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  • Articles  (15)
  • J22
  • Springer  (15)
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  • Articles  (15)
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  • Springer  (15)
  • SpringerOpen
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of an endogenous switching regression model with discrete dependent variables: Monte-Carlo analysis and empirical application of three estimators (1999)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 225-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Endogenous switching ; discrete dependent variables ; two-stage estimators ; Monte-Carlo simulations ; farm women's off-farm work participation ; JEL classification: C35 ; Q12 ; J22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The performances of alternative two-stage estimators for the endogenous switching regression model with discrete dependent variables are compared, with regard to their usefulness as starting values for maximum likelihood estimation. This is especially important in the presence of large correlation coefficients, in which case maximum likelihood procedures have difficulties to converge. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that an estimator that corrects for conditional heteroskedasticity of the residuals is superior in almost all instances, and especially when maximum likelihood is problematic. This result is also obtained in an empirical example in which off-farm work participation equations of farm women are conditional on farm work participation status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810050053
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Welfare measurement in labour supply models with nonlinear budget constraints (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: I30 ; I38 ; C25 ; J22 ; Key words: Welfare measurement ; labour supply ; lone parents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper is concerned with the measurement of individual welfare in labour supply models which allow for the impact of income taxation and income support schemes on labour supply decisions. The paper is motivated by the concern over the need to have measures which can be interpreted easily, which can be compared with net income, and which can be meaningfully aggregated. To illustrate the issues we use estimates of a discrete choice model of labour supply for United Kingdom lone mothers to compute alternative welfare measures which might be considered as having intuitive appeal to policy-makers. We compute welfare change based on these measures arising from a recent reform of the child support payments system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The opportunity costs of childbearing: More than mothers’ business (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: D13 ; J22 ; J13 ; Key words: Sex division of labour ; fertility ; fathers ; gender relations ; gender equity ; time budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper is an argument about gender relations. It takes the entwined themes of men‘s interests in parenthood, the sex division of labour and its evolution, policy for gender equity and policy to support the level of social reproduction. The emphasis on women‘s employment as a determinant of low fertility has to be supplemented by an examination of the assumption that only women‘s time use is affected by child-rearing. Many forces tend to concentrate fathers‘ involvement on breadwinning, but they are not immutable and are already changing. It should be in the interests of promoting social reproduction, as well as gender equity, for policy interventions to facilitate complementarities in parenting and in its combination with paid work. Descriptive evidence about the paid and unpaid work of couples and parents is presented, largely secondary material from the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050063
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Running hard and falling behind: A welfare analysis of two-earner families (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 237-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: D10 ; J22 ; C31 ; Key words: Family utility ; welfare ; joint labor supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper investigates the commonly asserted proposition that long term economic changes have put the family in a financial bind. Structural parameters of a family utility model are obtained by estimating simultaneous labor supply functions for a two-earner household. We find evidence indicating that the average 1990‘s two-earner family would prefer to receive the 1980‘s real wage package (were it available) instead of the real wage package it actually faces. The degree to which the 1990‘s family is worse off (in terms of the changes in the real wage package) is roughly equivalent to an hour of leisure per week.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050041
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Monte Carlo evaluation of labor supply models (1997)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 22 (1997), S. 431-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Labor supply ; Monte Carlo simulation ; C15 ; J22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the area of labor supply and taxes advanced microeconometric methods have been developed in order to measure wage and income elasticities. Large variations in estimated elasticities have previously been reported in the literature. The purpose of the present study is to assess the sources for these discrepancies, and propose a robust estimator. According to our findings the commonly used maximum-likelihood estimator is sensitive to measurement errors in those variables that are needed in order to construct the individuals' budget sets. An iterative least squares estimator is preferred in small samples under several forms of specification and measurement errors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208832
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Women's transitions in the labour market: A competing risks analysis on German panel data (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Female labour supply ; part-time work ; duration analysis ; competing risks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the transitions between the three states of non-employment, part-time and full-time work of a sample of married women living in West Germany. The questions addressed concern the dynamics of women's labour market transitions and the association of the probability of transition with household and individual characteristics. A non-parametric duration analysis shows that women have a similar attachment to full-time and part-time work in terms of survival, and that survival in non-employment is shorter than in the other two states. Estimates of a parametric discrete-time competing risks duration model show that wives of retired husbands go into full-time work, children under 3 years have a disincentive effect on part-time work and that part-time work is a state that German women prefer to stay in and not a first step to full-time employment, whereas foreign women living in West Germany prefer full-time jobs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176689
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal employment in Scandinavia: A comparison of the after-birth employment activity of Norwegian and Swedish women (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Maternity leave ; childbirth ; labor force participation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A striking characteristic of recent Western labour market trends is the rise in employment among mothers of very young children. So far, few studies have analysed the impact of public policies on employment rates of young mothers. In this study we address this issue by comparing two similar countries, Norway and Sweden, which have the same set of policies with slight variations, using data sets with similar designs. We analyse rates of re-entry into paid work after first birth for mothers in 1968–88 by means of hazard regression. One important finding is that the right to paid maternity leave with jobsecurity greatly speeds up the return to work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176688
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mothers in an insider-outsider economy: The puzzle of Spain (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 301-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Childbirth ; labor force participation ; labor force transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract There is growing evidence that social policies towards mothers have important effects on their labour market behaviour. This article argues that these effects are less important in a Male Breadwinner Regime if there is employment insecurity in the household or if women intend to participate in the long-run. I consider the case of Spain, where the workforce has become polarized between insiders and outsiders and where social policies closely resemble the Male Breadwinner Regime. The results show that Spanish mothers fall into two groups: those who do not withdraw from the labor force after childbirth and those who withdraw and do not re-enter after their children arrive at school age. Entry or re-entry appears related to the husband's employment uncertainty. Married women in an “insider household” are less likely to be mobile than women in an “outsider household”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176690
