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  • Articles  (60)
  • immobilization  (60)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (60)
  • Nature America, Inc.
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (60)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophilic sulphate and sulphite reduction in lab-scale gas-lift reactors using H2 and CO2 as energy and carbon source (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 807-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: sulphate reduction ; sulphite reduction ; biofilm ; immobilization ; gas-lift reactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feasibility of thermophilic (55°C) sulphate and sulphite reduction with H2 and CO2 gas-mixtures was studied in gas-lift reactors, which contained pumice particles as carrier material. Particular attention was paid to biomass retention and the competition between hydrogenotrophic sulphate-reducers and other hydrogenotrophic thermophiles. A model medium with defined mineral nutrients was used.The results of the experiments clearly demonstrate that sulphate conversion rates up to 7.5 g SO42-/L per day can be achieved. With sulphite, a reduction rate of 3.7 g S/L per day was obtained, which equals a sulphate conversion rate of 11.1 g SO42-/L per day. Under the applied conditions, a strong competition for hydrogen between hydrogenotrophic sulphate-reducers, tentatively designated as Desulfotomaculum sp., and hydrogenotrophic methanogens was observed. The outcome of the competition could not be predicted. Growth of the mixed culture was totally inhibited at an H2S concentration of 250 mg/L. Poor attachment of sulphate-reducing bacteria was observed in all experiments. The biomass concentration did not exceed 1.2 g/L, despite the presence of 50 g/L of pumice. The reason for this phenomenon remains to be understood. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 807-814, 1997.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption and enzyme (β-galactosidase and α-chymotrypsin): Immobilization properties of gel fiber prepared by the gel formation of cellulose acetate and titanium iso-propoxide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 651-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cellulose ; gel ; fiber ; immobilization ; adsorption ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We prepared a new composite gel fiber by the gel formation of cellulose acetate and titanium iso-propoxide. The fiber is harder than alginate gel; it is also stable in common solvents, phosphate solution, and electrolyte solutions over a wide range of pH from 3 to 10. The fiber shows amphoretic adsorption properties depending on pH, namely, it acts anionic with decreasing pH and cationic with increasing pH. However, the fiber had no adsorption property for a pyrogen endotoxin. The β-galactosidase and α-chymotrypsin not retained in alginate gel were immobilized on the fibers by this method. The pH, temperature, and repeated run stabilities of the immobilized enzyme were compared to those of the native one. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:651-656, 1998.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of manganese peroxidase from Lentinula edodes and its biocatalytic generation of MnIII-chelate as a chemical oxidant of chlorophenols (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 204-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: immobilization ; white-rot fungi ; Lentinula edodes ; manganese peroxidase ; Mn3+ ; azlactone ; chlorophenol ; EEDQ ; biocatalyst ; bioremediation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Manganese peroxidase (MnP) purified from commercial cultures of Lentinula edodes was covalently immobilized through its carboxyl groups using an azlactone-functional copolymer derivatized with ethylenediamine and 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) as a coupling reagent. The tethered enzyme was employed in a two-stage immobilized MnP bioreactor for catalytic generation of chelated MnIII and subsequent oxidation of chlorophenols. Manganese peroxidase immobilized in the enzyme reactor (reactor 1) produced MnIII-chelate, which was pumped into another chemical reaction vessel (reactor 2) containing the organopollutant. Reactor 1-generated MnIII-chelates oxidized 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in reactor 2, demonstrating a two-stage enzyme and chemical system. H2O2 and oxalate chelator concentrations were varied to optimize the immobilized MnP's oxidation of MnII to MnIII. Oxidation of 1.0 mM MnII to MnIII was initially measured at 78% efficiency under optimized conditions. After 24 h of continuous operation under optimized reaction conditions, the reactor still oxidized 1.0 mM MnII to MnIII with ∼69% efficiency, corresponding to 88% of the initial MnP activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 204-215, 1998.