ALBERT

Description: A study on the fish stocks and feeding habits of Lates niloticus in the northern portion of Lake Victoria (Uganda) was conducted during the period 1981 to 1985. A general decline in catch rates and total landings was observed. This was due to, along other factors, overfishing, use of beach seines and smaller lesh gill nets and predation on some of the species by L. niloticus. The most notable changes during the period were a sharp decline of the haplochromines and an increase of Rastrineobola argentea in commercial landings and a change in the feeding habits of L. niloticus from haplochrolines to Caridina and juvenile L. niloticus. There was also a decline in average weight of L. niloticus in both trawl catches and commercial landings.

Description: Nakivubo swamp (papyrus wetland) is located in the south east of the city of Kampala. This swamp has been receiving waste water from Nakivubo channel for more than two decades. This investigation was aimed at monitoring the level of pollutants (nutrients and faecal coliforms) as the waste water filtrates through the swamp and the flow patterns of waste water through the swamp. From this preliminarily investigation it was feund out· that the waste. water is not evenly distributed over the swamp. Also high levels of pollutants seem to filtrate through th~swamp and enter Inner Murchison Bay Lake victoria. Further research is under way to investigate in more detail the capacity of Nakivubo swamp to remove nutrients / pollutants from waste water flowing through it and the dominant mechanisms / processes involved

Description: The culture of fish in cage and pen is a comparatively new project in Uganda although it has been successfully practiced commercially in the Philippines in the raising of Tilapia and carps. As a technology transfer scheme the project is being proposed as an alternative employment both for fishermen and farmers in the rural and fishing communities around the Lake Kyoga Complex. The project can be operated as family enterprise, by cooperatives or by fishery corporations, as possible income-producing business ventures.

Description: East Africa, like most growing countries, is beginning tobe particularly concerned about environmental pol1ution.

Description: It is a well established feature of biological systemsthat the constituent organisms are in balance with each other.This is true of a fish population which is in balance with theother organisms of its own ecosystem, and within itself insofaras the numbers of fish entering a fish stock are approximatelyequal to those dying by natural causes.It is also true that 9 as fish grow through the population,they reach a particular size where the increase in weight in a year 9 due to the growth of all the fish in the population of that size, is balanced by the loss of weight due to natural death.The maximum yield of a fishery could thus be obtained by removing all fish as they reach this age. In practice it would require an infinite amount of fishing to accomplish this 9 and it is generalpractice in fishery management to begin cropping fish just before they reach this ideal size and age.

Description: There has been a decline almost to the total disappearance and in some cases apparently the extinction of most of the native fish species of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga since the development of the fisheries of these lakes begun at the beginning of this century. The Nile perch, Lates niloticus, a large voracious predator which was introduced into these lakes about the middle of the century along with several tilapiine species is thought to have depleted stocks of other fish. But other factors, such as overfishing, changes in the habitat which can result in fish kills or affect breeding and recruitment, plus competition with other species, appear to have contributed to the diminution in the stocks of other fish.The available information indicates that by the time the Nile perch was established, the stocks of the native tilapiine species had been reduced by over fishing. The Labeo victorianus fishery had similarly been destroyed by intensive gill netting of gravid individuals on breeding migrations. L. niloticus is however, capable of depleting the stocks of species which have disappeared and could have consumed the remnants - thus preventing their recovery. It is also directly responsible for the decline in the populations of the haplochromine cichlids which were abundant over most of these lakes when it was established. The native tilapiine species were also affected by the introduced species which have similar ecologicalrequirements.

Description: Fishery resources are very fragile to exploitation if the basic biological intricacies of the available stocks are not taken into account. Research enables the formulation of sound strategies and practices aimed at sustainable fisheries exploitation, management and development. The success of research strategies requires complementary mechanisms to enforce specified measures.

Description: A study of species catch composition average size and geographical distribution was carried out in Napoleon Gulf, Buvuma Channel and Lungira Bay in Lake Victoria from 1981 to 1983.

Description: Some five years ago, two of the territories bordering on Lake Victoria, Uganda and Tanganyika began to express a desire either to abolish or modify the existing regulations controlling the fisheries in the Lake. These were felt to be unenforceable as they stood, and the expenditure on their implementation economically unjustifiable.At the same time, however, there was, notably in Kenya, an increasing unease at the obvious decline in the yields of the T. esculenta fisheries, and an increasing pressure on this organisation to undertake fish population studies and examine the true state of the fisheries. E.A.F.F.R.O. had however at that time already accumulated sufficient data on the biology of the fish stocks to enable it to issue a grave warning as to the consequences of possible de-restriction.

