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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Reed Warbler ; timing of breeding ; spring arrival ; global climate change ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Untersuchungsgebiet am westlichen Bodensee (Halbinsel Mettnau) zeichnet sich zwischen 1976 und 1997 eine deutliche Zunahme früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger ab, was auf ein früheres Brüten schließen läßt. Weiterhin hat sich die Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee in den letzten 16 Jahren (1982–1997) im Vergleich zum Zeitraum 1961 bis 1980 um genau eine Woche verfrüht (im Mittel vom 26.4. auf den 19.4.). Während sich zwischen der jährlichen Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee und der Zahl früh ausgeflogener Jungvögel kein statistisch gesicherter Zusammenhang finden läßt, ist die Temperatur in der ersten Maihälfte ein guter (statistisch signifikanter) Indikator für die Zahl früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß sich offenbar auch Langstreckenzieher an die sich abzeichnende Klimaveränderung anzupassen beginnen.
    Notes: Summary Data from a standardized mist-netting programme (the so-called "MRI-Programm") were used to assess the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) at Lake Constance (South Germany). The number of Reed Warblers fledged early in the season increased significantly between 1976 and 1997 (rs=0.614; p〈0.01). This is most probably due to a long-term increase in spring temperature as suggested by the high correlation between the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and mean temperature in the first half of May (rs=0.416; p〈0.01). While in the period from 1961 to 1980 the mean date of spring arrival was on the 26th of April, it shifted towards the 19th April from 1981 to 1997. However, the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and the date of spring arrival are not significantly correlated. The lack of a significant correlation may be due to a number of reasons, for instance early arriving birds do not belong to the local population or there could be an observational bias among years. Yet, the most likely explanation is that the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers is triggered by vegetation growth and food supply rather than by the timing of spring arrival. There is growing body of evidence from this and other studies that the recent climate change is responsible for the shift in both the timing of migration and breeding in birds.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 263-274 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Systematics ; evolution ; anagenesis ; genealogy ; reference system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verglichen mit anderen Tiergruppen, scheint die artliche Bestandsaufnahme der rezenten Vögel nahezu abgeschlossen zu sein. Doch ist das System der Vögel weiterhin umstritten und mit vielen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Die Gründe dafür liegen hauptsächlich in neuen, vor allem molekularbiologischen Methoden und in den unerwartet reichen Fossilfunden der jüngsten Zeit. Als Beispiele werden Altgaumenvögel, Kranichvögel, Ibisse, Flamingos, Mausvögel, Hopfe und Sperlingsvögel kurz behandelt. Die hier erzielten Fortschritte lassen die Befürchtung Stresemanns, die Großsystematik der Vögel sei mit den vorhandenen Methoden phylogenetisch nicht interpretierbar, zunächst als unbergründet erscheinen. Doch erwachsen einer solchen Interpretation andere Hindernisse, deren Bedeutung bisher zu wenig beachtet wurde, nämlich Parallelentwicklungen, die viel verbreiteter sind als gemeinhin angenommen. Ihre Häufigkeit lässt sich sogar mit evolutionsbiologischen Argumenten begründen. Es ist deshalb nicht zu erwarten, dass die Diskussionen um das „richtige“ System bald verstummen. Um dennoch die Eindeutigkeit der Information in nicht-systematischen Veröffentlichungen zu wahren, wird empfohlen ein etabliertes Referenzsystem auf Zeit zu wählen.
