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  • Articles  (9)
  • Amazon  (8)
  • Triticum aestivum
  • fish
  • Springer  (9)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stochastic model for estimating human carrying capacity in Brazil's Transamazon Highway colonization area (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 331-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: carrying capacity ; population density ; Amazon ; tropical agroecosystems ; Brazil colonization ; stochastic modeling ; Transamazon Highway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human carrying capacity for tropical agricultural populations can be estimated with a computer simulation of the agroecosystem. A stochastic model is developed for estimating carrying capacity in one of the government-directed small farmer settlement projects along Brazil's Transamazon Highway. Carrying capacity is operationally defined in terms of an empirically computed relationship between population density and probability of colonist failure with respect to various criteria. When high population density leads failure probability to exceed a maximum acceptable level, population can be considered to be above carrying capacity. Colonist failure probabilities are those that are sustainable over a long period of simulated years. High variability in crop yields appears to have a strong effect on failure probability based on comparison of deterministic and stochastic runs of the simulations. Failure probabilities are raised by variability at low population densities, but are lowered at extremely high densities where most colonists would fail in an “average” year. Effects can be tested for colonists with different backgrounds or with differing agricultural practices such as fallow times. Failure probabilities in standard runs are higher than those considered acceptable to government planners at all population densities simulated in the present study's stochastic runs (lowest density 24 persons/km2), thus lending support to the informal impression of many that the carrying capacity of most of Amazonia's uplands is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01558255
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mulberry dike-fish pond complex: A Chinese ecosystem of land-water interaction on the Pearl River Delta (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: ecosystem ; human ecology ; mulberry ; silkworm ; fish ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The Pearl River Delta offers humans a variety of land-use alternatives. A complex ecosystem which has been in existence in the Delta for centuries has greatly contributed to the region's agricultural productivity. The principal components are mulberry trees, silkworms, pond fish, and humans, interrelated in a harmonious and mutually beneficial way. The system is not only highly efficient and soundly balanced ecologically, but provides much higher economic returns than do other agrarian practices in the Delta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531240
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Women as hunters among the matses of the Peruvian Amazon (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 339-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Matses ; women ; hunting ; Amazon ; Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Matses women of the Peruvian Amazon rain forest hunt with men, and couples bring back more meat than men alone. This results from the association of women with capture of collared peccary, a large catch. Typical Amazonian beliefs about women persist, but some new features (like day care) are pertinent to Matses hunting adaptation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891379
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tropical forest mimicry in Swiddens: A reassessment of Geertz's Model with Amazonian data (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Shifting cultivation ; tropical forest ecology ; Amazon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Geertz's famous hypothesis that horticulturalists practicing shifting cultivation intercrop their plots to mimic the protective structure of the tropical forest is evaluated in view of data on the structural ecology of the tropical forest and swidden plots in Amazonian Ecuador. The cultivation practices of the Siona-Secoya Indians reveal a three-fold typology of cropping patterns (high-diversity intercropping, low-diversity intercropping, and monocropping), with variation among the types in terms of plot size and distribution, cultigen inventory, structural complexity, and function. These gardens and the tropical forest are compared and analyzed in terms of morphology, ecological characteristics, and human manipulation and utilization. Gardens with high-diversity intercropping show certain similarities to the tropical forest, as Geertz's model predicts, but their highly transient structure does not function as a mature ecosystem. Furthermore, plots with low-diversity intercropping and monocropping show few similarities to the forest. Garden structure is best understood in terms of the economic utilization of tropical cultigens displaying specific habits, rather than by analogy to tropical forest physiognomy and function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891229
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Farming, fishing, and fire in the history of the upper Río Negro region of Venezuela (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Amazon ; fire ; fishing ; agriculture ; energetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of Río Negro subsistence farming and fishing activities are used to estimate the human carrying capacity for the region and the likely pattern of human land-use during prehistory. Ceramic evidence suggests human presence in the region more than 3000 years ago. Traditional farming is labor intensive and relatively unproductive. Nevertheless, farmers achieve an energy return of 15.2∶1, and produce 2600 kcal per work hour. Fish are the major protein source, but fish catch per unit of effort and fish yield per hectare of floodplain are very low; fishermen are probably exploiting local fish resources very close to their limit. The low human population density would suggest that the Río Negro forest has been relatively undisturbed. Nevertheless, charcoal is widespread and abundant in forest soils. This charcoal is probably from anthropogenic or natural wildfires. These results suggest a much more complex history for Amazonia than previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891369
