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  • 1
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    MIS-11 duration key to disappearance of the Greenland ice sheet (2017)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 8 . Art.Nr. 16008.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Palaeo data suggest that Greenland must have been largely ice free during Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS-11). However, regional summer insolation anomalies were modest during this time compared to MIS-5e, when the Greenland ice sheet likely lost less volume. Thus it remains unclear how such conditions led to an almost complete disappearance of the ice sheet. Here we use transient climate–ice sheet simulations to simultaneously constrain estimates of regional temperature anomalies and Greenland’s contribution to the MIS-11 sea-level highstand. We find that Greenland contributed 6.1 m (3.9–7.0 m, 95% credible interval) to sea level, ∼7 kyr after the peak in regional summer temperature anomalies of 2.8 °C (2.1–3.4 °C). The moderate warming produced a mean rate of mass loss in sea-level equivalent of only around 0.4 m per kyr, which means the long duration of MIS-11 interglacial conditions around Greenland was a necessary condition for the ice sheet to disappear almost completely.
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  • 2
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    Implementation of an automated workflow for image-based seafloor classification with examples from manganese-nodule covered seabed areas in the Central Pacific Ocean (2022)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Mapping and monitoring of seafloor habitats are key tasks for fully understanding ocean ecosystems and resilience, which contributes towards sustainable use of ocean resources. Habitat mapping relies on seafloor classification typically based on acoustic methods, and ground truthing through direct sampling and optical imaging. With the increasing capabilities to record high-resolution underwater images, manual approaches for analyzing these images to create seafloor classifications are no longer feasible. Automated workflows have been proposed as a solution, in which algorithms assign pre-defined seafloor categories to each image. However, in order to provide consistent and repeatable analysis, these automated workflows need to address e.g., underwater illumination artefacts, variances in resolution and class-imbalances, which could bias the classification. Here, we present a generic implementation of an Automated and Integrated Seafloor Classification Workflow (AI-SCW). The workflow aims to classify the seafloor into habitat categories based on automated analysis of optical underwater images with only minimal amount of human annotations. AI-SCW incorporates laser point detection for scale determination and color normalization. It further includes semi-automatic generation of the training data set for fitting the seafloor classifier. As a case study, we applied the workflow to an example seafloor image dataset from the Belgian and German contract areas for Manganese-nodule exploration in the Pacific Ocean. Based on this, we provide seafloor classifications along the camera deployment tracks, and discuss results in the context of seafloor multibeam bathymetry. Our results show that the seafloor in the Belgian area predominantly comprises densely distributed nodules, which are intermingled with qualitatively larger-sized nodules at local elevations and within depressions. On the other hand, the German area primarily comprises nodules that only partly cover the seabed, and these occur alongside turned-over sediment (artificial seafloor) that were caused by the settling plume following a dredging experiment conducted in the area.
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  • 3
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    Position and orientation of the westerly jet determined Holocene rainfall patterns in China (2019)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Communications, 10 (1). Art.Nr. 2376.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Proxy-based reconstructions and modeling of Holocene spatiotemporal precipitation patterns for China and Mongolia have hitherto yielded contradictory results indicating that the basic mechanisms behind the East Asian Summer Monsoon and its interaction with the westerly jet stream remain poorly understood. We present quantitative reconstructions of Holocene precipitation derived from 101 fossil pollen records and analyse them with the help of a minimal empirical model. We show that the westerly jet-stream axis shifted gradually southward and became less tilted since the middle Holocene. This was tracked by the summer monsoon rain band resulting in an early-Holocene precipitation maximum over most of western China, a mid-Holocene maximum in north-central and northeastern China, and a late-Holocene maximum in southeastern China. Our results suggest that a correct simulation of the orientation and position of the westerly jet stream is crucial to the reliable prediction of precipitation patterns in China and Mongolia.
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  • 4
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    Shallow-water hydrothermal venting linked to the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (2023)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a global warming event of 5–6 °C around 56 million years ago caused by input of carbon into the ocean and atmosphere. Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases produced in contact aureoles surrounding magmatic intrusions in the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been proposed to play a key role in the PETM carbon-cycle perturbation, but the precise timing, magnitude and climatic impact of such venting remains uncertain. Here we present seismic data and the results of a five-borehole transect sampling the crater of a hydrothermal vent complex in the Northeast Atlantic. Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy and dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy reveal a negative carbon isotope excursion coincident with the appearance of the index taxon Apectodinium augustum in the vent crater, firmly tying the infill to the PETM. The shape of the crater and stratified sediments suggests large-scale explosive gas release during the initial phase of vent formation followed by rapid, but largely undisturbed, diatomite-rich infill. Moreover, we show that these vents erupted in very shallow water across the North Atlantic Igneous Province, such that volatile emissions would have entered the atmosphere almost directly without oxidation to CO 2 and at the onset of the PETM.
