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  • Palaeoclimate
  • Springer  (8)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (2)
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  • 1
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    The intertropical convergence zone modulates intense hurricane strikes on the western North Atlantic margin (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 21728, doi:10.1038/srep21728
    Description: Most Atlantic hurricanes form in the Main Development Region between 9°N to 20°N along the northern edge of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Previous research has suggested that meridional shifts in the ITCZ position on geologic timescales can modulate hurricane activity, but continuous and long-term storm records are needed from multiple sites to assess this hypothesis. Here we present a 3000 year record of intense hurricane strikes in the northern Bahamas (Abaco Island) based on overwash deposits in a coastal sinkhole, which indicates that the ITCZ has likely helped modulate intense hurricane strikes on the western North Atlantic margin on millennial to centennial-scales. The new reconstruction closely matches a previous reconstruction from Puerto Rico, and documents a period of elevated intense hurricane activity on the western North Atlantic margin from 2500 to 1000 years ago when paleo precipitation proxies suggest that the ITCZ occupied a more northern position. Considering that anthropogenic warming is predicted to be focused in the northern hemisphere in the coming century, these results provide a prehistoric analog that an attendant northern ITCZ shift in the future may again return the western North Atlantic margin to an active hurricane interval.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF Awards: OCE-1519578, OCE-1356708, BCS-1118340.
    Keywords: Climate-change impacts ; Forest ecology ; Ocean sciences ; Palaeoclimate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    CO2 and fire influence tropical ecosystem stability in response to climate change (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 29587, doi:10.1038/srep29587.
    Description: Interactions between climate, fire and CO2 are believed to play a crucial role in controlling the distributions of tropical woodlands and savannas, but our understanding of these processes is limited by the paucity of data from undisturbed tropical ecosystems. Here we use a 28,000-year integrated record of vegetation, climate and fire from West Africa to examine the role of these interactions on tropical ecosystem stability. We find that increased aridity between 28–15 kyr B.P. led to the widespread expansion of tropical grasslands, but that frequent fires and low CO2 played a crucial role in stabilizing these ecosystems, even as humidity changed. This resulted in an unstable ecosystem state, which transitioned abruptly from grassland to woodlands as gradual changes in CO2 and fire shifted the balance in favor of woody plants. Since then, high atmospheric CO2 has stabilized tropical forests by promoting woody plant growth, despite increased aridity. Our results indicate that the interactions between climate, CO2 and fire can make tropical ecosystems more resilient to change, but that these systems are dynamically unstable and potentially susceptible to abrupt shifts between woodland and grassland dominated states in the future.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF grants EAR0601998, EAR0602355, AGS0402010, ATM0401908, ATM0214525, ATM0096232 and AGS1243125 and a Chevron Centennial Fellowship at the University of Texas at Austin awarded to T.M.S.
    Keywords: Climate-change ecology ; Palaeoclimate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonmarine Cretaceous palynology of northern Kordofan, Sudan, with notes on fossil Salviniales (water ferns) (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 773-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Palynology ; Pollen ; Spores ; Zonation ; Dinoflagellates ; Water fern macrofossils ; Palaeoclimate ; Cretaceous ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A palynological investigation of 164 samples from 18 water wells in northern Kordofan, Sudan, enabled the recognition of five informal zones based on pollen and spore assemblages ranging in age from Albian to Maastrichtian. The youngest (late Campanian-Maastrichtian) assemblages are restricted to the Bagbag Basin, whereas Albian-Cenomanian (to Turonian) sediments are widespread to the east and west of the Bagbag area. Impressions of Salvinia floating leaves from outcrops of the upper Hamrat el Wuz Formation, western part of the study area, are among the oldest occurrences of this water fern and indicate a Campanian-Maastrichtian age for these sediments. The vertical distribution of hygrophilous (pteridophytic spores) versus xerophilous (ephedroids and possibly small, weakly sculptured tricolporates) elements in the palynofloras suggests widespread moist or even aquatic habitats in the Albian-Cenomanian and Campanian-Maastrichtian. A shift towards drier conditions occurred in the late Cenomanian-Turonian. Throughout the Cretaceous, however, there may have been extensive arid/semiarid areas of non-deposition and seasonally dry periods. Some characteristics of the local palynofloras are attributed to its inner continental position. Rare Albian-Cenomanian and Campanian-Maastrichtian dinoflagellates could be interpreted as lacustrine phytoplankton rather than as evidence for marine influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251075
