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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book wants to enrich the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities, providing new contents and insights elaborated by scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-3
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Global ethics ; Geosciences ; Humanities ; Earth system ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
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    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 287-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Accreditation ; Computers ; Software ; Scientific instruments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  We review the draft international standard ISO/IEC 17025 and the EA guidelines; and present the existing National Physical Laboratory publication “Software in scientific instruments” and the new Measurement System Validation Best Practice guide.
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  • 3
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    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 402-420 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Computers ; Constructivism ; Cultural ; Education ; Interpretation ; Social ; Technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory offers a useful conceptual framework for examining the social and cultural factors that may contribute to or detract from the successful integration of computer technology into educational environments. This theory, which grew out of studies in the history of technology and the sociology of science, suggests methods for studying the phenomenon of technological development, such as identifying the relevant social groups involved in the development process and the factors that either leave the technology in a state of interpretive flexibility or bring the interpretation of the technology to closure. This paper uses a SCOT approach to explore how personal and institutional beliefs can shape the ways in which technologies are used by teachers and students, and to identify the social, epistemological, cognitive and motivational factors that need to be considered as computer technology becomes an integral part of the educational experience.
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  • 4
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    Personal and ubiquitous computing 3 (1999), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1617-4917
    Keywords: Computers ; Design methods ; Flow ; Fun ; Motivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of concepts related to “fun” is used to suggest the main areas where fun may be important to software design. The issue is important as many analyses and design methods fail to allow for designs aimed at user enjoyment, even though computer games are now a major industry. The main cases seem to be either where enjoyment is the chief aim (requirement) of the design, or where learning is important. The phenomena of “flow” experiences are also important here, and raise the issue of designing for desirable cognitive modes of interaction, as well as for desired end results. However the relationship of learning and fun, while clearly important, is complicated.
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  • 5
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    AI & society 13 (1999), S. 69-87 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Computers ; Crisis of knowledge ; Internet ; Modernity ; Postmodern ; Social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract How are social relations appearing in computers? How are social relations realised in a different kind of medium, in the hardware and software of computers? How are the organising principles of computer building related to those of the life-worlds in a social system? Following a partly social constructivist and partly hermeneutic line a more general answer will be presented. The basic conclusion of this approach is simple: computers are constructed under the influence of the ideas of modernity and represent its structure, interests and values, in contrast to computer networks, which embody the ideas of postmodernity.
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  • 6
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    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 140-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Validation ; Qualification ; Computers ; Software ; Analytical ; Laboratories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Installation and operational qualification are important steps in the overall validation and qualification process for software and computer systems. This article guides users of such systems step by step through the installation and operational qualification procedures. It provides guidelines on what should be tested and documented during installation prior to routine use. The author also presents procedures for the qualification of software using chromatographic data systems and a network server for central archiving as examples.
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  • 7
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    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 2-5 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Validation ; Qualification ; Vendors ; Computers ; Analytical laboratories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  When software and computer systems are purchased from vendors, the user is still responsible for the overall validation. Because the development validation can only be done by the developers, the user can delegate this part to the vendor. The user's firm should have a vendor qualification program in place to check for this. The type of qualification depends very much on the type and complexity of software and can go from documented evidence of ISO 9001 or equivalent certification for off-the-shelf products to direct audit for software that has been developed on a contract basis. Using a variety of practical examples, the article will help to find the optimal qualification procedure.
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  • 8
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    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 317-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Validation ; Qualification ; Computers ; Analytical laboratories ; Existing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Existing software and computer systems in laboratories require retrospective evaluation and validation if their initial validation was not formally documented. The key steps in this process are similar to those for the validation of new software and systems: user requirements and system specification, formal qualification, and procedures to ensure ongoing performance during routine operation. The main difference is that frequently qualification of an existing system is based primarily on reliable operation and proof of performance in the past rather than on qualification during development and installation.
