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  • Articles  (1,089)
  • Springer Nature  (1,089)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,089)
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  • 1
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    A large-area single-filament infrared emitter and its application in a spectroscopic ethanol gas sensing system (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-27
    Description: Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy is an important technology for highly accurate and maintenance-free sensing of gases, such as ethanol and carbon dioxide. However, NDIR spectroscopy systems are currently too expensive, e.g., for consumer and automotive applications, as the infrared (IR) emitter is a critical but costly component of these systems. Here, we report on a low-cost large-area IR emitter featuring a broadband emission spectrum suitable for small NDIR gas spectroscopy systems. The infrared emitter utilizes Joule heating of a Kanthal (FeCrAl) filament that is integrated in the base substrate using an automated high-speed wire bonding process, enabling simple and rapid formation of a long meander-shaped filament. We describe the critical infrared emitter characteristics, including the effective infrared emission spectrum, thermal frequency response, and power consumption. Finally, we integrate the emitter into a handheld breath alcohol analyzer and show its operation in both laboratory and real-world settings, thereby demonstrating the potential of the emitter for future low-cost optical gas sensor applications.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Effect of inoculum size and antibiotics on bacterial traveling bands in a thin microchannel defined by optical adhesive (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-22
    Description: Phenotypic diversity in bacterial flagella-induced motility leads to complex collective swimming patterns, appearing as traveling bands with transient locally enhanced cell densities. Traveling bands are known to be a bacterial chemotactic response to self-generated nutrient gradients during growth in resource-limited microenvironments. In this work, we studied different parameters of Escherichia coli (E. coli) collective migration, in particular the quantity of bacteria introduced initially in a microfluidic chip (inoculum size) and their exposure to antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin). We developed a hybrid polymer-glass chip with an intermediate optical adhesive layer featuring the microfluidic channel, enabling high-content imaging of the migration dynamics in a single bacterial layer, i.e., bacteria are confined in a quasi-2D space that is fully observable with a high-magnification microscope objective. On-chip bacterial motility and traveling band analysis was performed based on individual bacterial trajectories by means of custom-developed algorithms. Quantifications of swimming speed, tumble bias and effective diffusion properties allowed the assessment of phenotypic heterogeneity, resulting in variations in transient cell density distributions and swimming performance. We found that incubation of isogeneic E. coli with different inoculum sizes eventually generated different swimming phenotype distributions. Interestingly, incubation with antimicrobials promoted bacterial chemotaxis in specific cases, despite growth inhibition. Moreover, E. coli filamentation in the presence of antibiotics was assessed, and the impact on motility was evaluated. We propose that the observation of traveling bands can be explored as an alternative for fast antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Miniaturization of mechanical actuators in skin-integrated electronics for haptic interfaces (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-22
    Description: Skin-integrated electronics, also known as electronic skin (e-skin), are rapidly developing and are gradually being adopted in biomedical fields as well as in our daily lives. E-skin capable of providing sensitive and high-resolution tactile sensations and haptic feedback to the human body would open a new e-skin paradigm for closed-loop human–machine interfaces. Here, we report a class of materials and mechanical designs for the miniaturization of mechanical actuators and strategies for their integration into thin, soft e-skin for haptic interfaces. The mechanical actuators exhibit small dimensions of 5 mm diameter and 1.45 mm thickness and work in an electromagnetically driven vibrotactile mode with resonance frequency overlapping the most sensitive frequency of human skin. Nine mini actuators can be integrated simultaneously in a small area of 2 cm × 2 cm to form a 3 × 3 haptic feedback array, which is small and compact enough to mount on a thumb tip. Furthermore, the thin, soft haptic interface exhibits good mechanical properties that work properly during stretching, bending, and twisting and therefore can conformally fit onto various parts of the human body to afford programmable tactile enhancement and Braille recognition with an accuracy rate over 85%.