Description: Fish is an important food and export commodity for Uganda and indeed the whole East African region. Fish production is driven by, among others, availability and abundance of suitable fish food resources. Invertebrate constitute one of the key food resources for different species of fish. All fish must feed on invertebrates as the first external food after absorption of the yolk sac and through most of the larval growth. A number of fishes in Lake Victoria including mukene (Rastrineobo/a argentea) and some nkejje (haplochromines) species depend entirely on a diet of invertebrates throughout life (Mwebaza-Ndawula 1998) and their productivity and fisheries primarily depends on supply of suitable invertebrate food organisms in the environment

Description: The programme of work in connection with investigations into the feasibility of operating a fishery for Haplochromis has progressed, albeit with interruptions, throughout the year. An account is given in Appendix A of the boat and gear developments which have been stimulated by this survey. With conversion of the Darter to a stern trawler, fishing operations have been speeded up and a total of 85.5 trawling hours has now been completed. A summary of the catch data is set-out-in Table G1 and some comments on the distribution of species is given.

Description: A preliminary report upon a survey of the fisheries of the Tana River,Kenya undertaken during the dry season, August-September 1965, wasissued in September the same year (Mann 1965), and a shortened accountwas subsequently published (Mann 1966). However during 1967 the survey,which had been interrupted, was resumed and a second visit was made tothe area during the wet season of April-May

Description: From September 1969, the presence of a full-time librarian made possible the planning of more extensive projects with regard to the library. A large backlog of reprints and books was catalogued, in addition to material arriving currently. A detailed survey was made of the book collection andmany volumes were reclassified

Description: When the Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project began, the background information necessary for the successful application of quantitative stock assessment was lacking. For this. reason and also due to the size of Lake Victoria, the complexity and variety of its many habitats, and its multispecies fishery, it was decided that initial stock assessment studies should consist of a lake wide survey using a variety of exploratory fishing methods.

Description: Whilst discussing a future tagging programme for a number of fishspecies of commercial importance in Lake Victoria, Prof. K. Lagler, atthat time Co-ordinator of African Lake Projects, FAD, suggested that forease and speed of operation the tags and tagging equipment described byDELL (1968) should be used. He very kindly provided the equipment anda number of tags of various types.

Description: Most fishing operations are characterised by selectivity. This obscuressome qualitative and quantitative aspects of the composition of the popula.tion as reflected in the catch. In otter trawls, apart from the question ofavoidance or escapement at the mouth of the net. the most important partof selection for size of fish is the codend. However, the length of the net,along with the mesh size, determine ease of water passage and thus affectsthe efficiency of the trawl. In addition to mesh size other factors affectingcodend selection include: (1) material from which it is made, (2) weight ofthe catch. (3) duration of the haul, and (4) speed.

Description: Lake Edward is connected to Lake George by Kazinga Channel and the commercial fisheries of this water system are dominated by Oreochromis niloticus and Bagrus docmak. However, Oreochromis niloticus is on the decline in commercial catches and yet the water system may be rich in phytoplankton, the common food for Oreochromis niloticus.

Description: During a survey of an area of Lake Victoria off Entebbe an echo sounder was used very extensively; this was a high frequency, transistorized model with an extra-hull transducer, suitable not only for hydrographic work but also as a fish-finding sounder. The use of echo sounders by fishermen is a relatively new innovation but they are now used extensively hydrographic in most commercial sea fisheries. So far however, work has been carried out in freshwater fisheries using these instruments. Cushing (1963) gives a clear account of the theory and general principles of the use of echo sounders for fish finding. A considerable number of "fish-traces" have been duringtlie course the hydrographic survey and an attempt has been made to interpret these traces from the point of general distribution and behaviour. However, as very little actual fishing has been done in connection with these traces the observations made must be regarded as tentative.

Description: At present there is no convenient key in English for the identification of the species of freshwater fish from the East African political region which includes Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Whilst Boulenger (1909-16), Lockley (1949), Copley (1952 and 1958) and Greenwood (1953-1958 and 1966) give keys on descriptive data relevant to this fauna, their accounts do not give complete coverage for the region. Norman's (c 1944) draft synopsis of the orders, families and genera of recent fishes unfortunately excludes the Ostariophysi and the Cichlidae, thus does not cover 12 of the most important families of African freshwater fish. Moreover Norman's key employs, for the remaining families and genera, detailed anatomical characters which are not convenient to use in the field.

Description: Various departments of the Kenya Government, together with FAO consultants are co-operating in the United Nations Special Fund Scheme for developing hydro-electric and irrigation potential on the Tana River.The irrigation scheme is sited ON the south bank of the lower reaches below Garissa where a shallow but large reservoir dam will be constructed at Korakora (see Fig. C1). Hqwever, because of the limited capacity of such dam furtherreservoir dams are also considered in more suitable sites up-stream including Koreh Falls, Adamson's Falls, Mutijwa, Grand Falls, Mutonga confluence,Umbee Hill, Kindaruma, Gtaru, Thiba and Tana Reservoir

Description: The Kyoga fisheries has been over-exploiting the stocks ofboth major species by means of harmful fishing gears. Sincethere has been some success in the removal of gears such asseines, cast nets and small-meshed gillnets from the lake, itis of interest to know how rapidly the fish stocks would beable to recover and provide better yields.

