildungsaspiration ; Bourdieu, Pierre ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Biografische Methode ; Biografisches Interview ; Fallbeispiel ; Deutschland ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNC Educational psychology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNC Educational psychology
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Seit der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention befindet sich Inklusion im Spannungsfeld von Normalität und Diversität. Soll sie auf mehr als die Anwesenheit von Menschen mit Behinderung in Erziehungs- und Bildungsinstitutionen verweisen, so müssen diese Institutionen und die darin befindlichen Akteur*innen und Praktiken weiterhin auf ihre Verstrickungen in die Reproduktion von Ausgrenzung und sozialer Ungleichheit hin thematisiert werden. So finden sich in diesem Band Beiträge zu folgenden Schwerpunkten: Grundfragen der Inklusion, Subjekttheoretische Perspektiven im Rahmen der Inklusion, Pädagogik und Bildung aus menschenrechtlicher und demokratischer Perspektive, Mechanismen der Exklusion und Inklusion sowie Inklusive Schulentwicklung.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Integration ; Normalität ; Vielfalt ; Differenzierung ; Normalisierung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Erziehungsphilosophie ; Menschenrechte ; Exklusion ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Integrative Beschulung ; Partizipation ; Benachteiligung ; Ungleichheit ; Gerechtigkeit ; Differenzierender Unterricht ; Schule ; Bildungspolitik ; Fremdheit ; Subjektorientierung ; Bildungsprozess ; Subjekt 〈Phil〉 ; Demokratische Bildung ; Lernprozess ; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung ; Bildungsbegriff ; Reziprozität ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Verhaltensauffälligkeit ; Schulsport ; Körperkultur ; Körperbehinderung ; Geistige Behinderung ; Emotionale Entwicklung ; Soziale Entwicklung ; Autonomie ; Flüchtling ; Leistungsorientierung ; Systemtheorie ; Kindertagesstätte ; Schulreform ; Schulentwicklung ; Deutschland ; Österreich ; Thailand ; Inclusion ; Normalization (Disabilities) ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Philosophy of education ; Human rights ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Integrative education ; Disadvantage ; Justice ; Differentiated teaching ; School ; Educational policy ; Strangeness ; Educational process ; Learning process ; Pupil-teacher relation ; Pupil-teacher relationship ; Concept of education ; Special Educational Needs ; School sports ; Physical handicap ; Oligophrenia ; Social change ; Social development ; Autonomy ; Refugee ; Achievement orientation ; System theory ; Day nursery ; School reform ; School development ; Germany ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The impetus and aim of this publication is to shed light on different perspectives on diversity in early childhood and to explore possibilities for researching this together with children. Reference is made to bodies of knowledge and knowledge references that have developed and become established in the context of early childhood and diversity, and attention is paid to explaining different methods and concrete experiences of using them to explore perspectives on diversity. One focus is on the description and reflection of research with children. The book is aimed at students and researchers in educational science and its neighbouring disciplines. It gives them an insight into basic theoretical frameworks with regard to the thematic horizons of childhood, childhood research and diversity and presents methods of research that enable the active inclusion of children in a concentrated manner. Furthermore, it gives professionals in elementary education and heads of organisations an impression of methods (reflections) and procedures of research with children and can be a support for them in the context of decision-making processes about participation in research projects.
    Description: Unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf Vielfalt in der frühen Kindheit zu beleuchten und Möglichkeiten auszuloten, wie mit Kindern gemeinsam dazu geforscht werden kann, sind Anstoß und Ziel dieser Publikation. Es wird auf Wissensbestände und Wissensbezüge Bezug genommen, die sich im Kontext von früher Kindheit und Diversität entwickelt und etabliert haben und der Erläuterung unterschiedlicher Methoden und konkreter Erfahrungen Beachtung geschenkt, mit ihnen Perspektiven auf Diversität zu erforschen. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Beschreibung und Reflexion des Forschens mit Kindern. Das Buch richtet sich zum einen an Studierende und Forschende der Erziehungswissenschaft und ihrer Nachbardisziplinen. Ihnen gibt es einen Einblick in grundlegende theoretische Rahmungen hinsichtlich der Themenhorizonte Kindheit, Kindheitsforschung und Diversität und stellt Methoden des Forschens, die den aktiven Einbezug von Kindern ermöglichen, in konzentrierter Weise vor. Darüber hinaus vermittelt es Fachkräften der Elementarpädagogik und Organsisationsleitungen einen Eindruck von Methoden(-reflexionen) und Vorgehensweisen des Forschens mit Kindern und kann ihnen Unterstützung im Rahmen von Entscheidungsprozessen über die Beteiligung an Forschungsprojekten sein. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Empirische Forschung ; Selbstbestimmung ; Frühpädagogik ; Inklusion ; Teilnahme ; Behinderung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Heterogenität ; Frühe Kindheit ; Forschung ; Kind ; Kindheitsforschung ; Kindheit ; Elementarbereich ; Elementarpädagogik ; Forschendes Lernen ; Differenz ; Philosophie ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Kindertagesbetreuung ; Vielfalt ; Partizipation ; Integration ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Interviewtechnik ; Ethnologie ; Exklusion ; Lebenswelt ; Handpuppe ; Flucht ; Ethik ; Vulnerabilität ; Pflegekind ; Raumplanung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Sozialplanung ; Grenze ; Gleichheit ; Normativität ; Kleinkindalter ; Vorschulalter ; Kinderarbeit ; Kindergarten ; Kindergartenalltag ; Kindergartenalter ; Fotografieren ; Heimkind ; Datenerhebung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Teilnehmende Beobachtung ; Forschungsmethode ; Forschungsprojekt ; Methode ; Interview ; Schweiz ; Deutschland ; Argentinien ; Nepal ; Empirical research ; Self-determination ; Early childhood education ; Inclusion ; Participation ; Handicap ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Heterogeneity ; Early childhood ; Research ; Child ; Childhood ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools::JNLA Pre-school & kindergarten ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools::JNLA Pre-school and kindergarten
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  • 16
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    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: In social debates about inclusion, the humane, the individual person, runs the risk of being lost from view, as the discussions are often only conducted on a systemic-structural level. However, aspects of concrete pedagogical and conceptual work and educational encounters are also affected. This volume is dedicated to the diversity of individuals in their respective contexts in the spectrum between inclusions and exclusions from different theoretical and practical perspectives. From everyday situations in German and American classrooms to school inclusion models and the Federal Participation Act to humane exclusions in the internationally networked digital age; from discourses on vulnerability, ethics and exclusion to the topos of the stranger in the educational inclusion debate, multiple perspectives open up.
