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  • Articles  (48)
  • toxicity  (48)
  • Springer  (48)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (48)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtox assay to determine the toxicity of degradation products from degradable plastics (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; toxicity ; degradable plastics ; degradation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Six types of starch-polyethylene degradable plastics were evaluated for the release of water-soluble toxic compounds under accelerated degradation conditions. A plastic strip (2.5×15.2 cm) was placed in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask with 100 ml of ASTM type I water with or without trace element solutions and shaken at 65°C and 110 rpm for 20 weeks in replicates of two. High temperature was used to accelerate the oxidative degradation of polyethylene. Plastic degradation was measured by loss of tensile strength, percentage elongation, strain energy, and weight-average molecular weight. The most rapid period of polyethylene thermal degradation was complete for most materials by day 28. Ten-milliliter aqueous samples were removed from each flask at days 1, 7, 28, 56, 84, and 140 (water volumes were maintained at 100 ml with fresh type I water), filtered through glass filters, then evaluated by using the Microtox Toxicity Analyzer (Microbics Corporation, Carlsbad, CA). No water-soluble toxic compounds were detected during the period of rapid film degradation. Toxicity was observed at day 28 for one film and at day 84 for all films, which could possibly correlate with the release of small oxidative compounds such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Because of the sensitivity of this assay, positive results must be confirmed by otherin vitro studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418204
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of biodegradation of phenol and a nongrowth substrate 4-chlorophenol by medium augmentation with conventional carbon sources (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 329-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; cometabolism ; nongrowth substrate ; conventional carbon sources ; inhibition ; pH regulation ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The enhancement of biodegradation of phenol and4-chlorophenol (4-cp) as a cometabolised compound byPseudomonas putida ATCC 49451 was accomplishedby augmenting the medium with conventional carbonsources such as sodium glutamate and glucose. Comparedwith phenol as the sole carbon source, the addition of1 gl-1 sodium glutamate increased the toxicitytolerance of cells toward 4-cp and significantlyimproved the biodegradation rates of both phenol and4-cp even when the initial concentration of 4-cp wasas high as 200 mgl-1. On the other hand,supplementation of glucose caused a significant dropin the medium pH from 7.2 to 4.3 resulting in areduction of degradation rate, leaving a considerableamount of 4-cp undegraded when the initialconcentration of 4-cp was higher than 100 mgl-1.By regulating the pH of the medium, however,enhancement of degradation rates of phenol and 4-cp inthe presence of glucose was achieved with aconcomitant complete degradation of phenol and 4-cp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008267607634
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of carbon tetrachloride under sulfate reducing conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 429-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: anaerobic biotransformation ; carbon tetrachloride ; electron donor ; sulfate reduction ; transformation products ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The removal of carbon tetrachloride under sulfate reducing conditions was studied in an an aerobic packed-bed reactor. Carbon tetrachloride, up to a concentration of 30 μM, was completely converted. Chloroform and dichloromethane were the main transformation products, but part of the carbon tetrachloride was also completely dechlorinated to unknown products. Gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacteria were involved in the reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform and dichloromethane since both molybdate, an inhibitor of sulfate reduction, and vancomycin, an inhibitor of gram-positive bacteria completely inhibited carbon tetrachloride transformation. Carbon tetrachloride transformation by these bacteria was a cometabolic process and depended on the input of an electron donor and electron acceptor (sulfate). The rate of carbon tetrachloride transformation by sulfate reducing bacteria depended on the type of electron donor present. A transformation rate of 5.1 nmol·ml-1·h-1 was found with ethanol as electron donor. At carbon tetrachloride concentrations higher than18 μM, sulfate reduction and reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride decreased and complete inhibition was observed at a carbon tetrachloride concentration of 56.6 μM. It is not clear what type of microorganisms were involved in the observed partial complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride. Sulfate reducing bacteria probably did not play a role since inhibition of these bacteria with molybdate had no effect on the complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008262225760
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnological possibilities for waste tyre-rubber treatment (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: degradation ; desulphurization ; devulcanization ; rubber recycling ; Thiobacillus ; tyres ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Every year large amounts of spent rubber material, mainly from rubber tyres, are discarded. Of the annual total global production of rubber material, which amounts to 16–17 million tonnes, approximately 65% is used for the production of tyres. About 250 millions spent car tyres are generated yearly in USA only. This huge amount of waste rubber material is an environmental problem of great concern. Various ways to remediate the problem have been proposed. Among these are road fillings and combustion in kilns. Spent tyres, however, comprise valuable material that could be recycled if a proper technique can be developed. One way of recycling old tyres is to blend ground spent rubber with virgin material followed by vulcanization. The main obstacle to this recycling is bad adhesion between the crumb and matrix of virgin rubber material due to little formation of interfacial sulphur crosslinks. Micro-organisms able to break sulphur-sulphur and sulphur-carbon bonds can be used to devulcanize waste rubber in order to make polymer chains on the surface more flexible and facilitate increased binding upon vulcanization. Several species belonging to both Bacteria and Archaea have this ability. Mainly sulphur oxidizing species, such as different species of the genus Thiobacillus and thermoacidophiles of the order of Sulfolobales, have been studied in this context. The present paper will give a background to the problem and an overview of the biotechnological possibilities for solutions of waste rubber as an environmental problem, focusing on microbial desulphurization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008337708006
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Particle Size Distribution and Content of Organic Matter on the Toxicity of Copper in Sediment Bioassays Using Caenorhabditis Elegans (Nematoda) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Sediment ; particle size distribution ; organic matter ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Cu ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of particle size distribution and organic matter on the toxicity of copper was investigated using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as testorganism. Sediments taken at various depths from three lakes of different trophic status and artificial sediments were spiked with sublethal concentrations of CuSO4. After an exposure of 72 h to spiked sediment or liquid medium, body length of the nematodes was determined. Both artificial and natural sediments reduced the effect of copper, with natural sediments being more effective. In natural sediments worms grew normally at concentrations of copper up to 63.5 mg/L, whereas in artificial sediments body length was reduced at concentrations of 11.3 mg Cu/L or higher. Body length was positively correlated with content of fine particles and organic matter, indicating that particle size distribution and organic matter are determinant factors for the ecotoxicology of sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018340902330
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in lake orta (Northern Italy) sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406864
