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  • 04.06. Seismology  (27)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology
  • MDPI  (25)
  • Wiley  (7)
  • 1
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    Cross-Correlation among Seismic Events, Rainfalls, and Carbon Dioxide Anomalies in Spring Water: Insights from Geochemical Monitoring in Northern Tuscany, Italy (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: Variations in the CO2 dissolved in water springs have long been observed near the epicenters of moderate and strong earthquakes. In a recent work focused on data collected during the 2017–2021 period from a monitoring site in the Northern Apennines, Italy, we noticed a significant correlation between CO2 anomalies and moderate-to-weak seismic activity. Here, we extended this analysis by focusing on data collected from the same site during a different period (2010–2013) and by integrating the CENSUS method with an artificial neural network (ANN) in the already-tested protocol. As in our previous work, a fit of the computed residual CO2 distributions allowed us to evidence statistically relevant CO2 anomalies. Thus, we extended a test of the linear dependence of these anomalies to seismic events over a longer period by means of binary correlations. This new analysis also included strong seismic events. Depending on the method applied, we observed different time lags. Specifically, using the CENSUS methodology, we detected a CO2 anomaly one day ahead of the earthquake and another anomaly eleven days ahead. However, no anomaly was observed with the ANN methodology. We also investigated possible correlations between CO2 concentrations and rain events and between rain events and earthquakes, highlighting the occurrence of a CO2 anomaly one day after a rain event of at least 10 mm and no linear dependence of seismic and rain events. Similar to our previous work, we achieved a probability gain of around 4, which is the probably of earthquake increases after CO2 anomaly observations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 739
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 anomalies ; continuous monitoring ; small earthquakes ; statistical correlations ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Vulnerability Assessment of Art Collections: The National Archaeological Museum “Gaio Cilnio Mecenate” in Arezzo (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: Artworks play a fundamental role in the cultural and economic assets of communities, enhancing their identity and helping with social integration. Despite their importance, they are not always adequately protected against degradation, which can be induced by aging, atmospheric and human-induced occurrences, and catastrophic events. Earthquakes certainly represent one of the main risks for art objects; however, traffic, construction works, and shipment can also represent a threat to art goods. Therefore, the assessment of the vulnerability of art collections to dynamic excitations plays a crucial role in their conservation, and it has been collecting increasing attention from researchers, academics, and museum managers. This work focuses on the vulnerability of the art collections exhibited at the “Gaio Cilnio Mecenate” museum in Arezzo. Namely, it aims to assess the effective dynamic loading experienced by the artworks, which is a function of the dynamic propagation played by the foundation soil, the building, and the displayers used for the exhibition. In this study, the dynamic properties of some of the displayers used for exhibiting the art collections are investigated by performing an experimental survey. The analysis of the experimental data led to the assessment of the proper frequencies of the displayers, which were compared to those of the building and the foundation soil of the museum.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2701
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: art collections ; seismic vulnerability ; seismic safety assessment ; experimental dynamic monitoring ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    A Cloud-IoT Architecture for Latency-Aware Localization in Earthquake Early Warning (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: An effective earthquake early warning system requires rapid and reliable earthquake source detection. Despite the numerous proposed epicenter localization solutions in recent years, their utilization within the Internet of Things (IoT) framework and integration with IoT-oriented cloud platforms remain underexplored. This paper proposes a complete IoT architecture for earthquake detection, localization, and event notification. The architecture, which has been designed, deployed, and tested on a standard cloud platform, introduces an innovative approach by implementing P-wave "picking" directly on IoT devices, deviating from traditional regional earthquake early warning (EEW) approaches. Pick association, source localization, event declaration, and user notification functionalities are also deployed on the cloud. The cloud integration simplifies the integration of other services in the architecture, such as data storage and device management. Moreover, a localization algorithm based on the hyperbola method is proposed, but here, the time difference of arrival multilateration is applied that is often used in wireless sensor network applications. The results show that the proposed end-to-end architecture is able to provide a quick estimate of the earthquake epicenter location with acceptable errors for an EEW system scenario. Rigorous testing against the standard of reference in Italy for regional EEW showed an overall 3.39 s gain in the system localization speed, thus offering a tangible metric of the efficiency and potential proposed system as an EEW solution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8431
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Internet of Things ; cloud computing ; early warning systems ; earthquake localization ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    The micro‐seismicity of Co. Donegal (Ireland): Defining baseline seismicity in a region of slow lithospheric deformation (2024)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A catalogue of precisely located micro-seismicity is fundamental for investigating seismicity and rock physical properties in active tectonic and volcanic regions and for the definition of a ‘baseline’ seismicity, required for a safe future exploitation of georesource areas. In this study, we produce the first manually revised catalogue of micro-seismicity for Co. Donegal region (Ireland), an area of about 50K M2 of on-going deformation, aimed at localizing natural micro-seismic events occurred between 2012 and 2015. We develop a stochastic method based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) sampling approach to compute earthquake hypocentral location parameters. Our results indicates that micro-seismicity is present with magnitudes lower than 2 (the highest magnitude is 2.8).The recorded seismicity is almost clustered along previously mapped NE-SW trending, steeply dipping faults and confined within the upper crust (focal depth less than 10 km). We also recorded anthropogenic seismicity mostly related to quarries' activity in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 62-76
