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  • Articles  (15)
  • fertility  (8)
  • Rationality  (7)
  • Springer  (15)
  • SpringerOpen
  • Sociology  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choice Functions: Rationality re-Examined (2000)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 48 (2000), S. 287-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Choice function ; Maximal elements ; Rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract On analyzing the problem that arises whenever the set of maximal elements is large, and a selection is then required (see Peris & Subiza 1998), we realize that logical ways of selecting among maximals violate the classical notion and axioms of rationality. We arrive at the same conclusion if we analyze solutions to the problem of choosing from a tournament (where maximal elements do not necessarily exist). So, in our opinion the notion of rationality must be discussed, not only in the traditional sense of external conditions (Sen 1993), but in terms of the internal information provided by the binary relation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005202626761
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the Explanation of Choice behavior (2000)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 48 (2000), S. 241-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Choice ; Choice behavior ; Rationality ; Rationalizability ; Nonrational choice behavior ; Nonrationalizable choice behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how alternative, culturally-determined motivational forces can be substituted for self-interest or rationality in the theory of choice. Several possibilities are considered, including the replacement of preference optimization by such propellants as the selection of the `second best' or the `central' option. It is argued that although all choice behavior, even that consistent with the alternatives considered, can ultimately be understood as satisfying the criterion of rationality, richer and more meaningful explanation is obtained by focusing on culturally significant alternative motivations when the latter turn out, in particular environments, to be more important than self-interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005250525852
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Banking on fewer children: Financial intermediation, fertility and economic development (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 567-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: E44 ; J13 ; O16 ; Key words: Financial intermediation ; fertility ; economic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper shows that financial intermediation can influence fertility and labor allocation decisions by raising market wages. The increase in wages induces some households to abandon “traditional” labor intensive methods of production managed at the household level and supply labor to “modern” sector firms. Since it is optimal for households in the modern sector to have fewer children, the labor allocation decision leads to lower national fertility. A panel VAR using financial intermediation, fertility and industrial employment share data in 87 countries is estimated. The empirical results show that the data are consistent with the theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050114
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pay-as-you-go financed public pensions in a model of endogenous growth and fertility (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 625-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: H55 ; J13 ; O41 ; Key words: Public pensions ; endogenous growth ; fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Employing an overlapping generations endogenous growth model in which parents derive utility from having children and, additionally, expect children to support them in old age, this paper explores the interrelation between growth, fertility, and the size of pay-as-you-go financed public pensions. It is shown that small sized public pensions stimulate per capita income growth, but further increases in public pensions eventually reduce it. Fertility, on the other hand, falls by an increase in public pensions if they are either small or large. Medium sized public pensions, however, may stimulate fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050117
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixture of Maximal Quasi Orders: a new Approach to Preference Modelling (1999)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 47 (1999), S. 73-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Preference modelling ; Rationality ; Quasi order ; Incomparability ; Inconsistency ; Intransitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Normative theories suggest that inconsistencies be pointed out to the Decision Maker who is thus given the chance to modify his/her judgments. In this paper, we suggest that the inconsistencies problem be transferred from the Decision Maker to the Analyst. With the Mixture of Maximal Quasi Orders, rather than pointing out incoherences for the Decision Maker to change, these inconsistencies may be used as new source of information to model his/her preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005003012375
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dutch books and agent rationality (1999)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 47 (1999), S. 247-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Bayesianism ; Betting behavior ; Coherence ; Dutch books ; Epistemic ; Instrumental ; Logico-semantic ; Probability ; Rationality ; Subjective probability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract According to the Dutch Book Argument (DBA), if an agent's subjective probabilities fail to satisfy the axioms of the probability calculus and so make the agent vulnerable to a Dutch Book, the agent's subjective probabilities are incoherent and the agent is therefore irrational. Critics of DBA have argued, however, that probabilistic incoherence is compatible with various kinds of rationality – logico-semantic, epistemic, instrumental and prudential. In this paper, I provide an interpretation of DBA on which it is true that probabilistic incoherence entails agent irrationality. Articulating this interpretation requires the specification of some of the connections among the varieties of rationality. Once this is done, it becomes possible to vindicate a modest version of DBA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005154608426