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metal Tolerance in Chromogenic and Non-Chromogenic Marine Bacteria from Arabian Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: agar diffusion assay ; Arabian Gulf ; chromogenic bacteria ; heavy metals ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple method – direct agar diffusion assay – was optimised for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity to marine chromogenic and non-chromogenic bacteria. The procedure involved spotting of a 10 microliter test solution on the seeded agar plate and incubation of the plates at 30°C to accelerate bacterial growth. Under optimum conditions, test results were obtainable within 12–18 hr instead of 96 hr incubation time generally required for a marine bacterial assay by conventional agar plate methods. A range of sixteen heavy metals, each at 5 different concentrations was tested. Toxicity was demonstrated by the formation of a clear zone of growth inhibition around the point of application. Toxicity of tested chemicals could be easily demonstrated at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg per spot on the agar plate. A dose dependent relation between metal concentration (μg/spot) and the diameter of the clear zone on agar plate was observed, suggesting potential of this method as an easy and economical tool in quantitative toxicology studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006173722510
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of trichlorobenzene on natural phytoplankton populations (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 257-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: trichlorobenzene ; lipid class ; phytoplankton ; diatoms ; chlorinated hydrocarbons ; toxicity ; algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Natural phytoplankton assemblages from an offshore station in Lake Michigan were exposed to individual isomers of trichlorobenzene (TCB) and incubated in situ for a 24 h period. One set of exposures was initiated with a lake assemblage collected at 0330 h from 30 m and the TCB isomers added at 0400 h. The second exposure experiment was initiated with an assemblage from 30 m collected at 1530 h and the TCB isomers added at 1600 h. Comparisons of the chlorophyll a to neutral lipid ratio and the neutral to polar lipid ratios suggest that 1,2,3-TCB is more toxic than 1,2,4-TCB. Furthermore, more effects were observed when exposures were initiated at 0400 h when compared with a parallel experiment initiated at 1600 h. These studies with natural assemblages support culture studies of effect as a function of time of exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368534
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined effects of cadmium and linear alkyl benzene sulfonate on Lemna minor L. (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; detergents ; duckweed ; glycine-metabolism ; toxicity ; water pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effects of 0.1 ppm cadmium and 0.005% linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) on the uptake and metabolic incorporation of 14C glycine by Lemna minor L., after 2, 24 and 48 h were studied for antagonistic/synergistic effects. Combined exposure was found to decrease the 14C incorporation into proteins, DNA, RNA and phospholipids, to a greater extent than individual exposure. The presence of LAS increased the uptake of 109Cd in the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121388
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of methoprene S on the aquatic bug Ilyocoris cimicoides (Heteroptera, Naucoridae) (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: toxicity ; metamorphosis ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of methoprene S on the last instar nymphs of Ilyocoris cimicoides were investigated. Continual treatment during the last larval instar at concentrations of 0.02–0.1 ppm caused disorders in metamorphosis. Supernumerary larval instars were observed and imaginal ecdysis was frequently deranged. Morphological defects are described in detail. The compound did not affect the length of the last larval instar. It was toxic at 0.2 ppm ml-1 of water and higher concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143407
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a new molt-inducing insecticide, tebufenozide, on zooplankton communities in lake enclosures (1995)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 307-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: tebufenozide ; insecticide ; growth regulator ; zooplankton ; toxicity ; community structure ; mesocosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A potent ecdysone agonist, tebufenozide, has recently been developed as a molt-inducing insecticide to control defoliating lepidopterans. As part of continuing research efforts to assess the effectiveness and environmental safety of this material for insect pest management in Canadian forests, tebufenozide (RH-5992-2F) was applied to large lake enclosures and the effects on zooplankton communities were evaluated. There were significant treatment effects at all test concentrations (0.07–0.66 mg L-1 tebufenozide). Concentration-dependent reductions in the abundance of cladocerans indicated that there were direct toxic effects of tebufenozide on this group of macrozooplankton. There were no indications of direct toxic effects on copepods. Significant increases in abundance of rotifers in treated enclosures at the three higher test concentrations were coincident with reductions in cladocerans and indicated secondary effects of the insecticide on the abundance of microzooplankton. There were no significant differences among treated and control enclosures in chlorophyll a concentrations, indicating that tebufenozide did not have direct effects on phytoplankton biomass, nor did the alterations in the zooplankton communities of treated enclosures have measurable secondary effects on phytoplankton biomass. Daytime dissolved oxygen concentrations were significantly higher in treated enclosures than in controls, indicating that the perturbation to biotic communities of some treated enclosures was sufficient to induce measurable changes in system-level functional attributes. Recovery of zooplankton communities in the enclosures occurred within 1–2 months at 0.07 and 0.13 mg l-1 and by the following summer (12–13 months) at 0.33 and 0.66 mg l-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118597
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper-induced toxicity in aquatic macrophyte, Hydrilla verticillata: effect of pH (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: copper ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity ; cysteine ; lipid peroxidation ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Copper uptake and toxicity were evaluated in Hydrilla verticillata. Its effect on lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, protein, ascorbate, cysteine and sugars was studied at pH 6.8. Dose- and durationdependent uptake of Cu followed by a significant decrease in malondialdehyde and sugar content was found in plant tissue. Chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and protein contents were increased non-significantly up to 8, 16 and 32 þM Cu, respectively. Cysteine content was slightly increased at lower concentrations followed by a significant decline. At 80 þM Cu, plants of H. verticillata showed significant toxic effects after 168 h of exposure indicating the sensitivity of the plant to this level of Cu stress. The effect of low and high pH in combination with different concentrations of Cu was determined at 168 h of exposure. Low pH (4.5) enhanced Cu toxicity while at high pH (9.5) toxicity was considerably reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116321
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-to-event analyses of ecotoxicity data (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: statistics ; survival time ; toxicity ; ecological risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Intensity and duration of exposure dictate the effect of a toxicant. Consequently, any assessment of ecological risk that does not include a sound understanding of both concentration and duration effects is compromised. This being the case, it is surprising that the predominant approach in ecotoxicology (concentration-effect modeling) inefficiently includes exposure duration. Ecological risk assessment can be enhanced with time-to-event models that can easily include concentration, exposure duration, and other important covariates. Time-to-event methods are described and linkage made to relevant ecological techniques, i.e. life table analyses and genetic selection models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116339
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity and accumulation of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: freshwater mussels ; piscicide ; accumulation ; toxicity ; uptake clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared the acute toxicity and initial accumulation of the piscicide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) in the freshwater unionacean mussels, Obliquaria reflexa and Fusconaia flava. Acute 48 h toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LC50 values for each species. The initial uptake clearances of TFM were measured by exposing the mussels to [14C]-TFM and counting the radioactivity in four organ tissues (foot, gill, mantle and viscera) over 48 h. TFM was about 2-fold more toxic to O. reflexa (LC50 1.80 mg l−1) than to F. flava (LC50 3.81 mg L−1) and the difference was not explained by accumulation patterns. The initial uptake clearance rates (0--6 h) for the whole body were similar between the species (11.2 ml g−1 h−2 in O. reflexa and 9.5 ml g−1 h−1 in F. flava). The accumulation of TFM residues among the organ tissues was also similar between species. The uptake clearance rates (ml g−1 h−1) of TFM equivalents were generally highest in the gill, but not significantly different than other organ tissues. The normalized concentration of TFM residues (μg per g whole body) was highest in the viscera. The toxicity data suggest that the mortality of both species would be minimal from sea lamprey control treatments with TFM. However, the behavioural effects and accumulation rates also indicate that mussels do not effectively avoid TFM exposure by valve closure