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings of beech: climatic versus site-related influences (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Stable carbon isotopes ; Palaeoclimate ; Fagus sylvatica ; Tree ring ; Precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings are a promising tool in palaeoclimate research, provided attempts are made to disentangle climatic from local effects (e.g. soil properties, competition, light). The 13C/12C variations in cellulose of tree rings of beech (Fagus sylvatica) were determined at several sites in the Swiss Central Plateau covering the last 50 years. We chose sites which differ in moisture conditions and sampled cores from four to six trees per site. The mean 13C/12C series from the different dry sites (distant by up to 40 km) are closely interrelated suggesting a common external cause. Correlation analysis with climate data proved the total precipitation in the months May, June and July to have the strongest effect on the carbon isotopes (r =  – 0.73). This result is in agreement with the commonly used model which relates the isotope discrimination to the water use efficiency. On the other hand, the isotope series of the wet sites are not as well correlated to the climate. At two of the sites (a dry and a humid) tree ring width suddenly increased. We used this effect as a test-case to study the influence of local growth conditions on the climate-isotope relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050087
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate during the Eemian in north-central Europe — a critical review of the palaeobotanical and stable isotope data from central Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 5 (1996), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Palaeoclimate ; Stable isotopes ; Eemian ; Early Weichselian ; Central Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the evidence from terrestrial palaeoenvironmental records in north-central Europe and, in particular, central Germany, which relates to the controversial proposition that there were strong climate oscillations during the last interglacial (oxygen isotope substage 5e). In contrast to the evidence from the GRIP ice core at Summit, Greenland, and a recent palaeoclimate reconstruction based on the pollen profile from Bispingen, Germany, the evaluation of the palaeobotanical and the stable isotope data presented here strongly suggests relatively stable temperature for most of the Eemian and with instability confined to the beginning and end of the interglacial. High amplitude temperature variations can be seen in both the Early Weichselian pollen and isotope records. It is argued that this pattern of climate development is applicable to most of continental north-central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for plant exploitation and vegetation history from three Early Neolithic pre-pottery sites on the Euphrates (Syria) (1996)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 5 (1996), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Euphrates ; Early Neolithic ; Cereals ; Natural vegetation ; Palaeoclimate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Archaeobotanical results based on a limited number of samples from three aceramic sites dating from 9800 to 7800 B.P., which are under excavation in the valley of the Middle Euphrates, are discussed. The finds are presented simply by presence, and are compared to the contemporary vegetation and finds from similar sites. Carbonised plant remains recovered by flotation from levels dated to between 9800 and 9200 B.P. (Dja'de and Jerf al Ahmar) indicate that wild cereals (einkorn wheat, rye and barley) and pulses (lentils, pea and bitter vetch) were exploited. Other plants such as wild grasses, Pistacia, wild almond and oak, suggest that the local vegetation provided a rich diversity of resources. A study of possible weed taxa is being carried out in order to see whether this assemblage could be used to identify the cultivation of morphologically wild cereals for this period. Ninth millennium B.P. levels at Halula see the appearance of domestic crops such as emmer, naked wheat and barley, but wild-type cereals persist. The cultivars appear to have been introduced from elsewhere and later ninth millennium B.P. species include olive and flax. Ash, vine, maple, plane, alder and elm from the gallery forest, wild rye, wild einkorn, deciduous oak, wild almond, Pistacia, and Pyrus, from the hinterland, indicate cooler conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189445
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Frasnian–Famennian biotic crisis: How many (if any) bolide impacts? (1999)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 87 (1999), S. 617-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Frasnian-Famennian ; Mass extinction ; Kellwasser crisis ; Bolide impacts ; Productivity ; Anoxia ; Palaeoclimate ; Tectonoeustasy ; Geotectonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The prime causation of the mid-Late Devonian mass extinction near the Frasnian–Famennian (F–F) boundary remains uncertain. Nevertheless, geochemical evidence has been presented recently as decisive evidence of a giant bolide impact occurring precisely at the F–F boundary, which promoted the global mortality episode. Palaeobiological data, however, imply a gradual global change, which is otherwise seen as a