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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African Rain Forests: The Mbuti of Eastern Zaire (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 29-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; tropical rain forest ; wild plant foods ; subsistence economy ; Zaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The Mbuti pygmies, hunter-gatherers of the Ituri Forest of Zaire, trade forest products and labor for agricultural foods. It has been assumed that the Mbuti lived independently in the equatorial forest prior to its penetration by shifting cultivators. We assessed forest food resources (plant and animal) to determine their adequacy to support a hunting and gathering economy. For five months of the year, essentially none of the calorically important forest fruits and seeds are available. Honey is not abundant during this season of scarcity. Wild game meat is available year round, but the main animals caught have low fat content. This makes them a poor substitute for starch-dense agricultural foods, now staples in Mbuti diet. In general, in the closed evergreen forest zone, edible wild plant species are more abundant in agriculturally derived secondary forest than in primary forest. Similarly, they are more common at the savanna ecotone and in gallery forests. We suggest that it is unlikely that hunter-gatherers would have lived independently in the forest interior with its precarious resource base, when many of the food species they exploit are more abundant toward the savanna border.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889209
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early dry season subsistence ecology of Cuiva (Hiwi) foragers of Venezuela (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 163-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; time allocation ; the sexual division of labor ; demography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The subsistence ecology of Venezuelan Cuiva foragers during the early dry season is described. Data on diet, time allocation, demography, and physical measurements are presented. Analyses show that the Cuiva depend primarily on game and wild roots during the early dry season for their subsistence. Sex differentials in productive efficiency, total contribution to the diet, and time allocation to food acquisition and other activities are also examined. As in most other foraging societies, men specialize in hunting while women specialize in gathering. During the early dry season, men provide more calories than women and are the more efficient food producers. However, men spend slightly less time than women in food acquisition. Demographic data show that child mortality rates, female infertility rates, female infanticide rates,and the sex ratio among juveniles are high in the Cuiva population. Comparisons between the patterns found among the Cuiva and other foraging populations are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888379
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The caloric returns to food collecting: Disruption and change among the Batak of the Philippine tropical forest (1978)
    Springer
    Human ecology 6 (1978), S. 55-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: food collecting ; energetic efficiency ; diet ; tropical forest ; hunter-gatherers ; Phillipines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The changing economy of a group of tropical forest hunter-gatherers is examined. The Batak of the Philippines today earn many calories by participating in an external market system; once they would have earned these calories within the traditional subsistence system. Gathering and selling Manila copal to purchase rice has partially displaced digging wild yams as the major source of subsistence. Data show that this change has reduced the productive efficiency, of human labor. The Batak must work longer and perform more difficult tasks to obtain the same number of calories by collecting copal as they can obtain by digging wild yams, even as they must today work longer hours anyway to earn necessary cash to satisfy new, nonfood consumer wants. The growing dietary importance of rice is only one aspect of changing food consumption patterns that may be having an unfavorable impact on Batak nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888566
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An inquiry into the evolutionary status and apparent identity of San hunter-gatherers (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 9-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: San populations ; hunter-gatherers ; southern Africa ; subsistence behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to reconcile a popular view of the Bushmen or San of southern Africa with reality. Following an analysis of the assumed relationships of living hunter-gatherers with their Pleistocene forebears and modem neighbors, the identity of the San is explored using archaeological and historical evidence. Finally an alternative view of modern San, consistent with this evidence, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531466
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    G//ana territorial organization (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 443-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: territoriality ; hunter-gatherers ; spatial organization ; G//ana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This analysis of G//ana territorial organization shows how land rights are acquired and how they affect patterns of land use. Both spatial and social boundaries are discussed. It is shown that the appearance of overlapping spatial boundaries is clarified through a focus on the land rights of individuals and a consideration of historical population movements over the region. The discussion of social boundaries shows that, while interterritorial marriage and mobility networks are extensive, increases in property and food production appear to be associated with a closing of social boundaries (increased social nucleation). This is suggested by greater endogamy and a trend toward patrilineal inheritance of land rights in recent years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531128
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food Transfers Among Hiwi Foragers of Venezuela: Tests of Reciprocity (2000)
    Springer