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008872021087
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008998821913
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct Toxic Effects of TBT on Natural Enclosed Phytoplankton at Ambient TBT Concentrations of Coastal Waters (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 273-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: pollution induced community tolerance ; organotin ; phytoplankton ; enclosures ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a three-week pelagic estuarine enclosure experiment, no effect concentrations (NEC) for tri-butyl-tin (TBT) were found in phytoplankton in the lower pico molar (pM) range as indicated by increased TBT tolerance, changes in taxonomic composition, decreased primary production and in the chlorophyll a (chl. a) concentration. Decreased primary production and chl.a concentrations were found only three days after addition of TBT. On the other hand, taxonomic changes and increased tolerance were found throughout the experiment, indicating a recovery of the ecosystem caused by adaptation of the phytoplankton in terms of structural changes. Induction of TBT tolerance is assumed to be evident of a direct toxic effect of TBT on the phytoplankton and the observed effects are thus not just attributable to indirect effect caused by direct effects on e.g. zooplankton. TBT concentrations in the lower pM range in coastal waters, such as open bays and estuaries, have been reported, indicating that natural phytoplankton could be affected by TBT in such areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026570011420
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitation of cometabolic degradation of 4-chlorophenol using glucose as an added growth substrate (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biotransformation ; cometabolism ; 4-chlorophenol ; glucose ; growth substrate ; inhibition ; phenol ; pH regulation ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the feasibility of using glucose as an added substrate for cometabolic transformation of 4-chlorophenol (4-cp). When glucose was fed as the added growth substrate, only 78% and 43% of the initial 4-cp concentrations of 100 and 200 mg l−1, respectively, were transformed before the pH dropped to below 4.5 and stopped all reactions. By maintaining the medium pH, complete removal of 4-cp was achieved even at the high initial concentration of 200 mg l−1. Phenol induction prior to inoculation was not a prerequisite to ensure transformation of 4-cp when glucose was the added growth substrate. Compared with phenol as the added growth substrate, cells grown on glucose displayed a longer acclimation phase and, in general, a lower specific transformation rate. The volumetric transformation rate of 4-cp, however, was greatly enhanced due to the increased cell density. The results of this work suggest that 4-cp itself induced the enzymes necessary for its cometabolism. With NADH regenerated effectively through metabolism of glucose, 4-cp was transformed in the absence of added phenol. Consequently, the competitive inhibition involved in cometabolism was avoided and the risks associated with addition of toxic growth substrates such as phenol were eliminated
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008347630546
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of oil sludge by landfarming — a case-study at the Ghent harbour (1994)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 5 (1994), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; landfarming ; mutagenicity ; oil ; plant growth ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale landfarming experiments have been performed on a loamy sand soil. An amount of 1,350 m3/ha oil sludge together with nutrients (N,P,K) and a bacterial inoculum were applied at two different times over a five-year period. At both test periods, biodegradation of the hydrocarbons (HC) was best fitted with first order reaction kinetics with degradation rates ranging from about 4 g HC/kg dry soil per year to about 15 g HC/kg dry soil per year. Toxicity tests on the aqueous soil extracts as well as plant growth and worm tests on the landfarm soil showed no striking negative effects of residual hydrocarbons. Migration of oil, nitrate and phosphate to the groundwater was minimal. In view of the diversity of solvents recommended in the literature, twenty extractants were tested for their capacity to remove HC from the loamy sand soil. Chlorinated solvents, such as dichloromethane and chloroform, were the most effective. Yet, in view of its effectiveness and low toxicity, acetone appears a suitable solvent for the extraction of soils and sediments polluted with hydrocarbons. This case-study revealed that oil sludge can effectively be treated by landfarming, if appropriate technical measures are taken and a sufficient time (minimum 15 years) for bioremediation is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695212
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Two-liquid-phase bioreactors for enhanced degradation of hydrophobic/toxic compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; biodegradation ; bioreactor ; biotreatment ; NAPL ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two-liquid-phase culture systems involve the addition of a water-immiscible, biocompatible and non-biodegradable solvent to enhance a biocatalytic process. Two-liquid-phase bioreactors have been used since the mid-seventies for the microbial and enzymatic bioconversion of hydrophobic/toxic substrates into products of commercial interest. The increasing popularity of bioremediation technologies suggests a new area of application for this type of bioreactor. The toxicity and the limited bioavailability of many pollutants are important obstacles that must first be overcome in order to improve biodegradation processes. Two-liquid-phase bioreactors have the potential to resolve both limitations of biotreatment technologies by the enhancement of the mass-transfer rate of compounds with low bioavailability, and by the controlled delivery of apolar toxic compounds. This technology can also be useful in accelerating the enrichment of microorganisms degrading problematic pollutants. In this paper, we discuss the application of two-liquid-phase bioreactors to enhance the biodegradation of toxic/poorly bioavailable contaminants. Important microbial mechanisms involved in this type of system are described. Uptake of the substrates can be achieved by microorganisms freely dispersed in the aqueous phase and/or bound at the interface between the aqueous and the immiscible phases. Production of surface-active compounds and adhesion abilities are microbial features involved in the process. General guidelines for the design of two-liquid-phase bioreactors for biodegradation purposes are presented. Solvent selection should be established on specific criteria, which depend on the characteristics of target compound(s) and the microorganism(s) implicated in the biodegradation process. The central importance of maximizing the interfacial surface area is highlighted. The potential of this approach as an alternative to current biotreatment technologies is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008311430525
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    Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater to aquatic organisms (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 315-322 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aquatic organisms ; formaldehyde ; industrial wastewater ; phenol ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of pure phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater, containing phenol and formaldehyde, from a resin production plant was evaluated using aquatic organisms from different taxonomic groups. Test organisms included mixed bacterial culture, unicellular green algaeScenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., crustaceaDaphnia pulex de Geer (daphnids), and fishOncorhynchus mykiss Call, 1990 (rainbow trout). Formaldehyde was found to be more toxic to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 34.1 mg L−1), algae (24h EC50 = 14.7 mg L−1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 5.8 mg L−1) than phenol. Phenol proved to be more toxic to fish (48h LC50 = 13.1 mg L−1) than to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 510 mg L−1), algae (24h EC50 = 403 mg L−1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 25 mg L−1). The toxicity of the industrial wastewater to the mixed bacterial culture, algae, and crustacea was caused mainly by formaldehyde, but for fish the presence of phenol in the wastewater proved to be the significant reason for toxicity. Differences in sensitivity of the selected test organisms were also observed, with fish and crustacea being the most sensitive species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407469