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditional Desirability (1999)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 47 (1999), S. 23-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Conditional attitudes ; Beliefs ; Desires ; Rationality ; Conditional probability ; Conditional desirability ; Decision theory ; Representation theorem ; Conditional preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Conditional attitudes are not the attitudes an agent is disposed to acquire in event of learning that a condition holds. Rather they are the components of agent's current attitudes that derive from the consideration they give to the possibility that the condition is true. Jeffrey's decision theory can be extended to include quantitative representation of the strength of these components. A conditional desirability measure for degrees of conditional desire is proposed and shown to imply that an agent's degrees of conditional belief are conditional probabilities. Rational conditional preference is axiomatised and by application of Bolker's representation theorem for rational preferences it is shown that conditional preference rankings determine the existence of probability and desirability measures that agree with them. It is then proven that every conditional desirability function agrees with an agent's conditional preferences and, under certain assumptions, every desirability function agreeing with an agent's conditional preferences is a conditional desirability function agreeing with her unconditional preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004977019944
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    An econometric and neoclassical analysis of the timing and spacing of births in Canada from 1950 to 1990 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 29-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J13 ; C41 ; Key words: Life-cycle ; fertility ; multiple spell hazards ; non-parametric ; heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper estimates a reduced form neoclassical model of Canadian fertility dynamics using an econometric technique that integrates several features not usually found in the demographic and economic literature. We find considerable support for the neoclassical model. We also find that correlated unobservables and parity stopping effects play an important role in Canadian fertility dynamics as well as other socio-demographic features of Canadian women. However, we fail to totally characterize the important drops in the fertility rate that took place for this era.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050057
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertility and the Easterlin hypothesis: An assessment of the literature (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 53-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: J11 ; J13 ; N3 ; Key words: Easterlin ; relative income ; fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Focusing just on the fertility aspects of the Easterlin hypothesis, this paper offers a critical assessment – rather than just a selective citation – of the extensive fertility literature generated by Easterlin, and a complete inventory of data and methodologies in seventy-six published analyses. With an equal number of micro- and macro-level analyses using North American data (twenty-two), the „track record” of the hypothesis is the same in both venues, with fifteen providing significant support in each case. The literature suggests unequivocal support for the relativity of the income concept in fertility, but is less clear regarding the source(s) of differences in material aspirations, and suggests that the observed relationship between fertility and cohort size has varied across countries and time periods due to the effects of additional factors not included in most models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050058
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The opportunity costs of childbearing: More than mothers’ business (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: D13 ; J22 ; J13 ; Key words: Sex division of labour ; fertility ; fathers ; gender relations ; gender equity ; time budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper is an argument about gender relations. It takes the entwined themes of men‘s interests in parenthood, the sex division of labour and its evolution, policy for gender equity and policy to support the level of social reproduction. The emphasis on women‘s employment as a determinant of low fertility has to be supplemented by an examination of the assumption that only women‘s time use is affected by child-rearing. Many forces tend to concentrate fathers‘ involvement on breadwinning, but they are not immutable and are already changing. It should be in the interests of promoting social reproduction, as well as gender equity, for policy interventions to facilitate complementarities in parenting and in its combination with paid work. Descriptive evidence about the paid and unpaid work of couples and parents is presented, largely secondary material from the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050063
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of gender control on fertility and children‘s consumption (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 67-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Sex preferences ; sex selection ; fertility ; children‘s consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Effects of sex preference on investments in children‘s human capital, bequests and fertility are studied, with and without sex selection, in a model based on parental altruism. Both pure sex preference, a feature of the parental utility function, and indirect preference, which arises from gender-related differences in earnings opportunities, are examined. When there is no gender control the impact of pure sex preference is seen in smaller consumption for daughters than for sons. However, when gender control is exerted, sex preference raises the sex ratio and it is possible that sisters may, on average, consume no less than their more numerous brothers. In an example of the model with specific functional forms, parents who practise gender control have larger families than if sex selection techniques were unavailable. The effect is magnified if sons‘ earnings opportunities are better than daughters‘. JEL classification: D11, J13, J16
