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  • Articles  (5)
  • Other Sources
  • heuristics  (5)
  • Springer  (5)
  • Public Library of Science
  • Natural Sciences in General  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pragmatic Holism (or pragmatic reductionism) (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 57-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: pragmatism ; holism ; reductionism ; modelling ; proof ; heuristics ; learning ; reduction ; philosophy ; science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The reductionist/holist debate is highly polarised. I propose an intermediate position of pragmatic holism. It derives from two claims: firstly, that irrespective of whether all natural systems are theoretically reducible, for many systems it is utterly impractical to attempt such a reduction, and secondly, that regardless of whether irreducible 'wholes’ exist, it is vain to try and prove this. This position illuminates the debate along new pragmatic lines by refocussing attention on the underlying heuristics of learning about the natural world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009642920187
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analogical Reasoning and Modeling in the Sciences (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 237-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: analogical reasoning ; scientific modeling ; scientific discovery ; heuristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims at integrating the work onanalogical reasoning in Cognitive Science into thelong trend of philosophical interest, in this century,in analogical reasoning as a basis for scientificmodeling. In the first part of the paper, threesimulations of analogical reasoning, proposed incognitive science, are presented: Gentner's StructureMatching Engine, Mitchel's and Hofstadter's COPYCATand the Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine, proposedby Holyoak and Thagard. The differences andcontroversial points in these simulations arehighlighted in order to make explicit theirpresuppositions concerning the nature of analogicalreasoning. In the last part, this debate in cognitivescience is applied to some traditional philosophicalaccounts of formal and material analogies as a basisfor scientific modeling, like Mary Hesse`s, and tomore recent ones, that already draw from the work inArtificial Intelligence, like that proposed byAronson, Harré and Way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009623823171
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pauli versus Heisenberg: A Case Study of the Heuristic Role of Philosophy (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 405-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: discovery ; Heisenberg ; heuristics ; Pauli ; quantum theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This article analyses an episode in the earlyhistory of quantum theory: the controversy betweenPauli and Heisenberg about the anomalous Zeemaneffect, which was a main stumbling block for the oldquantum theory of Bohr. It is argued that theindividual philosophical views of both Pauli andHeisenberg directed their attempts to solve theanomaly and decisively influenced the solutions theyproposed. The results of this case study arecompared with the assertions of four theories ofscientific change, namely those of Kuhn, Lakatos,Laudan and Giere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009643801616
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charles S. Peirce on Creative Metaphor: A Case Study on the Conveyor Belt Metaphor in Oceanography (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 389-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: metaphor ; creativity ; heuristics ; C.S. Peirce ; oceanography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Within Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotical theory, twodifferent kinds of creative metaphorical reasoning inscience can be identified. One of these, the buildingof remainder metaphors, is especially important forcreating new scientific models. We show that theconveyor belt metaphor provides an excellent examplefor Peirce's theory. The conveyor belt metaphor hasrecently been invented in order to describe theoceanic transport system. The paradigm of the oceanicconveyor belt strongly influenced the geosciencecommunity and the climate change discussion. Afteridentifying structures of metaphorical reasoning inscience (section 2), these structures are examined insection 3 for the conveyor belt metaphor in the fieldof oceanography. Finally, concluding remarks are givenin section 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009639700707
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence as Non-Aggregativity and the Biases of Reductionisms (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 269-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: additivity ; aggregativity ; emergence ; functional localization fallacies ; heuristics ; near-decomposeability ; reduction ; whole-parts relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Most philosophical accounts of emergence are incompatible with reduction. Most scientists regard a system property as emergent relative to properties of its parts if it depends upon their mode of organization-a view consistent with reduction. Emergence is a failure of aggregativity, in which ``the whole is nothing more than the sum of its parts''. Aggregativity requires four conditions, giving powerful tools for analyzing modes of organization. Differently met for different decompositions of the system, and in different degrees, the structural conditions can provide evaluation criteria for choosing decompositions, ``natural kinds'', and detecting functional localization fallacies, approximations, and various biases of vulgar reductionisms. This analysis of emergence and use of these conditions as heuristics is consistent with a broader reductionistic methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011342202830
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