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    Influence of particle size distribution and content of organic matter on the toxicity of copper in sediment bioassays usingCaenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 689-695 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Sediment ; particle size distribution ; organic matter ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Cu ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of particle size distribution and organic matter on the toxicity of copper was investigated using the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans as testorganism. Sediments taken at various depths from three lakes of different trophic status and artificial sediments were spiked with sublethal concentrations of CuSO4. After an exposure of 72 h to spiked sediment or liquid medium, body length of the nematodes was determined. Both artificial and natural sediments reduced the effect of copper, with natural sediments being more effective. In natural sediments worms grew normally at concentrations of copper up to 63.5 mg/L, whereas in artificial sediments body length was reduced at concentrations of 11.3 mg Cu/L or higher. Body length was positively correlated with content of fine particles and organic matter, indicating that particle size distribution and organic matter are determinant factors for the ecotoxicology of sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406908
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    An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 409-419 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; assessment ; water ; sediment ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; pesticides ; mercury ; PCB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006459605924
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    A generic comparison of the airborne risks to human health from landfill and incinerator disposal of municipal solid waste (2000)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 325-334 
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    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: municipal solid waste (MSW) ; landfill ; incineration ; toxicity ; health risks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of the potential risks to human health from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration and landfill on a generic basis is attempted. For this purpose a 'worst case' approach is adopted and a number of assumptions regarding the size and activities of each waste disposal method are made. The airborne pollutants measured for an incinerator are different from those for a landfill with or without gas collection. However, based on the available information it appears that as far as airborne pollution is concerned, landfill sites without gas collection pose a potentially higher generic risk to human health than MSW incinerators performing to Environmental Agency (UK) standards. This analysis cannot be used to replace specific evaluations for a particular incinerator or a landfill site because local conditions can have a very large impact on the magnitude of risks involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006725932558
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    A review of the effects of heavy metals on freshwater mussels (1995)
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    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 341-362 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: freshwater mussels ; metals ; effects ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The widespread recent decline in the species diversity and population density of freshwater mussels in North America may be partly related to chronic, low-level exposure to toxic metals. As benthic filter-feeding organisms, freshwater mussels are exposed to metals that are dissolved in water, associated with suspended particles and deposited in bottom sediments. Thus, freshwater mussels can bioaccumulate certain metals to concentrations that greatly exceed those dissolved in water. In adult mussels, the most common site of metal uptake is the gill, followed by the mantle and the kidney. The toxic effects of metals on freshwater mussels have been examined in a few acute toxicity tests, but the sublethal effects of long-term exposure to low environmental concentrations are little understood. Sublethal exposure to metals can alter growth, filtration efficiency, enzyme activity and behaviour. Sublethal effects are frequently observed at concentrations that are only half the lethal concentrations. However, few toxicity tests have used environmentally realistic exposure concentrations. Total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn in many oxic surface waters are in the ngl-1 range, yet many toxicity studies have exposed mussels to concentrations in the μgl-1 or even the mgl-1 range. An understanding of the processes by which metals affect freshwater mussels would provide insights on the ecotoxicological significance of metal contamination to natural mussel populations and aid in the development of water-quality criteria that adequately protect mussels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118870
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    The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 279-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead shot ; lead sinkers ; lead poisoning ; birds ; toxicity ; environmental fate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Lead shot ingestion is the primary source of elevated lead exposure and poisoning in waterfowl and most other bird species. For some species (e.g. Common Loons, Gavia immer), lead sinker ingestion is a more frequent cause of lead poisoning. In freshwater environments where recreational angling activity and loon populations co-occur, lead poisoning from ingestion of small (〈50 gram) lead sinkers or jigs accounts for 10–50% of recorded adult loon mortality, depending on the locations studied. Lead shot ingestion occurs in waterfowl, and in a wide variety of non-waterfowl species, including upland game birds, shorebirds, raptors, and scavengers. Where it has been explicitly studied in Canada and the US, lead poisoning mortality of bald (Haliacetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysactos) from eating prey animals with lead shot embedded in their tissues accounts for an estimated 10–15% of the recorded post-fledging mortality in these raptorial species. In addition to environments that experience hunting with lead shot, clay target shooting ranges, especially those in which the shotfall zones include ponds, marshes, lakes, rivers, beaches, or other aquatic-type environments, create a significant risk of shot ingestion and poisoning for waterbirds. Metallic lead pellets deposited onto soils and aquatic sediments are not chemically or environmentally inert, although tens or hundreds of years may be required for total breakdown and dissolution of pellets. Functional, affordable non-toxic alternatives to lead shot and sinkers are being currently produced, and additional such products are being developed. Several countries have successfully banned the use of small lead sinkers, and of lead shot for waterfowl and other hunting, also for clay target shooting, using a phasing-out process that gives manufactures, sellers, and users adequate time to adjust to the regulations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119051
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    Presentation and interpretation of Sediment Quality Triad data (1996)
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    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 327-339 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Sediment Quality Triad ; toxicity ; sediments ; integrated analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Updated guidance is provided for presenting and interpreting individual Sediment Quality Triad components (Triad: chemistry, toxicity and community structure), and for the integration of all components. Three separate methods are identified: summary indices, tabular decision matrices, and multivariate analyses. Indices, an early method, are of limited usefulness. General guidance regarding decision matrices and multivariate analyses (in particular, statistical criteria for the combined Triad components) is provided, in a manner intended not to exclude future new techniques or approaches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119054
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    A Population Genetic Analysis of the Potential for a Crude Oil Spill to Induce Heritable Mutations and Impact Natural Populations (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 259-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Mutagenicity ; oil-induced mutations ; toxicity ; pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) ; Exxon Valdez oil spill