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050031
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A conversation with Richard Easterlin (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 119-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Easterlin ; relative income ; demographic transition ; fertility ; mortality ; baby boom ; demographic cycles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. After an introduction touching on various biographical highlights, this paper summarizes a wide-ranging discussion with Richard Easterlin which occurred in the Autumn of 1996. We considered the Easterlin Hypothesis – its genesis and current status, together with Easterlin‘s views on attempts to develop measures of relative income – and then moved on to “The Fertility Revolution” and questions regarding the applicability of the theory of household choice in modernizing societies. This was followed by a discussion of his early career development and influences on him at that time, ending with ruminations regarding the current state of economics, and the validity of training given to young economists today. JEL classification: J10, J11, J13
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050034
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Religion as a determinant of marital fertility (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 173-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Religion ; fertility ; marriage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper develops hypotheses about the effects of husbands‘ and wives‘ religious affiliations on fertility. The hypotheses are based on two central ideas. First, religions differ in their fertility norms and corresponding tradeoffs between the quality and quantity of children; differences in religious beliefs between husband and wife may thus lead to conflict regarding fertility decisions and possible resolution through bargaining. Second, a low level of religious compatibility between the spouses may raise the expected probability of marital dissolution and thereby decrease the optimal amount of investments in spouse-specific human capital. Analyses of data from the 1987–1988 National Survey of Families and Households conducted in the United States suggest that both of these effects play important roles in explaining the observed linkages between the religious composition of unions and fertility behavior. JEL classification: J1, J11, J13
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050013
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Rational preference: Decision theory as a theory of practical rationality (1996)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 40 (1996), S. 249-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Rationality ; utility ; preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In general, the technical apparatus of decision theory is well developed. It has loads of theorems, and they can be proved from axioms. Many of the theorems are interesting, and useful both from a philosophical and a practical perspective. But decision theory does not have a well agreed upon interpretation. Its technical terms, in particular, ‘utility’ and ‘preference’ do not have a single clear and uncontroversial meaning. How to interpret these terms depends, of course, on what purposes in pursuit of which one wants to put decision theory to use. One might want to use it as a model of economic decision-making, in order to predict the behavior of corporations or of the stock market. In that case, it might be useful to interpret the technical term ‘utility’ as meaning money profit. Decision theory would then be an empirical theory. I want to look into the question of what ‘utility’ could mean, if we want decision theory to function as a theory of practical rationality. I want to know whether it makes good sense to think of practical rationality as fully or even partly accounted for by decision theory. I shall lay my cards on the table: I hope it does make good sense to think of it that way. For, I think, if Humeans are right about practical rationality, then decision theory must play a very large part in their account. And I think Humeanism has very strong attractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134210
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Practical reason or metapreferences? an undogmatic defense of kantian morality (1991)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 30 (1991), S. 133-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Rationality ; practical reason ; Kant ; preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article presents the thesis that a critique of decisions is not necessarily (except in the trivial sense) a critique of preferences. This thesis runs contrary to the fundamental assumption in economic theory that a critique of decisions will always simultaneously be a critique of (subjective) preferences, since decision behavior is after all a ‘manifestation’ of preferences. If this thesis is right, then the paradigm of so-called ‘instrumental rationality’ is in serious trouble, not for external reasons but because of imminent inconsistencies. The thesis is developed in five parts: I. A preliminary remark to the economic theory of rationality in general. II. The cooperation problem as a challenge to the economic theory of rationality. III. An account of the most interesting attempt to save the theory. IV. A critique of that attempt. V. And the conclusion: practical reason is concerned with actions and not with preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134121
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