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    CSES-01 Electron Density Background Characterisation and Preliminary Investigation of Possible Ne Increase before Global Seismicity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In this paper, we provide a characterisation of the ionosphere from April 2018 to September 2022 for 48 investigated months. We used the data of the China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), which is a sun-synchronous satellite with five days of revisit time and fixed local time of about 2 a.m. and 2 p.m. The unique orbit of CSES-01 permitted us to produce a monthly background of the ionosphere for night- and daytime with median values acquired during geomagnetic quiet time in equatorial and mid-latitude regions (i.e., between 50° S and 50° N of geographical latitude). We compared the obtained CSES-01 monthly median values with the solar activity in terms of sunspot numbers, and we found a high correlation of 0.89 for nighttime and 0.85 for daytime between the mean sunspot number and the maximum of the characterised CSES-01 Ne map values. In addition, we extracted all the anomalous positive increases in CSES-01 electron density and compared them with the Worldwide M5.5+ shallow earthquakes. We tested two different definitions of anomaly based on median and interquartile range or (mild) outliers. We tried two relationships between anomalies inside Dobrovolsky’s area before the earthquake and the magnitude of the same seismic events: one which considers distance in space and time and a second which only uses the anticipation time of the anomaly before the earthquake. Using both anomaly definitions, we searched the best coefficients for these two laws for mid-latitude and equational regions. We found that the best coefficients are independent of the anomaly definition, but better accuracy (greater than 80%) is obtained for the outlier definition. Finally, using receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we show that CSES-01 increases seem statistically correlated to the incoming seismic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1527
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CSES ; electron density ; earthquake ; ionosphere ; satellite background ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Contemporaneous Thick- and Thin-Skinned Seismotectonics in the External Zagros: The Case of the 2021 Fin Doublet, Iran (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: In this work, we propose a geodetic model for the seismic sequence, with doublet earthquakes, that occurred in Bandar Abbas, Iran, in November 2021. A dataset of Sentinel-1 images, processed using the InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technique, was employed to identify the surface deformation caused by the major events of the sequence and to constrain their geometry and kinematics using seismological constraints. A Coulomb stress transfer analysis was also applied to investigate the sequence’s structural evolution in space and time. A linear inversion of the InSAR data provided a non-uniform distribution of slip over the fault planes. We also performed an accurate relocation of foreshocks and aftershocks recorded by locally established seismographs, thereby allowing us to determine the compressional tectonic stress regime affecting the crustal volume. Despite the very short time span of the sequence, our results clearly suggest that distinct blind structures that were previously unknown or only suspected were the causative faults. The first Mw 6.0 earthquake occurred on an NNE-dipping, intermediate-angle, reverse-oblique plane, while the Mw 6.4 earthquake occurred on almost horizontal or very low-angle (SSE-dipping) reverse segments with top-to-the-south kinematics. The former, which cut through and displaced the Pan-African pre-Palaeozoic basement, indicates a thick-skinned tectonic style, while the latter rupture(s), which occurred within the Palaeozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary succession and likely exploited the stratigraphic mechanical discontinuities, clearly depicts a thin-skinned style.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2981
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    The 2022 Seismic Sequence in the Northern Adriatic Sea and Its Long-Term Simulation (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: We studied the long-term features of earthquakes caused by a fault system in the northern Adriatic sea that experienced a series of quakes beginning with two main shocks of magnitude 5.5 and 5.2 on 9 November 2022 at 06:07 and 06:08 UTC, respectively. This offshore fault system, identified through seismic reflection profiles, has a low slip rate of 0.2–0.5 mm/yr. As the historical record spanning a millennium does not extend beyond the inter-event time for the largest expected earthquakes (M ' 6.5), we used an earthquake simulator to generate a 100,000-year catalogue with 121 events of Mw 5.5. The simulation results showed a recurrence time (Tr) increasing from 800 yrs to 1700 yrs as the magnitude threshold increased from 5.5 to 6.5. However, the standard deviation s of inter-event times remained at a stable value of 700 yrs regardless of the magnitude threshold. This means that the coefficient of variation (Cv = s/Tr) decreased from 0.9 to 0.4 as the threshold magnitude increased from 5.5 to 6.5, making earthquakes more predictable over time for larger magnitudes. Our study supports the use of a renewal model for seismic hazard assessment in regions of moderate seismicity, especially when historical catalogues are not available.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3746
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Numerical modelling ; earthquake simulator ; statistical methods ; earthquake clustering ; northern Adriatic Sea ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Detection of Low Frequency Seismicity at Mt. Vesuvius Based on Coherence and Statistical Moments of Seismic Signals (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Mt. Vesuvius is a high-hazard active volcano surrounded by a densely populated area. Since human activities generate high levels of seismic noise, recognizing low-amplitude seismic events in the signals recorded by the local seismic monitoring network operating at Vesuvius is very difficult. Here, we describe an automatic procedure applied to continuous data with the aim of finding low-amplitude–low-frequency events hidden in the recorded signals. The methodology is based on the computation of two spectral parameters, central frequency Ω and shape factor ẟ, at selected sites, and the coherence of the seismic signal among different sites. The proposed procedure is applied to 28 months of recordings from 2019 to 2021, tuning the search parameters in order to find low-frequency signals similar to those occasionally observed in the past at the same volcano. The results allowed us to identify 80 seismic events that have the spectral features of low-frequency earthquakes or tremor. Among these, 12 events characterized by sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio have been classified as deep low-frequency earthquakes, most of which are not reported in the catalog. The remaining events (more than 60) are characterized by similar spectral features but with an extremely low amplitude that prevents any reliable location of the source and definitive classification. The results of this work demonstrate that the low-frequency endogenous activity at Mt. Vesuvius volcano is more frequent that previously thought.
