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  • 1
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    Measuring industry coagglomeration and identifying the driving forces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: Understanding industry agglomeration and its driving forces is critical for the formulation of industrial policy in developing countries. Crucial to this process is the definition and measurement of agglomeration. We construct a new coagglomeration index based purely on the location of firms. We examine what this index reveals about the importance of transport costs, labour market pooling and technology transfer for agglomeration processes, controlling for overall industry agglomeration. We compare the results based on our new measure to existing measures in the literature and find very different underlying stories at work. We conclude that in conducting analyses of this kind giving consideration to the source of agglomeration economies, employees or entrepreneurs, and finding an appropriate measure for agglomeration, are both crucial to the process of identifying agglomerative forces.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L60 - General, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Single-firm case studies in economic geography: some methodological reflections on the case of Zara (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I reassess the undeserved reputation of Inditex’s Zara as a ‘home-sewn exception to globalization’ for supposedly keeping manufacturing at home despite larger trends; and I use the occasion to make a case for rigorous, evidentially strong single-firm case studies. In the process, I draw attention to the manner in which the value-adding qualities of scholarly work are being judged in economic geography; and argue that the prioritization of novelty over unenhanced readings of realities may encourage case studies to be presented as more unique and exceptional than they actually are.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Corporate social responsibility and labour agency: the case of Nike in Pakistan (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: This article examines the circumstances under which corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives facilitate and/or constrain labour agency in global production networks (GPNs). Using a case study of Nike’s CSR approach in the football manufacturing industry of Pakistan, we explore the extent to which the measures advocated in a new, emerging policy paradigm on CSR in GPNs enabled labour agency at Nike’s main football supplier factory in Pakistan. We argue that while such CSR policies can create enhanced space for labour agency, that potential agency is also shaped (i) by wider economic forces within the global economy and (ii) relationships with local/national actors and regulatory frameworks. Understanding the intersection of these dimensions becomes vital to interpreting the potential for, and activation of, labour agency within CSR-influenced GPNs.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation ; Collective Bargaining, J80 - General, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Upgrading to lead firm position via international acquisition: learning from the global biomass power plant industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: This article examines the case of a Chinese firm that has upgraded to lead firm position in the global biomass power plant industry mainly through acquisitions of technological frontier firms in Denmark. Sustaining the lead firm position was, however, challenged by difficulties in developing innovative capability. Drawing on the literature on (i) firm-level technological capability and (ii) knowledge transfer in international acquisitions, we explain the reasons for insufficient innovative capability building. Based on these empirical findings, we suggest maintaining the existing upgrading framework but applying it analytically in a more flexible manner that avoids linearity, hierarchy and segmentation while stressing the co-existence of and inter-relationships between the different types of upgrading.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L60 - General, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, R58 - Regional Development Policy
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Co-agglomeration of knowledge-intensive business services and multinational enterprises (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: It has been argued that the relationship between knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) and multinational enterprises (MNEs) within the regional economy is advantageous for urban and regional dynamics. It is likely that KIBS aim to locate proximate to (internationally operating) MNEs because of agglomeration externalities. The impact of MNEs on the birth of KIBS has rarely been examined, and the research on the new formation of KIBS has mainly adopted a case study approach, thus limiting the opportunity for generalization. We have taken a more quantitative approach using a continuous space framework to test whether proximity is important for the co-location of KIBS and MNEs in the metropolitan area of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Our results, controlled for other location factors, indicate that KIBS are co-agglomerated with MNEs and that the presence of a MNE significantly influences the birth of KIBS nearby, but the effect on such start-ups is considerably smaller than the positive effect of the presence of already established KIBS. We discuss the implications for urban and regional development strategies and policy initiatives.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    The dynamics of the inventor network in German biotechnology: geographic proximity versus triadic closure (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-20
    Description: Economic geography has developed a stronghold analyzing how geography impacts innovation. Yet, despite increased interest in networks, a critical assessment of the role of geography in the evolution of networks is still lacking. This article attempts to explore the interplay between geographic distance and triadic closure as two main forces that drive the evolution of collaboration networks. Analyzing the evolution of inventor networks in German biotechnology, the article theoretically argues and empirically demonstrates that—as the technological regime of an industry changes over time—inventors increasingly rely on network resources by forming links to partners of partners, while the direct impact of geographic distance on tie formation decreases. Although initially triadic closure reinforces the geographic distance effect by closing triads among proximate inventors, over time triadic closure becomes an increasingly powerful vehicle to generate longer distance collaboration ties as the effect of geographic proximity decreases.
    Keywords: D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L65 - Chemicals ; Rubber ; Drugs ; Biotechnology, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Tax havens and the production of offshore FDI: an empirical analysis (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: While most research on foreign direct investment (FDI) focuses on the ‘real’ economy, at least 30% of global FDI stock is intermediated through tax havens. Using 2010 IMF data on FDI stocks, this article sheds new light on geographical, historical and political determinants of offshore FDI. Despite its intangibility, offshore FDI is as sensitive to physical distance as real FDI. Offshore FDI links are particularly strong between colonial powers and their current and former colonies. The OECD, while officially leading an agenda against tax evasion, internalizes significant offshore FDI within its membership. Indeed, offshore FDI is pervasive, affecting wealthy economies as much as developing countries.
    Keywords: F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, G15 - International Financial Markets, H26 - Tax Evasion
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    The economic value of local social networks (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The idea that local social capital yields economic benefits is fundamental to theories of agglomeration, and central to claims about the virtues of cities. However, this relationship has not been evaluated using methods that permit confident statements about causality. This article examines what happens to firms that become affiliated with ‘dealmakers’—individuals who are unusually well connected in local social networks. We adopt a quasi-experimental approach, which examines firms that added exactly one new individual to their firm, combining difference-in-differences and propensity score matching to address selection and\ identification challenges. The results indicate that when compared to a control group, firms which link to a dealmaker are rewarded with substantial gains in employment and sales.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Distance as asset? Knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: This article takes issue with the reification of proximity in the current debates about the geographies of knowledge production. It aims at developing a more differentiated view on the spatialities of learning by focussing on knowledge practices in which neither physical nor relational proximity are available. More specifically, the article explores on the basis of a ‘netnographic approach’ interactive knowledge collaboration in nine ‘hybrid virtual communities’ that reflect a broad spectrum of organizational set-ups from firm hosted over firm related to independent communities. Our empirical analysis reveals that hybrid virtual communities even in the absence of physical or relational proximity are able to produce economically useful knowledge; that despite the low importance of proximity the physical and material conditions play a crucial role for knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities; and that hybrid virtual communities afford unique technical opportunities and social dynamics that foster learning processes unattainable in face-to-face contexts.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L17 - Open Source Products and Markets
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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