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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of biomass in shifting cultivation (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 221-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; shifting cultivation ; biomass ; energy ; cultural ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Shifting cultivation has traditionally been characterized as a highly productive system in terms of the ratio of energy outputs to inputs. This characterization, however, does not take into account the energy contribution of the natural vegetation cleared in preparing the field for cultivation. As a result, the central feature of shifting cultivation, the exploitation of the natural vegetationsoil complex as a substitute for human labor, has been ignored. The omission of the biomass contribution can be attributed to both a focus on the practices involved rather than the underlying strategy of the shifting cultivator, and an excessive preoccupation with the renewability of the energy sources involved in different agricultural systems. A definition of shifting cultivation is proposed that focuses attention on the relationship between the natural vegetationsoil complex and the shifting cultivator. Two methods of including the energy contribution of forest biomass in calculating the productivity of shifting cultivation systems are compared. When the biomass contribution is included, shifting cultivation appears to be an extremely unproductive system of agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888381
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A regional analysis of Barí land use intensification and its impact on landscape heterogeneity (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 279-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural ecology ; land use ; landscape ; Barí ; remote sensing ; geographical information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Since pacification 30 years ago, the Barí of northwest Venezuela have aggregated in villages and have begun to produce cattle and some crops for sale in regional markets. This research analyzes satellite imagery to compare patterns of land use among Barí settlements that differ in their population size, cattle holdings, and distance to nearest marketplace. These comparisons indicate that settlement history mediates the effect of population pressure and herd sizes on land use. Moreover, intensification of land use is associated with greater deforestation and a more heterogeneous landscape, but less biodiversity in woody species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168854
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time allocation and meat procurement among the Shipibo Indians of eastern Peru (1981)
    Springer
    Human ecology 9 (1981), S. 189-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural ecology ; human adaptation ; Shipibo ; procurement model ; decision-making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract It is argued that the Shipibo Indians follow a meat-procurement strategy that (1) takes into account seasonally variable exploitation costs of fishing and hunting, and (2) helps them satisfy their nutritional requirements for meat in a way which minimizes the amount of time they must allocate to meat procurement. To test this idea, linear programming theory is linked with Bergman's ethnographic description of the Shipibo system in order to construct a mathematical model of the Shipibo meat-procurement strategy. Statistical procedures and Bergman's data are used to estimate parameters in the model and the predictions of the model are then compared to observed values. This paper concludes by proposing a conceptual approach to human adaptation which distinguishes cognition from behavior, but interconnects the two in indigenous decision-making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889133
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does the Swidden Ape the Jungle? (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Agriculture ; cultural ecology ; South America ; intercropping ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Results of recent ethnographic research in indigenous agricultural systems in the South American tropical forests indicate that the Geertzian model of the highly intercropped swidden that mimics the tropical forest it replaces is not the appropriate description of the agricultural regimes of several rainforest peoples. A model is proposed relating degree of intercropping to amount of agricultural labor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891227
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc and human development: A review (1975)
    Springer
    Human ecology 3 (1975), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: zinc ; nutrition ; growth ; central nervous system malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years, considerable evidence has been obtained regarding the importance of zinc in human nutrition. Zinc is an important component of many metalloenzymes and is also required for metabolism of nucleic acids and synthesis of protein. Human requirements for zinc vary at different times in development, but appear to be particularly high during embryonic life, during periods of rapid growth, and during pregnancy. Although zinc is widely distributed in foods, a number of types of diets appear to be deficient or marginal in terms of available zinc. In addition, there is physiological loss of zinc in bleeding and sweating which may lead to low levels of body zinc. A syndrome characterized by markedly retarded growth and sexual development that occurs in the Middle East has been shown to be due to zinc deficiency. This syndrome is reviewed. It is thought that the zinc deficiency syndrome is only one end of a continuum of growth-related problems associated with low levels of physiologically available zinc. In rats, zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been shown to lead to congenital malformations in a large percentage of the offspring. A number of these malformations involve the central nervous system. We have suggested that epidemiological data support the possible importance of maternal zinc deficiency as an etiological factor in human CNS malformations. These data are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531772