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  • 9
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    Accreditation and quality assurance 2 (1997), S. 360-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Validation ; Qualification ; Computers ; Software ; Analytical ; Laboratories
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Software and computer systems are tested during all development phases. The user requirements and functional specifications documents are reviewed by programmers and typical anticipated users. The design specifications are reviewed by peers in one to two day sessions and the source code is inspected by peers, if necessary. Finally, the function and performance of the system is tested by typical anticipated users outside the development department in a real laboratory environment. All development phases including test activities and the final release follow a well-documented procedure.
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  • 10
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    Informatik-Spektrum 20 (1997), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1432-122X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter  Informatik ; Selbstverständnis ; Curriculum ; Humanwissenschaften ; Rechtswissenschaften ; kommunikative Rationalität ; Informatikanwendung ; Verantwortung ; Key words  Computer science ; Informatics ; Curricula ; Humanities ; Jurisprudence ; Communicative rationality ; Applications ; Responsibility in computer science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Anesthesia: preoperative evaluation ; Computers ; Records, anesthesia: computerized; diagnoses; physician-entry ; Reimbursement: diagnosis-related groups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. To study the impact of information from a physician-entry computerized preanesthetic evaluation system on the coding of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM) diagnoses and on hospital reimbursement due to alterations in diagnosis-related group (DRG) codes. Methods. Nonrandomized, unblinded trial conducted at a 570-bed university tertiary care hospital. First without and then with reference to information contained on computer-based preanesthetic evaluation reports, medical charts were coded by the study institution's usual professional coders for ICD-9-CM discharge diagnoses and DRG assignment. Results. For 22 of 180 charts studied (12%, 95% confidence limits 7.4% to 16.7%), at least one ICD-9-CM diagnosis was added. Three of 84 DRG-based reimbursements were altered, increasing hospital reimbursement by 1.5%. Conclusions. Supplemental information from a physician-entered, problem-oriented, computerized preanesthetic evaluation system improved discovery of diagnoses in the population studied.
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  • 12
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 13 (1997), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Computers ; identification ; internet ; medicolegal ; privacy ; records ; medical ; digital signature ; confidentiality ; cryptography ; electronic transfer of medical records
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. To review, from a legal perspective, the potential for using the Internet for inter-institutional transfer of patient medical records. Methods. Basic issues and recent legislation that relate to protection of both medical data, and those transferring that data over public network systems is reviewed. Results. Many laws already in existence can be applied to Internet transmission, but questions of jurisdiction remain. Providing signatures on requests for information, which are in essence contracts, is a problem. Signatures must both prove the identity of the participants and provide for non-repudiation of the agreement. Cryptographic digital signatures appear secure and effective, but their use is difficult to implement. Simpler methods are fraught with risks, yet are more easily accomplished. The patient's rights of privacy must be balanced against the need for access by government, physician, or healthcare institutions to confidential information. In general, information holders must put forth reasonable efforts to keep information confidential. The development of acknowledged standards will provide guidance. Multiple laws provide some deterrence and hence some reassurance to healthcare institutions, for example, by criminalizing acts of electronic interception of patient records in transit. Conclusion. Some believe the expense of secure transfer of medical records by electronic means is a major obstacle; this is false: such transfers are now technologically quite easy. The greatest obstacle to electronic transfer of medical records at this point is the development of workable standards for signing agreements and protecting transmissions, but the perceived advantages will likely drive the necessary developments.
