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  • Articles  (10,094)
  • Oxford University Press  (5,653)
  • Taylor & Francis  (4,441)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (4,258)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (3,740)
  • Political Science  (2,096)
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  • 1
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    Dielectric spectroscopy of PVA-Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 polymer nanocomposite films (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-27
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    A comparative study of the dry sliding wear of WC-10wt.%(Co+Fe+Ni) cemented carbides pressureless sintered with different Fe/Co ratios (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-27
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Who do you trust? How trust in partial and impartial government institutions influences climate policy attitudes (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-20
    Print ISSN: 1469-3062
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-7457
    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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  • 4
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    Phase equilibria in the CaO-La2O3-Nb2O5 system at 1823, 1773, and 1673 K (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Preparation of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 solid electrolyte via a sol-gel method using various Ti sources (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Characterization of Cu-doped (Ni,Mn)3O4 thin films annealed at low temperatures (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Cu2ZnSnS4 films with Cu-poor composition prepared by spin coating from a nontoxic methanol-based solution: the effect of annealing temperature (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Catalysing private and public action for climate change mitigation: the World Bank’s role in international carbon markets (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-10
    Print ISSN: 1469-3062
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-7457
    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
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  • 9
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    On the structural and thermophysical study of Pb-doped Se-Te-In nanochalcogenide alloys (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Carbon pricing and economic populism: the case of Ontario (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-04
    Print ISSN: 1469-3062
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-7457
    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
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  • 11
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    Particle size effect of ZrO2 supports on catalytic liquid-phase oxidation of phenol over Pt/CeO2-ZrO2-Bi2O3/ZrO2 catalysts (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    Influence of Cr3+, Co2+ and Cu2+ on the formation of calcium silicates hydrates under hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Investigation on phase and Raman spectra of Ba3(CaTa2-yTiy)O9-δ (y = 0 – 0.50) system (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Policy ideas and policy learning about 'basic research' in South Korea (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: ‘Basic research’ is based on epistemological and intentional criteria. In terms of science policy, however, these criteria imply contradictory views on investment in ‘basic research’. The former espouses the linear model of innovation and encourages policy-makers concerned with economic problems to expand investment on basic research. However, the latter can collide with the policy norm of policy-makers and discourage investment in ‘basic research’ in an institutional setting where the nation-state prevails over scientists, as in South Korea. Emphasizing policy ideas and policy learning, this paper empirically shows that changes in investment priority and the emergence of new concepts about ‘basic research’ are co-products of a policy paradigm of the linear model and a policy norm of industrial competitiveness in Korea. Specifically, emphasis was placed on the balance between pure and oriented basic research, but moved on to ‘oriented basic research’, ‘basic engineering’, and to ‘basic research’ coupled with ‘woncheon-technology’.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 15
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    Collaborative research for academic knowledge creation: How team characteristics, motivation, and processes influence research impact (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Contending that collaboration management practices and interpersonal relationships are the main factors in successful collaboration in R&D, scholars have turned their attention to the relationships between collaborators. Internal factors in research collaboration activities are not yet understood at the team level. They are the so-called black box of collaboration study. The purpose of this paper is to empirically demonstrate how factors relating to team characteristics, motivation, and processes influence research impact. The study works from a multi-theoretical perspective, extending from behavioral science to general management study, and seeks to answer the question: How should we organize and manage a collaborative team to improve its research impact? The empirical results show that, along with previously identified qualitative and quantitative factors, input factors such as: project motivation, transformational leadership, frequent face-to-face communication, more outsourcing, more attentional resource, and more evenly distributed workload improve research impact.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 16
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    Calculations of effectiveness factors and the criteria of mass transfer effect for high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Natural gas is an extremely important bridge fuel to a low-carbon energy economy for improving local air quality. Coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) is an effective way to convert the high-carbon energy (coal) into the low-carbon energy with rich hydrogen (natural gas). For the modern coal to SNG industry, the high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst plays an important role, and the advanced evaluation process should necessitate the elimination of mass transfer effect. Some simple but effective model catalysts, such as slab and sphere, can be very helpful in defining the reaction conditions, and thus facilitating the evaluation process for real HTM catalysts. In this work, slab and sphere model catalysts were adopted to derive mass transfer and reaction-coupled equations, the numerical methods were used to solve the coupled equations for the concentration profiles in catalysts, and the effectiveness factors were accordingly calculated. By taking advantage of the Thiele module and the Weisz–Prater module , the criteria for the elimination of mass transfer effect in the HTM catalyst evaluation process were successfully defined. This work also complements the Weisz–Prater criterion by incorporating ‘negative reaction orders’.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 17
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    A novel low-carbon space conditioning system incorporating phase-change materials and earth-air heat exchangers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The energy expended for conditioning buildings around the world is worryingly large and increasing every year. Currently, almost half of houses around the world use some type of energy-expensive conventional air-conditioning system. These systems are high emitters of gases such as carbon dioxide and so high contributors to climate change. Consequently, alternatives must be considered. Earth–air heat exchangers (EAHEs) and phase-change materials (PCMs) may be options; they have, however, limitations. This paper proposes a novel hybrid space-conditioning system combining EAHEs with PCMs, which uses surfaces as sources of heating or cooling to provide better temperature distribution across a space and comfort enhancement with low energy use. The idea is to use an EAHE to provide cool air to discharge the PCM, consequently helping to overcome most of the limitations of both strategies. Two of a series of experiments undertaken to test the proposed system are reported in this article. The EAHE + PCM system compared with a reference room could decrease temperature swings by up to 47%. The system was proved to work although further work is required to make it commercially viable.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 18
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    3D analysis of the incident diffuse irradiance on the building's surfaces in an urban environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The design of a future building with very high-energy efficiency demands from the architect to study the available solar resources in this urban environment. The purpose of the presented methodology is to study the variations in all components of the incident solar radiation daily, monthly and seasonally for all building facades. This is realized in the computer program 3D–SOLARIA. In the focus of the paper is the estimation of the background component of the incident diffuse solar irradiation on a building facade under orthogonally obstructed sky, using anisotropic sky view factors.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 19
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part I (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The assessment of building envelope sustainability using existing building performance assessment methods is still a challenge and yet to be fully addressed. This is due to the single-dimensional nature and lack of integration of sustainable performance values. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in the building envelope requires considering many factors including life cycle considerations. As such, in an effort to develop an integrated approach that combines relevant sustainable development factors and life cycles, an integrated performance model (IPM) was developed. The IPM is an essential tool developed to aid the sustainable design of the residential building envelope that can reduce carbon emission and whole residential building energy consumption and ensure sustainable performance of the building envelope.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 20
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    Towards the generation of distributed electric power: self-consumption with net balance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The results and considerations on one self-consumption photovoltaic installation with net balance in Granada (South of Spain) are presented and discussed in this paper. The use of the building (one faculty) makes it optimal for this kind of consumption. Finally, the potential benefits and problems of self-consumption with net balance are presented.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Numerical investigation of turbulent flow heat transfer and pressure drop of AL2O3/water nanofluid in helically coiled tubes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Passive convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by improving the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid, changing flow geometry or both. This work presents a numerical study to investigate the combined effect of using helical coils and nanofluids on the heat transfer characteristics and pressure losses in turbulent flow regime. The developed computational fluid dynamics models were validated against published experimental data and empirical correlations. Results have shown that combining the effects of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles and tube coiling could enhance the heat transfer coefficient by up to 60% compared with that of pure water in straight tube at the same Reynolds number. Also, results showed that the pressure drop in helical coils using Al 2 O 3 nanofluid for volume fraction of 3% was six times that of water in straight tubes (80% of the pressure drop increase is due to nanoparticles addition), while the effect of Reynolds number on the pressure drop penalty factor was found to be insignificant.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    Control strategies for indoor environment quality and energy efficiency--a review (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The demand for better indoor environment has led to a wide use of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, this demanding cannot be sustained without a strategy to reduce the energy consumption of HVAC systems. Employing advanced HVAC control is one of the strategies to maintain high-quality indoor thermal comfort with low energy consumption. This paper reviews the development of control technologies for HVAC systems. It summarizes the problems in existing reviews and gives a future perspective on HVAC control systems for occupant comfort and energy efficiency.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 23