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new continuous biofilm bioreactor for immobilized oil-degrading filamentous fungi (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 20-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: filamentous fungi ; immobilization ; biofilm bioreactor ; oil emulsion ; degradation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new type of horizontal biofilm bioreactor for continuous bioconversion of emulsified oily substrate by immobilized growing biofilm of filamentous fungi was designed, constructed, and feasibility tested. The new reactor design provides “self”-immobilization of homogenized mycelium leading to even biofilm development. This was accomplished by using stainless steel screens of optimal mesh, mounted in parallel and stretching outward from a main rotating axis of a biological rotating contractor. Each screen was equipped with a pair of stainless steel blades mounted on supports allowing for continuous biofilm “shaving” beyond a predetermined thickness, thus retaining freshly growing active biofilm surface. The feasibility of the new bioreactor was demonstrated by decalactone production from emulsified castor oil by immobilized filamentous fungi (Tyromyces sambuceus). The combination of oriented metal screens and moving blades was found to be highly effective for a model system in maintaining stable substrate emulsion in the reactor in either batchwise or continuous processing, as well as maintaining biofilm thickness with continuous removal of excess growing hyphae. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of trypsin onto “molded” macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) rods and use of the conjugates as bioreactors and for affinity chromatography (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: trypsin ; immobilization ; molded support ; poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) ; porous materials ; affinity chromatography ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin immobilization onto continuous “molded” rods of porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) and some applications of the conjugate have been studied. The rods polymerized within a tubular mold (chromatographic column), were treated in situ with ethylenediamine, activated with glutaraldehyde and finally modified with trypsin. The performance of the trypsin-modified rods was evaluated and compared to that of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads, modified with the same enzyme. Overall the enzyme-modified rods performed substantially better than the corresponding beads. In particular, the performance of the molded supports as enzymatic reactors or as chromatographic media benefits greatly from the enhanced mass transfer that is characteristic of the molded rod at high flow rates. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xylitol production by immobilized recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a continuous packed-bed bioreactor (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: xylitol ; recombinant yeast ; immobilization ; continuous packed-bed reactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous xylitol production with two different immobilized recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (H475 and S641), expressing low and high xylose reductase (XR) activities, was investigated in a lab-scale packed-bed bioreactor. The effect of hydraulic residence time (HRT; 1.3-11.3 h), substrate/cosubstrate ratio (0.5 and 1), recycling ratio (0, 5, and 10), and aeration (anaerobic and oxygen limited conditions) were studied. The cells were immobilized by gel entrapment using Ca-alginate as support and the beads were treated with Al3+ to improve their mechanical strength. Xylose was converted to xylitol using glucose as cosubstrate for regeneration of NAD(P)H required in xylitol formation and for generation of maintenance energy. The stability of the recombinant strains after 15 days of continuous operation was evaluated by XR activity and plasmid retention analyses. Under anaerobic conditions the volumetric xylitol productivity increased with decreasing HRT with both strains. With a recycling ratio of 10, volumetric productivities as high as 3.44 and 5.80 g/L · h were obtained with the low XR strain at HRT 1.3 h and with the high XR strain at HRT 2.6 h, respectively. However, the highest overall xylitol yields on xylose and on cosubstrate were reached at higher HRTs. Lowering the xylose/cosubstrate ratio from 1 to 0.5 increased the overall yield of xylitol on xylose, but the productivity and the xylitol yield on cosubstrate decreased. Under oxygen limited conditions the effect of the recycling ratio on production parameters was masked by other factors, such as an accumulation of free cells in the bioreactor and severe genetic instability of the high XR strain. Under anaerobic conditions the instability was less severe, causing a decrease in XR activity from 0.15 to 0.10 and from 3.18 to 1.49 U/mg with the low and high XR strains, respectively. At the end of the fermentation, the fraction of plasmid bearing cells in the beads was close to 100% for the low XR strain; however, it was significantly lower for the high XR strain, particularly for cells from the interior of the beads. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covalent binding of a nerve agent hydrolyzing enzyme within polyurethane foams (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51 (1996), S. 450-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: enzymes ; immobilization ; phosphotriesterase ; polyurethane foam ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A phosphotriesterase preparation, extracted from Escherichia coli DH5α cells, was immobilized within a polyurethane foam matrix during polymer synthesis. The enzyme-foam interaction was shown to be covalent and analysis of the hydrolysis of paraoxon in aqueous solution demonstrated that more than 50% of the initial enzyme specific activity was retained after immobilization in the foam. Factors affecting the rate of paraoxon degradation include foam hydrophobicity, the degree of mixing applied to initiate polymerization, and foam pretreatment prior to use