Description: Aplocheilichthys pumilus is a small cyprinodont commonly found in shallowswampy areas around Lake Victoria. In the lagoons the species was especiallycommon in the shallow grass swamps and in the slightly deeper water amongst stands of Typha and Cyperus flanking the main lagoon.

Description: Preliminary analyses for some of the major physicochemicalfeatures of River Nzoia, in Western Kenya, effluent to LakeVictoria are given. Some fear is expressed concerning the possible chemical, physical and consequently biological pollution from the effluents of a paper factory situated along the course of the river.

Description: Haplochromis longirostris belongs to the piscivorous group of Haplochromis of Lake Victoria, although Greenwood (1962) and Welcomrne (1965) have bothIshown that' insects also form a significant component of the diet. The present study was intended to investigate in detail the predatory behaviour of H. longirostrisboth in aquaria and in the field, but the programme was interrupted afterIonly a few months work.

Description: Following the collapse of the East African Community on30th June, 1977 Ugandan fisheries research employees who werestationed in Kenya and Tanzania were recalled by the UgandaGovernment. The return of these officers strengthened the staff position of the Department. Formally the Headquarters of the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization(EAFFRO), the institution was re-named the Uganda FreshwaterFisheries Research Organization (UFFRO) and the UgandaGovernment took up the full responsibility for running andmaintaining the Department. The Annual report presents activities and achievements during the reporting period 1977.

Description: Evolution of fisheries research and FIRRIThe earliest approach to fisheries research in Uganda dates from the first fisheries survey of Lake Victoria by Michael Graham between 1927 and 1928 (Graham,1929). Based on references to the rich fisheries that were reported to Graham, itappears that during the 18th Century, catch per net per night averaged 300 tilapia,a revelation that led Graham to conclude that Lake Victoria is a tilapia lake. The"tilapia" later came to be known as Tilapia esculenta and T variabilis(Oreochromis esculentus and O. variabilis) respectively.

Description: The first fishery survey of Lake Victoria was conductedbetween 1927 and 1928 (Graham 1929). Atthat time,the lake had a diverse fish fauna and the fishery wasdominated by two endemic tilapiine cichlids;Oreochromis esculentus (Graham 1929) and O.variabilis (Boulenger 1906). There were a number ofother species such as Protopterus aethiopicus Heckel1851, Bagrus docmac (Forsk.) 1775, Clarias gariepinus(Burchell), Barbus species, mormyrids, Synodontis spp,Schilbe intermedius (Linn.) 1762 and Rastrineobolaargentea Pellegrin, 1904 that were also abundant inthe lake most of which made a significant contribution tothe fishery (Graham 1929, Worthington 1929, 1932,Kudhongania & Cordone 1974). Haplochromine cichlidswere represented by at least 300 species more than99% of them endemic (Greenwood, 1974; Witte et al.,1992 a & b). The fishery of Lake Victoria was similar tothat of lakes Kyoga and Nabugabo (Worthington 1929;Trewavas 1933; Greenwood 1965, 1966; Beadle 1962,1981).There were also important fisheries on the inflowing rivers of Lake Victoria, the most important of which were Labeo victorianus and Barbus altianalis (Cadwallader 1965). The small sized species notably Rastrineobola argenteaand haplochromines cichlids were not originally commercially exploited.

Description: Fishing communities that have exploited the resource forgenerations constitute the main stakeholder groups in thefisheries of Lake Victoria. Several studies have examinedUganda's Lake Victoria fishing communities andcharacterised key stakeholders at community level over thelast decade (SEDAWOG 1999a and b; Geheb 1997;FeSEP 1997; Kitakule 1991).The communities are made up of scattered settlements at the shores and on islands.The categories of people living in these communities include fishers who consist primarily of large numbers of male youths who provide labour to boat and gear owners.There are resident and non-resident fish traders who after securing their supplies at the beaches, depart for their market destinations. In addition, there are fish processors,mostly operating traditional and improved smoking kilns. Many other people, dealing in provisions and supplies also stay at the beaches, their activities depending on thelevel of fish catch. The fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda, include auxiliary livelihood activities such as boat building, net repairing and transportation; bait supply and beachside kiosks, video halls and retail shop business. Other economic activities are brick making, charcoal burning/wood trade, farming and livestock keeping.