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    Why do international research collaborations last? Virtuous circle of feedback loops, continuity and renewal (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: It is often argued that the unintended consequences of science policy transformation over the last 50 years—increased role of fixed-term project funding, evaluation and temporary contracts—are short-termism, fragmentation and limited freedom to choose research topics and collaborators. This paper focuses on a phenomenon that should be highly unlikely in this context: long-term international research collaborations lasting over 10 and 20 years which remain creative and productive. To shed light on the little studied topic of why and how long-term international research collaborations evolve, the paper develops a mid-range theory from multiple longitudinal case studies. It suggests that long-term collaborations combining formal and informal interactions operate as virtuous circles whereas earlier results ensure feedback loops and thematic and organisational continuity, but renewal is crucial. The emergent theory is built from multiple data sources and methods analysing international collaborations in the emerging field of nanosciences in Europe.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 24
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    Cheap and Clean: How Americans Think About Energy in the Age of Global Warming by Stephen Ansolabehere and David M. Konisky (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 25
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    Vulnerability in Technological Cultures: New Directions in Research and Governance edited by Anique Hommels, Jessica Mesman and Wiebe E. Bijker (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 26
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    A cross-national environmental cluster collaboration: Shifting between an analytical and management level of the triple helix (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The STInno project, which was part of the EU Framework Programme 7 aimed to minimise the distance between south–north regions in Europe with a specific focus on wastewater treatment clusters. Three triple helix collaborations from three different countries participated, using their knowledge to work on a case study of olive mill wastewaters. The objective of this paper was to study how the triple helix functioned in practice. Results showed that a management model of the triple helix is somewhat different from the analytical model. A shift between these two views occurred during the project and the participants had to relate to this, as it had an effect on the outcomes. Concepts of social capital and trust are used to further elaborate on this by emphasising the importance of the people side of the triple helix and how the original, analytical model can be limiting when used in management practice.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 27
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    Openness determinants of national research funding programmes in EU27 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: We empirically study how the characteristics of research and innovation systems influence the openness of national research funding programmes as regards the availability of funding to non-resident researchers. Based on a unique data set of national R&D programmes in the EU27 we identify a number of country-specific factors. These factors determine the degrees of programme openness observed when controlling for programme features in a hierarchical estimation model. Interestingly, we find that the quality and performance of national research add to the explanation of programme openness, whereas national integration into EU funding and research collaboration does not.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 28
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    Tracer gas technique for measurement of air infiltration and natural ventilation: case studies and new devices for measurement of mechanical air ventilation in ducts (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In buildings without mechanical ventilation, the fresh air needed by the occupants is supplied only by air infiltration or natural ventilation. Its quantification by analytical methods is difficult, and so experimental methods such as the tracer gas technique are very useful. In this work, several case studies are presented, where one may see the potential of this technique to detect small differences in building air tightness, due to different envelope elements, namely the type of window frames and location of blinds' boxes. The applicability of this technique to other spaces rather than buildings can also be analyzed. When dealing with mechanical ventilation, it is difficult to measure the duct air flow rate precisely, because of the minimum duct length necessary to obtain a good mixing of the tracer gas with the air, when conventional probes are used. Research was carried out with the development of new probes to overcome this situation, and results are also shown. With accurate measurements of air flow rates, it is possible to reduce CO 2 emissions due to air heating or cooling in buildings.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 29
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    Readdressing working fluid selection with a view to designing a variable geometry ejector (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: A number of factors influence the performance of an ejector, e.g. working fluid, geometry and operating conditions. In the present work, six low-environmental-impact working fluids were evaluated for their use in an ejector cooling system running on low-temperature thermal energy. The numerical analysis was based on a model applying the 1D constant-pressure mixing theory. Ejector performance was assessed for the temperatures of the generator, evaporator and condenser in the range of 80–120°C, 5–15°C and 25–40°C, respectively. The results indicated that owing to its high coefficient of performance and moderate operating pressures throughout the entire ejector cycle, isobutane is a good choice for a refrigerant. The area ratio required for running the ejector in critical mode, under changing operating conditions, varied in a significant range regardless of the selected refrigerant. This clearly indicates the importance of a variable geometry ejector design to strengthen the position of ejector cooling systems among other refrigeration technologies.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 30
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    Negotiated expertise in policy-making: How governments use hybrid advisory committees (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: By linking the realms of public policy-making, science and the public, advisory committees that include academics, state representatives and societal stakeholders answer to a double challenge that governments face today: a need for technical knowledge and an increasing demand for public acceptance and accountability. In contrast to purely scientific policy advice, little theoretical attention has so far been paid to these hybrid advisory committees. Drawing on and adapting research on knowledge utilisation, theories of delegation, decision-making and governance, an analytical framework of the use of multi-source, negotiated expertise will be developed and applied to four cases set up by the German Federal Government with mandates in social policy and in science and technology policy. The study shows the committees’ pronounced governance potential, which builds on their political and epistemic authority. It describes two distinct dynamics that lend the committees to instrumental, problem solving, and symbolic, substantiating purposes.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 31
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    Stakeholder-led knowledge production: Development of a long-term management plan for North Sea Nephrops fisheries (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: This paper investigates how different kinds of knowledge are mobilised in interactions between the stakeholders, scientists and bureaucrats who are involved in EU fisheries management. It reports on an initiative led by the North Sea Regional Advisory Council aimed at making a long-term management plan for Nephrops fisheries in the North Sea. The sharing of knowledge between the actors is explored using insights from organisation management, focusing on the kinds of resources and efforts that are needed at different boundaries to allow knowledge sharing and knowledge production to occur. The findings point to the challenge of reaching a common understanding between actors when both novelty and high stakes are involved. Experiences gained during this pioneering initiative raise questions about how far it is possible to take a ‘bottom up’ collaborative process aimed at developing management instruments within a setting where there are conflicts of interests between the stakeholders involved.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 32
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    Integrating the supply and demand sides of public support to new technology-based firms (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: This paper analyses public support and argues that supply does not match demand in terms of the support needs of different types of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). The demand side of public support to NTBFs is analysed by developing a typology of NTBFs, based on venture origin and degree of innovativeness. Each type’s characteristics, challenges and support needs are identified. The supply side is analysed in terms of the goals, instruments and level of aggregation of the two main policy areas that provide support for NTBFs: small and medium-sized enterprise policy and science, technology and innovation policy. Finally, the demand and supply sides are compared and three main shortcomings of existing public support to NTBFs are identified. This paper makes a twofold contribution: first, the typology gives guidelines for policy-makers with respect to the support needs of the NTBFs. Second, it identifies shortcomings in existing public support and recommends improvements.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 33
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    Characterizing and comparing innovation systems by different 'modes' of knowledge production: A proximity approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Though the concept of innovation systems has become influential in both academia and policy-making, an analytical approach to understanding innovation systems is still lacking. In particular, there is no analytical framework to measure ‘Mode 1’ and ‘Mode 2’ knowledge production. We propose a framework based on the proximity concept. Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge production are characterized by collaborations with cognitive, organizational, social, institutional and geographical proximity, and distance, respectively. Using a gravity model approach we apply our framework to the case of type 2 diabetes research and provide a characterization of the global innovation system and a comparative analysis of the North American and European innovation systems. Our main results hold that although collaborative research on type 2 diabetes generally follows a logic of proximity and hence is not characterized as Mode 2, important differences and similarities exist between the North American and European innovation systems.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Epistemic integration of the European Research Area: The shifting geography of the knowledge base of Finnish research, 1995-2010 (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The integration of national research systems is one of the central objectives of European research policies. Yet the epistemic objectives of this project have been poorly defined, and scant attention has been paid to whether political, social and financial integration of the European Research Area (ERA) is accompanied by epistemic integration. We discuss the conceptual framework and methodological practices to monitor research integration, and conclude that most of them, such as research collaboration, are only partial indicators of it. To augment existing approaches with an analysis of epistemic integration, we analyse the geographical sources of knowledge of Finnish research in the period 1995–2010. We show a broad shift towards a European knowledge base, demonstrating epistemic integration into the ERA, and that Finnish researchers are, paradoxically, sourcing knowledge from an increasingly distributed system of European knowledge hubs. As policy implications, we recommend clarifying the ERA’s epistemic objectives and redefining its strategy of ‘reducing fragmentation’.