in substrate hydrolysis. The storage stability of the foam is significant, with phosphotriesterase-foam activity profiles exhibiting a three month half-life. Foams are currently being developed for biocatalytic air filtering, in which gaseous substrates will be simultaneously adsorbed and degraded by the immobilized enzyme system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of confocal scanning laser microscopy and other tools to characterize Escherichia coli in a high-cell-density synthetic biofilm (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 340-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: laser microscopy, confocal scanning ; Escherichia coli ; biofilms ; immobilization ; confocal scanning laser microscopy ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Properties of a novel, synthetic biofilm were examined by using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) in combination with fluorescent probes and by investigating total protein content and specific β-galactosidase activity during various steps of the biofilm preparation. Viable, but nongrowing Escherichia coli were entrapped in 10- to 80-μm-thick multilayer films, where a copolymer of acrylic and vinyl acetate was the immobilization matrix. Cell viability and distribution within the films were evaluated by developing a protocol to stain the bacteria with fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide, thereby labeling all cells green and dead cells red, respectively. Confocal microscopy facilitated viewing samples in the XY and XZ planes, and image analysis enabled counting of the cells. These experiments showed that the initial viability of the entrapped bacteria was 85% to 90%, cell distribution was uniform in the XY plane and cell number increased with increasing depth into the film. Specific β-galactosidase assays developed here allowed comparison of the induction of lacZin suspended and immobilized cells. These experiments demonstrated that rehydration was an important step in biofilm preparation, and E. coli cast into synthetic biofilms with cell layers of at least 20 to 35 μm in thickness had gene induction characteristics similar to suspended cells. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of a sulfide-oxidizing expanded-bed reactor supplied with dissolved oxygen (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 53 (1997), S. 32-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: expanded-bed reactor ; sulfur ; Thiobacilli ; immobilization ; biofilm ; sludge ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a new sulfide-oxidizing, expanded-bed bioreactor is described. To stimulate the formation of well-settleable sulfur sludge, which comprises active sulfide-oxidizing bacterial biomass and elemental sulfur, the aeration of the liquid phase and the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur are spatially separated. The liquid phase is aerated in a vessel and subsequently recirculated to the sulfide-oxidizing bioreactor. In this manner, turbulencies due to aeration of the liquid phase in the bioreactor are avoided. It appeared that, under autotrophic conditions, almost all biomass present in the reactor will be immobilized within the sulfur sludge which consists mainly of elemental sulfur (92%) and biomass (2.5%). The particles formed have a diameter of up to 3 mm and can easily be grinded down. Within time, the sulfur sludge obtained excellent settling properties; e.g., after 50 days of operation, 90% of the sludge settles down at a velocity above 25 m h-1 while 10% of the sludge had a sedimentation velocity higher than 108 m h-1. Because the biomass is retained in the reactor, higher sulfide loading rates may be applied than to a conventional “free-cell” suspension. The maximum sulfide-loading rate reached was 14 g HS- L-1 d-1, whereas for a free-cell suspension a maximum loading rate of 6 g HS- L-1 d-1 was found. At higher loading rates, the upward velocities of the aerated suspension became too high so that sulfur sludge accumulated in the settling zone on top of the reactor. When the influent was supplemented with volatile fatty acids, heterotrophic sulfur and sulfate reducing bacteria, and possibly also (facultatively) heterotrophic Thiobacilli, accumulated within the sludge. This led to a serious deterioration of the system; i.e., the sulfur formed was increasingly reduced to sulfide, and also the formation rate of sulfur sludge declined. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxol (paclitaxel) production using free and immobilized cells of Taxus cuspidata (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 53 (1997), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Taxol ; plant cell culture ; continuous production ; immobilization ; Taxus cuspidata ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production characteristics for Taxol (paclitaxel) using free and immobilized cells of Taxus cuspidata were investigated in a perfusion culture bioreactor. Although the cell growth was inhibited by higher dilution rates, the specific production rate of Taxol was increased by perfusion compared with that using batch operation. Perfusion cultures using a nylon-mesh cell separator for free suspension cells showed similar production profiles to those obtained using immobilized cells. Continuous Taxol production was successfully obtained at an approximate specific production rate of 0.3 mg/g DCW (dry cell weight) per day for up to 40 days. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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