Description: Most of the earth's ecosystems are experiencing slight tocatastrophic losses of biodiversity, caused by habitatdestruction, alien species introduction, climate change andpollution (Wilcove et al., 1998). These human effects haveled to the extinction of native fish species, the collapse of their populations and the loss of ecological integrity and ecosystem functioning (Ogutu-Ohwayo & Hecky, 1991;Witte et al. , 1992a; Mills et al., 1994; Vitousek et al., 1996).Food webs are macro-descriptors of community feedinginteractions that can be used to map the flow of materialsand nutrients in ecosystems (Jepsen & Winemiller, 2002).Comparative food web studies have been used to address theoretical questions such as 'does greater trophic connectivity increase stability?' (Cohen et al., 1990), and 'does the number of trophic levels increase with productivity?' (Briand & Cohen, 1987). Answers to such questions have obvious applications for natural resources management. From a multi-species fisheries standpoint, there is a need to understand consumer-resource dynamics within complex trophic networks.

Description: Until the 1970s, Lake Victoria had a multi-species fisherydominated by the tilapiine and haplochromine cichlids.There were important subsidiary fisheries for more than20 genera of non-cichlid fishes, including catfishes(Bagrus docmak, Clarias gariepinus, Synodontis sppand Schilbe intermedius), the lungfish (Protopterusaethiopicus) and Labeo victorianus) (Kudhongania andCordone 1974). Stocks of most of these speciesdeclined and others disappeared following theintroduction of four tilapiines (Oreochromis niloticus,Oreochromis leucostictus, Tilapia rendalli and Tilapiazillit) and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) during the 1950s.Since then the commercial fishery in the Uganda portion of Lake Victoria has been dominated by the Nile perch, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the native cyprinid species, Rastrineobola argentea (Mukene).

Description: Rastrineobola argentea locally known as mukene inUganda, omena in Kenya and dagaa in Tanzania occursin Lake Nabugabo, Lake Victoria, the Upper VictoriaNileand Lake Kyoga (Greenwood 1966). While its fisheryis well established on Lakes Victoria and Kyoga, thespecies is not yet exploited on Lake Nabugabo.Generally such smaller sized fish species as R. argentea become important commercial species in lakes where they occur when catches of preferred largersized table fish start showing signs ofdecline mostly as a result of overexploitation.With the current trends of declining fish catches on Lake Nabugabo, human exploitation of mukene on this lake is therefore just a matter of time. The speciesis exploited both for direct human consumption and as the protein ingredient in the manufacture of animal feeds.

Description: The success of fisheries management depends very much on the effectiveness of the legal framework in use. A historical perspective of the fisheries of Lake Victoria, Uganda, suggests that fisheries management has not been very successful. This chapter reviews the legal framework with a view to assessing its impact on fisheries management on Lake Victoria, Uganda

Description: Of all the great lakes, Lake Victoria has the highest population concentration on its fringes. This has resulted into serious human impacts on the ecosystem through intense agricultural activities (cultivation, livestock and over fishing), sporadic settlements, urbanization and industrial establishments. The consequences have been loss of animals and plant life, deforestation and general land degradation, pollution, loss of water quality and clean air. Aquatic life has become endangered and less guaranteeing to continued fish production. Awareness workshops and general talks have been done to a few selected communities by the lakes landing sites and in the catchment area to mitigate the deteriorating environmental conditions. Naturally the situation calls for reversal to the increasing stress of the ecosystem. As a result, every water body surveyed put forward some mitigation suggestions

Description: On title page: The Ugandan Version

Description: Fresh water and fish are important to the people wholive in the Lake Victoria region therefore the quality ofthe water and fish is of major importance (Johnson &Odada, 1996). It is well known that dirty water and spoiltfish can lead to poor health and lower standards of living,and that quality can be affected by the pollution in theenvironment.Even though Lake Victoria is very large, it is relatively shallow and the water remains in the lake basin for a long time (Bootsma & Hecky, 1993). There are a number of environmental issues in Lake Victoria, including water hyacinth~over-population and increased farming causing problems with the lake ecosystem. All these factors combine to keep contaminants within the lake for long time, which will lead to gradually increasing concentrations in the lake.Pollution is a term that covers a wide variety of chemicals and physical changes and their adverse effects on the environment. Here we focus on contaminants, which are unwanted chemicals introduced to the environment. Contaminants include a very wide variety of chemicals, both man-made and natural, for example, mercury, pesticides and herbicides, heavy metals, and natural plant and algae toxins. Many contaminants do not always lead to adverse effects immediately, but can gradually induce long-term problems leading to chronic illnesses and physical damage. A few contaminants have very rapid impacts resulting in immediately obvious changes such as death or injury.Sources of contaminants are varied. Contaminants can get in the lake by the way of agricultural treatment of crops near the lake, industrial effluent, intentional introduction such as fish poisoning byfishermen, natural sources such as heavy metals from particular types of rocks, and even some plants naturally release their toxins. Contaminant sources are not always found near Lake Victoria.