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barefoot and in a German kitchen: Federal parental leave and benefit policy and the return to work after childbirth in Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 247-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Maternity leave ; childbirth ; labor force participation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Since 1979 German federal maternity leave and benefit policy has given women incentives to stay at home and take care of their newborn and youngest children. In 1986 this leave and benefit policy was changed in several ways, turning it into a powerful instrument for delaying mothers' return to work after childbirth. Using a flexible duration dependence estimation technique for proportional hazards due to Prentice and Gloeckler (1978) and applied to grouped durations by Meyer (1987, 1990), we estimate post childbirth return to work hazards for women during the federally protected leave protection period and immediately upon completion of this leave period. During the leave mothers are less likely to return to work the longer is the time left in the leave protection period; however, this result cannot be attributed generally to high levels of maternity benefits. When the leave protection period ends, mothers with strong labor force attachment who are still on leave return to their jobs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176687
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long run opportunity-costs of children according to education of the mother in the Netherlands (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Childbirth ; labour force participation ; human capital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Children claim a large part of the parents' potential resources, particularly their time. Direct time costs arise through the time spent out of the labour force while the children are small, indirect costs are the result of lower investment into human capital. It is demonstrated in this paper that the average opportunity costs of children of lower educated mothers can be higher than those of higher educated mothers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176692
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear taxes in a life-cycle consistent model of family labour supply (1994)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 19 (1994), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Family labour supply, life-cycle consistency ; nonlinear taxes ; bivariate tobit analysis ; H27 ; J22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with family labour supply under nonlinear income taxation in a life-cycle consistent framework. A major purpose of the paper is, therefore, to bring together previous research on how to model joint supply decisions, life-cycle consistency and piecewise linear taxation, and then perform an econometric application using Swedish cross-section data. The paper starts by constructing an intertemporal model of household behaviour, which is used to derive optimal hours of work for the husband and the wife, respectively. Then, given the appropriate theoretical framework, the model is specified in a way suitable for econometric analysis. Regarding the estimation results, we find that both male and female labour supply are sensitive not only to changes in the own marginal wage rate and the virtual nonlabour income, but also to changes in the marginal wage rate of the spouse. The latter means that cross-wage effects are important when it comes to interpret the consequences of income taxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205725
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of regional and sectoral labor market conditions on wages and labor supply — An empirical analysis for married women using West-German Panel data (1994)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 19 (1994), S. 19-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C33 ; C34 ; J22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine the effects of regional and industry specific labor market indicators on wages and labor supply of married females. Based on the standard life cycle labor supply theory we derive a two equation censored panel model and estimate it using the Minimum Distance Method. For our empirical analysis we use four waves (1984–1987) of West German Panel data merged with regional indicators and industry specific demand side indicators. We obtain the result that, unlike industry specific indicators, regional demand side conditions have virtually no significant effect on market wages but that a direct effect of regional labor market conditions on labour supply remains. We conclude that regional labor market conditions can directly constrain the individual labor supply decision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205726
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternative interpretations of hours information in an econometric model of labour supply (1993)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 18 (1993), S. 393-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: J22 ; C52 ; C24
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the labour supply behaviour of married women in France. A sequence of models is specified and estimated which incorporate different amounts of information on observed weekly hours. In all models the distinction is drawn between search and non-participation among non-workers. We provide extensive specification diagnostics, including Heckman-Andrews tests, as well as Hausman tests for the comparison of different handlings of the hours information. It turns out that distinguishing between part-time, full-time and long hours gives virtually the same results as treating observed hours as reflecting desired hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01176195
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing for separability between commodity demand and labour supply in West Germany (1993)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 18 (1993), S. 21-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C31 ; D12 ; H21 ; J22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we use a methodology for testing for separability of commodity demands from male and female labour supply on a single cross section. In the empirical section of our paper we apply the methodology to a representative micro data base for West Germany. We estimate the corresponding demand systems for nine goods, analyse their economic properties and test the hypothesis that male and female leisure are separable from commodity demand. We reject the hypothesis that goods are separable from male and female time. Moreover, we show the implications of our results for optimal taxation of goods and labour supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01238878
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simultaneous discrete choice model of labor supply and wages for married women in Switzerland (1993)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 18 (1993), S. 337-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: C35 ; C31 ; J22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A simultaneous model of female labor supply and wages is estimated. The labor supply model is formulated as a trichotomous discrete choice model in order to take into account the bimodal distribution of observed working hours. For women without observed wages the probability of choosing the observed work category is integrated over all values of the wage. The model is estimated using a sample of married women in Switzerland. The budget constraint is constructed by computing the disposable income for each hours point, taking into account the Swiss income tax system. The estimation results imply relatively modest wage elasticities of expected labor supply for working women. On the other hand the elasticity of the participation probability with respect to wages for nonworkers is twice as large. The magnitude of the income elasticities is comparable to other studies. The wage elasticities obtained with two alternative estimation procedures are considerably lower. These results show that wage elasticities crucially depend on how the problem of unobserved wages is solved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205407
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