    Description: In gesellschaftlichen Debatten um Inklusion läuft das Humane, der einzelne Mensch, Gefahr, aus dem Blick zu geraten, da die Diskussionen oftmals nur auf systemisch-struktureller Ebene geführt werden. Betroffen sind dabei jedoch auch Aspekte der konkreten pädagogischen und konzeptionellen Arbeit und der erzieherischen Begegnung. Dieser Band widmet sich der Vielfalt von Individuen in ihren jeweiligen Kontexten im Spektrum zwischen Inklusionen und Exklusionen aus unterschiedlichen theoretischen und praktischen Perspektiven. Von alltäglichen Situationen in deutschen und amerikanischen Klassenzimmern über schulische Inklusionsmodelle und das Bundesteilhabegesetz hin zu humanen Exklusionen im international vernetzten Digitalzeitalter; von Diskursen über Vulnerabilität, Ethik und Exklusion bis hin zum Topos des Fremden in der pädagogischen Inklusionsdebatte eröffnen sich multiperspektivische Betrachtungsweisen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Exklusion ; Humanistische Pädagogik ; Vielfalt ; Sonderpädagogik ; Interdisziplinarität ; Schule ; Unterricht ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Integrative Schule ; Partizipation ; Diagnostik ; Gesetzgebung ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Vulnerabilität ; Fremdes ; Digitalisierung ; Butler, Judith ; Deutschland ; USA ; Inclusion ; Humanistic pedagogics ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Interdisciplinarity ; School ; Teaching ; Cross-national comparison ; International comparison ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Diagnostic ; Special Educational Needs ; Foreign culture ; Digitalization ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
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  • 17
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 545-545 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 19
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    Journal of Chemometrics 3 (1989), S. 601-608 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Gas phase flow injection analysis ; Membrane-differentiated analysis ; Multicomponent determinations ; Successive linear regression ; Successive regression in fiduciary region ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A membrane-discriminated gas phase analyzer is proposed for multicomponent determinations. Nitrogen gas flows countercurrent through outer and inner channels in a tube-in-tube arrangement. The only communication between the two channels occurs through a 500 μm aperture covered by a porous PTFE membrane. A mixture of organic compounds (up to four components) is injected into the inner channel by a heated backflushed injector and the sample components diffusing into the outer channel are monitored by a flame ionization detector (FID). A calibration set, consisting of pure components, binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures (a total of 64 samples), provides the known data base: temporal profiles of the FID output as a function of sample composition. Although the overall response behavior is not a linearly additive function of individual analyte concentrations, the use of successive inverse multiple linear regression (while continually altering the choice of the calibration samples considered for the forward regression, on the basis of the most recent values of the predicted unknown sample composition) is shown to yield analytical results for unknown samples that are in good agreement with their true values.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 3 (1989), S. 609-609 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 21
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 22
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 23
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Factor analysis ; Self-modeling curve resolution ; Spectra isolation ; Target transformation factor analysis ; Iterative target transformation factor analysis ; Evolving factor analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One of the major applications of factor analysis in the chemical literature, self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR), is covered in this review, including a historical account of the methods derived from Lawton and Sylvestre's original method. Papers treating the theory or applications of SMCR are included. Qualitative and quantitative applications are described where appropriate.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 25
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 26
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992), S. 63-64 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 27
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992), S. 65-83 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Trilinear decomposition ; Receptor modeling ; Source identification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In many cases, monitoring data for ambient airborne particles can be organized in the form of a three-way data table with one way for chemical species, one for sampling periods and one for sites. A direct trilinear decomposition followed by a matrix reconstruction (DTDMR) is developed to analyze such a data table as a whole. The three-way data set is composed into three two-way matrices by a direct trilinear decomposition (DTD). The column vectors of each of the matrices are called ‘source profiles’, ‘emission patterns’ and ‘site coefficients’ respectively. Particulate sources are identified by examining both their source profiles and emission patterns. After the sources have been identified, emission patterns and site coefficients are used to produce a three-way matrix that gives estimates of mass contributions of sources to the samples collected at every site in every period. By simulation study, not only has the method been verified, but a good indicator has been found that shows the number of factors (i.e. sources) in the system. Unlike other receptor models, DTDMR does not require source profile data and does not involve trial-and-error procedures. Since DTDMR identifies sources based on variations in two dimensions, it has a higher potential to distinguish two sources that have similar chemical compositions. The DTDMR model has provided excellent results with simulated data and has been applied in a real world three-way data set.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992), S. 113-116 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 29
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992), S. 117-118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 30
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    Journal of Chemometrics 6 (1992), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: NIR spectroscopy ; Wavelength selection ; Interaction effects ; Multicomponent mixtures ; Partial least squares ; Generalized least squares ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Modern scanning (near-)infrared reflectance/absorption (NIR) spectroscopes measure the absorptions or reflectances at a sequence of around 1000 wavelengths. Training data may consist of 10-100 carefully designed sample mixtures for which the true composition of the mixture is either known by formulation or accurately determined by wet chemistry. In future one wishes to predict the true composition from the spectrum. In this paper we compare a simple wavelength selection approach with methods which retain all the wavelengths. It offers a powerful yet simple technique for choosing those wavelengths that are specific to each pure component as against the other components (including the medium) for the varying compositions. In the presence of a defined range of ingredients in thus chooses wavelengths which are highly selective for each particular component. It has the added advantage of selecting wavelengths which are little effected by interaction effects and consequent non-linearities.The calibration data used consist of 125 observations of three sugars, each varying at five levels in a full 53 design. The validation set consists of 21 further samples specially selected to have compositions outside the range of the training sample. The selection methods perform much better on this prediction set than methods which retain all the wavelengths, 700 in this case. The leave-one-out cross-validation internal to the calibration data would point to the opposite finding and suggests that such crossvalidations may be overly flattering to techniques such as partial least squares and may encourage overfitting. After selection, simple straightforward least squares methods may be used, eschewing the need for ‘shrinkage’ methods such as partial least squares or ridge regression.