    Description: The dataset used in this paper was collected by mobile and permanent seismic networks, as carried out within the framework of the Agreement (Annex A) between the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC) and INGV.
    Description: Published
    Description: 194
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    The Choice of Time–Frequency Representations of Non-Stationary Signals Affects Machine Learning Model Accuracy: A Case Study on Earthquake Detection from LEN-DB Data (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: Non-stationary signals are often analyzed using raw waveform data or spectrograms of those data; however, the possibility of alternative time–frequency representations being more informative than the original data or spectrograms is yet to be investigated. This paper tested whether alternative time–frequency representations could be more informative for machine learning classification of seismological data. The mentioned hypothesis was evaluated by training three well-established convolutional neural networks using nine time–frequency representations. The results were compared to the base model, which was trained on the raw waveform data. The signals that were used in the experiment are three-component seismogram instances from the Local Earthquakes and Noise DataBase (LEN-DB). The results demonstrate that Pseudo Wigner–Ville and Wigner–Ville time–frequency representations yield significantly better results than the base model, while spectrogram and Margenau–Hill perform significantly worse (p 〈 0.01). Interestingly, the spectrogram, which is often used in signal analysis, had inferior performance when compared to the base model. The findings presented in this research could have notable impacts in the fields of geophysics and seismology as the phenomena that were previously hidden in the seismic noise are now more easily identified. Furthermore, the results indicate that applying Pseudo Wigner–Ville or Wigner–Ville time–frequency representations could result in a large increase in earthquakes in the catalogs and lessen the need to add new stations with an overall reduction in the costs. Finally, the proposed approach of extracting valuable information through time–frequency representations could be applied in other domains as well, such as electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram signal analysis, speech recognition, gravitational waves investigation, and so on.
    Description: COST project G2Net CA17137 A network for Gravitational Waves, Geophysics and Machine Learning.
    Description: Published
    Description: 965
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake detection; convolutional neural network; non-stationary signal analysis; classification; time–frequency representation ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Consistency Check of ITACAext, the Flatfile of the Italian Accelerometric Archive (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: We present the results of a consistency check performed over a flatfile of accelerometric data extracted from the ITalian ACcelerometric Archive (ITACA), enriched with velocimetric records of events with magnitude M 〈 4.0. The flatfile, called ITACAext, includes 31,967 waveforms from 1709 shallow crustal earthquakes, in the magnitude range from 3.0 to 6.9, and occurred in the period of 1972–2019 in Italy. The consistency check is carried out by decomposing the residuals obtained from a reference ground motion model, for the ordinates of the 5% damped acceleration response spectra. The residual components are subsequently analyzed to identify a list of events, stations, and records that significantly deviate from the median trends predicted by the model. The results indicate that about 10% of events and stations are outliers, while only 1% of the waveforms present anomalous amplitudes. The asymmetrical azimuthal coverage of seismic stations around the epicenter is the most common issue that can affect the estimates of the repeatable event residual term. On the other hand, peculiarities in the site-response or wrong estimates of the soil parameters (i.e., the average shear-wave velocity in the first 30 m of the subsoil) are the main issues related to the repeatable station residuals. Finally, single records can show large residuals because of issues related to signal acquisition (e.g., multiple events, noisy records) or possible near-source effects (e.g., rupture directivity).
    Description: Published
    Description: 334
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ground-motion models ; residual analysis ; consistency check ; strong motion flatfile ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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