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    Novel nondelay-based reservoir computing with a single micromechanical nonlinear resonator for high-efficiency information processing (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Description: Reservoir computing is a potential neuromorphic paradigm for promoting future disruptive applications in the era of the Internet of Things, owing to its well-known low training cost and compatibility with hardware. It has been successfully implemented by injecting an input signal into a spatially extended reservoir of nonlinear nodes or a temporally extended reservoir of a delayed feedback system to perform temporal information processing. Here we propose a novel nondelay-based reservoir computer using only a single micromechanical resonator with hybrid nonlinear dynamics that removes the usually required delayed feedback loop. The hybrid nonlinear dynamics of the resonator comprise a transient nonlinear response, and a Duffing nonlinear response is first used for reservoir computing. Due to the richness of this nonlinearity, the usually required delayed feedback loop can be omitted. To further simplify and improve the efficiency of reservoir computing, a self-masking process is utilized in our novel reservoir computer. Specifically, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate its excellent performance, and our system achieves a high recognition accuracy of 93% on a handwritten digit recognition benchmark and a normalized mean square error of 0.051 in a nonlinear autoregressive moving average task, which reveals its memory capacity. Furthermore, it also achieves 97.17 ± 1% accuracy on an actual human motion gesture classification task constructed from a six-axis IMU sensor. These remarkable results verify the feasibility of our system and open up a new pathway for the hardware implementation of reservoir computing.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Exploiting rotational asymmetry for sub-50 nm mechanical nanocalligraphy (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Description: Nanofabrication has experienced extraordinary progress in the area of lithography-led processes over the last decades, although versatile and adaptable techniques addressing a wide spectrum of materials are still nascent. Scanning probe lithography (SPL) offers the capability to readily pattern sub-100 nm structures on many surfaces; however, the technique does not scale to dense and multi-lengthscale structures. Here, we demonstrate a technique, which we term nanocalligraphy scanning probe lithography (nc-SPL), that overcomes these limitations. Nc-SPL employs an asymmetric tip and exploits its rotational asymmetry to generate structures spanning the micron to nanometer lengthscales through real-time linewidth tuning. Using specialized tip geometries and by precisely controlling the patterning direction, we demonstrate sub-50 nm patterns while simultaneously improving on throughput, tip longevity, and reliability compared to conventional SPL. We further show that nc-SPL can be employed in both positive and negative tone patterning modes, in contrast to conventional SPL. This underlines the potential of this technique for processing sensitive surfaces such as 2D materials, which are prone to tip-induced shear or beam-induced damage.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Development of a highly controlled system for large-area, directional printing of quasi-1D nanomaterials (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-19
    Description: Printing is a promising method for the large-scale, high-throughput, and low-cost fabrication of electronics. Specifically, the contact printing approach shows great potential for realizing high-performance electronics with aligned quasi-1D materials. Despite being known for more than a decade, reports on a precisely controlled system to carry out contact printing are rare and printed nanowires (NWs) suffer from issues such as location-to-location and batch-to-batch variations. To address this problem, we present here a novel design for a tailor-made contact printing system with highly accurate control of printing parameters (applied force: 0–6 N ± 0.3%, sliding velocity: 0–200 mm/s, sliding distance: 0–100 mm) to enable the uniform printing of nanowires (NWs) aligned along 93% of the large printed area (1 cm2). The system employs self-leveling platforms to achieve optimal alignment between substrates, whereas the fully automated process minimizes human-induced variation. The printing dynamics of the developed system are explored on both rigid and flexible substrates. The uniformity in printing is carefully examined by a series of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and by fabricating a 5 × 5 array of NW-based photodetectors. This work will pave the way for the future realization of highly uniform, large-area electronics based on printed NWs.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Controlled growth of a single carbon nanotube on an AFM probe (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-15