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Classification ; Pattern recognition ; Preprocessing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Over the past 15 years the linear learning machine has been applied to a large number of chemical problems. The learning machine approach is conceptually simple and does not require knowledge about the statistical distribution of the data. However, there are problems associated with this approach. One problem which has not been investigated is the influence of mislabeled samples on the positioning of the hyperplane in feature space. If a few samples in a data set are incorrectly tagged prior to training (i.e. the samples are labeled as members of class 2 even though they are actually members of class 1), it is still possible using the linear learning machine to achieve a classification success rate of 100% for the training set. However, unfavorable results will be obtained for the prediction set. The magnitude of this effect and its potential implications regarding the proper use of the linear learning machine are discussed.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Deconvolution ; Jansson's method ; Peak restoration ; Iterative deconvolution ; Peak resolution ; Non-linear deconvolution ; Super-resolution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In previous papers Jansson's method was found to be successful at deconvolving severely overlapped gas chromatographic peaks. In the most recent paper the method was evaluated with respect to quantitative accuracy, peak area and retention time repeatability. The problems associated with deconvolving noisy data and some alternatives which can improve the ability of Jansson's method to deconvolve noisy data are discussed. These alternatives include presmoothing the data with a nine-point, third-order polynomial filter and data reblurring. This paper will test these methods on peaks with various degrees of resolution and signal-to-noise ratios.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Infrared ; Spectroscopy ; Spectrometry ; Retrieval ; Confirmation ; Chemometrics ; Adequate peaks ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the series of analytical techniques for identification of chemical substances, infrared spectrometry presents by far the highest information content. However, the information is most complicated too. It concerns a multitude of band positions, band intensities and band shapes, which, moreover, can be disturbed by matrix and other effects. The high redundancy, however, allows conclusions to be made by a qualitative, subjective procedure.IR is often used to prove the equality between a sample and a reference material, e.g. in quality control of a production process. In forensic control, the question to be answered is mostly not to prove equality, but whether or not the presence of a compound in a sample, e.g. a drug, can be proved. Moreover, testing has to be performed according to objective rules.To fulfil these requirements, a new retrieval algorithm, the ‘Adequate Peaks Search’, is presented. It concerns representing the reference spectra by sets of adequate peak positions and the sample spectrum by a set of all peak positions, whereafter the cross-sections of the sample set and the reference sets are determined. The concept ‘adequate peak’ is defined and criteria have been formulated to evaluate the results into a positive (presence of the analyte is proved) or negative (presence is not proved) conclusion.The detection limit when the Adequate Peaks Search (APS) method was applied was four to seven times lower than that attained by a number of experts.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; Three-way matrices ; Calibration ; Residual bilinearization ; Background correction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When using hyphenated methods in analytical chemistry, the data obtained for each sample are given as a matrix. When a regression equation is set up between an unknown sample (a matrix) and a calibration set (a stack of matrices), the residual is a matrix R.The regression equation is usually solved by minimizing the sum of squares of R. If the sample contains some constituent not calibrated for, this approach is not valid. In this paper an algorithm is presented which partitions R into one matrix of low rank corresponding to the unknown constituents, and one random noise matrix to which the least squares restrictions are applied. Properties and possible applications of the algorithm are also discussed.In Part 2 of this work an example from HPLC with diode array detection is presented and the results are compared with generalized rank annihilation factor analysis (GRAFA).
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  • 35
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 91-96 
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    Keywords: Sample size ; Monte Carlo ; Multivariate, normal ; Q-Q plots ; Classification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Because many pattern recognition techniques are predicated on the assumption of mutivariate normal data, Monte Carlo simulation studies were performed to determine the number of samples that are necessary to describe a multivariate normal population adequately. From these studies we have learned that hundreds of samples are required. These results suggest that parametric procedures should only be used to analyze very large data sets.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Matrix decomposition ; NIPALS ; Principal component ; SIMCA ; PLS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Non-linear Iterative Partial Least Squares (NIPALS) algorithm is used in principal component analysis to decompose a data matrix into score vectors and eigenvectors (loading vectors) plus a residual matrix. NIPALS starts with some guessed starting vector. The principal components obtained by NIPALS depends on the starting vector; the first principal component could not always be computed. Wold has suggested a starting vector for NIPALS, but we have found that even if this starting vector is used, the first principal component cannot be obtained in all cases. The reason why such a situation occurs is explained by the power method. A simple modification of the original NIPALS procedure to avoid getting smaller eigenvalues is presented.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 101-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 38
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 75-76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 39
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 40
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 103-121 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Recursive digital filter ; Square-root filter ; Information filter ; Parameter estimation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of recursive filtering techniques for parameter estimation in a variety of areas is reviewed. In particular, the Kalman filter algorithm is described, along with several variations, including square-root, UDUT and information filters. The solution to parameter estimation problems is discussed for both linear and non-linear models. Applications described include calibration, curve resolution in spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, kinetic analysis and process monitoring.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 42
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Orthogonal expansion ; Mapping ; Modelling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we discuss the orthogonal expansion of data matrices and its application to mapping and modelling. Two new methods, modified optimal discriminant plane (MODP) for mapping and order Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization (OGSO) for modelling, are proposed and examples are given.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 44