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    Research collaboration in the social sciences: What factors are associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Attention is increasingly directed toward better understanding the factors driving collaborations among researchers, particularly between researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds. This study investigates factors associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaboration in the social sciences. We utilize data from a survey of Australian-based social scientists. Interdisciplinary collaboration constitutes a considerable proportion of social scientists’ collaboration activity. Factors linked to the duration and diversity of research careers are positively associated with participation in collaborations. Job experience in Australian and foreign universities also boosts total collaboration, while holding an international citizenship increases interdisciplinary collaboration. Interdisciplinary collaborations are also associated with researcher orientation toward applied research activity. Investment in social science research is important for maintaining existing interdisciplinary and applied collaborations, although better information on these collaborations is desirable. Measures to expand such collaborations should take career stage into account. Broad-based population policies may also be an important underlying factor supporting international collaboration.
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Constructal optimization of a disc-shaped body with cooling channels for specified power pumping (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The thermal performance of a disc-shaped heat generation body with cooling channels is investigated by using constructal theory based on previous model of heat convection on a disc and previous analytical method of heat conduction on a disc. By taking minimum dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as optimization objective, the optimal aspect ratio of the elemental sector in the radial-pattern disc is obtained for the specified power pumping of the elemental sector; the optimal width ratio of the first-order and elemental cooling channels and the optimal dimensionless radius of the elemental sector are obtained for the specified power pumping of the disc. There exists a critical radius of the disc to determine whether the radial-pattern design and branched-pattern design should be adopted. These conclusions are different from those obtained by Wechsatol et al. 's model, and the essential reason for these differences is that the power pumping is specified in this article, but not the specified flow rate number in Wechsatol et al. 's model. Finally, the assumption about the heat capacity of the coolant and the thermal conductivity of the disc is validated. An analytical method is introduced in this article, which can provide another thought for the constructal optimization of disc with heat convection. The optimal constructs of the discs are obtained for the specified power pumping, which provides some different guidelines for the design of disc with heat convection.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Theoretical investigation of hot box solar cookers having conventional and finned absorber plates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In this paper, solar box cookers with ordinary and finned absorber plates are theoretically investigated in terms of thermodynamic performance parameters. For a typical summer and winter day, temperatures of solar cooker components such as glass cover, internal air, absorber plate, cooking vessel and the liquid are determined theoretically versus time. The analysis is carried out for conventional and finned absorber plates, and accuracy of the results is verified by a previously published experimental work. Energy and exergy efficiencies of box-type solar cookers are plotted versus time for various cases. The methodology presented in this paper enables to make a preliminary evaluation of ordinary and modified solar box cookers with respect to changes in main environmental parameters such as temperature and illumination intensity. Some recommendations are also made to enhance the power outputs of the aforementioned solar cookers.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Design of a celestial vault image capture device for its application in the solar radiation field (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The sun is the more plentiful source of natural power that we have in the Earth. However, the amount of radiation reaching the Earth's surface depends on astronomical and climatic factors. One of the factors exerting a greater influence is cloudiness. For that reason, it is important to quantify its influence on solar radiation. According to that, in this work, a prototype to capture images of the celestial vault is designed and implemented to be able to measure parameters related to the cloud properties and, later, to determine their influence on solar radiation.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Investigation of concentrating and nonconcentrating evacuated tube solar water heaters using 2D particle imaging velocimetry (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Under transient climatic conditions, solar water heaters using heat pipes are more effective at capturing incident solar radiation than other equivalent sized solar water heaters. The cost must be reduced to improve uptake of such systems. To investigate two methods were considered by this study: thermosyphon fluid flow and reflective concentrators. A physical reconfigurable laboratory model of the manifold and associated condensers of a heat-pipe-evacuated tube system were fabricated; fluid circulation was via thermosyphonic action, particle imaging velocimetry derived velocity maps and the use of concentrators was simulated. When condenser spacing was doubled, the Nusselt number increased by 43%, the velocity by 55% but the heat transfer efficiency of the model manifold decreased by 9%. Potential annual energy savings of 10 207 GWh could be realized if such systems could be successfully fabricated.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    The impact of surface characteristics on ambient temperature at urban micro scale: comparative field study in two climates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: This paper presents the results of two field studies to examine the differences in ambient temperatures in a micro-scale environment (at distances of 50–200 m between measuring points) in two different climates during typical summer weather conditions at two similar sites in terms of construction and activities. The analysis considered the land use around the measuring locations split into three categories (built, green and open) as well as climatic conditions and studied the effect of these on ambient temperature at each measuring location. It was found that, similarly to macro-scale studies at the urban level, measuring locations with a higher green cover have a lower ambient temperature compared with measuring locations with a higher built and/or open land cover. The results provide measured evidence in two different climates that small green areas distributed within the urban environment can provide a reduction in the ambient temperature thus contributing to the mitigation of urban heat island.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Computational study of a 2D capillary pump evaporator (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Capillary pump loop (CPL) is a two-phase heat transfer device considered as a useful solution for thermal control applications in spacecrafts, satellites and electronic components. The purpose of this paper is to study various aspects of the working state of the CPL evaporator. A two-dimensional computational model was developed in order to analyze the flow and the phase transformation inside a cylindrical evaporator. At the present analysis, different cases were studied by changing liquid saturation temperature, inclination angle of the evaporator and the length of the porous heated wick. Water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134 were used as working liquids for numerical experiments. Results present the evaporator capability to vaporize each working liquid and find out its possibility of dry-out causing failure. This information is useful in choosing the best working liquid for an evaporator, enabling bigger amounts of heat to be transferred.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Failure of natural ventilation strategy in a sustainable house in China (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In recent years, the concept of green building is becoming popular in China. Architects and engineers have the opportunity to actually implement green building practices. This paper reveals the failure of a naturally ventilated LEED-certified townhouse development project in China mentioned in recent research. The house owners made great alterations for the purpose of decoration, which removed or minimized the effectiveness of natural ventilation elements in the original design. The research shows that the houses show ‘International Style’ because the natural ventilation design principles were not fully applied in the design and the localized natural ventilation strategies were not fully considered by means of computational simulation in the design stage. Also, the lack of communication between designers and the owners caused the removal of most natural ventilation elements of these houses during the occupancy period. The authors advocate three criteria to avoid failures of natural ventilation design: localized/ climate adaptive design, relationship among design elements and design intention awareness.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Design guideline for application of earth-to-air heat exchanger coupled with solar chimney as a natural heating system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In the present paper, design of solar chimney (SC) and earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) to meet the thermal need of flat buildings are studied regarding adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Investigation on the effects of geometric features shows that the design of SC with the air gap and outlet sizes of 0.2 m and also EAHE with the diameter and length of 0.5 and 25.0 m reveals better performance. Thermal comfort analysis shows that the SC is capable to power the underground heating system during few hours of the sunny days even at the ambient temperature as low as 0°C and the heating demand of 1000 W without needing the auxiliary devices. In addition, the required numbers of SCs and the underground air channels are strongly influenced by environmental outdoor conditions and heating demand of building and are approximately calculated by: $$\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ and }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ 2 }\times (\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 })+\hbox{ 1, }$$ respectively.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Adaptive facade design for the daylighting performance in an office building: the investigation of an opening design strategy with cellular automata (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Daylighting has an important role in sustainable architecture as it affects the energy consumption in a building. Especially for an office building, daylight helps not only to reduce the load on artificial lighting but also to promote work efficiency through promoting good human health, well-being and user comfort. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative façade design strategy that comes from the development of digital technology and dynamic daylight performance measuring methods. Thus, the various parameters are studied through the computational process of cellular automata (CA) to generate the several alternative opening patterns on the building façade. Each CA design value was tested under static and dynamic sky condition to analyze the quality and quantity of daylight and visual comfort throughout the year. The results were compared to find an optimum alternative design in terms of the daylighting design criteria, from building code, standard and design guidelines for the office building. Finally, research of an adaptive façade design strategy was concluded with the results from the above hybridization of generative and performative design methodology. This study discovers the architectural design approach from the CA and it will make not only progress in building façade esthetics, but also human comfort with building sustainability.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Performance analysis of a cascaded solar Organic Rankine Cycle with superheating (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A cascaded Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with scroll expanders is investigated in this paper, the system performances under various configurations are evaluated and the effect of superheating on the system efficiency is clarified. The efficiency of two-stage ORC system is 38.9% higher than that of single-stage system when R245fa is used as the working fluid, while the efficiency of two-stage ORC system is 10% lower than that of single stage when R134a is adopted. The specific work of single-stage ORC system with R245fa increases linearly with the degree of superheat. There is an optimal superheated degree for the system output power and efficiency, which is 35 K for the expansion ratio of 3.5 and 45 K for the expansion ratio of 5.