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The primary environmental impact following an oil spill typically is acute toxicity to fish and wildlife. However, multigenerational effects through toxicant-induced heritable mutations might also occur. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) components of crude oil are potentially mutagenic, although specific components and doses that induce mutations are poorly known. We applied population genetics concepts to assess the extent of mortality and the persistence of deleterious heritable mutations resulting from exposure to potential mutagens, such as crude oil. If lethal mutations are induced, the population will experience some mortality, but the mutations are quickly removed or reduced to low frequency by natural selection. This occurs within one or a few generations when mutations are dominant or partially recessive. Totally recessive alleles persist in low frequency for many generations, but result in relatively little impact on the population, depending on the number of mutated loci. We also applied population genetics concepts to assess the potential for heritable mutations induced by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, to affect pink salmon populations. We stress that breeding units (e.g., streams with distinct spawning populations of salmon) must be considered individually to assess heritable genetic effects. For several streams impacted by the oil spill, there is inconsistency between observed egg mortality and that expected if lethal heritable mutations had been induced by exposure to crude oil. Observed mortality was either higher or lower than expected depending on the spawning population, year, and cohort considered. Any potential subtle effect of lethal mutations induced by the Exxon Valdez oil spill is overridden by natural environmental variation among spawning areas. We discuss the need to focus on population-level effects in toxicological assessments because fish and wildlife management focuses on populations, not individuals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008887712459
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    Evidence for the Rapid Phytotoxicity and Environmental Stress Evaluation Using the PAM Fluorometric Method: Importance and Future Application (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 449-455 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: PAM fluorometry ; toxicity ; bioassays ; environmental stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Modulated fluorometry has opened new possibilities for the interpretation of photosynthetic parameters concerning the physiological state of plants. By exposing plant to continuous actinic light and to pulses of saturating light, it is possible to calculate from the Kautsky fluorescence transient four important values: ΦM, the maximum quantum yield as a measure of the maximum photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry; Φ′M, the steady state quantum yield as a real PSII photochemistry at the equilibrium state of electron transport; QP, the photochemical quenching as a measure of light-energy dissipation via photosynthetic electron transport; and QN, the non-photochemical quenching as a measure of dissipation of the absorbed light energy via non-photochemical processes. The change of these PAM-fluorescence parameters is related to the physiological state of the plant and therefore they can be used as reliable indicators of different environmental stress effects. However, these parameters have never been seen as useful standard tools for toxicological monitoring of ecosystems. Highly sensitive modulated fluorometers are today available which allow to measure the fluorescence parameters either in the lab or in the field. In this report we evaluate the use of these parameters in assessing the rapid environmental impact of mercury toxicity on Selenastrum capricornutum and of temperature stress on tomato plants. In interpreting our results, we suggest the utility of some of these parameters as technologically advanced tools in future bioassays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008955819527
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    CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY IN SUBMERGED PLANT HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA (l.f.) ROYLE (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 167-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioassay ; cadmium ; Hydrilla verticillata ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity in relation tochlorophyll, protein, cysteine contents and in vivo nitrate reductaseactivity were studied under controlled conditions in Hydrillaverticillata, a submerged commonly occurring macrophyte. Plants weresubjected to six different concentrations of Cd ranging from 1.0 to 25.0 µM for 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. Tissue Cd concentration was maximum (13.71 µmoles/g dw) at 25 µM background concentration. At this concentration, a decrease of approximately 79 and 72% was found in chlorophyll and protein content. In vivo nitrate reductase activity was stimulated at 1.0 µM; however, the activity gradually declined beyond this concentration. Exposure to various cadmium concentrations resulted in an increase in cysteine content of the plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005771301076
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    Indices of Benthic Community Tolerance in Contaminated Great Lakes Sediments: Relations with Sediment Contaminant Concentrations, Sediment Toxicity, and the Sediment Quality Triad (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 49 (1998), S. 23-49 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: benthic community tolerance ; sediment ; sediment quality triad ; toxicity ; toxic units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T L and T H , respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% T L and 53% T H of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P 〉 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order- or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus- or species-) level identifications in the calculation of T L and T H indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order- and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations.
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    Extrapolation methods for setting ecological standards for water quality: statistical and ecological concerns (1993)
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    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 203-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: aquatic organisms ; toxicity ; prediction ; extrapolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Extrapolation methods form the basis for most recent techniques used to set ‘safe’ levels of toxicants for ecosystems. Most methods use information from several single species toxicity tests to predict safety factors for protecting all species in all communities in a nation or group of nations. There are a number of statistical and ecological concerns with this approach. These include assumptions about the shape of the distribution of tolerance to a toxicant, the ability to extrapolate information on laboratory species and condition to field species and condition and to the condition of communities and ecosystems, and assumptions about the appropriateness of laboratory measures relative to ecosystem measures. The approach has not been validated for safety and, before the approach is fully applied, needs to be validated. Other methods can be used with the extrapolation approach to reduce uncertainties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116425
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    The effect of agricultural discharge on striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 123-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: striped bass ; opossum shrimp ; agriculture ; toxicity ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has declined approximately 80% since the mid-1970s. This decline has been attributed to factors such as water diversions, pollution and reduced abundance of food organisms. One source of potential pollutants is agricultural return water. The Colusa Basin Drain discharges water from over 150 000 acres and can account for over 20% of the flow of the Sacramento River. Because discharge occurs at the same time striped bass are spawning, early developmental stages could be adversely affected. Toxicity studies conducted over a 3 year period consistently demonstrated acute toxicity to striped bass larvae and to opossum shrimp (Neomysis mercedis), an important food organism for juvenile striped bass. Acute toxicity was also demonstrated with striped bass embryos. In addition, a model based on pesticide use more effectively predicted striped bass recruitment during the period of decline than did a model based on historically important river flows and delta diversions. These studies indicate that agricultural return water should not be disregarded when considering potential causes of the decline of striped bass.
