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  • Articles  (9,154)
  • Sage Publications  (6,688)
  • IWA Publishing
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (5,127)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (4,027)
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  • 1
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    New insights towards disinfecting viruses – short notes (2020)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Description: Water treatment specialists need more and more to understand how viruses behave in potable water pipes and wastewater setups. This work discusses the late advances in dealing with viruses present in water treatment processes. Activated carbon adsorption (ACA) remains one of the most efficient and credible physicochemical methods. Nanoparticles have been utilized to turn activated carbon into a more efficient sorbent. Membrane filtration could lead to total elimination of viruses and ensure the safety of drinking water plants. As a feasible utilization for disinfecting potable water, solar disinfection (SODIS) remains a green and cost-efficient technology with its optical and thermal pathways and deserves more interest in its large and industrial implementation. Identically, solar distillation remains a viable solution for disinfecting and treating water. The water treatment techniques that are currently utilized for surface water treatment are appropriate for eliminating viruses like influenza A viruses, as proved by the literature. More strict precautions have to be taken to secure viruses' total elimination from water and wastewater as for influenza A and H5N1 in terms of advanced oxidation processes, ACA, and membrane processes application. Before reaching surface water, pathogens have to be removed efficiently from hospital and municipal wastewaters.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 2
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    Energy-efficient chain-based data gathering applied to communicating concrete (2020)
    Sage Publications
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-01
    Description: Wireless Sensor Networks are very convenient to monitor structures or even materials, as in McBIM project (Materials communicating with the Building Information Modeling). This project aims to develop the concept of “communicating concretes,” which are concrete elements embedding wireless sensor networks, for applications dedicated to Structure Health Monitoring in the construction industry. Due to applicative constraints, the topology of the wireless sensor network follows a chain-based structure. Node batteries cannot be replaced or easily recharged, it is crucial to evaluate the energy consumed by each node during the monitoring process. This area has been extensively studied leading to different energy models to evaluate energy consumption for chain-based structures. However, no simple, practical, and analytical network energy models have yet been proposed. Energy evaluation models of periodic data collection for chain-based structures are proposed. These models are compared and evaluated with an Arduino XBee–based platform. Experimental results show the mean prediction error of our models is 5%. Realizing aggregation at nodes significantly reduces energy consumption and avoids hot-spot problem with homogeneous consumptions along the chain. Models give an approximate lifetime of the wireless sensor network and communicating concretes services. They can also be used online by nodes for a self-assessment of their energy consumptions.
    Print ISSN: 1550-1329
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-1477
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 3
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    Experimental investigation of concrete strength curve based on pull-out post-insert method (2020)
    Sage Publications
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
    Description: As concrete is a building material that is widely used in the field of infrastructure construction, and its quality is related to the quality and service life in infrastructure engineering, concrete strength is an important reference index that reflects the concrete quality. Based on this, two commercial concretes A and B are selected in Henan Province, China, to perform the concrete strength test under same condition curing and standard condition curing in the pull-out post-insert method, cubic compression, rebound method, and drilling core method. The relationships between the different curing conditions, cubic compressive strength, core sample strength, rebound strength, and pull-out force of different commercial concretes are compared and analyzed. Through a comparative analysis and while considering the convenience and accuracy requirements, the strength curves of the two different concretes based on the pull-out post-insert method were fitted and analyzed, and the local strength curve test in Henan based on the pull-out post-insert method was established. The research results provide technical support for evaluating the strength of concrete structures using the pull-out post-insert method, which has important engineering significance for improving the popularize and application of the pull-out post-insert method.
    Print ISSN: 1550-1329
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-1477
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 4
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    Magnitude thresholds and spatial footprints of damage from induced earthquakes (2020)
    Sage Publications
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: The rise in the number of anthropogenic small- to moderate-magnitude earthquakes in the central United States raises questions about the damageability of the built environment in such events. This study examines the performance of modern light-frame wood buildings, including single, multifamily, and commercial constructions, in earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 3–6, using dynamic analysis of building models subjected to ground motions recorded in past induced events in North America. We focus on first onset of damage, for example, wallboard or wallpaper cracking, and nails popping out. The results show that earthquakes with magnitudes less than 4–4.25 are unlikely to cause damage to modern constructions. However, moderate-magnitude events can cause damage over a wide geographic area (more than 30 mi from the earthquake epicenter, or 40 or more miles from a wastewater injection well). These results can be used to suggest setback distances between injection wells and certain neighborhoods or facilities, and magnitude thresholds for post-earthquake inspections.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 5
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    Jointly designed quasi-cyclic LDPC-coded cooperation with diversity combining at receiver (2020)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
    Description: This correspondence proposes a jointly-designed quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded multi-relay cooperation with a destination node realized by multiple receive antennas. First, a deterministic approach is utilized to construct different classes of binary QC-LDPC codes with no length-4 cycles. Existing methods put some limitations in terms of code length and rate in order to provide high error-correction performance. Therefore, this article gives three classes of QC-LDPC codes based on a combinatoric design approach, known as cyclic difference packing (CDP), with flexibility in terms of code-length and rate selection. Second, the proposed CDP-based construction is utilized to jointly-design QC-LDPC codes for coded-relay cooperation. At the receiver, the destination node is realized by multiple receive antennas, where maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and sum-product algorithm (SPA)-based joint iterative decoding are utilized to decode the corrupted sequences coming from the source and relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed QC-LDPC coded-relay cooperations outperform their counterparts with a coding gain of about 0.25 dB at bit-error rate (BER) [Formula: see text] over a Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. Furthermore, the extrinsic-information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis has been used to detect the convergence threshold of proposed jointly-designed QC-LDPC codes. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed jointly-designed QC-LDPC codes provide a better convergence as compared to their counterparts under the same conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1550-1329