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  • 13
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 13 (1997), S. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Communications: local area network, spread-spectrum ; Computers ; Electrosurgery: interference ; Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. To study whether an electrosurgery device interferes with theoperation of a low-power spread-spectrum wireless network adapter. Methods.Nonrandomized, unblinded trials with controls, conducted in the corridor ofour institution’s operating suite using two portable computersequipped with RoamAbout omnidirectional 250 mW spread-spectrum 928 MHzwireless network adapters. To simulate high power electrosurgeryinterference, a 100-watt continuous electrocoagulation arc was maintainedfive feet from the receiving adapter, while device reported signal to noisevalues were measured at 150 feet and 400 feet distance between thewireless-networked computers. At 150 feet range, and with continuous100-watt electrocoagulation arc five feet from one computer, error-correctedlocal area net throughput was measured by sending and receiving a large filemultiple times. Results. The reported signal to noise (N = 50) decreasedwith electrocoagulation from 36.42 ± 3.47 (control) to 31.85 ±3.64 (electrocoagulation) (p 〈 0.001) at 400 feet inter-adapter distance,and from 64.53 ± 1.43 (control) to 60.12 ± 3.77(electrocoagulation) (p 〈 0.001) at 150 feet inter-adapter distance.There was no statistically significant change in network throughput (average93 kbyte/second) at 150 feet inter-adapter distance, either transmitting orreceiving during continuous 100 Watt electrocoagulation arc. Conclusions.The manufacturer indicates “acceptable” performance will beobtained with signal to noise values as low as 20. In view of this, whileelectrocoagulation affects this spread spectrum network adapter, the effectsare small even at 400 feet. At a distance of 150 feet, no discernible effecton network communications was found, suggesting that if other obstructionsare minimal, within a wide range on one floor of an operating suite, networkcommunications may be maintained using the technology of this wirelessspread spectrum network adapter. The impact of such adapters on cardiacpacemakers should be studied. Wireless spread spectrum network adapters arean attractive technology for mobile computer communications in the operatingroom.
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  • 14
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 12 (1996), S. 405-408 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Anesthesia ; evaluation ; preoperative ; Computers ; Equipment ; Records: anesthesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. There is no data on the use of hospital-wide online edical record (OLMR) systems by anesthesiologists. We measured how often anesthesiologists accessed the OLMR database maintained by the hospital, how often data was copied from this database into the clinic's computer system, and how much data was copied.Methods. In a preanesthetic evaluation clinic that has a computerized evaluation system designed for physician-entered data, a graphical user-interface prototype link provided access to the hospital OLMR database for users and was studied over a 37-day period. The software allowed the user to search the OLMR system by patient name, retrieve a text listing of the patient's record, and then copy and paste desired information into the forms of the preanesthetic system. Using embedded routines, we recorded how many times physicians searched for and retrieved medical records from the hospital OLMR database, as well as how many times they copied data to the preoperative database. As a measure of howmuch data was copied, the number of characters was also recorded.Results. Of 1,080 patients evaluated in the clinic during the study period, electronic searches of the hospital OLMR database for 221 patients (20.5%) were noted. Of these searches, 208 (94.1%, or 19.3% of 1,080 patients) successfullyretrieved data from the patient's record. Data wascopied for 170 patients — 81.7% of the successful searches. Of 7,525,153 characters retrieved, 262,269 were copied — an average of 1,543 characters per instance of copying.Conclusion. We conclude that anesthesiologists, given even crude graphical access to a hospital OLMR database, will retrieve and copy data, potentially increasing the accuracy of the medical records and saving time.
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  • 15
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    AI & society 10 (1996), S. 226-232 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Technology ; Cognition ; Computers ; Language ; Pragmatics ; Mind and Brain ; Tool ; Leaf-blower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Technology, in order to be human, needs to be informed by a reflection on what it is to be a tool in ways appropriate to humans. This involves both an instrumental, appropriating aspect (‘I use this tool’) and a limiting, appropriated one (‘The tool uses me’). Cognitive Technology focuses on the ways the computer tool is used, and uses us. Using the tool on the world changes the way we think about the world, and the way the world appears to us: as an example, a simple technology (the leaf blower) and its effects on the human are discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Cell adhesion ; Cell adhesion proteins ; Computers ; Fibronectins ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for the computer controlled micropositioning of both mammalian cells and cell adhesion proteins. Cell adhesion proteins can be micropositioned by using cell adhesion proteins instead of ink in an inkjet printer. Cells can be positioned with a computer controlled X-Y translation table and a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS).
