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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A self-organised travelling salesman (1994)
    Springer
    Neural computing & applications 2 (1994), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Self-organisation ; Evolution ; Virtual-nodes ; Survival ; Simulated annealing ; Travelling salesman problem (TSP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Using the principles of self-organisation and Darwin's theory of evolution, an algorithm has been developed to solve the geometric travelling salesman problem (TSP). In this approach, we have virtual and real nodes (cities) which can have equal or different masses (weights). The virtual nodes and their neighours are attracted toward the fixed cities by a Newtonian force. The birth and death of the virtual nodes creates a world in which only the fittest survive. This approach has been successfully tested on many problems of different sizes, with a constant error of about 4.6% across the whole range. The computing time follows a power series (square law) versus the number of cities. Comparison of our results with those obtained by a simulated annealing method showed the solutions that obtained by this self-organisation method are of a better quality, especially for large size problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01415008
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive evolution of equations for procedural models (1993)
    Springer
    The visual computer 9 (1993), S. 466-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Evolution ; Genetic algorithms ; Procedural models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes how the evolutionary mechanisms of variation and selection can be used to “evolve” complex equations used by procedural models for computer graphics and animation. An interactive process between the user and the computer allows the user to guide evolving equations by observing results and providing aesthetic information at each step of the process. The computer automatically generates random mutations of equations and combinations between equations to create new generations of results. This repeated interaction between user and computer allows the user to search hyperspaces of posible equations without being required to design the equations by hand or even understand them. Three examples of these techniques have been implemented and are described: procedurally generated pictures and textures, three-dimensional shapes represented by parametric equations, and two-dimensional dynamical systems described by sets of differential equations. It is proposed that these methods have potential as powerful tools for exploring procedural models and achieving flexible complexity with a minimum of user input and knowledge of details.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01888721
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolving complexity (1997)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 1 (1997), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Evolution ; Software ; Artificial life ; Natural selection ; Artificial selection ; Evolvability ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A review of efforts to implement the process of evolution in a computational medium. The review will cover prominent examples, and discuss the major classes of implementations, their successes, and the obstacles they face.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of a vision system by genetic algorithm (1998)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 2 (1998), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Evolution ; Vision system ; Genetic algorithm ; Neural network ; Artificial life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a framework for a genetic algorithm applied to determine and construct an organ, especially the neural network of a virtual creature. The vision system of the creature is a result of genetic evolution, and we are trying to realize this on the computer. We examine how the visual organ of the animal is evolved under a special environment (e.g., the specialized visual organ of an animal to catch a moving insect), and how many variations of neural networks exist. We also think it is possible to generalize the method to an automatic generation of various kinds of visual recognition system by adding various kinds of evolution any directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471178
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The species fitness method for the evolution of cooperative behavior in a group task (1999)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 3 (1999), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Evolution ; Cooperative behavior ; Communication ; Species fitness ; Reciprocative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the evolution of cooperative behaviors as the interaction among agents using a genetic algorithm to improve the performance of the task in a group (group performance). Previous research often usedthe group fitness method, which evaluates group performance for the evolution of multiple groups in parallel. However, this entails large simulation costs and the evolution speed is slow.The individual fitness method that evaluates theindividual performance of the task entails a smaller simulation cost. However, it can not improve the group performance since each agent behaves selfishly. To optimize the group performance, it is important to include bothcompetition andsharing. Therefore, this paper presentsthe species fitness method, which shares the individual performances of agents belonging to the same species in a group that all have the same chromosomes. We show comparative experiments on these three methods on the evolutionary simulation of a foraging task in a group. To test the interaction among the agents, four kinds of species are evolved which show their communication ability by demonstrating whether the agent can send or receive the signal for food. Experimental results show that evaluating the species variance fitness leads the agents into reciprocative actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02481127
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computational evolution of human bipedal walking by a neuro-musculo-skeletal model (1999)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 3 (1999), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Bipedal walking ; Evolution ; Neuro-musculoskeletal model ; Genetic algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The acquisition process of bipedal walking in humans was simulated using a neuro-musculo-skeletal model and genetic algorithms, based on the assumption that the shape of the body has been adapted for locomotion. The model was constructed as 10 two-dimensional rigid links with 26 muscles and 18 neural oscillators. Bipedal walking was generated as a mutual entrainment between neural oscillations and the pendulous movement of body dynamics. Evolutionary strategies incorporated, for example, as fitness in the genetic algorithms were assumed to decrease energy consumption, muscular fatigue, and load on the skeletal system. An initial population of 50 individuals was created, and an evolutionary simulation of 5000 steps was conducted. As a result, the shape of the body changed from that of a chimpanzee to that of a modern human, and the body size nearly reached the size of a modern human. These simulation results show that improving locomotive efficiency and reducing the load on the musculo-skeletal system are important factors affecting the evolution of the human body shape and bipedal walking. Such computer simulations help us to understand the process of evolution and adaptation for locomotion in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02481128
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cooperative exploration of distributed worlds in WAVE (2000)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 4 (2000), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Parallel and distributed processing ; Space navigation ; Evolution ; WAVE model ; Cooperative behavior ; Mobile robots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper modifies the WAVE model for parallel processing in virtual networks to explore and process continuous physical worlds. Expressing distributed activity by cooperative jobs spreading in space and “seeing” each other, rather than as vehicles exchanging messages, the model allows complex missions to be planned in a very flexible manner, with mobile hardware being assigned to the evolving space-conquering programs (waves) dynamically, when required or available. A number of cooperative scenarios in a physical world demonstrate the simplicity and compactness of the wave code. The execution of waves by mobile hardware is discussed, including run-time mapping of waves to vehicles, and supporting multiple distributed jobs in cases of hardware shortages. WAVE can be used efficiently for solving complex problems in space by organized groups of cheap specialized mobile robots, where intelligent behavior is provided by very high level of system organization rather than by the smartness of individual units. In a broader sense, it may also serve as a basic technology for parallel and distributed simulation, and the management of evolution and self-organization of large open systems of different natures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02480865
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computers and gradualness: The selfish meme (1991)
    Springer
    AI & society 5 (1991), S. 246-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Gradualness ; Computers ; Evolution ; Hypertext
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In making a contribution, a person's life gains meaning. A small contribution affects a few people for a short time, while a large contribution affects many people for a long time. Within the framework of an abstract, computational world, a metric on contributions is defined. Simulation of the computational model shows the critical role of gradualness. Gradualness can be supported by human-computer systems in which the computer does the copying and arithmetic, and the human applies a rich understanding of the world. The role of gradualness in the research areas of machine learning and hypertext is highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891919
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