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 381-392 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Factor analysis ; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test ; Non-parametric tests in factor analysis ; Non-parametric test for principal components ; Principal component analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Each eigenvector of the dispersion matrix [X]T [X] was shown to be a partial predictor of the original data matrix [X], the sum of the predictions from the individual principal components being equal to the expectance of [X]. By comparing the distributions of the members of two neighbouring predicted matrices, [X̃]1…i and [X̃]1…i+1 (i.e. the sums of the first i and i + 1 individual predictions respectively), it was shown that they should be indistinguishable provided that i is equal to or greater than the effective rank of [X], and significantly different otherwise. This was confirmed by analysing the visible absorption spectra of methyl orange and methyl red solutions as well as the Raman spectra of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions. On the grounds of these findings, a non-parametric goodness-of-fit test for assessing the effective rank of [X] was proposed which proved to be comparatively conservative and more robust than most currently used tests.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 369-379 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Simulated annealing ; Constrained background bilinearization ; Calibration ; Two-way bilinear data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Generalized simulated annealing (GSA) is an optimization technique for locating the global optimum. In this paper GSA was used as the optimization procedure in the constrained background bilinearization (CBBL) of two-way bilinear data in order to reduce the possibility of sinking into local optima. The behaviour of the algorithm and its comparison with the modified Powell algorithm were studied by simulations and real fluorescence excitation-emission data for organic dye mixtures.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 439-445 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Calibration ; Rank annihilation ; Residual bilinearization ; Three-way ; Trilinear ; Net analyte rank ; Second-order ; Generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Through theoretical analysis and computer simulation, this short communication comments on the residual bilinearization (RBL) method and compares it with non-bilinear rank annihilation (NBRA) for the treatment of second-order calibration with non-bilinear data. It is found that these two methods are mathematically equivalent but have different noise propagation properties. The second-order advantage, namely quantitation in the presence of unknown interferences, can be carried over to non-bilinear data only if there exists a net analyte rank (NAR) for the analyte of interest.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 495-526 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Standard errors ; Eigenvalues ; PCA ; MLR ; GRAM ; Rank estimation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New expressions are derived for the standard errors in the eigenvalues of a cross-product matrix by the method of error propagation. Cross-product matrices frequently arise in multivariate data analysis, especially in principal component analysis (PCA). The derived standard errors account for the variability in the data as a result of measurement noise and are therefore essentially different from the standard errors developed in multivariate statistics. Those standard errors were derived in order to account for the finite number of observations on a fixed number of variables, the so-called sampling error. They can be used for making inferences about the population eigenvalues. Making inferences about the population eigenvalues is often not the purposes of PCA in physical sciences. This is particularly true if the measurements are performed on an analytical instrument that produces two-dimensional arrays for one chemical sample: the rows and columns of such a data matrix cannot be identified with observations on variables at all. However, PCA can still be used as a general data reduction technique, but now the effect of measurement noise on the standard errors in the eigenvalues has to be considered. The consequences for significance testing of the eigenvalues as well as the usefulness for error estimates for scores and loadings of PCA, multiple linear regression (MLR) and the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) are discussed. The adequacy of the derived expressions is tested by Monte Carlo simulations.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 7 (1993), S. 559-566 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 21-36 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: GRAM ; Tucker ; Unfold ; NBRA ; Second-order ; Three-way ; PARAFAC ; Trilinear ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: If an analytical instrument or instrumental method gives a response matrix when analyzing a pure analyte, the instrument or instrumental method is called a second-order method. Second-order methods that generate a response matrix for a pure analyte of rank one are called rank-one second-order methods. If the response matrix of a pure analyte is not rank one, essentially two cases exist: medium rank (between two and five) and high rank (greater than five). Subsequently, medium- and high-rank second-order calibration tries to use medium- and high-rank second-order methods to analyze for analytes of interest in a mixture. A particular advantage of second-order methods is the ability to analyze for analytes of interest in a mixture which contains unknown interferences. Keeping this advantage is the challenge on moving away from rank-one second-order calibration methods. In this paper a medium-rank second-order calibration method is proposed based on least-squares restricted Tucker models. With this method the second-order advantage is retained.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 267-268 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990), S. 269-269 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 101-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Taguchi ; Robust design ; Design of experiments ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper is intended to convey the essence of Taguchi's design approach to chemists and others with an interest in chemometrics. Although most Taguchi-style applications worldwide have been in electronics and in elaborately transformed manufactures, examples are increasingly found in chemical processes and in the food industry.Foremost among Taguchi's contributions is the concept of designing processes and products to be robust to the uncontrollable environmental influences which they experience during their operation or lifetime. This concept is explained with a worked example.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 127-145 
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    Keywords: Compression ; Multivariate analysis ; B-splines ; FT-IR spectra ; Second-order ; Two-dimensional ; Hyphenated methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to improve the storage and CPU time in the numerical analysis of large two-dimensional (hyphenated, second-order) infrared spectra, a data-preprocessing technique (compression) is presented which is based on B-splines. B-splines have been chosen as the compression method since they are wellsuited to model smooth curves. There are two primary goals of compression: a reduction of file size and a reduction of computation when analyzing the compressed representation. The compressed representation of the spectra is used as a substitute for the original representation. For the particular example used here, approximately 0.16 bit per data element was required for the compressed representation in contrast with 16 bits per data element in the uncompressed representation. The compressed representation was further analysed using principal component analysis and compared with a similar analysis on the original data set. The results shows that the principal compotent model of the compressed representation is directly comparable with the principal component model of the original data.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 181-203 
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    Keywords: RAFA ; GRAM ; Eigenvalues ; Bias ; Variance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA) is a method for multicomponent calibration using two data matrices simultaneously, one for the unknown and one for the calibration sample. In its most general form, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM), an eigenvalue problem has to be solved. In this second paper expressions are derived for predicting the bias and variance in the eigenvalues of GRAM. These expressions are built on the analogies between a reformulation of the eigenvalue problem and the prediction equations of univariate and multivariate calibration. The error analysis will also be performed for Lorber's formulation of RAFA. It will be demonstrated that, depending on the size of the eigenvalue, large differences in performance must be expected. A bias correction technique is proposed that effectively eliminates the bias if the error in the bias estimate is not too large. The derived expressions are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the predictions are satisfactory up to the limit of detection. The results are not sensitive to an incorrect choice of the dimension of the factor space.