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-1477
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 6
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    G-DIF: A geospatial data integration framework to rapidly estimate post-earthquake damage (2020)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: While unprecedented amounts of building damage data are now produced after earthquakes, stakeholders do not have a systematic method to synthesize and evaluate damage information, thus leaving many datasets unused. We propose a Geospatial Data Integration Framework (G-DIF) that employs regression kriging to combine a sparse sample of accurate field surveys with spatially exhaustive, though uncertain, damage data from forecasts or remote sensing. The framework can be implemented after an earthquake to produce a spatially distributed estimate of damage and, importantly, its uncertainty. An example application with real data collected after the 2015 Nepal earthquake illustrates how regression kriging can combine a diversity of datasets—and downweight uninformative sources—reflecting its ability to accommodate context-specific variations in data type and quality. Through a sensitivity analysis on the number of field surveys, we demonstrate that with only a few surveys, this method can provide more accurate results than a standard engineering forecast.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 7
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    Methods for calculating phreatic evaporation on bare grounds on rainy and dry days (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: In order to depict the impact of rainfall on phreatic evaporation, this study analyzes phreatic evaporation and the phreatic evaporation coefficient between surface evaporation and soil depth in Shajiang black soil and Fluyo-aquic soil. We have improved the existing commonly used mathematical framework, established two rainless day phreatic evaporation calculation models, and then calculated the calculation model of the phreatic evaporation reduction on rainy days. Finally, rainy day evaporation calculation models on two soils were proposed. The results show that the evaporation coefficient is affected by both depth and the evaporation ability of the surface water. The evaporation reduction of Shajiang black soil increased with depth and the increasing trend gradually slowed down until it approached zero. The evaporation reduction of the Fluyo-aquic soil phreatic decreased first and then increased with depth, reaching a minimum at 0.4 m. The reduction of phreatic evaporation in both soils decreased with the increase in rainfall level and decreased with the increase in rainfall duration showing ‘inverted S-type’. In summary, the phreatic evaporation composite calculation models on rainy days and rainless days have good fitting and prediction results, which can improve the accuracy of phreatic evaporation calculations.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 8
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    The effects of shallow saline groundwater on evaporation, soil moisture, and temperature distribution in the presence of straw mulch (2020)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: Mitigating evaporative water loss from terrestrial surfaces is of central importance to water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was intended to experimentally address the effect of straw mulch layer on soil evaporation and temperature distribution in the presence of shallow saline groundwater. A factorial-based experiment with a completely randomized design was carried out in mini-lysimeters (MLs) with different concentrations of saline groundwater and soil types, with and without straw mulch. The lysimeters were placed on the soil surface in the field. Water table in MLs was kept at the depth of 60 cm, and evaporation rate, soil moisture content, soil salinity, and temperature were continuously monitored. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences in the soil evaporation rates due to the effects of soil types (i.e., loam and sand) and straw mulch (p 〈 0.01). The results showed that soil temperature fluctuations at the 5 cm depth in loamy soil with and without mulch were 11.5 and 17.5 °C, while in sandy soil the fluctuations rates were 15 and 18.5 °C, respectively. The application of a mulch layer was found to significantly reduce the evaporative loss by 27 and 8% in loamy and sandy soils, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 9
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    São Paulo drought: trends in streamflow and their relationship to climate and human-induced change in Cantareira watershed, Southeast Brazil (2020)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: The 2013–2015 drought in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo exposed the lack of resilience of the regional water supply system, highly dependent on the Cantareira reservoirs. In this paper, inflows to each of the four main Cantareira reservoirs are tested for systematic change. Persistent trends in streamflow, rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration are first evaluated. Streamflow was also tested for step change. Double-mass curves were employed to assess modification in the precipitation–runoff relationship. Subsequently, we used the climate elasticity method and the ABCD model to quantify the relative contribution of climate and human activities into the detected trends. Only Cachoeira and Atibainha sub-basins showed a significant downward trend in streamflow. The results for step change were also significant, and the year of occurrence coincided with breakpoints in precipitation–runoff relationship. For both Cachoeira and Atibainha, human activities had a more significant impact on streamflow reduction than climate variability. Land use and cover maps suggest that the reduction of pasture/abandoned land parallel to an increase in reforestation/silviculture is behind streamflow reduction. The results highlight the importance of coordinating land-use patterns and water management, as an important contributor beyond any considerations of a changing climate. Implications for better managing regional water resources are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 10
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    Water balance changes in response to climate change in the upper Hailar River Basin, China (2020)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: Projected climate change will have a profound effect on the hydrological balance of river basins globally. Studying water balance modification under changing climate conditions is significant for future river basin management, especially in certain arid and semiarid areas. In this study, we evaluated water balance changes (1981–2011) in the upper Hailar River Basin on the Mongolian Plateau. To evaluate the hydrological resilience of the basin to climate change, we calculated two Budyko metrics, i.e. dynamic deviation (d) and elasticity (e). The absolute magnitude of d reflects the ability of a basin to resist the influence of climate change and maintain its stable ecological function, whereas parameter e is used to assess whether a basin is hydrologically elastic. Results revealed modification of the hydrological balance during the study period has manifested as a decreasing trend of runoff and runoff-precipitation ratio. Correspondingly, basin-averaged evapotranspiration has also shown a decreasing trend, attributable mainly to precipitation. Furthermore, the calculated elasticity (e = 8.03) suggests the basin has high hydrological resilience, which indicates the basin ecosystem may maintain its hydrological function to a certain extent under a changing climate. The results of this study could assist water resource management in the study area and the prediction of ecosystem response to future climate change.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by IWA Publishing
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