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    Investigation of the effect of design parameters on power output and thermal efficiency of a Stirling engine by thermodynamic analysis (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: This article demonstrates a study on finite-time thermodynamic assessment and analysis of a Stirling heat engine. Finite-time thermodynamics is performed to specify the net thermal efficiency and power output of the Stirling system with finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative heat loss, conductive thermal bridging loss and finite regeneration process time. The model investigates effects of the inlet temperature of the heat source, the volumetric ratio of the engine, effectiveness of heat exchangers and heat capacitance rates on the net power output and thermal efficiency of the engine. Output power of the Stirling engine is maximized under two optimization scenarios. In the first scenario, the higher working temperature of the Stirling engine is considered as a decision design parameter (decision variable) while in the second scenario, in addition to the higher working temperature, the temperature ratio of the engine is also considered as a design parameter. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency of the cycle corresponding to the magnitude of the maximized power of the engine is evaluated. Finally, sensitivities of results towards shift in the thermal parameters of the engine are studied.
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    Energy saving potential of indirect evaporative cooler under Indian climates (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Vapour compression refrigeration-based air conditioners are being used for comfort cooling in residences, offices and commercial buildings in many countries throughout the world. These systems consume substantial power and energy and produce harmful effect on environment by damaging ozone layer. This article presents an analytical evaluation of energy saving potential of an indirect evaporative cooler for summer months in Indian climates. Three climates likely to be suitable for indirect evaporative cooling, namely composite, hot and dry and moderate, have been selected for this purpose. The monthly average environmental data for three Indian cities namely Delhi, Jodhpur and Bangalore representing three different climates were used for this study. Summer month—May was selected for the study. It has been found that in order to produce same cooling effect under the same climatic conditions, the power needed by indirect evaporative cooler to be about 55% less than that needed by a conventional air conditioner. The performance of an indirect evaporative cooler in the climates, hot and dry and composite, has been found to be almost similar. Thus, substantial energy can be saved by using this alternative in summer months.
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    Development of a nano-heat transfer fluid carrying direct absorbing receiver for concentrating solar collectors (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A MATLAB-based computer model to design a novel directly absorbing receiver system (DARS) for concentrating solar collectors employing nanofluid-based solar radiation volumetric absorption is presented. Graphene and aluminum nanosphere-based suspensions in Therminol VP-1 were simulated to identify the optimum thermo-geometric configuration of a DARS comprising a transparent all glass tubular absorber. Several particle concentrations were simulated scrutinizing the optical response of the two colloidal dispersions to yield a minimum supply temperature of 250°C; further investigated are the implications of fluid flow velocity upon system yield. The resulting temperature fields and geometric dimensions of the DARS are predicted. Findings demonstrate that the DARS is able to deliver heat at ~265°C with a receiver tube diameter of 5 mm opposed to commercially available 70-mm diameter metallic absorbers.
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    Mean-line modeling and CFD analysis of a miniature radial turbine for distributed power generation systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Distributed power generation (DPG) based on organic Rankine cycle offers potential in the effective use of energy from low grade heat sources up to 200°C. In this regard, developing an effective expander plays a major role in determining the overall cycle efficiency. In this work mean-line modeling and CFD techniques are employed to develop a small-scale radial turbine for DPG systems with a power output of ~5 kWe. A parametric study is carried out using the mean-line approach to investigate the effects of key input parameters such as operating conditions, velocity ratio, rotational speed and rotor flow angles on the turbine rotor inlet diameter and overall performance. Results from the mean-line approach show that in order to achieve high power output, inlet total temperature, mass flow rate and pressure ratio should be increased. However, for reducing the rotor inlet diameter the velocity ratio should be decreased. CFD technique is then used to assess the flow field and to improve the blade loading by modification of blade angle distribution. CFD is also used to determine the minimum number of rotor blades and the results show that the value suggested by mean-line modeling overestimates this parameter. By using these two approaches a wide range of design configurations are explored and the most effective design is identified to be with specific diameter of 4.83 (rotor inlet diameter of 0.0787 m), specific speed of 0.433 (rotational speed of 55 000 rpm), 10 blades and output power of 4.662 kW.
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    Hybrid hydrogen PEM fuel cell and batteries without DC-DC converter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Concerns about greenhouse gases as well as the price and security of oil supply have acted as a spur to sustainable automobile development. The hydrogen fuel cells electric vehicle (HFCEV) is generally recognised by leading automobile manufacturers and scientists as one of the optimum technologies for long-term future low carbon vehicle. In a typical HFCEV power train, a DC–DC converter is required to balance the voltage difference between the fuel cells (FCs) stack and batteries. However, research shows that a considerable amount of energy generated by the hydrogen FCs stack is deplete during this conversion process as heat. This experiment aims to improve the power train efficiency by eliminating the DC–DC converter by finding the best combination of FC stack and batteries, matching the size and capacity of the electrical components.
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    Energy and exergy analysis of passive solar distillation systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: In this communication, a comprehensive thermodynamic model for exergy analysis of a passive solar distillation system is presented. Temperatures of basin-liner, saline water body and inner and outer glass cover are estimated theoretically with the help of a computer program using a set of typical design and operating parameters. Energy and exergy analysis of a single-effect, single-slope horizontal passive solar still has been carried out under climatic conditions of India. It has been shown that the passive solar still can produce 4.17 l/m 2 of freshwater daily. Energy and exergy efficiency of the solar still are 30.42 and 4.93%, respectively. Causes, quantity and place of exergy destruction have also been explored for further research and improvement in the design and performance of solar stills. Exergy destruction or irreversibility in the process of each component, i.e. basin-liner, saline water body and glass cover, has been evaluated as 3353, 1633 and 362 W/m 2 , respectively, corresponding to the total solar exergy input of 6958 W/m 2 on a typical day. Their corresponding exergy efficiencies are found to be 3.91, 17.67 and 42.36%. The global exergy efficiency of the solar still is also estimated as 23.14%, taking these exergy destructions into account. The basin-liner is identified as the component around which there is highest possibility of improvement.
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    Experimental study of a capillary pumped loop in comparison with the prediction of a 3D CFD (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A comparison is presented between experimental and numerical results regarding the operation of a capillary pumped loop evaporator. Two cylindrical evaporators were tested, with different heated porous lengths, 20 and 40 mm, respectively. Both have 22 mm external diameter, 9 mm porous thickness and 80 mm porous length. The working liquid was water. The loop was made from copper tubes and the evaporator from copper porous wick covered with aluminum with grooves formed in the inner surface. All tests took place on a horizontal level using heat load applied to the evaporator surface from an 85-W electric resistance. The experimental measurements were compared with the predictions of a three-dimensional CFD model of the evaporator and were found to be in satisfactory agreement. For the 20-mm wick heated length evaporator CFD model with water initial temperature of 20°C the divergence with the experimental pressure drop mean value was 0 Pa for volume flow rates between 0.4 and 0.6 l/min and 50 Pa for the rest of the values. For 30°C the divergence was 0 Pa 〈0.4 l/min and 50 Pa for larger flow rates. Moreover, for 40°C the difference was up to 50 Pa from 0 to 0.9 l/min. In every case predictions were below the wick capillary limit. The computed outflow temperature presented a maximum difference of 1.5% compared with the experimental data, which is very satisfying. On the other hand, the predictions of the evaporator CFD model with a 40-mm wick heated length were even better.