record of either multiple extraterrestrial catastrophes or of impact-triggered Earth-bound mechanisms. Sedimentological (mega-tsunami), physical (craters, microtektites), and geochemical records remain either elusive in many aspects, or incompatible with the predicted impact crisis pattern. Biotic succession across the F–F horizon is still poorly known, especially in continental domains, to evidence a synchronous ("bedding-plane") killing event at the close of the crisis. Instead, the commonly documented stepwise loss of biomass and an unproved distinctive "dead zone" are hard to explain simply as sampling artifacts. The assumed mass mortality precisely at the F–F boundary may be limited mainly to the pelagic realm. The underestimated role of early Variscan tectonism and associated volcanic-hydrothermal processes, resulting in thermal and nutrient pulses, as possible prime controls of the F–F crisis is suggested, as well as resemblances to the superplume-conditioned eventful mid-Cretaceous interval, exemplified in the Cenomanian-Turonian mass extinction. Additional shocks, generated by minor cometary strikes, are not excluded but may have affected some F–F biotas or areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050235
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminescence dating of loessic sediments from the Loess plateau, China (1999)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 87 (1999), S. 675-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Loess ; Luminescence ; Chronostratigraphy ; Palaeoclimate ; Loess plateau ; China ; Pleistocene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Loess/palaeosol sequences from the Loess plateau in China were investigated by combined infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating techniques in order to study the luminescence properties of the loessic sediments and to provide a direct chronological link for correlation and position of the last interglacial soil in Central Asia and the Loess plateau in China. Sensitivity changes were found for all samples through artificial bleaching of the samples. The greatest sensitivity changes, of up to 50%, were found for very old loess samples designated to be older than the Matu-yama/Brunhes magnetic boundary and hence older than 788,000±1,800 years. The upper dating limit, as investigated by the very old loess samples, ranges from 250,000 to 300,000 years, if the TL additive dose method is applied. The chronological position of the last interglacial soil S1 at the section near Lanzhou indicates luminescence age estimates ranging from 82,000 to 75,000 years for the marine-isotope stage 5 to 4 transition. However, the loess from below S1 yielded luminescence age estimates between 153,200±14,200 and 110,100±20,100 years for TL and IRSL additive dose methods, respectively. Thus, a direct correlation between the S1 and the first intercalated pedocomplex PC1 in Central Asia is most likely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050239
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A contribution towards the reconstruction of Eemian vegetation and climate in central Europe: First results of pollen and oxygen-isotope investigations from Mondsee, Austria (1998)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 7 (1998), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Pollen analysis ; Oxygen isotopes ; Palaeoclimate ; Eemian interglacial ; Austria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the results of pollen analysis and oxygen-isotope investigations of two new cores from Mondsee are discussed. The climatic progression from the end of the penultimate glaciation to the end of the Eemian interglacial is compared with reconstructions from Bispingen and Gräbern, northern Germany. The rise in temperature, between thePinus phase and the climate optimum in theCorylus phase, appears to have occurred in two steps. Evidence for climatic deterioration is first recorded during thePicea-Pinus phase, i.e. after theCarpinus phase. These reconstructions are in agreement with those based on the Gräbern pollen data, but contrast with recent reconstructions based on the Bispingen pollen profile and the GRIP ice core from Greenland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01146196
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diversity, zoogeography and geochronology of monkeys (1987)
    Springer
    Human evolution 2 (1987), S. 71-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Cercopithecoids ; Old World ; Geochronology ; Zoogeography ; Phylogeny ; Palaeoclimate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The synoptic perspective of the fossil record of Old World monkeys presented in the preceding articles prompted the author to explore aspects of cercopithecid biology which are difficult to examine with parochial evidence. These aspects include origins and subsequent spread of monkeys through the Old World, relationship of major events in cercopithecoid history to global climatic history, zoogeography and palaeozoogeography, and comparison of palaentological and neontological versions of cercopithecid phylogenies. While there remain temporal and geographic gaps in the fossil record, difficulties in interpretations will persist, but for the cercopithecids, the fossil data base is sufficiently comprehensive to yield a view of several of the main events in their history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436532
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