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  • Articles  (15)
  • Other Sources
  • technology  (10)
  • heuristics  (5)
  • Springer  (15)
  • Public Library of Science
  • Natural Sciences in General  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pragmatic Holism (or pragmatic reductionism) (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 57-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: pragmatism ; holism ; reductionism ; modelling ; proof ; heuristics ; learning ; reduction ; philosophy ; science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The reductionist/holist debate is highly polarised. I propose an intermediate position of pragmatic holism. It derives from two claims: firstly, that irrespective of whether all natural systems are theoretically reducible, for many systems it is utterly impractical to attempt such a reduction, and secondly, that regardless of whether irreducible 'wholes’ exist, it is vain to try and prove this. This position illuminates the debate along new pragmatic lines by refocussing attention on the underlying heuristics of learning about the natural world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009642920187
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analogical Reasoning and Modeling in the Sciences (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 237-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: analogical reasoning ; scientific modeling ; scientific discovery ; heuristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims at integrating the work onanalogical reasoning in Cognitive Science into thelong trend of philosophical interest, in this century,in analogical reasoning as a basis for scientificmodeling. In the first part of the paper, threesimulations of analogical reasoning, proposed incognitive science, are presented: Gentner's StructureMatching Engine, Mitchel's and Hofstadter's COPYCATand the Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine, proposedby Holyoak and Thagard. The differences andcontroversial points in these simulations arehighlighted in order to make explicit theirpresuppositions concerning the nature of analogicalreasoning. In the last part, this debate in cognitivescience is applied to some traditional philosophicalaccounts of formal and material analogies as a basisfor scientific modeling, like Mary Hesse`s, and tomore recent ones, that already draw from the work inArtificial Intelligence, like that proposed byAronson, Harré and Way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009623823171
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pauli versus Heisenberg: A Case Study of the Heuristic Role of Philosophy (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 405-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: discovery ; Heisenberg ; heuristics ; Pauli ; quantum theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This article analyses an episode in the earlyhistory of quantum theory: the controversy betweenPauli and Heisenberg about the anomalous Zeemaneffect, which was a main stumbling block for the oldquantum theory of Bohr. It is argued that theindividual philosophical views of both Pauli andHeisenberg directed their attempts to solve theanomaly and decisively influenced the solutions theyproposed. The results of this case study arecompared with the assertions of four theories ofscientific change, namely those of Kuhn, Lakatos,Laudan and Giere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009643801616
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charles S. Peirce on Creative Metaphor: A Case Study on the Conveyor Belt Metaphor in Oceanography (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 389-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: metaphor ; creativity ; heuristics ; C.S. Peirce ; oceanography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Within Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotical theory, twodifferent kinds of creative metaphorical reasoning inscience can be identified. One of these, the buildingof remainder metaphors, is especially important forcreating new scientific models. We show that theconveyor belt metaphor provides an excellent examplefor Peirce's theory. The conveyor belt metaphor hasrecently been invented in order to describe theoceanic transport system. The paradigm of the oceanicconveyor belt strongly influenced the geosciencecommunity and the climate change discussion. Afteridentifying structures of metaphorical reasoning inscience (section 2), these structures are examined insection 3 for the conveyor belt metaphor in the fieldof oceanography. Finally, concluding remarks are givenin section 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009639700707
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence as Non-Aggregativity and the Biases of Reductionisms (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 269-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: additivity ; aggregativity ; emergence ; functional localization fallacies ; heuristics ; near-decomposeability ; reduction ; whole-parts relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Most philosophical accounts of emergence are incompatible with reduction. Most scientists regard a system property as emergent relative to properties of its parts if it depends upon their mode of organization-a view consistent with reduction. Emergence is a failure of aggregativity, in which ``the whole is nothing more than the sum of its parts''. Aggregativity requires four conditions, giving powerful tools for analyzing modes of organization. Differently met for different decompositions of the system, and in different degrees, the structural conditions can provide evaluation criteria for choosing decompositions, ``natural kinds'', and detecting functional localization fallacies, approximations, and various biases of vulgar reductionisms. This analysis of emergence and use of these conditions as heuristics is consistent with a broader reductionistic methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011342202830
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of scienceware and foundations on students' attitudes towards science and science classes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 5 (1996), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Attitudes ; science education ; project-based science ; technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we describe changes in students' ideas about science classes, attitudes about science, and motivations for studying science, in a classroom designed to support projectbased science learing. Using a survey designed to provide a measure of students' attitudes towards science classes and science, we have compared students enrolled in a traditional high school biology course, with students enrolled in an integrated, project-based science course called Foundations I. Survey responses were analyzed to look at differences between and within two groups of students over the course of one school year. In general, the results of this study suggest that providing students with opportunities to collect and analyze their own data in science classes results in a change in students' ideas about science classrooms. Foundations I students' increased tendency to agree with statements about ‘using information,’ ‘drawing conclusions,’ and ‘thinking about problems,’ implies a change in their understanding of what it means to do science in school. These students, in contrast to students in the traditional Biology course, no longer describe their science experience as one of memorization, textbook reading, and test taking. Instead they see science class as a place in which they can collect data, draw conclusions, and formulate and solve problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575471
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of computer interfaces on chemistry problem solving among various ethnic groups: A comparison of Pen-Point and Powerbook computers (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 5 (1996), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Assessment ; testing ; ethnicity ; technology ; computer interface ; problem solving ; chemistry ; science ; molarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the effect of Pen-Point and Powerbook computers on solving a multiple step chemistry (molaritý) problem among White, Afro-American and Hispanic students (N=60) at the high school level. The screens on both computers were partitioned into a work field and a reasoning field. Both computers were programmed to record the time spent in each field, the number of entries made, and a copy of the entries made. Statistical analysis of data showed that more of the White and Afro-American Pen-Point computer users solved the problem correctly than did students using the Powerbook computer. All three ethnic groups made fewer entries, and took less time using the Pen-Point computer than the Powerbook. Attitude survey results of all ethnic groups showed that more Pen-Point computer users felt comfortable working with computers. Over all, the results suggest that the Pen-Point computer has a more positive effect on the problem solving performance and attitude of students towards computers than the Powerbook computer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575152