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 4 (1990) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 243-243 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Fitting ; Non-linear ; Least squares ; Refinement ; Constraints ; MSE ; Confidence ; C ls ; XPS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A non-linear least squares iterative refinement has been implemented which shows high performance on a multiple-peak spectrum including baseline or background. Constraints as well as links within a range are introduced to drive the mathematical optimization: each peak parameter (i.e. height, position, Gaussian/Lorentzian mixing ratio and HWHM on both left and right sides) has assigned to it an allowed range of variation and can be strained to be correlated with other parameters belonging either to the same peak (symmetrical peaks) or to other peaks (doublets, triplets, etc.). Peak shapes typical of XP spectra are used and applications in the field of XPS are discussed. Through emulated curves with Poisson distributed noise, the accuracy and precision of back-calculated (refined) parameters have been estimated. Moreover, a confidence level calculated from X2 and degrees of freedom has been suggested to check the overall fitting of experimental curves where the signal-to-noise ratio is a priori unknown. An application to real C ls XP spectra is described as an example and a list of suggestions is given to match operator requirements. Finally, features of NLLSRC are discussed with respect to other approaches.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Molecular descriptors ; Principal component analysis ; Chemometrics ; Pattern recognition ; Total surface area ; PCDD PCDF ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New theoretical molecular indices are defined. They contain information about the whole molecular structure in terms of size, shape, symmetry and atom distribution. These indices are calcualted from the (x, y, z) co-ordinates of a molecule within different weighting schemes in a straightforward manner and represent a very general approach to describe molecules, molecular fragments, macromolecules and molecular conformations in a unitary conceptual framework. Their interpretability is quite evident and is defined by the same mathematical properties as the algorithm used for their calculation. Examples on the total surface area, toxicity of PCDD and PCDF and reaction rate of catalysed reactions show a high modelling power of these indices.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 301-302 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 333-347 
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    Keywords: PLS ; ATR ; Paper ; Resolution ; Infrared ; FTIR ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) has been used to determine the amount of styrene-butadiene latex on the surface of coated papers and to predict the composition of the polymer. Spectrum recording was performed on the sample in its usual form without any modification.For quantitative analysis, partial least squares (PLS) regression, principal component regression (PCR) and multi-linear regression (MLR) were used to calculate models for prediction. The best result is obtained with PLS.We analysed two series of paper samples. The first analysis concerns the measurement of the quantity of latex of a constant quality on the coating surface. For 15 samples the concentration varied between 5 and 25 parts (grams per 100g of mineral pigments). We compared the predictive results at various resolutions. We obtained a relative error of 0.15 parts in latex at 4 cm-1 resolution. The second analysis concerns the measurement of the styrene/butadiene ratio in various types of latex. We obtained a relative error of 0.156 parts for styrene determination and 0.161 parts for butadiene determination.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 375-376 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 391-407 
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    Keywords: Neural networks ; Non-linear multivariate regression ; Pattern classification ; Kalman filter ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Finding methods for the optimization of weights in feedforward neural networks has become an ongoing developmental process in connectionist research. The current focus on finding new methods for the optimization of weights is mostly the result of the slow and unreliable convergence properties of the gradient descent optimization used in the original back-propagation algorithm. More accurate and computationally expensive second-order gradient methods have displaced earlier first-order gradient optimization of the network connection weights. The global, extended Kalman filter is among the most accurate and computationally expensive of these second-order weight optimization methods. The iterative, second-order nature of the filter results in a large number of calculations for each sweep of the training set. This can increase the training time dramatically when training is conducted with data sets that contain large numbers of training patterns. In this paper an adaptive variant of the global, extended Kalman filter that exhibits substantially improved convergence properties is presented and discussed. The adaptive mechanism permits more rapid convergence of network training by identifying data that contain redundant information and avoiding calculations based on this redundant information.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 439-443 
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    Keywords: Pattern recognition ; Principal component analysis ; Inverse mapping ; Optimization ; Material design ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An inverse mapping method called PCB (principal component backing), in which the point representing an unknown sample from a low-dimensional principal component subspace is back-projected to the high-dimensional original feature space, is proposed. Two sorts of boundary conditions, non-linear inverse mapping and linear inverse mapping, are used to obtain an accurate solution in the PCB method. The method is applied to the material design of high-Tc superconductors, predicting the composition and process conditions for the synthesis of F-doped Bi-based materials. Samples in the ‘optimal’ region with the highest Tc of the Bi-based ceramics have been predicted.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 1-2 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 3-20 
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    Keywords: Deconvolution algorithms ; Instrumental analysis ; Spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deconvolution algorithms for measurand reconstruction are considered. Their metrological and numerical properties are briefly characterized. Six algorithms most frequently used for instrumental applications are selected for closer analysis. Their comparative study is based on the use of spectrometric-type synthetic data, calorimetric-type synthetic data and spectrometric real-world data. Conclusions concerning computational complexity and accuracy of the compared algorithms as well as their metrological applicability are drawn.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 67-68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 125-135 
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    Keywords: Procrustean analysis ; FT-IR spectroscopy ; NIR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Procrustean methods allow the fitting of a given matrix to another given matrix observed on the same objects. In the traditional approach orthogonal constraints are imposed upon the transformation matrix, whereas in the alternative approach Procrustean analysis may be performed without such constraints. The two methods (with and without constraints) were compared on data dealing with mid- and near-infrared spectra of oil. The aim was to reconstruct the mid-infrared spectral information using data from the near-infrared spectra. Unconstrained Procrustean analysis proved to be the more efficient for both the calibration and verification sets. Furthermore, the analysis of the transformation matrix between the two infrared ranges made it possible to indicate wavelengths and wave numbers corresponding to the same chemical groups.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 91-123 