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    A feasible energy-saving analysis of a new system for CO2 cryogenic capture (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A new CO 2 cryogenic capture and liquefaction system has been proposed previously in order to separate CO 2 from exhausted gases and make it as a resource for industry. This system combines CO 2 cryogenic capture with N 2 /O 2 separation together. Its energy consumption is lower than the traditional amine solution capture process as theoretical analysis. In this study, the simulation of the proposed system with several improvements was carried out aiming to reduce the energy consumption further. Many heat exchangers were introduced and the heat exchanger arrangements were optimized to recycle the refrigeration capacity from the returned N 2 after the N 2 /O 2 separation. The discharge pressure of mixture gas from the compressor was reduced from 10 to 3.493 MPa. The simulation results showed that the compression work could be greatly reduced and the energy consumption of CO 2 capture in this new system after these improvements reached 2.884 GJ/ton CO 2 . The new system is promising because not only liquid or solid CO 2 could be produced but also N 2 and O 2 could be separated.
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    Spanish photovoltaic learning curve (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Learning by doing, or learning through market experience, reduces costs for energy production technologies. This phenomenon is modelled by using experience curves which reflect the changes in the cost of the technology as it becomes increasingly used. This article calculates the Spanish photovoltaic (PV) learning curve over the period 2001–12 by using cost data from the PV sector itself (installers, distributors and even engineers) and determines the accuracy of the obtained progress ratio by using both the coefficient of determination R 2 and also the error PR , which is directly determined from fitting the data. The results show a curve with a strong structural change in the speed of cost reduction in October 2009.
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    An innovative psychometric solar-powered water desalination system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Important advances have been made in solar water desalination technology but their wide application is restricted by relatively high capital and running costs. Until recently, solar concentrator collectors had usually been employed to distill water in compact desalination systems. Currently, it is possible to replace these collectors by the more efficient evacuated tube collectors, which are now widely available on the market at lower prices. This paper describes the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the operation of a novel small-scale solar water desalination technology using the psychometric humidification and dehumidification process coupled with a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector with an aperture area of ~1.73 m 2 . Solar radiation during spring in the Middle East was simulated by an array of halogen floodlights. A synthetic brackish water solution was used for the tests and its total dissolved solids (TDSs) and electrical conductivity were measured. A mathematical model was developed to describe the system's operation. A computer program was written to solve the system of governing equations to perform the theoretical calculations of the humidification and dehumidification processes. The experimental and theoretical values for the total daily distillate output were found to be closely correlated. The test results demonstrate that, at temperatures of 55–60°C, the system produces ~5–6 kg/h of clean water with a high desalination efficiency. Following the experimental calibration of the mathematical model, it was demonstrated that the performance of the system could be improved to produce a considerably higher amount of fresh water.
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    Thermal analysis of PCM-filled glass windows in hot summer and cold winter area (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Phase change material (PCM)-filled glass window was suitable for absorbing or releasing more heat than conventional glass window. Comparisons of thermal performance between PCM-filled glass windows and insulated glass windows (double glass windows filled with dry air and surrounded by sealing strips) were presented in this paper. A 3D unsteady model was built in FLUENT to obtain the internal and external surface temperature fluctuations of these windows in 48 h. Compared with insulated glass windows, thermal performance (especially the thermal regulation effect) of double glass windows filled with Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O was quite satisfactory in sunny days of summer, while double glass windows filled with CaCl 2 ·6H 2 O had a better thermal performance in overcast and rainy days of summer. Because the phase change temperature of these PCM is higher than the ambient temperature in winter, the thermal regulation effects of them were not as good as expected.
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    Simultaneous synthesis of heat exchanger network with the non-isothermal mixing (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Optimization of heat exchanger network is attributed to improving the process industrial energy utilization ratio. Energy consumption reduction plays an important role in the low-carbon economic development. Several synthesis approaches for heat exchanger network have been proposed and extended during the last three decades. With the evolution of the computer technology, the simultaneous synthesis method via mathematic programming attracts a great deal of attention worldwide. However, some difficulties still need to be overcome, for instance, model simplification and computational complexity. In this work, the simultaneous stage-wise synthesis model without the assumption of isothermal mixing is presented and implemented using effective initialization strategies and a novel two-level algorithm. Three case studies illustrated the better performance of the initialization strategies and two-level algorithm for heat exchanger network synthesis problems, considering non-isothermal mixing.
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    Capturing atmospheric carbon: biological and nonbiological methods (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases on earth and its continuous emission by manmade activities is leading to a rise in atmospheric temperature. On the other hand, various natural phenomena exist that contribute to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, i.e. its capture and long-term storage. These phenomena include oceanic, geological and chemical processes happening on earth. In addition to the above-mentioned nonbiological methods, various biological methods viz. soil carbon sequestration and phytosequestration have also been contributing to fixation of atmospheric carbon. Phytosequestration is mainly performed by several photosynthetic mechanisms such as C 3 , C 4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathways of plants, carboxysomes of cyanobacteria and pyrenoids of microalgae. For an effective mitigation of global climate change, it is required to stabilize the CO 2 concentration to viable levels. It requires various permutations and combinations of naturally existing and engineering strategies. Although numerous strategies are in commodious use in the present times, the issues of sustainability and long-term stability still exist. We present an overview of the natural and manmade biological and nonbiological processes used today to reduce atmospheric CO 2 levels and discuss the scope and limitations of each of them.
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    Performance of U-tube solar water heater with vertical and inclined panels (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A conventional natural convection flat plate solar collector needs to be placed at an incline to the horizontal and exposed to the sun in order for the solar hot water heater system to work. This arrangement is satisfactory where there is ample roof top space to locate the collector and storage tank. In a high-rise apartment, space is at a premium and also the hot-water recticulation requires long lengths of piping to distribute the hot water supply to the individual apartment. Most every modern high-rise apartment has a balcony facing outward from the wall structure. Balcony-type solar water heaters (SWHs) are catching up fast in China. Their performance would depend on collector and storage tank designs and sizes, weather conditions (solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature) and direction in which the balconies are facing. This article compares the outdoor performance of two SWH systems incorporating the evacuated glass U-tube solar collectors operating under natural convection. The panels were tested in both the vertical and inclined positions using the same tank but at different times of the year. It was found that the inclined panel system performed better than the system with the vertical panel system.
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    Design and commission a zero-carbon building for hot and humid climate (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The Construction Industry Council (CIC) Zero-Carbon Building is a net zero-carbon building that was designed for local hot and humid climate of sub-tropical Hong Kong. Over 80 sustainability features of the architecture and building systems have considered the life-cycle carbon emissions, including the embodied carbon of construction materials, emissions associated with the construction process, the 50-years of operation and decommission of the building. The total life-cycle carbon emission was off-set by on-site renewable energy generated by photovoltaics (PV) and bio-diesel combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system. To optimise the design, a series of climate-responsive strategies on passive architecture were applied to the construction of the building. These include the high-performance facade, effective air tightness and optimised window design that allows the application of natural ventilation and daylighting. Reduction of 20% energy demand was achieved by these passive designs. To further lower the carbon emission on operation, energy-efficient air-conditioning (A/C) systems using desiccant dehumidification, underfloor air supply and radiant cooling have also contributed on achieving an ultralow energy use value. Amalgamated saving of these passive and active systems are over 45% when compared with the design per existing local building energy codes.
