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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cultural and genetic adaptations to malaria: Problems of comparison (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 311-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; malaria ; Sardinia ; thalassemia ; G-6-Pd deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract The concept of adaptation has been used differently in studies of biological and cultural evolution, and this divergence raises the question of whether genetic and cultural adaptations are truly comparable. This paper compares genetic and cultural traits associated with endemic malaria in Sardinia, Italy. Thalassemia and G-6-Pd deficiency, two genetic traits of the Island's population, are believed to enhance fitness against malaria, despite increased risk for the diseases of thalassemia major and favism. Two cultural traits, a pastoral pattern of inverse transhumance and rules limiting the geographical mobility of lowland women, limited exposure to the malaria vector, Anopheles labranchiae; these are used as examples of cultural adaptations. The distribution, costs, and benefits of the adaptive cultural and genetic traits are compared, and the theoretical difficulties of finding a common measure of adaptive value are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889033
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interactions of genetic and cultural evolution: Models and examples (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 289-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): coevolution ; adaptation ; cultural evolution ; genetic evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper proposes models and examples of five principal modes of interaction between genes and culture in human evolution. Because genes and culture ultimately interact in the minds of individuals, the models are focused on individual level processes of “constrained microevolution.” The central hypotheses are (1) that cultural evolution as well as genetic evolution commonly proceeds by the differential transmission of alternative “instructions” among individuals, (2) that genetic and cultural processes directly interact through mutual influence on each other's differentials of transmission in a population, (3) that the cultural process is often self-selecting by its own criteria, and (4) that these criteria generally operate to enhance rather than oppose human adaptation. Evolutionary change at higher levels, which is particularly important in sociocultural evolution, is interpreted as restructuring the nature and extent of the variability available at the individual level. To clarify the conceptual differences of the models and hopefully to stimulate related analyses in other areas, I discuss selected examples of each of these interactions. I conclude with some remarks on the relative importance of the models to human ecology and evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531188
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Zinc and human development: A review (1975)
    Springer
    Human ecology 3 (1975), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): zinc ; nutrition ; growth ; central nervous system malformations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the last few years, considerable evidence has been obtained regarding the importance of zinc in human nutrition. Zinc is an important component of many metalloenzymes and is also required for metabolism of nucleic acids and synthesis of protein. Human requirements for zinc vary at different times in development, but appear to be particularly high during embryonic life, during periods of rapid growth, and during pregnancy. Although zinc is widely distributed in foods, a number of types of diets appear to be deficient or marginal in terms of available zinc. In addition, there is physiological loss of zinc in bleeding and sweating which may lead to low levels of body zinc. A syndrome characterized by markedly retarded growth and sexual development that occurs in the Middle East has been shown to be due to zinc deficiency. This syndrome is reviewed. It is thought that the zinc deficiency syndrome is only one end of a continuum of growth-related problems associated with low levels of physiologically available zinc. In rats, zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been shown to lead to congenital malformations in a large percentage of the offspring. A number of these malformations involve the central nervous system. We have suggested that epidemiological data support the possible importance of maternal zinc deficiency as an etiological factor in human CNS malformations. These data are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531772
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 135-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): cultural ecology ; adaptation ; environmental analysis ; human evolution ; evolutionary ecology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Human evolution and ecology analyses argue that environment is a major factor influencing biological and sociocultural adaptation, but they rarely analyze environmental properties. Multiple problems of perspective and method can arise from the normative and nondynamic environmental descriptions which pervade these analyses. This paper examines human adaptation frameworks to identify theoretical guidelines for environmental description in ways appropriate to available theories of biocultural evolution or congruent with known ecosystem qualities. Concepts and terminology are given for describing the spatial and temporal properties characteristic of ecosystems and central to hypotheses about ecological adaptation. These include: patchiness and grain; stability and resilience; persistence and recurrence; and predictability, constancy, and contingency. Field experience, theory, and the qualities of ecosystems themselves suggest that detailed, historical (long-term) environmental analysis is necessary to determine the role of ecological factors in human evolution and adapation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531439
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Human adaptation and energetic efficiency (1979)
    Springer