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    Keywords: H-principle ; PCA ; PLS regression ; latent variable models ; quadratic models ; sensitivity analysis ; outlier tests ; prediction variances ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present here an algorithmic approach to modelling data that includes principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). In fact, the numerical algorithm presented can carry out PCA or PLS. The algorithm for linear analysis and extensions to non-linear analysis applies to both PCA and PLS. The algorithm allows for combination of PCA and PLS types of models and therefore extends modelling to new types of models that involve combination of regression models and ‘selection of variation’ models, which is the idea of PCA-type models. The fact that the algorithm carries out both PCA and PLS shows that PCA and PLS are based on the same theory. This theory is based on the H-principle of mathematical modelling. The algorithm allows tests for outliers, sensitivity analysis and tests of submodels. These aspects of the algorithm are treated in detail. We compute various measures of sizes, e.g. of components, of the covariance matrix, of its inverse, etc. that show how much the algorithm has selected at each step. The analysis is illustrated by data from practice.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimators ; robust distance method ; pattern recognition ; Hotelling's T2 statistics ; near-infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for pattern recognition analysis of near-infrared spectra has been developed using robust distances determined by minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimators of multivariate location and scatter. Classical methods such as the Mahalanobis distance method often fail in the presence of a moderate number of outliers in a training data set, while robust distance methods can tolerate a considerably larger proportion of outliers in a training data set Outliers can be detected by their relatively large robust distances and can be excluded from a training set without a priori knowledge of the nature of the data set. In this paper the properties of a robust distance method are examined using near-infrared spectra of sulfamethoxazole and mixtures with its major degradation products, sulfanilic acid and sulfanilamide. The robust distance method successfully detected unacceptable samples (71.4%-89.3% (α = 0.05) or 78.6%-92.9% (α = 0.10)) even when they were inadvertently included in the training data set.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 226-228 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 197-209 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: proficiency test ; true value ; homogeneity robust statistic ; standard ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Profficiency tests raise two types of problems: (i) the homogeneity of a sample must be carefully checked before using it as a reference material; (ii) it is necessary to define a conventional reference value (RV) in order to rank participants. Since these topics are poorly addressed in the literature, a reference material was specially prepared in order to propose a procedure for verifying homogeneity and to establish whether the algorithms classically used to compute the conventional true value have an influence on the conclusion of the test.The homogeneity of the sample was not perfect and univariate and multivariate techniques were used to demonstrate some analytes can be suspected as heterogeneous. However, this was considered adequate for introducing the sample in a large proficiency test organized between four laboratory associations which regularly perform such tests. Altogether more than 3000 measurements were collected and eight algorithms were applied to compute the RV on 14 analytes. Thus is was possible to demonstrate that some of these algorithms are better adapted than others. It is also obvious that some analytes are better suited to proficiency testing.It can be concluded from this work that some effort towards standardization would be profitable to check homogeneity or to compute the RV, especially since the economic weight of proficiency testing is becoming even more important with the development of certification accreditation.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 129-145 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate calibration ; Biased regression ; Partial least squares (PLS) ; Principal component regression (PCR) ; Model validation ; Non-linear calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the goal of understanding global chemical processes, environmental chemists have some of the most complex sample analysis problems. Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully in many situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot. The purpose of this paper is to review multivariate calibration, with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years. The inverse and classical models are discussed briefly, with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) are discussed, along with methods for quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models. Non-linear PCR, non-linear PLS and locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data. Finally, calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample (second-order calibration) are discussed briefly.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 147-161 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Digital filtering ; Real-time analysis ; Kalman filtering ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Principal components regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Real-time monitoring of pollutant levels from a mobile measuring platform requires fast, flexible data analysis methods. This paper reports a method for rapid analysis of passive remotely sensed infrared data with the aid of a Kalman filter. The background spectra produced by emission from the atmosphere are modelled at the start of the data collection sequence with a simple principal components model obtained by eigenanalysis of the initial ‘blank’ data taken with the spectrometer. The species of interest are included in the state space model by a separate measurement of their infrared spectra. It is demonstrated that for best filter performance in detecting the simulated pollutant species SF6 in the atmosphere, a filter model with two principal components describing the emission background works best. The filter ‘maps’ of SF6 closely follow the integrated spectral intensities measured after removal of suitable backgrounds.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 163-179 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Principal component analysis ; Factor analysis ; Chemometrics ; Exploratory data analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases. The graphical approach to exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical composition data obtained on environmental dust particles. While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysis has certain advantages over the numerical procedures, the empirical approach described here should be viewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 331-342 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: partial least squares (PLS) ; variable selection ; IVS-PLS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the aim of developing PLS models with improved predictive properties, an interactive variable selection (IVS) approach for PLS regression was introduced in Part I of this series. IVS-PLS is based on a dimension-wise selective removal of single elements in the PLS weight vector w. IVS uses cross-validation (CV) as a guiding tool. The present paper illustrates the use of IVS-PLS on both simulated data and real examples from chemistry. In the first example, spectrophotometric data were simulated according to an experimental design. The objective was to see how IVS-PLS was influenced by different levels of noise in X and Y and by the number of predictor variables (K). The results of the modelling are shown as response surfaces. In addition, four real examples were modelled by the IVS-PLS technique. The real data sets were chosen to reflect different types of data from chemistry. For each example a comparison of ‘prediction error sum of squares’ (PRESS) between IVS-PLS and classical PLS is madeFor most of the examples containing many predictor variables IVS-PLS shows an improvement in predictive properties over classical PLS. Also, improvements for IVS-PLS2 (modelling of more than one y-variable) models were found. For data sets with a moderate number of variables the influence of the IVS method becomes less pronounced.