Description: Biological diversity of an ecosystem is considered a reliable measure of the state of health of the ecosystem. In Uganda's large lakes, the Victoria and Kyoga, the past three decades have been characterized by profound changes in fish species composition following the introduction of the piscivorous Nile perch (Oguto-Ohwayo 1990). Over 300 haplochromine cichlid species comprising a wide range of trophic groups were lost along with a host of non-cichlid fishes which occupied virtually all available ecological niches and in the lakes (Witte 1992). A second major ecological event has been the gradual nutrient enrichment of the water bodies (eutrophication) from diffuse and point sources, while at the same time pollutants have also gained entrance into the water systems in pace with indusfrial development and human population increases in the lake basins. Eutrophication and pollution have drastically altered the physical and-chemical character of the water medium in which different fauna and flora thrive. In Lake Victoria these alterations have resulted in changes of algal species composition from pristine community dominated by chlorophytes and diatoms (Melosira etc) to one composed largely of blue-green algae or Cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktolyngbya etc) (Mugidde 1993, Hecky 1993).

Description: On title page: The Ugandan Version

Description: Introduction of exotic fish species especially the Nile perch Lates niloticus, is believed to be responsible for the decline of fish species diversity in lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo.About 60% of the haplochromine cichlids are thought to have become extinct from L. Victoria due to predation by the Nile perch. However there are many lakes satelite to the lakes Victoria and Kyoga basins which still have fish fauna similar to that of the main lakes. many of the satellite lakes are separated from the main lakes in, which Nile perch was introduced by extensive swamps that provide a barrier to Nile perch .A survey was carried out in a number of these satelite lakes and an inventory made of existing fish species. Their distribution and relative abundances were also determined. The lakes studied included Nawampasa, Nakuwa,Kawi Lamwa Gigate, Nyaguo, Agu, Nabugabo. Kayanja, Kaytigi, Mburo, Kachera and Wamala.Some habitats within the main lakes Victoria and Kyoga, especially those with rocky outcrops· and macrophyte cover that provide refugia for endangered species from Nile perch,were also surveyed) Various stations along the River Nile were also sampled to quantify the fish species that are still resent. Kyoga minor lakes were found to have the highest number offish species especially of haplochromine cichlids. Many haplochromine trophic groups that were thought to be extinct from 1. Victoria still occur in these lakes.!Some of the satellite lakes, especially lakes Kayugi, Mburo and Kachera still contain .healili populations of oreochromis. Iesculentus that could be used as brood stock in fish farming. Many of these lakes should .I ( Itherefore be protected for conservation offish species diversity

Description: On title page: (The Ugandan Version)

Description: The results reported on were from a monitoring survey No. 10 undertaken between 23 rdand 29th April 2012 during construction period of the Bujagali Hydropower Project(BHPP). Two pre-construction, baseline surveys in April 2000 and April 2006 wereconducted and so far, during construction phase of the project, nine monitoring surveyshave been undertaken i.e. in September 2007, April 2008, April 2009, October 2009,April 2010, September 2010, April 2011, September 2011and the present one, in April2012. Since 2009 biannual monitoring surveys have been conducted at an upstream and adownstream transect of the BHPP with emphasis on the following aspects:water quality determinantsbiology and ecology of fishes and food websfish stock and fish catch including economic aspects of catch andsanitation/vector studies (bilharzias and river blindness)During this survey, baseline assessment of the above mentioned studies was conducted inthe reservoir behind the dam, including studies on algae, zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrateswhich had been restrained since April 2008. The findings of baseline assessment of the reservoir are also contained in this report and are compared with thoseobtained from Transect 1(Upstream) and Transect 2 (Downstream).

Description: Prior to introduction of non-native fish species into Lakes Victor i a, Kyoga and Nabugabo, the three lakes suppor ted diverse fish fauna representing 13 families consisting of six cichlid genera and fifteen non-cichlid genera. There were about 50 non-cichlid species and over 300 cichlids consisting of mainly haplochromines (Graham 1929, worthington 1929, Greenwood 1960). Many of the species were commercially and scientifically important and provided a rich variety of protein source to choose from. Following introduction of the Nile perch and several tilapiines species, most of the native species were drastically reduced and some have apparently disappeared. The few remaining species appear to be restricted in distribution due to the presence of the Nile perch. They are mainly confined to refugia such as marginal macrophytes, rocky outcrops and small satellite lakes which are separated from the areas of introduction by swamps

Description: Nile Perch (Uganda) Project: 3-P-86-0137

Description: Oreochromis esculentus (Graham, 1929) is endemic to the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins. It was the most important commercial fish species not until the introduction of gill-nets (1905 to 1916), that it declined and became very rare in the main water bodies of lakes Victoria and Kyoga. However, some populations appeared to have survived in some minor lakes in these basins which form valuable reservoirs for the species and could be used in restocking of the main lakes.

Description: All chapters begin page 1. On title page: Ugandan version. Chapter 6.

Description: In this paper, the food and feeding habits of the surviving haplochromine cichlids was examined to assess whether the diet of the different trophic groups had changed and what role the haplochromine species still surviving in the lake are playing in the overall trophic ecology of the lake.