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roads, speculators, and colonization in the Ecuadorian Amazon (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 385-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Amazon ; colonization ; roads ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In view of the generally disappointing performance of colonization projects in the Amazon basin, unusual projects merit close scrutiny because they may suggest a more effective organizational form for the colonization of humid lowlands. With this end in mind, this article examines those aspects of the Upano-Palora project in southeastern Ecuador that are attributable to the project's unusual plan of establishing settlements first and building the roads afterwards. It concludes that the “settlements first, roads second” developmental sequence reduced the costs of the project, produced an egalitarian pattern of landownership, and contributed to a pattern of land use that had potentially damaging ecological effects. These findings suggest that variations in the timing of road building have an important impact on outcomes in new land settlement schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00892246
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land use change in the Amazon estuary: Patterns of caboclo settlement and landscape management (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 249-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: land use ; land cover ; Amazon ; estuary ; flooded forest ; aÇai ; palms ; agriculture ; pastures ; swidden ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; succession ; remote sensing ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Landsat TM scenes for 1985 and 1991 are used to produce a georeferenced map of land cover and land use for an area of the Amazon estuary inhabited by three populations of caboclos with distinct patterns of land use. This information is combined in a geographic information system with ethnographic and survey research carried out over the past 5 years to develop representative spectral “signatures” which permit measurement and differentiation of land uses and the detection of change even between small areas of managed floodplain forest and unmanaged forest, and between three distinct age/growth classes of secondary succession following deforestation. Implementation of these procedures permit the scaling up or down of research at different resolutions. Three distinct patterns of land use are examined with differential impact on the environment. Mechanized agriculture at one site has eliminated virtually all the mature upland forest and is now dominated by secondary successional vegetation. The more traditional system of diversified land use at the next site shows a subtle cycling of flooded forest to managed palm forest through time in response to the price of palm fruit and cycling in the use of fallow land. A third site, based on palm fruit extractivism, shows minimal changes in land cover due to persistent specialization on management of flooded forest extraction. There is little evidence that the community with the greatest impact on forest cover is any better off economically than the two communities which have minimal impact on the landscape. This study suggests how a balance between use and conservation in Amazonia may be achieved in floodplain and estuarine areas, and the effectiveness of monitoring these types of land cover from satellite platforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168853
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A profile of palm heart extraction in the Amazon estuary (1995)
    Springer
    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 357-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Amazon ; palm hearts ; heart-of-palm ; nontimber forest products ; resource economics ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Many of the processed palm hearts consumed throughout the world are derived from the açaípalm (Euterpe oleraceaMart.)), which grows abundantly in floodplain forests of the Amazon estuary. Palm heart extraction began in the estuary in the 1970s and there are now hundreds of canning factories and some 50 distribution firms in this region. Annual profits of the canning factories range from $30,000 to $50,000 while profits for distribution firms frequently exceed $500,000/year. But there are several indications that this economic boon will be short-lived: factory closings are frequent, palm hearts are much smaller now than in the past, and mortality of palm trees is high in stands subjected to frequent palm heart harvest. However, the açaípalm is well suited for management because of its abundance, rapid growth, and multistemmed life form. Under management, palm hearts can be harvested from the same clump over many years through controlled thinning. The management of açaístands could result in significant long-term savings for palm heart factories. Indeed, açaímanagement may offer one of the best opportunities to date for sustained use of some Amazonian forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190137
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settler agriculture and the dynamics of resource allocation in frontier environments (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 341-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: deforestation ; agricultural settlement ; household decision-making ; Amazon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This article attempts to conceptualize the dynamics of resource allocation by colonist farmers under the unique conditions of land abundance and labor scarcity which characterize frontier environments, such as the smallholder agricultural settlement areas in the Amazon basin. In contrast, most previous theoretical literature on household agricultural decision making and land-use change in rural areas considers conditions of high population density and land scarcity, and is not, therefore, adequate for understanding critical land-use changes which may be occurring in frontier regions. This article first discusses the appropriateness and inadequacies of the analytical frameworks commonly used to explain the expansion of settler agriculture into remote forest regions and the unsustainable land-use practices observed in these areas. This review serves as the basis for characterizing resource allocation under the particular conditions of frontier environments. A conceptual advance in the analysis is its consideration of the way institutional/policy factors and farm-level characteristics can interact to produce land-use outcomes. This knowledge is essential to understand not only the social and economic factors affecting present land use and choice of technology, but also those factors influencing farmers' demand for more optimal systems of land use which are consistent with varying agro-ecological potentials, demographic situations, and their own management capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02169394
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