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    Extrapolation of the laboratory-based OECD earthworm toxicity test to metal-contaminated field sites (1995)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 190-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: ecotoxicology ; Eisenia fetida ; zinc ; toxicity ; mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effects of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on survival, growth, cocoon production and cocoon viability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) were determined in three experiments. In experiment 1, worms were exposed to single metals in standard artificial soil. For experiment 2, worms were maintained in contaminated soils collected from sites at different distances from a smelting works situated at Avonmouth, south-west England. In experiment 3, worms were exposed to mixtures of metals in artificial soil at the same concentrations as those present in the field soils. A survey of earthworm populations was carried out also. Population densities and species diversities of earthworms declined with proximity to the smelting works. No earthworms were found within 1 km of the factory. Comparison of toxicity values for the metals determined in the experiments indicated that zinc is most likely to be limiting earthworm populations in the vicinity of the works. Zinc was at least ten times more toxic to E. fetida in artificial soil than in contaminated soils collected from the field. This difference was probably due to the greater bioavailability of zinc in the artificial soil. The results are discussed in the context of setting ‘protection levels’ for metals in soils based on laboratory toxicity data.
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    Bootstrap estimation of community NOEC values (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 293-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: toxicity ; NOEC ; prediction ; extrapolation ; bootstrapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Recent estimations of NOEC (no observed effect concentration) values for communities use single species effect data to predict the concentration at which not more than some particular acceptable percentage of the species in a community will be affected. This method has a number of difficulties, not the least of which is obtaining effects data for enough of the right species to accurately represent the whole community. Typically one has to make do with existing data sets in which the choice of species tested has been made for convenience rather than representativeness. Usually the raw data alone are not sufficient to make reasonable estimates. Statistical methods have been proposed which deal with this problem by assigning a specific distribution to the data. But assumption of a specific distribution may not be valid. We present an alternative method and an associated computer program which use resampling (bootstrap) methods to estimate the NOEC without assuming a specific distribution. This method has the advantage that no underlying distribution is assumed. Simulated and published data sets were used to compare this approach with published methods. The use of this technique to assess representativeness was also demonstrated
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    Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Zinc in Spirogyra Fluviatilis Hilse (Chlorophyta) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 323-331 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bioaccumulation ; Spirogyra ; toxicity ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc in Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse, from two populations in the River Seyhan, Adana, Turkey, were examined in laboratory flowing-water channels. Plants were subjected to zinc concentrations ranging from 0 to 4.0 mg L-1 at current velocities of 25–35 cm s-1 for up to 3 h. There was little difference in zinc bioaccumulation between Spirogyra from the site showing mild organic pollution and that from the site subjected to considerable inputs from urban and motorway runoff. Uptake of zinc increased with increasing concentration in the test solution and was linear and proportional up to 0.5 mg L-1. Cellular damage was evident in Spirogyra subjected to 0.5 mg L-1 zinc, and increased with increasing zinc concentration.
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    Recent Developments in Microbiotesting and Early Millennium Prospects (2000)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 11-23 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Algal solid phase assay ; effluents ; genotoxicity ; Hydra assay ; immunocompetence assay ; microbiotests ; PEEP Index ; sediments ; SED-TOX Index ; SOS Chromotest ; toxicity ; Trout hepatocyte assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Small-scale toxicity testing with microbiotests is a rapidly-expanding component of the field of aquatic toxicology which contributes diverse contamination assessment tools and approaches for a variety of environmental (liquid and solid) media. In this short review on microbiotesting, some of the recent developments conducted under the second St. Lawrence River Action Plan (1993–1998) at the St. Lawrence Centre (Environment Canada, Quebec Region, Montreal) are recalled. These include 1) employing the SOS Chromotest to determine the genotoxic status of major industrial effluents discharging to the St. Lawrence River and their potential impact on downstream biota, 2) developing an algal solid phase assay to predict the toxic potential of freshwater sediments, 3) developing a microplate-based cnidarian assay to screen for toxicity of chemicals and environmental samples, 4) developing an alternative assay to whole fish acute (sub)lethal toxicity testing with the help of rainbow trout primary hepatocytes, 5) developing a microplate-based phagocytosis assay to check for immunocompetence of feral bivalve shellfish and 6) conducting a major investigation to develop a cost-effective multitrophic bioanalytical battery to assess the (geno)toxicity of freshwater sediments. In addition, integrative tools with specific microbiotests were respectively constructed to determine the toxic potential of industrial effluents (PEEP: Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe) and that of sediments (SED-TOX). Such examples illustrate the diversity of on-going endeavors in the field of small-scale toxicity testing internationally, as further corroborated by recent books entirely dedicated to the subject. It is undeniable that many important challenges still lie ahead for this field early into the third millennium and likely well beyond.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005236703453
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    COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY OF PHENOL, FORMALDEHYDE, AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aquatic organisms ; formaldehyde ; industrialwastewater ; phenol ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of pure phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater, containing phenol and formaldehyde, from a resin production plant was evaluated using aquatic organisms from different taxonomic groups. Test organisms included mixed bacterial culture, unicellular green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., crustacea Daphnia pulex de Geer (daphnids), and fish Oncorhynchus mykiss Call, 1990 (rainbow trout). Formaldehyde was found to be more toxic to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 34.1 mg L-1), algae (24h EC50 = 14.7 mg L-1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 5.8 mg L-1) than phenol. Phenol proved to be more toxic to fish (48h LC50 = 13.1 mg L-1) than to the mixed bacterial culture (120h EC50 = 510 mg L-1), algae (24h EC50 = 403 mg L-1), and crustacea (48h EC50 = 25 mg L-1). The toxicity of the industrial wastewater to the mixed bacterial culture, algae, and crustacea was caused mainly by formaldehyde, but for fish the presence of phenol in the wastewater proved to be the significant reason for toxicity. Differences in sensitivity of the selected test organisms were also observed, with fish and crustacea being the most sensitive species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026472313561
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  • 38