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 135-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural ecology ; adaptation ; environmental analysis ; human evolution ; evolutionary ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human evolution and ecology analyses argue that environment is a major factor influencing biological and sociocultural adaptation, but they rarely analyze environmental properties. Multiple problems of perspective and method can arise from the normative and nondynamic environmental descriptions which pervade these analyses. This paper examines human adaptation frameworks to identify theoretical guidelines for environmental description in ways appropriate to available theories of biocultural evolution or congruent with known ecosystem qualities. Concepts and terminology are given for describing the spatial and temporal properties characteristic of ecosystems and central to hypotheses about ecological adaptation. These include: patchiness and grain; stability and resilience; persistence and recurrence; and predictability, constancy, and contingency. Field experience, theory, and the qualities of ecosystems themselves suggest that detailed, historical (long-term) environmental analysis is necessary to determine the role of ecological factors in human evolution and adapation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531439
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological succession in new and old swiddens of montane Papua New Guinea (1981)
    Springer
    Human ecology 9 (1981), S. 359-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: succession ; cultural ecology ; shifting cultivation ; biomass ; net productivity ; swidden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Fieldwork conducted in new and old swiddens in the Maring territory of the Bismarck Mountains of Papua New Guinea indicated a successional sequence of crop composition, diversity, and biomass regulated by human and ecological processes. With increasing swidden age, the number of cultivated species, individuals, varieties, and net productivity decreased. In contrast to new swiddens, old swiddens were characterized by a simplified crop composition and a distinct vertical stratification. While a 3-month-old garden contained 10 cultivar species, 43.5 plantings of taro, a cultivar biomass content of 2.54 kg/25 m2, and a net productivity of 1.13 gm/m2/day, a 2-year-old garden contained six cultivar species, no taro plantings, a cultivar biomass content of 13.80 kg/25 m2, and a net productivity of 0.77 gm/m2/day. Differences in the life histories of cultivars help determine cultivar succession. This study quantitatively defines these changing characteristics of old and new swiddens. It concludes that the Kauwatyi system of subsistence, which emphasizes diversity and conservation practices, such as the planting and protection of certain forest regrowth species, ensures the regeneration of forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00890742
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human ecology and space age technology: Some predictions (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 405-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: space age technology ; remote sensing systems ; satellite data ; geographic information systems ; cultural ecology ; anthropology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Four predictions are made on the future of space age technologies in human and cultural ecology: first, remote sensing systems will generate a need for more fieldwork, not less; second, the services and skills of anthropologists will become essential to the interpretation of satellite data, especially as these relate to areas characterized by non-Western cultural practices; third, training in remote sensing and the use of geographic information systems will become a regular offering for anthropology students; and fourth, since these new systems and methods can be applied retrospectively to the re-analysis of earlier ethnographic works, space age technologies will be with us for some time to come.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168859
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subsistence productivity and hunting effort in native South America (1979)
    Springer
    Human ecology 7 (1979), S. 303-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunting ; protein ; South American natives ; subsistence productivity ; cultural ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The question of why people work more or less at various activities is an old one in anthropology and recently has surfaced in studies of native South American societies. Growing out of debates about protein scarcity, arguments have arisen over the reasons why people spend time on hunting and fishing. Some authors suggest that labor allocation and other societal features can be explained with reference to absolute minimum requirements for specific nutrients (e.g., protein). This study presents data from four native Central Brazilian societies on the time spent at various subsistence tasks and the productivity of those tasks. The evidence suggests that decisions to allocate labor to hunting and fishing are influenced more by the overall possibilities for production in an area than by the availability of animal proteins alone. Satisfaction of calorie requirements appears to take precedence over satisfaction of protein requirements. In those societies in which gardening is highly productive, people can spend more time on hunting and fishing and improve the overall quality of their diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888099
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cultural ecology of dietary change accompanying changing activity patterns among the shipibo (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 367-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural ecology ; Shipibo ; mathematical model ; decision-making ; human adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Shipibo Indians, who formed a village to establish a school and health clinic, are gradually depleting local fish and game resources. Men, recently adopting rice as a cash crop, tend to fish and hunt less than other men working only their subsistence gardens. Sale of fish and game in the village is becoming common, and pigs, once raised exclusively for sale to non-Shipibo, are now more regularly eaten and used for attracting agricultural labor. Other research has indicated that cash cropping often competes for workers' time in subsistence and so dietary change usually accompanies changing activity patterns. This paper explores the latter possibility by examining the relationship between cash cropping, wild meat procurement, and diet among the Shipibo. Time allocation and food consumption data are analyzed statistically to test a mathematical theory and model which relates indigenous work patterns to diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888305
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