Description: Many haplochromine cichlids coexisted in Lake Victoria before the upsurge of Nileperch. The introduction of the Nile perch led to depletion of many haplochromines andother fish species in Lake Victoria. The impact of Nile perch predation onhaplochromines differed for different haplochromine trophic groups. Yssichromisfusiformis (G) and Yssichromis laparogramma (G) are among the species that havesurvived in the lake. Yssichromis spp. was studied with the aim of determining theirtrophic role, food and feeding habits. Samples were collected from Bugaia, Buvumachannel and Napoleon Gulf in the northern part of Lake Victoria. The food ofYssichromis spp. varied with size of fish. Both Y fusiformis and Y laparogramma fed onCopepods, Cladocerans, Chaoborus and Chironomids. Juvenile Yssichromis spp. fedexclusively on zooplankton comprising Cyclopoid copepods, Calanoid copepods andCladocera. The relative importance of Chironomid larvae and Calanoid copepods washigher in Bugaia than in Buvuma channel while Cyclopoid copepods and Chironomidpupae were relatively less important in Bugaia. The main food items that Yssichromisspp. fed on in Buvuma channel were Chironomid larvae Cyclopoid copepods,Cladocerans and Calanoid copepods. In Napoleon Gulf, fish caught from commercialfishery of Rastrineobola argentea (P) had fed on Chaoborus and Chironomids. Overall,Yssichromis spp. fed on more zooplankton in Buvuma than in Bugaia. Yssichromis spp.and R. argentea are presently the most abundant zooplanktivores in the northern part ofLake Victoria and are playing an important trophic role as major consumers ofzooplankton and insect larvae in the foodweb of the lake ecosystem. Yssichromis spp. arebridging the transfer of energy from the lower to the higher trophic levels as secondaryconsumers. The fishery is still not contributing to the direct conversion of the primaryproducts, the phytoplankton and detritus that were efficiently utilised by the diversehaplochromine trophic groups that existed before the Nile perch boom.

Description: All chapters begin page 1. On title page: Ugandan version. Chapter 10.

Description: Catch effort data on which fisheries management regulations are sometimes based are not available for most lakes in Uganda. However, failure to regulate fishing gears and methodshas been a major cause of collapse of fisheries in the country. Fisheries have been damagedby destructive and non-selective fishing gears and methods such as trawling and beach seining, by use of gill nets of mesh size which crop immature fish and by introduction ofmechanised fishing. Selectivity of the gears used to crop Lates niloticus 1. (Nile perch),Oreochromis niloticus 1. (Nile tilapia) and Rastrineobola argentea (Mukene) which are currently the most important commercial species in Uganda were examined in order torecommend the most suitable types, sizes and methods that should be used in exploiting thesefisheries . Gill nets of less than 127 mm mainly cropped immature Nile ti1apia and Nile perch. To protect these fisheries, the minimum mesh size of gill nets should be set at 127 mm.Seine nets of 5 mm do catch high proportions of immature Mukene while those of 10 mmcatch mainly mature Mukene. When operated inshore, both sizes catch immature Nile perchand Nile ti1apia as by-catch. To protect the Mukene fishery and avoid catching immature byecatch,a minimum mesh size of the Mukene net should have been 10 mm operated as Lamparatype net offshore but since most fishennen have been using the 5 mm seine for over five years the minimum size should not be allowed to drop below 5 mm pending further thoroughinvestigations. Beach seining, trawling and are destructive to fisheries and should beprohibited until data that may justify their use is available.

Description: All chapters begin page 1. On title page: Ugandan version. Chapter 11B.

Description: Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo had a similar native fish fauna of high species diversity. stocks of most of the native species declined rapidly and some completely disappeared after Nile perch was introduced and became well established. Although, overexploitationof the fish stocks, competition between introduced and native tilapiines and environmental degradation contributed to the reduction in fish stocks, predation by the Nile perch has contributed much to the recent drastic reductions in fish stock and could even drive the stocks to a total collapse. Nile perch is also currently the most important commercial species in Lakes victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo and the stability of its stocks is important in the overall sustainability of the fisheries of these lakes. The question that was to be examined in this paper was whether the fisheries of Lakes Victoria, Kyogaand Nabugabo would stabilize and sustain production in the presence of high predation pressure by the Nile perch or whether the Nile perch would drive the fish stocks including itself to a collapse.I t was assumed that Nile perch driven changes in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo would be driven to a level beyond which they would not change further. This would be followed by recovery and stability or the changes would continue to a point of collapse. It was assumed that Lake Albert represented the ideal stable state. The changes in the new habitats expected to be driven through a major change due to Nile perch predation to a stage where there would be no further changes. After this, a feedbackmechanism would move the driven variable towards recovery. The variables would then stabilize and oscillate will an amplitude which approximates to what would be recorded in Lake Albert. Alternatively, the changes would proceed to a stage where the fishery would collapse. The specific hypothesis was that fish species composition and diversity, prey selection by the Nile perch and life history characteristics of the Nile perch in the new habitats would change and stabilize