    Notes: Summary Unlike in most animal classes the inventory of extant species of the class Aves seems to be almost complete. Nevertheless avian systematics is challenged by many novelties and seems far from being settled. This is caused mainly by the application of novel methods of molecular analysis to phylogenetic problems and by the unexpectedly rich fossil record collected within the last 10–20 years. Examples from the Palaeognathae, Gruiformes, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Coliiformes, Upupiformes and Passeriformes are briefly treated. The progress in the field seems to disprove Stresemann's pessimistic view that the phylogeny of higher categories (orders) cannot be reconstructed by the available methods. However, phylogenetic interpretations are impeded by obstacles not considered by Stresemann and highly underestimated in most cases, namely by multiple independent developments leading to identical features. Frequent parallel developments are to be expected for theoretical evolutionary reasons. The diagnosis of such homoplasies can be extremely difficult or even impossible. Therefore we cannot expect the discussion about the “best” system of birds to end in the near future. Considering this dynamic situation in systematics, it is recommended to maintain unambiguousness of information in not strictly systematic publications by refering to a well established system as a temporally limited reference.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 454-461 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; void ; liquid ; fabric ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Under the condition that liquid epoxy resin impregnation was through polyester non-woven fabric sheets, sandwiched between two circular glass plates, the increase in gas pressure caused by decrease in the volume of non-impregnating area was not as much as expected according to Boyle's law. Hence, the quantity of the gas consumed by dissolution and diffusion into the liquid resin and the polyester fibers, as well as by the void formation in the impregnating area of liquid resin, was calculated. According to the results, the quantities of gas decreased by dissolution and diffusion from the non-impregnating area into the impregnating liquid resin and into the polyester fiber are found to be so small that the deviation from Boyle's law mostly depends on the gas consumption due to the void formation in the impregnating area. Observing the impregnating region with a microscope, many voids were found in the area between the non-impregnating area and the completely impregnated area. The number and size of voids are theoretically estimated by assuming the non-uniformity of the fiber distribution in the polyester non-woven fabric.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphid ; alder ; food quality ; temperature ; ovariole number ; Pterocallis alni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé P. alni DeGeer (Homopt. Callaphididae) vit sur Alnus glutinosa Gaertner pendant toute l'année. L'aulne étant un arbre fixant l'azote, cette étude a été entreprise pour examiner la croissance et la reproduction de ce puceron sur cet arbre afin d'expliquer les changements de la dynamique de sa population. 6 générations successives estivales ont été élevées dans la nature et en température constante au laboratoire. La qualité de l'aliment a été mesurée chaque semaine par une microkjeldahl analyse des concentrations foliaires en azote soluble. La qualité de l'aliment varie saisonnière, mais ne diminue que de 23%; elle semble n'avoir que peu d'effets sur le puceron, puisque la fécondité dans la nature n'est réduite que pendant une génération. Quand la température est maintenue constante, il n'y a pas de différences entre les performances des différentes générations de pucerons. Ainsi, les changements saisonniers dans la croissance et la reproduction des pucerons sont provoqués par la température et non par la qualité de l'aliment.
    Notes: Abstract Six successive summer generations of the alder aphid (Pterocallis alni (DeGeer) (Homoptera: Callaphididae)) were reared simultaneously in the field and under controlled temperature conditions in the laboratory. The growth and reproduction of each generation were recorded. The available food quality for the aphids was measured by weekly analysis of foliar soluble nitrogen concentrations. Although there was a significant change in leaf soluble nitrogen during the season, the decline was only 23% and this did not appear to have an adverse effect on the performance of this aphid. Instead, the major environmental factor affecting the aphid is temperature. This is evidenced by the facts that when aphids were reared at constant temperatures, there were no differences in generation performance, even though food quality varied seasonally. In addition, all generations of the aphid posess the same number of ovarioles, indicating that there is no pre-programmed anticipation of a seasonal deterioration in food quality in this aphid species.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; competition ; development ; evolution ; fecundity ; growth rates ; host preferences ; life tables ; mortality ; natural selection ; net reproductive rate ; oviposition traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux partiel de reproduction nette (R inf0 sup* ) dépend de l'espèce de la plante sur laquelle les œufs sont pondus et du nombre de larves entrant dans la graine. La survie larvaire est réduite par 1/(le nombre de larves par graine) parce qu'une seule larve se développe dans une graine. La fécondité n'est pas modifiée par la compétition subie par les larves, la mortalité larvaire a l'effet le plus important sur R inf0 sup* . Les femelles éliminent ou réduisent la compétition larvaire en dispersant leurs œufs uniformément et font si peu d'erreurs avec une hyperdispersion que l'évolution d'un comportement plus précis n'accroîtrait R inf0 sup* que de 4% au maximum. Des femelles retournant à une distribution des œufs au hasard provoqueraient une réduction de R inf0 sup* de 25% au moins. Les légumineuses généralement cultivées dans l'Inde du Sud sont des hôtes acceptables quand elles sont présentées seules. Le choix des femelles entre 2 hôtes élève R inf0 sup* de 30% ou plus par rapport à une distribution au hasard. Les préférences les plus nettes concernent des combinaisons présentant la plus grande différence de R inf0 sup* . Les femelles qui hyperdispersent leurs œufs, choisissent leurs hôtes et évitent les pertes par compétition en empêchant que les œufs ne donnent plus de descendants que ne le ferait une ponte au hasard. Les particularités de la ponte sont variables et héritables. Les lignées se sélectionnent bien, en fonction de la dispersion de leurs œufs sur les graines, de la discrimination des plantes hôtes, et de la modulation de leur taux de ponte. La sélection naturelle maintient ces particularités du comportement d'une façon sédentaire.