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    Sediment-Water Interactions Affect Assessments of Metals Discharges at Electric Utilities (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: trace metals/metalloids ; gills ; ecosystem models ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; mechanisms ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We present three examples to show the importance of sediment-water interactions to electric utilities: 1) Selenium (Se), in ash pond effluents, has caused declines in fish populations in North Carolina. A biogeochemistry model appears to explain Se dynamics for several reservoirs. However, further work on sediment water interactions is needed to predict the speed of reservoir Se declines following cessation of inputs; 2) Mercury (Hg), volatilized in stack gases from coal fired power plants, is a public and wildlife health concern. Sediments play a major role in the biogeochemistry of Hg as documented in the Mercury Cycling Model (MCM); As with Se, questions about sediment water interactions limit the confidence in predictions about dynamics and effects of Hg; and 3) One of the recommendations from a recent Pellston Conference was to evaluate the use of a new paradigm as a basis for metals regulations. Under this new paradigm, effects of surface active metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) on fish can be viewed as dependent on competition between the gill, a 'biotic ligand', and other environmental ligands for metals in discharges. Under this new paradigm, then, the mechanics of toxicity can be viewed as analogous to interactions at the sediment-water interface. It is clear from these three examples that fostering discussion among chemists and toxicologists, through joint participation at meetings and publication in journals used by both fields, is critical for development of accurate assessment capabilities and support of cost effective decision making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018309105114
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in Lake Orta (Northern Italy) Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the northern part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may be explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018377625587
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sediment-water interactions affect assessments of metals discharges at electric utilities (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: trace metals/mealloids ; gills ; ecosystem models ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; mechanisms ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We present three examples to show the importance of sediment-water interactions to electric utilities: 1) Selenium (Se), in ash pond effluents, has caused declines in fish populations in North Carolina. A biogeochernistry model appears to explain Se dynamics for several reservoirs. However, further work on sediment water interactions is needed to predict the speed of reservoir Se declines following cessation of inputs; 2) Mercury (Hg), volatilized in stack gases from coal fired power plants, is a public and wildlife health concern. Sediments play a major role in the biogeochernistry of Hg as documented in the Mercury Cycling Model (MCM); As with Se, questions about sediment water interactions limit the confidence in predictions about dynamics and effects of Hg; and 3) One of the recommendations from a recent Pellston Conference was to evaluate the use of a new paradigm as a basis for metals regulations. Under this new paradigm, effects of surface active metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) on fish can be viewed as dependent on competition between the gill, a ‘biotic ligand’, and other environmental ligands for metals in discharges.Under this new paradigm, then, the mechanics of toxicity can he viewed as analogous to interactions at the sediment-water interface. It is clear from these three examples that fostering discussion among chemists and toxicologists, through joint participation at meetings and publication in journals used by both fields, is critical for development of accurate assessment capabilities and support of cost effective decision making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406858
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  • 41
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    Impacts of ocean CO2 disposal on marine life: I. A toxicological assessment integrating constant‐concentration laboratory assay data with variable‐concentration field exposure (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; sequestration ; plume ; pH ; toxicity ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Feasibility studies suggest that the concept of capturing CO2 from fossil fuel power plants and discharging it to the deep ocean could help reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the local reduction in seawater pH near the point of injection is a potential environmental impact. Data from the literature reporting on toxicity of reduced pH to marine organisms potentially affected by such a plume were combined into a model expressing mortality as a function of pH and exposure time. Since organisms exposed to real plumes would experience a time‐varying pH, methods to account for a variable exposure were reviewed and a new method developed based on the concept of isomortality. In part II of this paper, the method is combined with a random‐walk model describing the transport of passive organisms through a low pH plume leading to a Monte‐Carlo‐like risk assessment which is applied to several candidate CO2 injection scenarios.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019029931755
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  • 42
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    Food chain transfer and potential renal toxicity of mercury to small mammals at a contaminated terrestrial field site (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 243-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; small mammals ; bioaccumulation ; tissue residues ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury concentrations were determined in surface soil and biota at a contaminated terrestrial field site and were used to calculate transfer coefficients of mercury through various compartments of the ecosystem based on trophic relationships. Mercury concentrations in all compartments (soil, vegetation, invertebrates, and small mammals) were higher than mercury concentrations in corresponding samples at local reference sites. Nonetheless, mercury concentrations in biota did not exceed concentrations in the contaminated surface soil, which averaged 269 μg g-1. Plant tissue concentrations of mercury were low (0.01 to 2.0 μg g-1) and yielded soil to plant transfer coefficients ranging from 3.7×10-5 for seeds to 7.0×10-3 for grass blades. Mercury concentrations in invertebrates ranged from 0.79 for harvestmen (Phalangida) to 15.5 μg g-1 for undepurated earthworms (Oligochaeta). Mean food chain transfer coefficients for invertebrates were 0.88 for herbivores/omnivores and 2.35 for carnivores. Mean mercury concentrations in target tissue (kidney) were 1.16±1.16 μg g-1 for the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), a granivore, and 38.8±24.6 μg g-1 for the shorttail shrew (Blarina brevicauda), an insectivore. Transfer coefficients for diet to kidney were 0.75 and 4.40 for P. leucopus and B. brevicauda, respectively. A comparison of kidney mercury residues measured in this study with values from controlled laboratory feeding studies from the literature indicate that B. brevicauda but not P. leucopus may be ingesting mercury at levels that are nephrotoxic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368533
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  • 43
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    Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis to Chironomids in Pond Mesocosms (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis ; toxicity ; chironomids ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A pond mesocosm study was conducted in a central Minnesota wetland to evaluate the potential toxicity of the microbially-derived insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) to chironomids. B.t.i. was applied as VectoBac® G to mesocosms on two occasions (21 d apart) at five rates (0.3X, 1X, 2.5X, 5X, 10X) with three replicate mesocosms per rate. The 1X rate (9 kg/ha) was that operationally used by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Mosquito Control District for early summer mosquito control. Chironomid abundances following B.t.i. treatment were compared to abundances in untreated control mesocosms. The abundance of Chironomidae larvae was significantly reduced at the 10X treatment 4 d after the first B.t.i. application. Chironomid abundance was also reduced after the second application with 10X, but showed strong signs of recovery within 32 d. Chironominae, the numerically dominant subfamily within the Chironomidae, showed a similar response. The abundance of Orthocladiinae larvae was significantly reduced at both the 10X and 5X treatments, whereas the Tanypodinae appeared unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments. Of the two tribes comprising the Chironominae, the Chironomini displayed a response very similar to that of its parent subfamily, although reductions in abundance were not statistically significant. The tribe was dominated by Dicrotendipes, Einfeldia, and Endochironomus, none of which were significantly reduced following either 10X application. The second tribe, the Tanytarsini, were slightly more susceptible to B.t.i. than the Chironomini, displaying significant reductions in abundance after both 10X applications. The Tanytarsini were dominated by Paratanytarsus, which were reduced by 91% 4 d after both 10X B.t.i. applications. Tanytarsini and Chironomini were also reduced in abundance (by 83 and 75%, respectively) at the 5X treatment, but reductions were not statistically significant. Regressions of larval chironomid abundance versus B.t.i. treatment rate indicated that the B.t.i. rates required to reduce chironomid abundance by 25, 50, and 75% were 1.5–2.0X, 2.1–3.3X, and 3.5–11.0X, respectively. Emergence of adult Chironomidae was significantly reduced at the 10X B.t.i. treatment, but not at 5X. The same trend was observed for the Chironominae, which comprised 82% of the family, but not for Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. Emergence of Ceratopogonidae and Chaoboridae was unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008867815244