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  • 5
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    The politics of sufficiency : making it easier to live the good life (2014)
    München : Oekom-Verl.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: A book promoting policies to make it easier to live the Good Life must do two things. Firstly, it must demonstrate that such policies are necessary; secondly, it must set out how such a policy programme is to be implemented. In other words, it has to show that the politics of sufficiency is feasible. "The Politics of Sufficiency" deals with claims of feasibility, and with the objections to them. It demonstrates that a politics of the Good Life can be both justified and legitimated in modern free democratic societies - indeed, that it is an essential condition of such societies. The main section of the book sets out in detail how such a politics can be implemented, organised along four political dimensions. At the same time, this book can only represent a beginning, and that is its aim - a starting-point for a broad discussion over the coming years.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: book , doc-type:book
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  • 6
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    Mobilitätssuffizienz : Grundlagen, Messung, Förderung (2018)
    München : Oekom-Verl.
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Suffizientes Mobilitätsverhalten funktioniert im Alltag und kann die Treibhausgasemissionen unserer Alltagsmobilität heute schon um fast zwei Drittel senken - dies ist das ermutigende Ergebnis einer Fallstudie mit 32 Erwachsenen. Durch Effizienz- und Konsistenzstrategien dagegen konnten Treibhausgasemissionen im Verkehrsbereich in Deutschland bisher nicht gesenkt werden. Demgegenüber kann Suffizienz - durch ein verändertes Konsumverhalten und einen dadurch verringerten Ressourcenaufwand und Umweltverbrauch - die Schädigung der Umwelt deutlich reduzieren. Markus Profijt definiert in seiner Studie erstmals, wie die Mobilitätssuffizienz und die dafür geeigneten Handlungsoptionen gemessen werden können. Die Ergebnisse seiner empirischen Pilotstudie zeigen, wie die Mobilitätsbedürfnisse und das Mobilitätsverhalten suffizient handelnder Personen aussehen. Aus seinen Analyseergebnissen entwickelt er Handlungsempfehlungen für die kommunale Praxis zur Förderung der Mobilitätssuffizienz.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 7
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    Genomes of coral dinoflagellate symbionts highlight evolutionary adaptations conducive to a symbiotic lifestyle (2016)
    Nature Research
    In:  Scientific Reports, 6 . p. 39734.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Despite half a century of research, the biology of dinoflagellates remains enigmatic: they defy many functional and genetic traits attributed to typical eukaryotic cells. Genomic approaches to study dinoflagellates are often stymied due to their large, multi-gigabase genomes. Members of the genus Symbiodinium are photosynthetic endosymbionts of stony corals that provide the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. Their smaller genome sizes provide an opportunity to interrogate evolution and functionality of dinoflagellate genomes and endosymbiosis. We sequenced the genome of the ancestral Symbiodinium microadriaticum and compared it to the genomes of the more derived Symbiodinium minutum and Symbiodinium kawagutii and eukaryote model systems as well as transcriptomes from other dinoflagellates. Comparative analyses of genome and transcriptome protein sets show that all dinoflagellates, not only Symbiodinium, possess significantly more transmembrane transporters involved in the exchange of amino acids, lipids, and glycerol than other eukaryotes. Importantly, we find that only Symbiodinium harbor an extensive transporter repertoire associated with the provisioning of carbon and nitrogen. Analyses of these transporters show species-specific expansions, which provides a genomic basis to explain differential compatibilities to an array of hosts and environments, and highlights the putative importance of gene duplications as an evolutionary mechanism in dinoflagellates and Symbiodinium.
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  • 8
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    Damit gutes Leben einfacher wird : Perspektiven einer Suffizienzpolitik (2013)
    München : Oekom-Verl.