    Notes: Abstract The deposition of eggs by this strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) departs from randomness in three ways; eggs are uniformly dispersed, oviposition rates drop when beans begin to carry 2 or more eggs, and there are sharp host preferences. Using random egg placement for the unspecialized condition, these traits are evaluated for their effect on a female's contributions of offspring to the next generation (R0, the net reproductive rate). The major increases in R0 result from females dispersing eggs so uniformly that larval competition is either reduced or eliminated. Females reduce their oviposition rate when the larva from an egg added to a bean is almost certain to die in competitive encounters. Host preferences and larval survival in a host are positively associated with the abundance of the host in South India. The three oviposition traits act together to give and R0 that is 25–50% than that of eggs placed at random. These traits are known to be variable and heritable, hence, the conditions necessary for natural selection are statisfied.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 81-96 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis virescens ; Manduca sexta ; Pseudoplusia includens ; rutin ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; temperature ; tomatine ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the combined effects of allelochemicals on insect herbivores is useful because there may be adverse additive or even synergistic effects. Analysis of the simultaneous effects of temperature and alleochemicals is also necessary because these factors may interact. We examined the effects of three allelochemicals found in tomato (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine) and thermal regime (21:10 °C and 26:15 °C, representing spring and summer respectively) on five insect herbivores (a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta, and the polyphagous Heliothis virescens, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda and Trichoplusia ni). There were allelochemical interactions and thermal regime-allelochemical interactions for all species, and so the patterns were complex. In some cases, paired allelochemicals or the combination of three allelochemicals showed adverse additive effects on insect performance. But that was not always the case, and there were only a few examples of synergism. Negative effects of the allelochemicals were sometimes, but not always, damped by the cooler thermal regime. Comparing the growth rates of the five species in this study with those of a previous study (a total of seven species) revealed five patterns. For two of three pairs of closely-related species, the paired species had distinctly different patterns. For example, for H. virescens, tomatine prevented development and chlorogenic acid slowed growth, whereas for Helicoverpa zea, tomatine just slowed growth and the phenolics had little effect. The specialist Manduca sexta had a pattern that was midway between patterns of the generalists; it was not the most tolerant of the allelochemicals.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: olfaction ; EAG ; sensory physiology ; antennal sensitivity ; interspecies hybrids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: reproductive compatibility ; hybrid inviability ; temperature ; Trichogramma ; biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; stimulation ; narcosis ; carbon dioxide ; age ; temperature ; photoperiod ; Bombus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four experiments aimed at the stimulation of starting oviposition were carried out with bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris L.) from colonies belonging to the ecotype of Central Western France and reared in a glasshouse. After mating, queens were narcotized with carbon dioxide, confined singly in small boxes (11×5×4.5 cm) and kept in a dark room at 28–29 °C and 60%–65% r.h. They were fed on a sugar solution and a pollen-syrup mixture. No effects were discernible if the narcosis was applied 20 to 30 days after mating instead of 5 days, nor if the queens were submitted to a 4 to 5 day period at 34°C following narcosis. Survival rates ranged from 65% to 68 %. If the queens were reared under fluorescent tubes (L8∶D16) after narcosis the mean delays to egg-laying were significantly reduced compared to a dark treatment (21 days instead of 39), as was their variability (s.e.=1.6 day instead of 3.1 days). The survival rates were respectively 73% and 67%. Under the same photoperiod (L8∶D16) the CO2 narcosis repeated at a 24h interval had the same efficacy whether its duration was 10 min or 5 min. The delays to egg-laying were respectively 20 days (s.e=1.5) and 25 days (s.e.=4.8) with survival rates close to 73%. Egg-laying could also be induced in non-narcotized queens with a survival rate of 54% and delays to oviposition close to those of queens narcotized 2×10 min.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Agaonidae ; host choice ; dispersal ; Ficus ; migration ; Moraceae ; take off ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ficus burtt-davyi, like most other fig species (Ficus, Moraceae), is exclusively pollinated by its own unique species of fig wasp, in this caseElisabethiella baijnathi (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Because fig crop development on any one tree is usually synchronised, the small and short-lived female wasps have to migrate and find other trees bearing figs which are at suitable stage of development for oviposition. However, the likelihood of successful location and subsequent arrival at a new host tree is dependent on distance and the effect of environmental factors such as wind and temperature. This study examines the relationship between ambient temperatures and the timing of fig wasps emergence from their natal figs and the commencement of their dispersal flight. The behaviour of the wasps arriving at figs which were ready to be pollinated was also examined. The female wasps did not appear to distinguish between the figs and other parts of the tree when in flight. However, after landing on the tree their search for figs was more directed as they visited more figs than leaves. Short-range recognition of figs appears to be by contact chemo-reception, but the wasps showed a preference for entering figs which did not already contain a female wasp.
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