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  • 44
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    Effect of Iron, Nickel and Cobalt on Bacterial Activity and Dynamics During Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic Matter (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: anaerobic bacteria ; heavy metals ; organic matter ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study reports on the effect of Fe2+, Ni2+ and CO2+ on anaerobic bacterial activity and dynamics during anaerobic mineralization of organic matter. Fe2+ stimulated biogas yield and methane content at 37 °C, but inhibited same marginally at low temperatures (10 and 20 °C). Ni2+ and CO2+ inhibited methane production; the toxicity increased with decreasing temperature. Fe2+ stimulated sulfate reducing bacterial (SRB) and methane producing bacterial (MPB) counts while Ni2+ and CO2+ inhibited the same. All the metals had no effect on obligate proton reducing bacterial (OPRB) counts. Fe2+ stimulated, Ni2+ severely and CO2+ appreciably inhibited H2 uptake and acetate/propionate utilization irrespective of presence/absence of sulfate. Thus, Ni2+ and CO2+ inhibited the overall anaerobic degradative process by inhibiting SRB and MPB activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005100924609
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  • 45
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    Acid Toxicity Levels in Nova Scotian Rivers Have Not Declined in Synchrony with the Decline in Sulfate Levels (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 203-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid precipitation ; acid vain ; Atlantic salmon ; LRTAP ; monitoring ; Nova Scotia ; rivers ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) resource of eastern Canada is impacted by acid rain in the Southern Upland (Atlantic Coast) area of Nova Scotia. Salmon runs in this area have become extinct in 14 rivers, are severely impacted in 20 rivers, and lightly impacted in 15 rivers. Water chemistry and fish communities in nine Southern Upland salmon rivers were studied from 1982 to 1996 as part of the effort to monitor the effects of the emission controlprograms in Canada and the United States. There hasbeen no statistically significant change in total ioncontent of Southern Upland river water, but there wasa significant decline in sulfate levels that was balanced by an increase in organic anions, and declines in calcium and magnesium that were balanced by increases in sodium and potassium. A geochemical scenario is proposed to account for these chemical changes. River water pH levels showed no overall linear trend, but at borderline toxicity sites the year-to-year variations in pH were correlated withchanges in juvenile salmon population densities. Tenfish species were collected, but none showed anysignificant overall time trend in population density.Fish species diversity was positively correlated with pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005115226251
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  • 46
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    Effect of Cadmium on Growth, ATP Content, Carbon Fixation and Ultrastructure in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: 14C uptake ; ATP ; cadmium ; growth ; microalga ; toxicity ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium toxicity to the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin has been studied on the basis of the effect of this metal on growth, ATP content, 14C uptake and cellular ultrastructure. The microalga was exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg l-1 of cadmium and showed a concentration-dependent inhibition in those physiological parameters. At cadmium concentrations of 5 mg l-1 or higher, a significant effect on growth of P. tricornutum was observed. After 8 hours of exposure to the different cadmium concentrations, the decrease in the ATP content was significant only at cadmium concentrations of 25 mg l-1 or higher. 14C uptake was more susceptible to cadmium than the decrease in the ATP content, as 5 mg l-1 of cadmium caused a severe decrease in this parameter. Cadmium also caused ultrastructural changes in P. tricornutum cells: deposition of cadmium on the surface of cell, increase in the chloroplast size, appearance of electrodense granulations, and reduction in lipid inclusions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005121012697
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  • 47
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    Toxic Effect of Certain Metals Mixture on Some Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Freshwater Algae (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 119-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: accumulation ; chlorophylls ; community structure ; indicator ; metals ; nile water algae ; pollution ; toxicity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effect of multi metals mixture which exist simultaneously in aquatic ecosystem on natural phytoplankton assemblages (green algae, blue-green algae and diatoms) was studied. For this purpose a laboratory scale unit was designed to evaluate the effect of continuous flow metals mixture in forms if triple and penta metals in Nile water algae. Clear changes in algal biomass in terms of chlorophyll a (chl a) took place when subjected to metals combination. The rise or decline in chl a was in relation with other algal pigments (chl b, chl c, carotenoides and phenophytin), protein and carbohydrate content of algal cells. Substantial changes in phytoplankton community structure was detected and the most tolerant group was blue-green algae followed by green algae while diatoms was the most sensitive group. The most dominant species in all cases were blue-green alga Oscillatoria mougeotii and green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. In addition clear changes in morphological shape was observed for tolerant species belonging to the three algal groups. Nile water algae has ability to remove and accumulate metals in the following order therefore Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Cr. In addition, phytoplankton has ability to recovered from the stress of metals when eliminated from the media and the recovered biomass was nearly equivalent to that before exposing to metals stress. The overall effect of metals mixture depending on the type and number of metals, the algal community structure and ratio between different morphological forms of algae (unicellular, colonial and filamentous).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005058607002
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  • 48
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    A Comparison of Five Bioassays to Monitor Toxicity During Bioremediation of Pentachlorophenol-Contaminated Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 157-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioassays ; bioremediation ; microbiology ; PCP ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Five bioassays were used to measure toxicity during bioremediation of a soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP; 335 ppm), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 1225 ppm) and petroleum hydrocarbons (19 125 ppm). Different bioremediation treatments were tested in soil microcosms including amendment with phosphorus and/or PCP-degrading Pseudomonas sp. UG30, either as free cells or encapsulated in κ-carrageenan. Soil toxicity was monitored using the solid-phase Microtox test, SOS-chromotest, lettuce seed germination, earthworm survival and sheep red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis assays. PCP levels were reduced in all treatments after 210 days. The RBC lysis assay, Microtox test and SOS-chromotest indicated reduced toxicity in most of the microcosms by day 210. Trends depicted by lettuce seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 values varied with each treatment. For example, in soil amended with phosphorus, both the seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 data suggested increased soil toxicity. However, for soil treated with encapsulated Pseudomonas sp. UG30 cells, the earthworm survival LC50 data indicated reduced toxicity while seed germination LC50 values showed little change from values obtained prior to bioremediation. Our results show that toxicity trends in a contaminated soil during bioremediation differ according to the assay used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005053305861
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