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    The retrofitting of an old style semi-detached house for energy reduction and carbon savings under the UK climate (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The impact of climatic change through greenhouse gas emission is a recognized major global crisis. Energy use in residential and commercial buildings is a major part of the total consumption in European countries and is estimated to be ~40% of the total load. Currently, the concept of building retrofit has become a top priority for the UK government in order to meet the national plans for reducing CO 2 emissions by 80% compared with 1990 levels by 2050. This study presents the simulation results for a case study of energy and CO 2 emission savings of a nineteenth century semi-detached building in the UK. The building was refurbished to high standards of energy efficiency, with four simulation scenarios developed for analysis: As-built, As-built 1965, As-reality and post-retrofit. DesignBuilder software was used to simulate the annual energy consumption and carbon emissions in all cases. In addition to this, thermal imaging and air-tightness tests were conducted and the results were used to validate the models. The post-retrofit results showed there is a significant reduction in energy consumption that exceeded 80% with carbon emissions being reduced above 70%. Economic analysis of each retrofit scenario was then undertaken, and results showed payback varied between 9 and 40 years due to the fluctuation in fuel prices and construction retrofit materials. The models indicate performance of the building post-retrofit can be significantly improved in terms of energy reduction and CO 2 emission savings. Further research is being performed to improve performance through field monitoring and installation of innovative retrofit technologies.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Numerical analysis of solar-assisted seasonal 'open' thermochemical heat storage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: In the last decade, interest in heat storage systems has been increasing. These systems will have increasing importance for utilization of solar energy in domestic heating systems. As solar energy is a diurnal cyclic resource, storing excess solar energy for long- or short-term periods will both increase the utilization of solar energy systems and decrease fossil fuel consumption. The relatively new heat storage method using thermochemical storage has shown some significant advantages such as low heat loss (-〉 zero), high heat storage density and low space requirement. These important properties make thermochemical storage a promising alternative for long-term energy storage. In the present study, a numerical investigation on ‘open’ seasonal thermochemical storage has been undertaken. The simulation results show that the volume/mass of the absorbent, mass flow rate and relative humidity of air have significant importance on the reaction kinetics and system performance during the system discharging process. Conversely, total collector area, solar radiation and mass flow rate of air are important parameters during the charging process. The results conclude that, overall, reactor design is the most important factor for storage performance. In addition, reaction advancement ( X ) has a significant importance on process efficiency.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    High-efficiency ventilation and heating systems by means of solar air collectors for industry building refurbishment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: For the purpose of energy conservation, modern buildings are becoming more and more air-tight and generally rely on a mechanical ventilation system. According to the literature, solar air heating systems can contribute in a cost-effective way to the heating and ventilation of utility buildings. Especially cost-efficient, unglazed, façade-integrated solar air collectors seem to be an attractive new market for façade renovation. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating heating energy on facades, a demonstration plant based on an unglazed solar air collector was installed in 2013 in the façade of a demonstration building and was intensively studied using energy metering.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Solar low-pressure turbo-ejector Maisotsenko cycle-based power system for electricity, heating, cooling and distillation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The article describes the innovative solutions of power, heating and cooling generation utilizing low- or medium-grade heat sources. The proposed technology based on the well-known irreversible Brayton cycle and the revolutionary Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) operates at atmospheric or sub-atmospheric pressures. Such energetic systems are simple and reliable and utilize moisture-saturated air as a working fluid. The ejector replacing the mechanical compressor in the Brayton cycle system allows increasing the cycle work by three to five times at the constant airflow. At the same time, the utilized heat serves for simultaneous heating and cooling production that makes the system economically viable and environmentally friendly with the increased integral performance. For system's performance improvement, the schematic and the cycle were upgraded allowing the off-the-shelf components to be employed and replace the electrically driven fan with fluidic jet-fan that served for energy saving of the innovative turbo-ejector system operation.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Optimization of building-integrated photovoltaic thermal air system combined with thermal storage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Photovoltaic (PV) combined with phase change material (PV/PCM) system is a hybrid solar system that uses a PCM to reduce the PV temperature and to store energy for other applications. This study aims to increase the integrated PV efficiency of buildings by incorporating PCM while utilizing the stored heat in PCM for controlling indoor conditions. Experiments have been carried out on a prototype PV/PCM air system using monocrystalline PV modules. Transient simulations of the system performance have also been performed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics package based on the finite volume method. The results from simulation were validated by comparing it with experimental results. The results indicate that PCM is effective in limiting temperature rise in PV device and the heat from PCM can enhance night ventilation and decrease the building energy consumption to achieve indoor thermal comfort for certain periods of time.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Thermal energy storage: the role of the heat pipe in performance enhancement (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Heat pipes and thermosyphons—devices of high effective thermal conductivity—have been studied for many years for enhancing the performance of solid, liquid and phase change material (PCM) heat stores. However, as the applications of heat storage widen, from micro-electronics thermal control to concentrated solar heat storage and vehicle thermal management, and even for chemical reactor isothermalization, the challenges facing heat storage increasingly are moving from those associated with the ‘standard’ diurnal storage, in itself a problem for low thermal conductivity materials, to response times measured in a few hours or even minutes. While high thermal conductivity metals such as foams can be impregnated with a PCM, for example, to increase local conductivity, the rapid heat input and removal necessitates a more radical approach—heat pipes, possibly with feedback control, with innovative PCM interfaces. This paper reviews the use of heat pipes in conventional and rapid response PCM and liquid or cold storage applications and introduces some novel concepts that might overcome current limitations.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Identifying bottlenecks in charging infrastructure of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through agent-based traffic simulation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The effect of different charging infrastructure configurations on the electric-driven distance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (e-mileage) has been investigated, using an agent-based traffic simulation. Our findings suggest that the same e-mileage can be achieved with fewer charging poles if the poles support charging from several parking slots around them, and the charging cable is switched from one vehicle to the next. We also find that the charging power supported by most Finnish charging stations, 3.7 kW, and the cable switching delay of 1 h seem to be sufficient for effective workplace charging.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Small and medium-sized enterprises, intellectual property, and public policy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: The objective of this paper is to study the use of intellectual property (IP) rights by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The paper draws on different surveys and studies in selected countries, with an emphasis on Canadian SMEs, to compare the use and exploitation of IP by company size. The paper finds that despite the potential benefits of acquiring formal IP rights for SMEs, they use IP rights to a lesser degree than large companies due to several factors, mainly the low rate of innovation compared to large companies and the cost and complexity of the IP system. The paper also presents a framework to analyze whether there is a role for government to play in this area, and how the government could address this under-utilization of IP rights by SMEs.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Interdisciplinary research and geography: Overcoming barriers through proximity (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Contributions on interdisciplinary research have so far focused on barriers to such collaborations and strategies for overcoming these. In this paper, we propose that a geographical perspective contributes to understand the formation of successful interdisciplinary research collaborations. The empirical analysis of a centre for clinical cancer research illustrates the importance of considering the role of geographical proximity to collaborators and decision-makers, as well as the co-location of excellent research groups within different fields, in overcoming barriers to interdisciplinary research. We suggest that policies aimed at stimulating lasting interdisciplinary research collaborations should take the distance between collaborators into account.
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    Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurship in Low-Tech Industries edited by Hartmut Hirsch-Kreinsen and Isabel Schwinge (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
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    Education, training and skills in innovation policy (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education, training and skills) when designing and implementing innovation policies. After a brief literature review, this paper suggests a typology of internal/external and individual/organizational sources of competences that are related to innovation activities. This serves to examine briefly the most common initiatives that governments are taking in this regard. The paper identifies three overall deficiencies and imbalances in innovation systems in terms of education, training and skills: the insufficient levels of competences in a system, the time lag between firms’ short-term needs for specific competences and the long time required to develop them, and the imbalances between internal and external sources of competences in firms. From these, the paper elaborates a set of overall criteria for the (re)design of policy instruments addressing those tensions and imbalances.