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 389-409 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: multivariate image analysis ; principal component analysis ; exploratory data analysis ; projection in multivariate space ; graphical visualization ; noise ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multivariate image analysis (MIA) is a powerful tool for many image segmentation and classification problems, but the interpretation and understanding of the original and resulting multidimensional (multivariate) data are not always easy. A strategy for MIA has been proposed which describes its usage on multivariate images for segmentation tasks. MIA starts with principal component analysis (PCA) and then continues with interactive analysis of the output from PCA. In this paper a number of extensions to MIA are proposed. The extensions are the suggestion to incorporate preprocessing of the multivariate image in MIA, the suggestion to use synthetic multivariate image models which create a clear-cut situation, and new visualization tools which improve the interactivity and understanding of the results. Extended MIA is applied on synthetic multivariate image data simulating a possible application with large noise, positron emission tomography (PET). As a result of the interactive analysis, suggestions for preprocessing emerge. The developed methodology for handling the noise is then applied on real PET image data with good results.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 227-239 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Unit-sum constraint ; Mixing proportions ; Ratio data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The statistical analysis of compositional data is of fundamental importance to practitioners in general and to chemists in particular. The existing methodology is principally due to Aitchison, who effectively uses two transformations, a ratio followed by the logarithmic, to create a useful, coherent theory that in principle allows the plethora of normal-based multivariate techniques to be used on the transformed data. This paper suggests that the well-known class of Box-Cox transformations can be employed in place of the logarithmic to significantly improve the existing methodology. This is supported in part by showing that one of the most basic problems that Aitchison managed to overcome, namely the specification of an interpretable covariance structure for compositional data, can be resolved, or nearly resolved, once the ratio transformation has been applied. Hence the resolution is not directly dependent on the logarithmic transformation. It is then verified that access to the general Box-Cox family will allow a more accurate use of the normal-based multivariate techniques, simply because better fits to normality can be achieved. Finally, maximum likelihood estimation and some associated asymptotics are employed to construct confidence intervals for ratios of the true, unknown compositional constituents. Heretofore this had not been done even in the context of the logarithmic transformation. Applications to real data are presented.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate kurtosis ; Generalized distance ; Multivariate outliers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multivariate outliers in environmental data sets are often caused by atypical measurement error in a single variable. From a quality assurance perspective it is important to identify these variables efficiently so that corrective actions may be performed. We demonstrate a procedure for using two multivariate tests to identify which variable ‘caused’ each outlier. The procedure is tested with simulated data sets have have the same correlation structure as selected water chemistry variables from a survey of lakes in the Western United States. The success rates are evaluated for three of the variables for sample sizes of 50 and 100, significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 and various amounts of mean shift. The procedure works best for highly correlated variables.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Asymptotic power ; Clean-up standard ; Gamma distribution ; Likelihood ratio test ; Uniformly most powerful unbiased test ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The object of this paper is to develop a suitable statistical procedure to evaluate clean-up standards at hazardous waste sites. Under the assumptions that contaminant masses at a site follow a gamma distribution and that the data from the pre-remediation baseline sample as well as from the interim or final sample taken after a certain period of operation are both distributed as gamma with the same shape parameter but different scale parameters, we derive a uniformly most powerful unbiased test of the hypothesis that a specified percentage of contaminant mass has been reduced. A large-sample approximation of the exact test procedure and a comparison with the likelihood ratio test are provided.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Mean ; Variance ; Lognormal ; Optimal estimators ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical and simulation results are employed to evaluate mean and variance estimates for normal data when a lognormal distribution is assumed and for lognormal data when a normal distribution is assumed. Misspecifying the distribution leads to the use of suboptimal estimation methods. However, the results show that the suboptimal methods still produce estimators of good quality (low bias and variance) relative to the minimum variance unbiased estimators for each distribution, at least when practical efficiency is considered.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 273-290 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Correspondence analysis ; Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I data ; Acidic deposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Correspondence analysis (CA) was applied to lakewater data in order to study the effects of acidic deposition on the geochemical composition of lakes in the Adirondacks. The lake chemistry data analyzed were taken from the Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I (ELS-I) conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. CA was used to identify ‘outlying’ lake samples as well as ‘superflous’ and ‘unresolved’ analytes. Correlational relationship among analytes were also examined.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Absorbance ratio ; Statistical confidence ; Quality control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ratio measurements are commonly used to address a variety of analytical problems in environmental, forensic and pharmaceutical laboratories. In absorbance ratioing techniques, analytical chemists rely on the spectral features of the analyte(s) of interest. The absorbances at two wavelengths are monitored and the ratio of these two absorbances is computed. This ratio is then used to confirm the identity of the analyte(s) of interest, the purity of a product of the overlap of chromatographic peaks. These decisions often have far-reaching consequences (e.g. the identification of the source, biogenic or petrogenic, of hydrocarbons in biological tissues or water). Given the cost and the liabilities associated with such decisions, it is unfortunate that these ratios are seldom reported with any statistical confidence. The purpose of this study is to delineate the parameters that affect absorbance ratio measurements. The models that can be used to estimate the statistical confidence in these measurements are derived and evaluated experimentally. The results show that these models can estimate the relative standard deviations in absorbance ratios accurately. They can also estimate the effect of signal-to-noise ratio and the choice of wavelengths on the precision of absorbance ratios.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Errors in variables ; Orthogonal regression ; Latent variables ; Acid rain ; Acidic deposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Techniques for testing for and estimating relative bias between two laboratories are developed and applied to a survey of the chemistry of streams in the United States. The design of the quality assurance program allows estimation of linear corrections for bias as well as testing of the hypothesis of linearity. Designs of this type are useful, but improvements are suggested.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Confidence intervals ; Products of normal random variables ; Risk/exposure modeling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In many environmental applications, such as exposure assessment and risk modelling, the desired estimate is a random variable computed as the product of three independently distributed random variables. These variables may not necessarily have the same mean and variance. The method for finding the 100(1 - α)% confidence interval for the mean of the product random variable has been proposed by some practitioners as the product of the 100(1 - α)% confidence interval of the three means. In this paper we show that the distribution of the product of three independent normal variables is not normal. We find the mean and variance of the product distribution. Further, we show that although the mean of the product is equal to the product of the means, the product of the three confidence intervals is not a good approximation of the confidence intervals for the mean of the product variable. The confidence interval of the mean of the product variable may be estimated by computer simulation. An algorithm for estimating the confidence interval for the mean of the product random variable is given. The program implementing this algorithm is given as an appendix.