    Human ecology 28 (2000), S. 171-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: food sharing ; hunter-gatherers ; reciprocal altruism ; evolutionary ecology ; bargaining theory ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Although food sharing has been observed in many traditional societies, we still do not have a deep understanding of how various ecological conditions produce variation in who gives and who receives specific resources. To understand better the behavioral ecology of food sharing, we present data collected with the Hiwi of Venezuela and focus on two questions: (a) How do characteristics of food resources and acquirers determine how much is transfered to others? (b) How do characteristics of nuclear families A and B influence how much is transferred between A and B? We use path modeling in an attempt to tease apart the relative contribution of biological kinship, geographical proximity between households, family size, and quantities family B gave to family A on the expected quantities that family A gives to family B. Reciprocal altruism is shown to be an important link in the chain of factors, but not in the tit-for-tat form common in theoretical treatments of reciprocity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007067919982
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc and human development: A review (1975)
    Springer
    Human ecology 3 (1975), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: zinc ; nutrition ; growth ; central nervous system malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years, considerable evidence has been obtained regarding the importance of zinc in human nutrition. Zinc is an important component of many metalloenzymes and is also required for metabolism of nucleic acids and synthesis of protein. Human requirements for zinc vary at different times in development, but appear to be particularly high during embryonic life, during periods of rapid growth, and during pregnancy. Although zinc is widely distributed in foods, a number of types of diets appear to be deficient or marginal in terms of available zinc. In addition, there is physiological loss of zinc in bleeding and sweating which may lead to low levels of body zinc. A syndrome characterized by markedly retarded growth and sexual development that occurs in the Middle East has been shown to be due to zinc deficiency. This syndrome is reviewed. It is thought that the zinc deficiency syndrome is only one end of a continuum of growth-related problems associated with low levels of physiologically available zinc. In rats, zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been shown to lead to congenital malformations in a large percentage of the offspring. A number of these malformations involve the central nervous system. We have suggested that epidemiological data support the possible importance of maternal zinc deficiency as an etiological factor in human CNS malformations. These data are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531772
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yards, corridors, and mosaics: How to burn a boreal forest (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 57-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; fire technology ; fire ecology ; North American Indians ; Australian Aborigines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Ethnographic studies have established that, until shortly after World War II, Indians in northern Alberta regularly and systematically fired habitats to influence the local distribution and relative abundance of plant and animal resources. In ways similar to what has been reported for hunter-gatherers in other regions, this pyrotechnology contributed to an overall fire mosaic that, in this case, formerly characterized northern boreal forests. Crosscultural comparisons of these practices with those in other parts of North America, as well as in several parts of Australia, illustrate functionally parallel strategies in the ways that hunter- gatherers employed habitat fires, specifically in the maintenance of “fire yards” and “fire corridors” in widely separated and different kinds of biological zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01262026
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction: Have hunter-gatherers ever lived in tropical rain forest independently of agriculture? (1991)
    Springer
    Human ecology 19 (1991), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: tropical rain forest ; hunter-gatherers ; foragers ; wild plant foods ; wild yam question
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract It has often been assumed that peoples living today as foragers in tropical rain forests are remnants of paleolithic populations that have been subsisting in their forest habitats for millennia and have only recently come into contact with sources of domesticated plants and animals. Independently, the two of us have published articles that challenge this view and propose the hypothesis that hunter- gatherers could never have lived in tropical rain forest without direct or indirect access to cultivated foods. This article serves as an introduction to six articles in this issue of Human Ecology, all devoted to this hypothesis. To provide background for this journal's readers, we summarize here our original articles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888742
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The possibility of independent foraging in the rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia (1991)
    Springer
    Human ecology 19 (1991), S. 151-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; tropical rain forest ; wild yams ; Semang ; Malaysia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the question of whether hunter-gatherers could live in the tropical rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia without access to cultivated foods. It considers the wild food sources used by the Batek De', a contemporary foraging-trading group of Kelantan state, historical and ethnohistorical evidence concerning the Batek economy in the past, and archeological evidence for independent foraging in the Pleistocene and early Holocene. The conclusion reached is that small nomadic groups of foragers can live off wild resources alone in that environment and have done so in the past, although trade for agricultural produce makes life much easier. This suggests that nonseasonal tropical rain forests vary in their potential for supporting human foraging, depending upon the particular species of plants and animals present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888744
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