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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity versus Uncertainty: The Question of Staying Alive (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 15 (2000), S. 493-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: complexity ; entropy balance ; environment independence ; evolution ; information fundamental identity ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Some real objects show a very particular tendency: that of becomingindependent with regard to the uncertainty of their surroundings. This isachieved by the exchange of three quantities: matter, energy andinformation. A conceptual framework, based on both Non-equilibriumThermodynamic and the Mathematical Theory of Communication is proposedin order to review the concept of change in living individuals. Three mainsituations are discussed in this context: passive independence inconnection with resistant living forms (such as seeds, spores, hibernation,...), active independence in connection with the life span of aliving individual (whether an ant or an ant farm), and the newindependence in connection with the general debate of biological evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006611022472
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probabilistic prediction of exposures to arsenic contaminated residential soil (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 17 (1995), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; exposure ; soil ; children ; Monte Carlo ; probabilistic ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Probabilistic modelling using Monte Carlo simulation has been proposed as a more scientifically valid method of estimating soil contaminant exposures than conservative deterministic methods currently used by regulatory agencies. A retrospective application of probabilistic modelling to an exposure scenario involving arsenic-contaminated residential soil near the former ASARCO smelter near Tacoma, Washington is presented. The population of interest is children, aged 2–6 years, living within one-half mile (0.3 km) of the smelter site. Models that predict urinary arsenic levels based on unintentional soil ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways are used. Distributions of exposure variables are based on site-specific data and previous exposure studies. Simulated urinary arsenic levels are compared with data from two biomonitoring studies performed during the late 1980s. Arsenic distributions produced by simulation and biomonitoring are significantly different, and likely contributors to this difference are discussed. However the probabilistic model provides closer estimations of urinary arsenic levels than conservative deterministic models similar to those used by regulatory agencies, and provides useful information regarding parameter uncertainty. Soil ingestion rate was a driving variable in the probabilistic models. Further quantification of soil ingestion rates is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00661328
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