    Description: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips for high-resolution scanning due to their small diameter, high aspect ratio and outstanding wear resistance. However, previous approaches for fabricating CNT probes are complex and poorly controlled. In this paper, we introduce a simple method to selectively fabricate a single CNT on an AFM tip by controlling the trigger threshold to adjust the amount of growth solution attached to the tip. The yield rate is over 93%. The resulting CNT probes are suitable in length, without the need for a subsequent cutting process. We used the CNT probe to scan the complex nanostructure with a high aspect ratio, thereby solving the long-lasting problem of mapping complex nanostructures.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    A needle tip CCEA microfluidic device based on enhanced Dean flow for cell washing (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-15
    Description: Particle/cell washing is an essential technique in biological and clinical manipulations. Herein, we propose a novel circular contraction–expansion array (CCEA) microdevice. It can be directly connected to a needle tip without connection tubes. Its small size and centrosymmetric structure are beneficial to low sample consumption, high connection stability, and a wide application range. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results show that the CCEA structure can produce a stronger Dean flow and lead to faster particle/cell focusing than the circle structure and CEA structure with the same length. Experimentally, an optimal flow rate ratio of 1:3 and an optimal total flow rate of 120 μL/min were found to ensure a stable fluid distribution. Under these conditions, rapid focusing of 10–20 μm particles with high efficiencies was achieved. Compared with a normal CEA device using tubes, the particle loss rate could be reduced from 64 to 7% when washing 500 μL of a rare sample. Cell suspensions with concentrations from 3 × 105/mL to 1 × 103/mL were tested. The high cell collection efficiency (〉85% for three cell lines) and stable waste removal efficiency (〉80%) reflected the universality of the CCEA microfluidic device. After the washing, the cell activities of H1299 cells and MCF-7 cells were calculated to be 93.8 and 97.5%, respectively. This needle-tip CCEA microfluidic device showed potential in basic medical research and clinical diagnosis.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Spatiotemporal dynamics of nanowire growth in a microfluidic reactor (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-11
    Description: Co-integration of nanomaterials into microdevices poses several technological challenges and presents numerous scientific opportunities that have been addressed in this paper by integrating zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs) into a microfluidic chamber. In addition to the applications of these combined materials, this work focuses on the study of the growth dynamics and uniformity of nanomaterials in a tiny microfluidic reactor environment. A unique experimental platform was built through the integration of a noninvasive optical characterization technique with the microfluidic reactor. This platform allowed the unprecedented demonstration of time-resolved and spatially resolved monitoring of the in situ growth of NWs, in which the chemicals were continuously fed into the microfluidic reactor. The platform was also used to assess the uniformity of NWs grown quickly in a 10-mm-wide microchamber, which was intentionally chosen to be 20 times wider than those used in previous attempts because it can accommodate applications requiring a large surface of interaction while still taking advantage of submillimeter height. Further observations included the effects of varying the flow rate on the NW diameter and length in addition to a synergetic effect of continuous renewal of the growth solution and the confined environment of the chemical reaction.
    Print ISSN: 2096-1030
    Electronic ISSN: 2055-7434
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Tunable seesaw-like 3D capacitive sensor for force and acceleration sensing (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-08
    Description: To address the resource-competing issue between high sensitivity and wide working range for a stand-alone sensor, development of capacitive sensors with an adjustable gap between two electrodes has been of growing interest. While several approaches have been developed to fabricate tunable capacitive sensors, it remains challenging to achieve, simultaneously, a broad range of tunable sensitivity and working range in a single device. In this work, a 3D capacitive sensor with a seesaw-like shape is designed and fabricated by the controlled compressive buckling assembly, which leverages the mechanically tunable configuration to achieve high-precision force sensing (resolution ~5.22 nN) and unprecedented adjustment range (by ~33 times) of sensitivity. The mechanical tests under different loading conditions demonstrate the stability and reliability of capacitive sensors. Incorporation of an asymmetric seesaw-like structure design in the capacitive sensor allows the acceleration measurement with a tunable sensitivity. These results suggest simple and low-cost routes to high-performance, tunable 3D capacitive sensors, with diverse potential applications in wearable electronics and biomedical devices.
    Electronic ISSN: 2397-4621
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Springer Nature
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