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    Ex-ante evaluation of publicly funded R&D projects: Searching for exploration (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Ex-ante evaluation of publicly funded R&D projects is a very important part of the public funding process. The main purpose of the ex-ante evaluation process is to rate and choose which R&D projects the public program wishes to support financially. Publicly funded R&D projects in the energy sector can contribute to the further development of explorative and existing energy technologies that meet climate challenges. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ex-ante evaluation process of a Danish energy program with regard to exploration. The paper applies a qualitative approach, combining in-depth interviews with an observation study of 34 project evaluations. The findings show that there is a divergence and confusion between what the informants think constitutes the main purpose of the program, the ex-ante evaluation process, and the level of exploration. The policy implications can help to improve the ex-ante evaluation process of publicprograms.
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    The evolving role of collaboration in developing scientific capability: Evidence from Korean government-supported research institutes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: Scholars have emphasized the role of collaboration for the development of scientific capability and economic growth in developing countries. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining the appropriate evidence, there has been little empirical research on the role of collaboration in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolving collaboration strategy of Korea’s government-supported research institutes (GRIs). Using 44 years of bibliographic data, our analytic framework, which considers the dependence and diversity in knowledge creation, established three main findings. First, the transition of knowledge inflow into the competency of research organizations in developing countries requires the drive of the government along with the internalization of knowledge. Second, universities play an important role in sharing knowledge as scientific capability grows. Third, the role of GRIs with regards to collaboration changes as the scientific capability of external R&D entities and policy directions change.
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    Shale gas: Energy innovation in a (non-)knowledge society: A press discourse analysis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: For years, technological innovations have been the cause of controversy. In reaction to this, increasingly often the bodies responsible for implementing these innovations undertake social dialogue with stakeholders. An important environment for this is media discourse, which defines the problems and key actors and disseminates strategies for argumentation. Effective communication on public policies is one of the challenges in deliberative democracy. This paper aims to analyse the role of experts and knowledge in reference to the models of public communication on shale gas. Using a qualitative press analysis, an incoherence was observed in the understanding of knowledge and the profile of experts and the models of communication using them. The communication, which is rather oriented towards persuasion without legitimisation of scientific factual knowledge, fails. Reference in the discourse to the unknown or uncertain directs attention to the issues related to the strategic exploitation of nonknowledge.
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    The Innovator's Hypothesis: How Cheap Experiments Are Worth More Than Good Ideas by Michael Schrage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
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    What do scientists think about the public and does it matter to their online engagement? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: A survey of a large, US-based science organization with members from a range of disciplines ( n = 431) found relatively positive views about the public but such views were largely unrelated to past online engagement or willingness to engage in the future. Social norms, efficacy, and a desire to contribute to the public debate were the primary correlates of engagement. The research aims to provide quantitative evidence about how specific attitudes might limit scientists’ willingness to communicate with the public online in the context of recent calls to scientists to take a more active role in public debates about policy involving scientific issues. It highlights substantial remaining uncertainty about the drivers of engagement and the attendant need for ongoing research.
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    Innovation and Inequality: Emerging Technologies in an Unequal World edited by Susan Cozzens and Dhanaraj Thakur (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
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    National laws for enhancing flood resilience in the context of climate change: potential and shortcomings (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Print ISSN: 1469-3062
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-7457
    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
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    Correcting course: the emission reduction potential of international cooperative initiatives (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
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    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
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    Addressing the climate change adaptation puzzle: a psychological science perspective (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
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    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
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    Emissions trading in the development model of Colombia (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-26
    Print ISSN: 1469-3062
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    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
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    Impact of transition metal oxidation state on the multiferroic properties and magnetoelectric coupling strength of BST ceramics (2020)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Electronic ISSN: 2187-0764
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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    Subscription (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    A Word from the Editor (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    The Social Value of Job Loss and Its Effect on the Costs of U.S. Environmental Regulations (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Job loss is typically not valued in benefit–cost analyses of environmental regulations. But empirical evidence suggests that involuntary job loss results in large social costs, particularly when local unemployment is high. This article presents estimates of the social costs of job loss in the United States, based on estimates of how local labor markets respond to job changes. These estimated social costs have a present value per job lost in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. However, these social costs are far less than the earnings associated with the lost jobs, because of labor market adjustments as well as some offsets from the value of increased non-work time. An examination of major U.S. environmental regulations suggests that job losses will usually add only modestly to overall regulatory costs. However, if the magnitude of a regulation’s benefits and costs are close in monetary terms, then accounting for job loss could tip the regulatory decision. It is also important for regulatory analyses to examine the potential magnitude of gross job loss, particularly in high unemployment areas.
    Keywords: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q58 - Government Policy, H43 - Project Evaluation ; Social Discount Rate, J68 - Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Should Benefit-Cost Methods Take Account of High Unemployment? Symposium Introduction (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Conventional methods in benefit–cost analysis maintain that the effects of new environmental regulations should focus on long run equilibria with and without the policies being evaluated. This article introduces a symposium that considers how the employment effects of environmental regulations might be included in benefit–cost analyses. Three lessons emerge from the symposium. First, the empirical evidence to date indicates that it is difficult to measure the net employment effects of environmental regulations. The record is mixed, with support for effects at the plant level. The record is less clear for the reduced form estimates using more aggregate data. Second, it is possible to construct an ex post "analysis chain" that allows for estimation of the adjustment costs associated with a job loss. These estimates depend importantly on the assumptions made in the construction of the counterfactual baseline employment history and the outcomes after job losses. The ways in which households might adapt to a job loss are especially important for measuring adjustment costs. Finally, economy-wide evaluations of the impact of environmental regulations require a new framework to characterize the role of regulations and the associated changes in environmental quality for steady state responses to policy.
    Keywords: H40 - General, Q58 - Government Policy, E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Environmental Regulations and the Welfare Effects of Job Layoffs in the United States: A Spatial Approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article develops welfare-consistent measures of the employment effects of environmental regulation. Our analysis is based on a microeconomic model of how households with heterogeneous preferences and skills decide where to live and work. We use the model to examine how job loss and unemployment would affect workers in Northern California. Our stylized simulations produce earnings losses that are consistent with empirical evidence. They also produce two new insights. First, we find that earnings losses are sensitive to business cycle conditions. Second, we find that earnings losses may substantially understate welfare losses once we account for the fact that workers may have to commute further or live in a less desirable community after losing a job.
    Keywords: D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, Q52 - Pollution Control Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    An Introduction to the Green Paradox: The Unintended Consequences of Climate Policies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: How important is the Green Paradox? We address this question in three ways. First, we present a simple model explaining how announcing a future climate policy may increase carbon emissions today – the Green Paradox effect. This effect is a result of fossil fuel producers increasing their extraction today as a response to a reduction in future resource rents. Second, we examine the theoretical and empirical literature to assess whether green paradoxes are likely to occur, and if they are, whether they are big enough to be of concern for policy makers. We consider several factors that affect the existence of the green paradox, including long-term extraction costs, short-term extraction capacities, the mix of policy instruments, and potential spatial carbon leakage to countries that have no climate policy. We find that these and other factors can sometimes strengthen, but mostly weaken, the case for concern about the green paradox. Third, we identify the lessons the literature offers for policy makers. We argue that in designing climate policy, policy makers need to consider the supply side of the fossil fuel market.
    Keywords: H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Q31 - Demand and Supply, Q38 - Government Policy, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Cover (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Global Warming and the Green Paradox: A Review of Adverse Effects of Climate Policies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article examines the possible adverse effects of well-intended climate policies, an outcome known as the Green Paradox. A weak Green Paradox arises if the announcement of a future carbon tax or a sufficiently fast rising carbon tax encourages fossil fuel owners to extract reserves more aggressively, thus exacerbating global warming. We argue that such policies may also encourage more fossil fuel to be locked in the crust of the earth, which can offset the adverse effects of the weak Green Paradox. We show that a subsidy on clean renewables may have similar weak Green Paradox effects. Green welfare (the converse of environmental damages) declines (i.e., the strong Green Paradox) if the beneficial climate effects of locking up more fossil fuel do not outweigh the short-run weak Green Paradox effects. Neither the weak nor the strong Green Paradox occurs for the first-best Pigouvian carbon tax. We also discuss dirty backstops, spatial carbon leakage, and green innovation.