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  • 17
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    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Chemistry, pharmaceutical ; Computers ; Drug development ; Molecular biology ; Research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Classical medicinal chemistry, that is molecular modifications of existing bioactive compounds, leading to me-too drugs with value added and often to me-too drugs which will never reach the market or to drugs in another pharmacological field than that originally intended, will be with us for a long time to come. The ultimate goal, however, is of course rational or at least semi-rational drug design. In some instances this goal seems to have already been reached as in the case of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and H2 antagonists. In the (near) future results from the steady progress in molecular biology in combination with computer-assisted drug modelling — possibly coupled with artificial intelligence techniques — will help the medicinal chemist in his efforts to attain this goal.
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  • 18
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    AI & society 5 (1991), S. 246-254 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Gradualness ; Computers ; Evolution ; Hypertext
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In making a contribution, a person's life gains meaning. A small contribution affects a few people for a short time, while a large contribution affects many people for a long time. Within the framework of an abstract, computational world, a metric on contributions is defined. Simulation of the computational model shows the critical role of gradualness. Gradualness can be supported by human-computer systems in which the computer does the copying and arithmetic, and the human applies a rich understanding of the world. The role of gradualness in the research areas of machine learning and hypertext is highlighted.
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  • 19
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 5 (1989), S. 266-269 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Records, anesthesia ; Monitoring: automated record keeping ; Computers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Written records and first-generation hospital information systems do not meet their primary purpose to assist physicians in solving patients' problems. Simply automating the present chart formats is not the answer. An example of the concept needed for charting is the intensive care unit chart. Anesthesiology charts provide little useful information for the continued care of the patient postoperatively. They serve principally as legal archival documents. Automation of the anesthesia record should free the anesthesiologist of the need to search for preoperative information and to manually record most information intraoperatively. Decisions about how much data to archive and how to extract the data pertinent to continuing care are the challenges for physicians. The technologic tools are available for the design and implementation of a software system that focuses on effective communication of the patient's problems throughout the perioperative period as the patient moves from ward to operating room, through the recovery room and intensive care unit, and to the ward and home.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Coronary angioplasty ; Coronary angiography ; Hemodynamics ; Computers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid and accurate assessment of coronary artery stenotic severity is important in therapy and understanding of coronary artery disease. Since automated systems minimize prejudiceand variations in analysis, we developed an automated, quantitative coronary analysis system utilizing an IBM PC-XT computer. Film images (35 mm) were cine-to-video converted and subsequently digitized by an IBM PC-XT computer. Given an approximate center line, the computer automatically detected edges, corrected for X-ray magnification, and calculated arterial dimensions. On objects of known dimensional sizes, the correlation coefficient between actual and calculated dimensions was 0.996 (p〈0.01) with a standard error of estimate of 0.07 mm and ±3.0% reproducibility. For objects less than 1 mm in diameter, the standard error of estimate was 0.05 mm with ±4.1% reproducibility. However, with minimal contrast material (25%), the standard error of estimate increased to 0.20 mm with ±7.2% reproducibility. The results indicate that automated, quantitative coronary angiography can be achieved using an inexpensive IBM PC-XT based system, provided that the vessels are adequately opacified.
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  • 21
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 4 (1988), S. 274-289 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Anesthesia ; Intensive care ; Computers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article describes several research directions exploring the application of artificial intelligence techniques in anesthesia and intensive care. Artificial intelligence can be loosely defined as the discipline of designing computer systems that exhibit “intelligent” behavior. This article first introduces artificial intelligence and computer science research and discusses why medicine has proved to be a challenging domain for applying artificial intelligence techniques. A discussion of the central research themes that arise in medical artificial intelligence, many of which are common to different projects and to different medical settings, is followed by a description of specific research projects that apply artificial intelligence techniques in anesthesiology, ventilatory management, and cardiovascular management. Finally, further comments are made on the current state of the field.