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in computer applications in science assessment (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 4 (1995), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Computer ; technology ; performance assessment ; testing ; science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Seven computer applications to science assessment are reviewed. Conventional test administration includes record keeping, grading, and managing test banks. Multiple-choice testing involves forced selection of an answer from a menu, whereas constructed-response testing involves options for students to present their answers within a set standard deviation. Adaptive testing attempts to individualize the test to minimize the number of items and time needed to assess a student's knowledge. Figurai response testing assesses science proficiency in pictorial or graphic mode and requires the student to construct a mental image rather than selecting a response from a multiple choice menu. Simulations have been found useful for performance assessment on a large-scale basis in part because they make it possible to independently specify different aspects of a real experiment. An emerging approach to performance assessment is solution pathway analysis, which permits the analysis of the steps a student takes in solving a problem. Virtually all computer-based testing systems improve the quality and efficiency of record keeping and data analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211579
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using technology in assessing integrated science and mathematics learning (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 4 (1995), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Integration ; science ; mathematics ; assessment ; technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Drawing from current models, research, and science and mathematics education reform documents, this article first defines and/or delimits three broad domains of education: integrated school science and mathematics, assessment, and technology. Based upon this three-tiered discussion, a list of characteristics is then distilled to guide in the development of assessment for integrated school science and mathematics using technology. Two integrated school science and mathematics activities are provided to illustrate the alignment of instruction and assessment and the systematic integration of technology into both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211581
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can research on science learning and instruction inform standards for science education? (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 3 (1994), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Science ; technology ; models ; standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We contrast the current science education reform effort with the reforms of the 1960s and suggest how the current effort could be enhanced. We identify insights from recent research that we believe can inform the reform process, in particular, to reach all science students and also impart a cohesive view of science. We propose an “alternative models” view of scientific explanation and show how this view would contribute to reforms of (1) course goals, (2) social aspects of science learning, (3) instructional practices, and (4) roles for technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575812
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Trend Towards Materials in Science and Technology Education (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 6 (1997), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Materials ; technology ; physics ; chemistry ; gender ; enrollments ; vocational
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The teaching of science and technology in the final year of high school is examined in a new curriculum developed for the education system in Victoria, Australia. The traditional areas of Physics and Chemistry together with a technology related subject, Materials and Technology, are investigated The major curriculum link amongst these studies was the area of materials. In Chemistry this involved the nature of materials, the chemical basis for the production of metals and polymers, and the social consequences of waste disposal. Within Physics, the major involvement was the investigation of the structure and physical properties of materials through theory and practical investigation. The selection of materials, production of components and their testing were the major area involved with Materials and Technology. Although the area of materials related all three subjects enrollments were comparatively high for Physics and Chemistry but Materials and Technology had less than one tenth as much enrollment. Similarly, school providers were significantly lower for materials and technology. Materials and Technology is still considered a vocational subject compared with the science oriented subjects. When gender enrollments were considered, Chemistry had a similar number of females and males, Physics had twice as many males as females, and Materials and Technology had twice as many males as females. This appears to be a consequence of typical gender roles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022531924460
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing our ways: Teaching for a different future (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 3 (1994), S. 3-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Science education ; science education reform ; science ; technology ; change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This speech discusses the need to incorporate a global perspective and account for the reality of constant and rapid change when revising the science and math curricula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575811
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation into public perception and knowledge of science and technology in Nigeria (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 5 (1996), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Public perception ; knowledge of science ; technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The study examined the perception and knowledge of two hundred and five adults from Port Harcourt metropolis in Rivers State on some issues related to science and technlogy. A questionnaire on public perception and knowledge of science and technology was the main data collecting instrument. Overall findings of the study showed; (1) that some adults are not well informed about science and technology; (2) major differences among respondents on the basis of gender; (3) lack of knowledge by adults on aspects of elementary science. These findings and implications for science and technological literacy were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575155
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mastering Difficult Concepts Using Software to Support Learning: A Case Study in Teaching Mandarin Chinese (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 6 (1997), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Activity design ; Chinese language ; educational software ; multimedia ; technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Set in the context of a first-semester undergraduate Mandarin Chinese curriculum, the “Tones First” case provides an illustration of how one might hurdle a formidable learning task using technological tools. The author examines extant curricula for opportunities to introduce complementary technology components. Thorough discussion of the software-activity design process is presented as well as an overview of the resulting application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025609813501
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gender and equity issues in computer-based science assessment (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 4 (1995), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Computer ; gender ; equity ; technology ; assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The computer and related technologies as tools for teaching, learning, and assessment are the latest wave of innovations in education. These technologies are neither gender neutral nor benign in effect. Available research suggests that widespread use of these technological tools raises significant issues for females and underrepresented populations in mathematics, science, and technology fields. Questionable assumptions frequently guide current implementation efforts with little consideration of the trade-offs inherent in these technologies and their possible cumulative effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211584
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