    Keywords: D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty, H20 - General, Q31 - Demand and Supply, Q38 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    A Macroeconomic Perspective on Evaluating Environmental Regulations (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article examines how dynamic general equilibrium models and methods that are commonly used to evaluate macroeconomic policies can also be useful for evaluating the aggregate consequences of environmental regulations. I describe two macroeconomic models of interest that differ in the extent to which they incorporate heterogeneity and microeconomic detail. I illustrate how standard methods from macroeconomics can be applied in both models by considering calculations for a hypothetical environmental regulation.
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Introductory Comment-The Green Paradox: A Supply-Side View of the Climate Problem (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Why have policies aimed at reducing the demand for carbon not succeeded in slowing down global carbon extraction and CO 2 emissions, and why have carbon prices failed to increase over the last three decades? This comment argues that this is because of the Green Paradox, that is, the anticipation of sales by resource owners who try to preempt the destruction of their markets by green policies. Reviewing some of the conditions under which strong and weak versions of the Green Paradox may emerge, it is argued that there is little hope that green replacement technologies will impose hard price constraints that would keep long-run extraction within a fixed carbon budget and that, therefore, even strong versions of the paradox cannot easily be avoided.
    Keywords: O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    The Green Paradox in Open Economies: Lessons from Static and Dynamic Models (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article examines how, in a world with incomplete coordination among countries, well-intentioned unilateral environmental policies may actually harm the global environment. This outcome is known as the "Green Paradox." The incentives for free-riding and the challenge of achieving an effective international environmental agreement are reviewed. I examine the various channels that lead to carbon leakage in static models of open economies, and report some simulation results. This is complemented by a review of the potential for Green Paradox outcomes in dynamic open-economy models in which forward-looking firms exploit an exhaustible resource. I show that border tax adjustments can lead to Green Paradox outcomes. I also discuss priorities for future research on environmental policies in a trading world that lacks a central enforcement agency.
    Keywords: Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Reflections-Managing Uncertain Climates: Some Guidance for Policy Makers and Researchers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Climate change—and, by extension, climate policy—is beset with unknowns and unknowables. This "Reflections" article presents an overview of approaches to managing climate uncertainties, in the hopes of providing guidance for current policy decisions as well as future research. We propose the following guidance for policy makers: Treat climate change as a risk management problem; recognize that benefit-cost analysis is only the first of many steps in deciding on optimal climate policy; in assessing abatement choices, use a discount rate that declines over time; recognize the importance of framing, evidence, and connecting the dots; reward modesty. We suggest the following questions for consideration by researchers: Can we improve forecasting? Can we improve the way we address nonlinearities and possible irreversibilities? What other (sub)disciplines merit a closer look? How can we create the right incentives for updating and expanding economic damage functions and climate-economy models? What alternative decision criteria merit further exploration? What does ‘not knowing’ tell us?
    Keywords: Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Review of heat pipe heat exchangers for enhanced dehumidification and cooling in air conditioning systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Heat pipe heat exchangers could be employed as run-around coils in air conditioning systems for enhanced dehumidification and cooling. This article reviews some of the works conducted on the cooling and dehumidification aspects in various air conditioning systems. They have been proved to be effective in enhancing dehumidification and reducing air conditioning costs especially in hot and humid tropical countries.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Towards clean and sustainable distributed energy system: the potential of integrated PEMFC-CHP (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The mitigation options to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by the UK government are discussed in this paper, including the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, clean renewable energy integration and a proposed system of integrated fuel cell combined heat and power (FC-CHP) technology. Analysis shows that the use of CCS technology within the current infrastructure can abate half the electricity-associated CO 2 emissions; however, this comes at a high cost penalty. The emissions associated with domestic heat cannot be prevented without changes in the energy infrastructure. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells can provide clean energy at a range of scales and high efficiencies, especially when employed with a CHP system. However, production of CO 2 -free hydrogen is essential for fuel cell technology to contribute substantially to a low carbon economy globally. In this work, three methods were investigated for small-scale distributed hydrogen production, namely steam methane reforming, water electrolysis (WE) and cold plasma jet (CPJ). The criteria used for comparisons include the associated CO 2 emissions and the cost of energy production. CPJ decomposition of methane shows a high potential when combined with integrated FC-CHP technology for economically viable and CO 2 -free generation of energy, especially in comparison to WE. Including the value of the solid carbon product makes the plasma system most attractive economically.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    A comprehensive assessment of sectoral energy consumption in the UK: past, present and future (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Primary energy consumption has increased by 49% and CO 2 emissions by 43% during the last two decades, and the predictions indicate that the growing trend will continue as a consequence of the notable growth in world population. Nations with developing economies (South America, Middle East, Africa and Southeast Asia) have an average annual energy consumption rate of 3.2%, whereas the rate is 1.1% for most of the developed economies (North America, Japan, Australia and Western Europe). In this paper, overall energy consumption in the UK by sector is evaluated from 1973 oil crisis to the present. The scope is split into four sectors as transport, domestic, industrial and services sector and the results for each are presented in a comparable way. Percentage of total primary energy consumption and final energy consumption by fuel type are presented. Several factors affecting the overall energy consumption are also investigated.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Endoreversible modeling and optimization of multistage isothermal chemical engines under linear mass transfer law via Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: A multistage continuous isothermal endoreversible chemical engine system with a finite driving fluid is investigated in this paper, and the mass transfer law obeys the linear mass transfer law [ $$g\propto \mathrm{\Delta }\mu $$ ]. Under the condition that both the initial time and the initial key component concentration in the driving fluid are fixed, the maximum power output of the multistage chemical engine system and the corresponding optimal concentration configuration of the key component in the driving fluid are derived by applying Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) theory, and numerical examples for three different boundary conditions are given. The results show that the difference between the chemical potential of the key component and the Carnot chemical potential for the maximum power output is a constant, and the key component concentration in the driving fluid decreases with the increase of time nonlinearly; when both the process period and the final concentration of the key component are fixed, there is an optimal control strategy for the maximum power output of the multistage chemical engine system, and the maximum power outputs of the system and the corresponding optimal control strategies are different for different final concentrations. The obtained results can provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal designs and operations of practical energy conversion systems.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    The performance and in-use experience of low to zero carbon technologies in an experimental energy home (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: In the UK, finances and resources are invested into the application of new technologies, construction materials and control systems for homes, with the aim of improving energy efficiency. One such example is the experimental BASF house, built to study the thermal performance to achieve a comfortable home that uses energy efficiently. The house includes low to zero carbon (LZC) technologies that are promoted to reach a higher level within the UK Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH). For this study a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design (Creswell JW. Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd edn. Sage Publication, 2009; Nataliya VI, Creswell JW, Stick SL. Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: from theory to practice. Field Methods 2006;18:3) that has been developed in the field of social and behavioural sciences has been applied, consisting of two distinctive phases: quantitative and qualitative. The rationale behind is for the quantitative data and its analysis is used to understand system performances while the qualitative data explain the numerical results in-depth, through the subjects in study, the occupants' perceptions. This article presents conclusions from an investigation into the use and performance of a biomass boiler and passive design features, derived from a live-in experience in a well-insulated and airtight CSH Level 4 home over two consecutive winter periods (2008–9 and 2009–10), which is part of on-going research project. The study also discusses a number of issues regarding the effective efficiency and appropriateness of the systems, which were selected based on a desire to comply with regulations for a better rated home rather than on their user friendliness and comfort for the occupants of a sustainable home; jeopardizing people's safety in times.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Alternative coating technologies for metal-ceramic nanocomposite films: potential application for solar thermal absorber (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Metal–ceramic nanocomposite films for solar absorbers have been obtained by electro-deposition. This coating technique uses a mixed solution of nickel nanoparticles and sub-micron alumina particles. The relative ratio of Ni-to-Al in these films is varied by tuning the concentration of nickel and alumina particles in the starting solution. Three films with different Ni/Al ratio have been prepared and characterized with X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. Even in absence of any heat treatment, significant amount of nickel in metallic state has been found in all three samples.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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