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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Welfare measurement in labour supply models with nonlinear budget constraints (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: I30 ; I38 ; C25 ; J22 ; Key words: Welfare measurement ; labour supply ; lone parents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper is concerned with the measurement of individual welfare in labour supply models which allow for the impact of income taxation and income support schemes on labour supply decisions. The paper is motivated by the concern over the need to have measures which can be interpreted easily, which can be compared with net income, and which can be meaningfully aggregated. To illustrate the issues we use estimates of a discrete choice model of labour supply for United Kingdom lone mothers to compute alternative welfare measures which might be considered as having intuitive appeal to policy-makers. We compute welfare change based on these measures arising from a recent reform of the child support payments system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The opportunity costs of childbearing: More than mothers’ business (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: D13 ; J22 ; J13 ; Key words: Sex division of labour ; fertility ; fathers ; gender relations ; gender equity ; time budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper is an argument about gender relations. It takes the entwined themes of men‘s interests in parenthood, the sex division of labour and its evolution, policy for gender equity and policy to support the level of social reproduction. The emphasis on women‘s employment as a determinant of low fertility has to be supplemented by an examination of the assumption that only women‘s time use is affected by child-rearing. Many forces tend to concentrate fathers‘ involvement on breadwinning, but they are not immutable and are already changing. It should be in the interests of promoting social reproduction, as well as gender equity, for policy interventions to facilitate complementarities in parenting and in its combination with paid work. Descriptive evidence about the paid and unpaid work of couples and parents is presented, largely secondary material from the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050063
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Running hard and falling behind: A welfare analysis of two-earner families (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 10 (1997), S. 237-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: D10 ; J22 ; C31 ; Key words: Family utility ; welfare ; joint labor supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper investigates the commonly asserted proposition that long term economic changes have put the family in a financial bind. Structural parameters of a family utility model are obtained by estimating simultaneous labor supply functions for a two-earner household. We find evidence indicating that the average 1990‘s two-earner family would prefer to receive the 1980‘s real wage package (were it available) instead of the real wage package it actually faces. The degree to which the 1990‘s family is worse off (in terms of the changes in the real wage package) is roughly equivalent to an hour of leisure per week.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050041
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The undecidability of the spatialized prisoner's dilemma (1997)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 42 (1997), S. 53-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Undecidability ; Prisoner's Dilemma ; cellular automata ; game theory ; decision theory ; computability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the spatialized Prisoner's Dilemma, players compete against their immediate neighbors and adopt a neighbor's strategy should it prove locally superior. Fields of strategies evolve in the manner of cellular automata (Nowak and May, 1993; Mar and St. Denis, 1993a,b; Grim 1995, 1996). Often a question arises as to what the eventual outcome of an initial spatial configuration of strategies will be: Will a single strategy prove triumphant in the sense of progressively conquering more and more territory without opposition, or will an equilibrium of some small number of strategies emerge? Here it is shown, for finite configurations of Prisoner's Dilemma strategies embedded in a given infinite background, that such questions are formally undecidable: there is no algorithm or effective procedure which, given a specification of a finite configuration, will in all cases tell us whether that configuration will or will not result in progressive conquest by a single strategy when embedded in the given field. The proof introduces undecidability into decision theory in three steps: by (1) outlining a class of abstract machines with familiar undecidability results, by (2) modelling these machines within a particular family of cellular automata, carrying over undecidability results for these, and finally by (3) showing that spatial configurations of Prisoner's Dilemma strategies will take the form of such cellular automata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004959623042
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Women's transitions in the labour market: A competing risks analysis on German panel data (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Female labour supply ; part-time work ; duration analysis ; competing risks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the transitions between the three states of non-employment, part-time and full-time work of a sample of married women living in West Germany. The questions addressed concern the dynamics of women's labour market transitions and the association of the probability of transition with household and individual characteristics. A non-parametric duration analysis shows that women have a similar attachment to full-time and part-time work in terms of survival, and that survival in non-employment is shorter than in the other two states. Estimates of a parametric discrete-time competing risks duration model show that wives of retired husbands go into full-time work, children under 3 years have a disincentive effect on part-time work and that part-time work is a state that German women prefer to stay in and not a first step to full-time employment, whereas foreign women living in West Germany prefer full-time jobs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176689
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal employment in Scandinavia: A comparison of the after-birth employment activity of Norwegian and Swedish women (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Maternity leave ; childbirth ; labor force participation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A striking characteristic of recent Western labour market trends is the rise in employment among mothers of very young children. So far, few studies have analysed the impact of public policies on employment rates of young mothers. In this study we address this issue by comparing two similar countries, Norway and Sweden, which have the same set of policies with slight variations, using data sets with similar designs. We analyse rates of re-entry into paid work after first birth for mothers in 1968–88 by means of hazard regression. One important finding is that the right to paid maternity leave with jobsecurity greatly speeds up the return to work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176688
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mothers in an insider-outsider economy: The puzzle of Spain (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 301-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Childbirth ; labor force participation ; labor force transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract There is growing evidence that social policies towards mothers have important effects on their labour market behaviour. This article argues that these effects are less important in a Male Breadwinner Regime if there is employment insecurity in the household or if women intend to participate in the long-run. I consider the case of Spain, where the workforce has become polarized between insiders and outsiders and where social policies closely resemble the Male Breadwinner Regime. The results show that Spanish mothers fall into two groups: those who do not withdraw from the labor force after childbirth and those who withdraw and do not re-enter after their children arrive at school age. Entry or re-entry appears related to the husband's employment uncertainty. Married women in an “insider household” are less likely to be mobile than women in an “outsider household”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176690