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    Publication Date: 2022-04-05
    Description: Die Debatte um den Veggie-Day hat gezeigt: sehr schnell wird das alte Konfliktmuster "Freiheit vs. Staat" aktiviert. Selbst das eingestaubte Bild einer "Ökodiktatur" dient wieder als Schreckgespenst und Wahlkampfhilfe. Dabei lohnt es sich sehr wohl, über das Verhältnis von Staat und individueller Freiheit zu streiten. Uwe Schneidewind und Angelika Zahrnt zeigen in dem Buch, wie dieses Verhältnis im Zeitalter der Nachhaltigkeit neu auszutarieren ist und ein zeitgemäßer Liberalismus aussehen kann. Das Buch erweitert den Blick auf die Debatte über die Wohlstandspolitik und es provoziert. Es verbindet die individuelle Suche nach dem guten Leben mit der Aufforderung an die Politik, diese Suche zu erleichtern und zu unterstützen. Wo hat die individuelle Konsumfreiheit heute ihre Grenzen, wenn wir - wie z. B. beim Klimawandel - um ihre weltweiten Folgen wissen? Wer hat die Verantwortung dafür, dass ökologische Grenzen eingehalten werden? Welchen Handlungsspielraum hat das Individuum und wie kann Politik ihn erweitern? Eine gute Politik sorgt dafür, dass eine Vielfalt individueller Lebensstile möglich ist, ohne die Lebensentwürfe anderer einzuschränken. Sie schafft Möglichkeitsräume für gutes Leben, so die beiden Autoren. Von einer ökologisch orientierten Wirtschaftsordnung über die Gestaltung einer auf das richtige Maß setzenden Stadt- und Verkehrspolitik bis zu neuen Impulsen in der Verbraucher-, Arbeits- und Gesundheitspolitik reichen dabei die Ansatzpunkte einer Suffizienzpolitik. Das Buch zeigt die Ansätze auf und entwickelt daraus ein umfassendes politisches Programm.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Weder Mangel noch Übermaß : warum Suffizienz unentbehrlich ist (2012)
    München : Oekom-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-08
    Description: Weder Mangel noch Übermaß - diese Formel fasst das Anliegen der in diesem Band versammelten Aufsätze zusammen. Eine Formel, die Wohlstand für alle einfordert, gleichzeitig aber die Begrenzung des materiellen Wachstums, das "rechte Maß" sucht und streitbar vertritt. Der Autor warnt vor Lösungen, die allein auf technologische Effizienz bauen, ganz gleich wie attraktiv und intelligent sie sein mögen. Denn sie verhindern nicht den Wunsch nach mehr, weitere Expansion und ungerechte Verteilung. Dagegen führt Suffizienz als Strategie zur maßvollen Ressourcennutzung auf neue Wege, die Bedürfnisse auf das menschliche Maß zu konzentrieren. Doch wie lernen Gesellschaften das? Was steht dem Wandel zur Zukunftsfähigkeit im Wege? Wie lässt er sich fördern? Zu diesen Fragen entsteht gerade eine gesellschaftliche Debatte und auch Entscheidungsträger stellen sich den Themen Wachstum und Wohlstand zunehmend kritisch. Manfred Linz liefert dafür einen substanziellen Beitrag. In dem Buch hat der Autor Aufsätze aus seiner 20jährigen Forschungstätigkeit am Wuppertal Institut zusammengestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Kommunale Politik zum Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien : Handlungsmöglichkeiten, Praxisbeispiele und Erfolgsbedingungen (2016)
    München : Oekom-Verl.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Kommunen engagieren sich immer mehr energie- und klimapolitisch: Stadtwerke bauen Windparks, Gemeinden planen Kindertagesstätten in Passivhaus-Bauweise, installieren Solarstromanlagen auf ihren Dächern und beraten ihre Bürgerschaft zu Energiefragen. Philipp Schönberger gibt in seiner Studie einen systematischen Überblick über die Handlungsmöglichkeiten von Kommunen zum Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien. Er analysiert anhand von drei Fallstudien - zu den Städten Emden und Prenzlau und der Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Land - die Erfolgsbedingungen kommunalpolitischer Maßnahmen und Strategien. Er zeigt, wie kommunale Energiewende-Politik durch ein Zusammenwirken vielfältiger Faktoren erfolgreich wird: Politische und wirtschaftliche Einflüsse spielen ebenso eine Rolle wie Pfadabhängigkeiten, Umweltbewusstsein und engagierte Einzelpersonen.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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