Description: Nile Perch (Uganda) Project: 3-P-86-0137

Description: The Victoria and Kyoga lake basins had a high fish species diversity with many fish speciesthat were found only in these lakes. Two Tilapiines species Oreochromis esculentus andOreochromis variabilis were the most important commercial species in these lakes and werefound nowhere else on earth except in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins (Graham 1929,Worthington 1929). Lakes Kyoga and Nabugabo also had endemic haplochromine species(Worthington 1929, Trewavas 1933, Greenwood 1965, 1966). As stocks of introducedspecies increased, stocks of most of the native species declined rapidly or disappearedaltogether. The study was carried out on Lakes Victoria and Kyoga, River Nile, someselected satellite lakes from the two basins namely Lakes Mburo, Kachera, Wamala,Kayanja, Kayugi, Nabugabo, Victoria, Victoria nile and River Sio(Victoria lake basin).Lakes Kyoga (Iyingo), Nawampasa, Nakuwa, Gigati, Nyaguo, Agu, Kawi and Lemwa(Kyoga lake basin).Species composillon and relative abundance of fishes were estimated by detennining theoverall average total number of each species encountered. A trophic consists of species usingthe same food category. Shannon-Weaver Index of diversity H (Pielou, 1969) and number oftrophic groups, were used to estimate the Trophic diversity of various fish species in the lakes.Food analysis has been done on some fishes in some of the sampled lakes and is still going on,on remaining fishes and in some lakes.Generally fish ingested detritus, Spirulina, Melosira, filamentous algae, Planktolyngbya,Microcysists, Anabaena, Merismopedia, Spirogyra, higher plant material, rotifers, Ostracodes,Chironomid larvae and pupae, Choaborus larvae, Odonata, Povilla, Insect remains, Caridina, fish eggs and fish. Eight trophic groups were identified from thes food items ingestes. These included detritivores, algae eaters, higher plant eaters, zooplanktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, prawn eaters, paedophages and piscivores.Trophic diversity by number of trophic groups was highest in Lake Kyoga (6) followed by lakes Kayugi, Nabugabo, River Nile and Mburo (3) and the lowest number was recorded inkachera (2).

Description: All chapters begin page 1. On title page: Ugandan version. Chapter 9.

Description: The overall objective of the study was to develop a better understanding of how people perceived and responded to the fisheries management measures on Lake Victoria and were affected by them.

Description: The purpose of the survey was to gain a better understanding of the role of factory agents in buying fish and setting prices, and of their place and role in fisheries co-management on Lake Victoria, Uganda.

Description: Under the implementation of the fisheries management plan (IFMP) for LakeVictoria result area 4, bottom trawl monitoring surveys are undertaken tomonitor changes in the status of the fish stocks and environment of LakeVictoria. Trawl together with the lake-wide Hydroacoustic surveys give areflection on the status of fish stocks in the lake to guide managementdecisions The National working group for bottom trawl surveys in Ugandaundertakes these surveys within the Uganda sector of Lake Victoria. For thepurpose of this survey, the Uganda sector of Lake Victoria is divided intothree zones. A cruise lasting twenty days is conducted in two phases (twolegs) 13 days covering Zones I and II and 7 days in Zone III.

Description: The Ugandan fishery, heavily influenced by the emergence of global markets, is extremely dynamic. In recent years a major export trade, principally in Nile perch fillets from Lake Victoria, has expanded markedly. The growth of this factory based processing industry has had a marked impact on the pre-existing artisanal fishery, which has become increasingly dependent on supplying the export market instead of its traditional local small-scale markets. The industrial fishery developed as a response to the liberalisation of the management of the Ugandan economy and the consequent opening up of the export markets in North America and Europe. The emergence of the export industry has resulted in the creation of a dual structure in the fisheries sector, with the Nile perch catching and processing chain operating to European standards, whilst the artisanal sub-sector still utilises traditional methods. This dual structure is a potential source of disadvantage to the artisanal fishery which has command over fewer financial assets than the export fishery.

Description: Workshop held in Entebbe, Uganda, 21 February 2003. Annex 3

Description: The Globalisation and fish utilisation and marketing study is a collaboration between the Fisheries Resources Research Institute (FIRRI) and the Mike Dillon Associates Limited , with funding from the Department for International Development (DFID) of the Government of the United Kingdom. The study is designed to examine the impact of the development of the export fishery on the fish producers, processors, traders and consumers in the artisanal fishery in Uganda. FIRRI 's role is to collect field data relating to the livelihoods of artisanal fish producers, processors, traders and consumers. in particular data relating to income and revenue flow. The initial focus is on the eccnomic structure of fish landing sites. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress inimplementation of the project and present the interim findings for discussion.During the first quarter, namely April to June, 2002, work was carried out on Lakes Kyoga and Albert and a report produced. During the second quarter, July to September, 2002, Lake Victoria was covered. In both phases, the focus has been on the economic structure of fish landings.