    Human ecology 7 (1979), S. 53-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): energetic efficiency ; adaptation ; behavioral ecology ; optimal foraging theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract A lack of consensus on the general adaptive significance of energetic efficiency can be shown to exist in ecology and anthropology. After briefly reviewing key studies in optimal foraging theory and ecological anthropology, a model is presented which includes the following elements: (1) an equation of adaptive success with reproductive fitness, within an optimality framework; (2) a definition of energy limitation consistent with this framework; (3) a distinction between efficiency of energy capture and efficiency of energy use in achieving other goals; (4) a multiple definition of energetic efficiency that distinguishes purely energetic measures (output/input) from rate measures (energy captured per unit time); (5) the inclusion of time budgeting as a primary adaptive constraint; (6) a quantitative demonstration that increased output/input ratios do not consistently predict an increase in net energy captured, and are poor measures where time is a constraint. The general conclusion is that where energy is limiting, increased efficiency in the rate of energy capture will be adaptive because more net energy will be made available; where energy is not limiting, an increased net capture rate may still confer increased adaptive success, since time and labor energy are freed from energy-capture activities and can be devoted to achieving other adaptive goals. But while energetic efficiency, properly defined, is shown to have general adaptive significance in all cases where time or energy are constraints, considerations of adaptive optimality preclude the general equation of energetic efficiency and adaptive success.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889352
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The ecology of marine exploitation in prehistoric Hawaii (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 455-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): fishing ; faunal analysis ; Oceania (Hawaii) ; niche width ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Archaeological evidence for prehistoric strategies of marine exploitation in Oceania may be profitably analyzed from an ecological perspective, in which individual sites and assemblages are viewed in the context of adaptation to local environmental constraints. This perspective is illustrated through the contrastive analysis of environment, technology, and faunal remains at three prehistoric Hawaiian sites. Differing strategies of marine exploitation evidenced for each site are shown to reflect local marine environmental conditions. An ecological approach shows greater promise for an understanding of prehistoric adaptation to marine environment than the typological analyses current in much archaeological work on fishing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531167
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Monoculture, polyculture, and polyvariety in tropical forest Swidden cultivation (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): Swidden cultivation ; Ye'kwana ; Yanomamö ; neotropics ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract A number of researchers have suggested that polyculture is characteristic of native tropical forest swiddens and have adduced theory from community ecology to account for its adaptiveness. Ye'kwana and Yanomamö swidden cultivation is examined, and it is shown that polyculture is not practiced to any significant degree. Instead, the concept of polyvariety is introduced along with a number of other cultivation practices that more simply account for the adaptiveness of Ye'kwana and Yanomamö gardening. In addition, comparative data from other parts of the tropical world indicate that polyculture is no more common than monoculture and recent advances in ecological research indicate that the diversity-stability hypothesis that underpins adaptive arguments of polyculture is in need of drastic revision.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891228
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Three hundred years of Taungya: A sustainable system of forestry in south China (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 361-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; China ; forestry ; land use ; minorities ; taungya
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Taungya is a system of forest management in which land is cleared and planted initially to food crops. Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a harvestable stand of timber. Taungya is believed to have been developed by the British in Burma during the nineteenth century. Historical research indicates that successional systems of forest management which follow the pattern of taungya have been used for at least three centuries by ethnic minorities in and by the Han population. The resilience of these systems is associated with economic and social factors which have made the cultivation of trees an adaptive strategy of land use for the inhabitants of the highlands of southern China.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891648
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ciguatera — Parameters of a tropical health problem (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 253-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): ciguatera ; fish poisoning ; marine biotoxins ; ciguatoxin ; neurotoxins ; dinoflagellates ; marine resources ; Pacific Islands ; health ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is a significant health and resource problem in the tropical world, largely because of its uneven and unpredictable distribution in space and through time. Here, the problem is reviewed with evidence from the Pacific Basin. The contemporary distribution of ciguatera and the species commonly perceived to be toxic are considered and a hypothesis relating the greater prevalence of ciguatera in the eastern Pacific to reduced species diversity is presented. The problem is also considered as a public health phenomenon (the mean reported incidence for the Pacific region as a whole in 1981 was 109/100,000) and attention is given to island dwellers' adaptation to the problem, their explanations of its etiology, as well as its detection, prophylaxis, and cure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01540591
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bicultural oscillation as a long-term adaptation to cultural frontiers: Cases and questions (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 411-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; cyclical change ; cultural boundary ; versatility ; nomadism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Comparison of two nomadic peoples, one pastoral, the other food-collecting, reveals that rapid bicultural oscillation of both is an adaptation to their multizoned environments. One may speak of their being flexible in the face of temporally variable environmental hazards and opportunities. For each people, the more nomadic of their two cultures is associated with norms of propriety, the more sedentary one entails what Freilich calls “smart norms.” It is argued that this complementation gives both cultures continuing appeal, thereby facilitating rapid change. A major difference between decisionmaking mechanisms in the two cases underscores that we treat a system type in a very abstract sense. Other, possibly similar cases are noted from ethnographic literature. A formal theory is put forward concerning the tendency of people under certain conditions to develop oscillating biculturalism. Such rapidly oscillating systems are proposed to have a biological analogue in versatile acclimatizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531153
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