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barefoot and in a German kitchen: Federal parental leave and benefit policy and the return to work after childbirth in Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 247-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Maternity leave ; childbirth ; labor force participation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Since 1979 German federal maternity leave and benefit policy has given women incentives to stay at home and take care of their newborn and youngest children. In 1986 this leave and benefit policy was changed in several ways, turning it into a powerful instrument for delaying mothers' return to work after childbirth. Using a flexible duration dependence estimation technique for proportional hazards due to Prentice and Gloeckler (1978) and applied to grouped durations by Meyer (1987, 1990), we estimate post childbirth return to work hazards for women during the federally protected leave protection period and immediately upon completion of this leave period. During the leave mothers are less likely to return to work the longer is the time left in the leave protection period; however, this result cannot be attributed generally to high levels of maternity benefits. When the leave protection period ends, mothers with strong labor force attachment who are still on leave return to their jobs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176687
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long run opportunity-costs of children according to education of the mother in the Netherlands (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: J22 ; J13 ; Childbirth ; labour force participation ; human capital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Children claim a large part of the parents' potential resources, particularly their time. Direct time costs arise through the time spent out of the labour force while the children are small, indirect costs are the result of lower investment into human capital. It is demonstrated in this paper that the average opportunity costs of children of lower educated mothers can be higher than those of higher educated mothers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176692
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpersonal dependency of preferences (1996)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 41 (1996), S. 257-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Preference ; decision theory ; utility ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Standard decision theoretic models disregard the phenomenon of interpersonal dependency of preferences. In this paper it is argued that interpersonal dependency of preferences is a serious challenge for standard utility theory. First we sketch the more philosophical aspects of the problem and then, using a simple, formal model for the two-person case, we show that interpersonal dependency of preferences generally results in indeterminacy of preferences (resp. of subjective utility).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136128
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three pseudo-paradoxes in ‘quantum’ decision theory: Apparent effects of observation on probability and utility (1993)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 35 (1993), S. 55-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Paradox ; pseudo-paradox ; decision theory ; game theory ; observation ; probability ; utility ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In quantum domains, the measurement (or observation) of one of a pair of complementary variables introduces an unavoidable uncertainty in the value of that variable's complement. Such uncertainties are negligible in Newtonian worlds, where observations can be made without appreciably disturbing the observed system. Hence, one would not expect that an observation of a non-quantum probabilistic outcome could affect a probability distribution over subsequently possible states, in a way that would conflict with classical probability calculations. This paper examines three problems in which observations appear to affect the probabilities and expected utilities of subsequent outcomes, in ways which may appear paradoxical. Deeper analysis of these problems reveals that the anomalies arise, not from paradox, but rather from faulty inferences drawn from the observations themselves. Thus the notion of ‘quantum’ decision theory is disparaged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01075235
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geometry of legal principles (1991)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 30 (1991), S. 27-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Utility ; probability ; law ; decision theory ; rational decision ; penalty ; actions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss several possible legal principles from the standpoint of Bayesian decision theory. In particular, we show that a compelling legal principle implies compatibility with decisions based on maximizing the expected utility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134635
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonrational actors and financial market behavior (1991)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 31 (1991), S. 257-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: financial market ; decision theory ; behavioral decision ; financial flows ; rationality ; herd behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The insights of descriptive decision theorists and psychologists, we believe, have much to contribute to our understanding of financial market macrophenomena. We propose an analytic agenda that distinguishes those individual idiosyncrasies that prove consequential at the macro-level from those that are neutralized by market processes such as poaching. We discuss five behavioral traits — barn-door closing, expert/reliance effects, status quo bias, framing, and herding — that we employ in explaining financial flows. Patterns in flows to mutual funds, to new equities, across national boundaries, as well as movements in debt-equity ratios are shown to be consistent with deviations from rationality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00132995
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent bets under partially resolving uncertainty and belief functions (1989)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: decision theory ; uncertainty ; betting system ; Dutch book ; belief function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract By considering situations of partially resolving uncertainty, a one-to-one correspondence between belief functions and coherent betting systems à la de Finetti is shown to exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00159221
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choice under risk and the security factor: An axiomatic model (1988)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 24 (1988), S. 169-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: decision theory ; risk ; expected utility ; security level ; risk aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The particular attention paid by decision makers to the security level ensured by each decision under risk, which is responsible for the certainty effect, can be taken into account by weakening the independence and continuity axioms of expected utility theory. In the resulting model, preferences depend on: (i) the security level, (ii) the expected utility, offered by each decision. Choices are partially determined by security level comparison and completed by the maximization of a function, which express the existing tradeoffs between expected utility and security level, and is, at a given security level, an affine function of the expected utility. In the model, risk neutrality at a given security level implies risk aversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00132460
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