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Screening ; Ground-water quality ; Monitoring ; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ; Optimization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the presence of 31-35 commonly measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water can be detected with small error rates by using screening methods which analyze for a subset of such VOCs. A study of selected data sets indicates that analytical determinations of only from two to eight VOCs will suffice to detect 95% of all VOC hits. It is also shown that a serially optimal algorithm for selecting the VOCs for screening is very nearly as accurate as a globally optimal algorithm and much easier to implement. These conclusions are supported by empirical evidence from two drinking-water data sets and one hazardous waste site data set. Additional research areas are also outlined.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 333-343 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Rank estimation ; Bootstrap resampling ; Canonical correlation ; Excitation-emission matrix ; Singular value decomposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rank estimation by canonical correlation analysis in multivariate statistics has been proposed as an alternative approach for estimating the number of components in a multicomponent mixture. A methodological turning point of this new approach is that it focuses on the difference in structure rather than in magnitude in characterizing the difference between the signal and the noise. This structural difference is quantified through the analysis of canonical correlation, which is a well-established data reduction technique in multivariate statistics. Unfortunately, there is a price to be paid for having this structural difference: at least two replicate data matrices are needed to carry out the analysis.In this paper we continue to explore the potential and to extend the scope of the canonical correlation technique. In particular, we propose a bootstrap resampling method which makes it possible to perform the canonical correlation analysis on a single data matrix. Since a robust estimator is introduced to make inference about the rank, the procedure may be applied to a wide range of data without any restriction on the noise distribution. Results from real as well as simulated mixture samples indicate that when used in conjunction with this resampling method, canonical correlation analysis of a single data matrix is equally efficient as of replicate data matrices.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 345-360 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Three-way PCA ; Three-way PLS ; PARAFAC ; Trilinear ; Unfolding ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the calibration of chromatographic systems, different methods can be used. One class of methods utilizes three-way approaches. The calibration problem is stated in such a way that the decomposition of a three-way array can serve for the prediction of retention on new stationary phases.Two three-way approaches are presented: the Unfold-PCA and PARAFAC models. The theory of both methods is presented and the differences are highlighted, the main difference being that PARAFAC is a trilinear decomposition whereas Unfold-PCA is not. Both three-way methods are evaluated on a small data set consisting of retention measurements of eight solutes at six mobile phase compositions on six stationary phases. The differences in performance of the two models are minor.For calibration purposes, two variants of the methods are discussed: three-way PLS and an extension of PARAFAC. Again the theory and differences between the two methods are explained. The predictive performance of the two methods is compared using the same data set as earlier. The differences in predictive performance, however, are minor. Both methods are capable of predicting 98% of the variation in the test sets. Yet, there are other considerations when comparing methods than predictive performance, e.g. the quality of the predictions.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Closure ; Normalization ; Multivariate trimming ; Minimum distance ; Bootstrap ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Compositional data arise naturally in several branches of science, including chemistry, geology, biology, medicine, ecology and manufacturing design. In chemistry, these constrained data seem to occur typically when raw data are normalized or when output is obtained from a constrained estimation procedure, such as might be used in a source apportionment problem. It is important not only for chemists to be aware that the usual multivariate statistical techniques are not applicable to constrained data, but also to have access to appropriate techniques as they become available. The currently available methodology is due principally to Aitchison and is based on log-normal models. This paper suggests new parametric and non-parametric approaches to significantly improve the existing methodology. In the parametric setting, some recent work of Rayens and Srinivasan is extended and a practical regression model is proposed. In the development of the non-parametric approach, minimum distance methods coupled with multivariate bootstrap techniques are used to obtain point and region estimators.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 375-387 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Determinant criterion ; Multiresponse non-linear fitting ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This work evaluates objective functions for multiresponse non-linear modeling using computer simulations. Tests are performed under a variety of signal-to-noise ratios and noise variance-covariance structures. The standard error of prediction for the model parameters, computed from 50 trials, is used for performance comparisons. The full rank and rank-deficient problems are considered. For the full rank problem one model was investigated, a first-order two-step consecutive reaction model, and two objective functions were considered, the total sum of squares and the determinant criterion. No distinction could be made between the two objective functions for this model.For the rank-deficient case two models were investigated, a first-order two-step consecutive reaction as in the full rank case, and a pH titration model described by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Three objective functions were investigated for the rank-deficient case, the total sum of squares, a weighted total sum of squares and the determinant criterion. The total sum of squares was found to perform poorly under all conditions tested compared to the weighted total sum of squares and the determinant criterion. The determinant criterion was found to perform much better than the other two criteria when the data have a combination of a low signal-to-noise ratio and high variance-covariance noise structure.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 389-403 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Acoustic emission ; Pattern recognition ; Feature selection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Features used to characterize acoustic emission signals from chemical systems are evaluated with regard to their potential for pattern recognition. Eight chemical systems involving phase transitions, hydration, dissolution and effervescence are employed and treated as separate signal classes. These are compared pairwise and the discriminatory capabilities of about 50 features are investigated by computing Fisher weights. Time domain and frequency domain descriptors are examined. Correlations among the features evaluated are also reported. Recommended descriptors are the mean and median frequencies, frequency bandwidth, number of level crossings (0% and 25%), crest factor (time and frequency domains), half-life, kurtosis and normalized percentiles of the signal and its power spectrum. The effectiveness of the recommended descriptors is demonstrated through the separation of signal classes in two different systems (melting ice and an enzyme-catalyzed gas formation reaction) by principal components analysis.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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