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  • 22
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 26 (1988), S. 325-327 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Computers ; Urodynamics ; Urology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 23
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    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Computers ; Digital map analysis ; Geographic information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The growing use of computers in environmental management is profoundly changing data collection procedures, analytic processes, and even the decision-making environment itself. The emerging technology of geographic information systems (GIS) is expanding this revolution to integrate spatial information fully into research, planning, and management of land. In one sense, this technology is similar to conventional map processing involving traditional maps and drafting aids, such as pens, rub-on shading, rulers, planimeters, dot grids, and acetate sheets for light-table overlays. In another sense, these systems provide advanced analytic capabilities, enabling managers to address complex issues in entirely new ways. This report discusses a fundamental approach to computer-assisted map analysis that treats entire maps as variables. The set of analytic procedures for processing mapped data forms a mathematical structure analogous to traditional statistics and algebra. All of the procedures discussed are available for personal computer environments.
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  • 24
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    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: FAO ; Land-use planning ; Land evaluation ; Computers ; Forestry ; Agriculture ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) land evaluation methodology provides a procedure for assessing the suitability of land units within a study area for different land uses. This article describes the use of theLuplan computerized land-use planning package to provide an explicit means to select the land use for each land unit which best satisfies defined policies. The use of the package is demonstrated in a study that allocated multiple use activities within a native forest.
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  • 25
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 3 (1986), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Computers ; documentation ; patient data management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A computerized fluid intake/output charting subsystem was developed by Hewlett-Packard for use in their Patient Data Management System (PDMS). Experience gained from two versions (Rel. 6.0 and 7.1) of the PDMS at Phoenix Baptist Hospital have prompted PBH software engineers to make substantial modifications to the vendor's I/O subsystem. The enhancements permit tracking of bottle definition changes and error correction on IV additive entries. Various custom reports were also developed to replace hand-written documentation. Future enhancements considered by PBH include linking the PDMS I/O package to a Pharmacy system to automate the bottle definition process and the automation of fluid volume data collection using interfaces to IV pumps, urine collection devices, etc.
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  • 26
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    Mathematical geology 15 (1983), S. 183-195 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Computers ; data files ; exploration ; geostatistics ; petroleum ; prospects ; spatial filtering ; trend analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Computer recognition of prospective areas through the processing of digital exploration data can be effective if the statistical tests for the determination of the prospects are pertinent to the presence of the desired mineral. Where exploration involves the application of polynomial trend analysis to structure contour maps in the search for petroleum and natural gas, standard analysis of variance tests may not indicate the best exploration maps. Variance tests may be completely invalid where isolated dips and clustered samples cause the surfaces generated by some of the most common trend programs to oscillate, creating a false impression of variance. On the other hand, tests that directly compare the position of residual features with areas of known production consistently indicate the best map for the determination of new prospects. They are simple to apply and appear to offer the most opportunity for the automatic recognition of prospective areas.
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  • 27
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 115-125 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Clinical trials ; Computers ; Statistical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have devised and implemented a computer-based case information management system which allows the storage, maintenance and analysis of data from any clinical trial. Before the clinical trial begins, the medical and paramedical staff devise and structure a list ot questions which are answerable by (a) a series of up to 10 multiple choices; (b) a date; (c) a number; (d) a phrase or brief sentence. These questions are allotted to forms designed to make the collection of data as efficient as possible; for example, much of a patient's history can be collected by a form which the patient fills out himself. The system is sufficiently simple so that, after a few hours' training, inexperienced students are able to enter all data into the computer. The analysis programs allow one to cross-correlate data from the first three types of questions automatically, and to obtain printouts of histograms and scattergrams correlating the appropriate types of data. These features make this approach cost effective because relatively little time of the medical and paramedical staff is required to organise and implement a clinical trial and because data entry can be performed by previously untrained personnel.
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