Description: Workshop held in Entebbe, Uganda, 21 February 2003. Annex 4.

Description: Lake Victoria, besides being the second largest in theworld after Lake Superior, is the largest tropical lake. Itswaters are shared by Kenya (6% of the surface area),Uganda (43%), and Tanzania (51%). Before dramaticstructural and functional changes manifested in the lake'secosystem especially in the 1980s, fish life flourished inthe lake's entire water column at all times of the year.Currently, the situation is much more different from what it was in the past. The exponential increase in the introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stocks, siltation, wetland degradation and eutrophication have characterised the lake ecosystem. The two exotic species and the small native cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) form the basis of the commercial fishery that was once dominated by two native tilapiines (Oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis variabilis) and five other large-bodied endemic fishes. Severe deoxygenation observed at shallow depths (Ochumba 1990; Hecky et al., 1994) indicates that a large volume of the lake is unable to sustain fish life.The Lake Victoria catchment is one of the most densely populated areas in East Africa, encompassing a population of about 30 million people. Widespread poverty resulting from high inflation rates, lack of opportunities and general unemployment have characterised the lakeside communities over much of the last two decades.The biophysical environment in which Lake Victoria exists makes the lake particularly susceptible to changes that occur as a result of human modification to the watershed or the lake itself, thus rendering benefits from the lake unsustainable.

Description: As a fishery, the immensely large (c. 68,800 km2 ) LakeVictoria is a unique ecosystem which together with ariverine connection to the Lake Kyoga basin share acommon endemic "Victorian" fish fauna (Greenwood1966). Until the 1950s, the single socio economicallymost important species of fish in these two lakes wasthe native Oreochromis esculentus Graham (Graham1929) even though the lake also contained a secondnative tilapiine, 0reochromis variabilis , and over 300 other fish species (Beauchamp, 1956).

Description: Lake Victoria is the second largest lake in the world(69000km2) by surface area, but it is the shallowest (69mmaximum depth) of the African Great Lakes. It is situatedacross the equator at an altitude of 1240m and lies in ashallow basin between two uplifted ridges of the easternand western rift valleys (Beadle 1974). Despite theirtropical locations, African lakes exhibit considerableseasonality related to the alteration of warm, wet andcool, dry seasons and the accompanying changes inlucustrine stratification and mixing (Tailing, 1965; 1966;Melack 1979; Hecky& Fee 1981; Hecky& Kling,1981;1987; Bootsma 1993; Mugidde 1992; 1993).Phytoplankton productivity, biomass and species composition change seasonally inresponse to variations in light environment and nutrient availability which accompanychanges in mixed layer depth and erosion or stabilization of the metalimnion /hypolimnion (Spigel & Coulter 1996; Hecky et al., 1991; Tailing 1987). Over longer,millennial time scales, the phytoplankton communities of the African Great Lakes haveresponded to variability in the EastAfrican climate (Johnson 1996; Haberyan& Hecky,1986) which also alters the same ecological factors (Kilham et al., 1986). Recently, overthe last few decades, changes in external and or internal factors in Lake Victoria and itsbasin have had a profound inlluence on the planktic community of this lake (Hecky,1993; Lipiatou et al., 1996). The lake has experienced 2-10x increases in chlorophylland 2x increase in primary productivity since Tailing's observations in the early 1960s(Mugidde 1992, 1993). In addition to observed changes in the lake nutrient chemistry(Hecky & Mungoma, 1990; Hecky & Bugenyi 1992; Hecky 1993; Bootsma & Hecky 1993), the deep waters previouslyoxygenated to the sediment surface through most ofthe year are now regularly anoxic(Hecky et al., 1994).

Description: Concerns have been raised over the sustainability ofthe fisheries resource base of Lake Victoria for sometime. The draft National Fisheries Policy states: "Thekey issues in the fisheries sector are resourcedepletion through overfishing aggravated by use ofdestructive fishing gear and methods" (MAAIF 2000).A fishery is said to be degraded if any or all of the indicators begin to show including decline in catches from the fishery, higher proportion of immature fish in the catch and reduction in the species composition of the catch. Inadequate implementation of fisheries management is considered the main cause of resource degradation. One of the factors identified as constraints to fisheriesmanagement has been lack of involvement of the resource users.

Description: The study was undertaken to generate socio-economic information on fish market systems and performance of the industrial processing industry, which will guidethe processes leading to modernization of the fisheries sector and, sustainability of Lake Victoria fisheries.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the socio-economic implications of the fish marketing systems with particular emphasis on fish export market in Uganda. The study thus, analysed the socio-economic characteristics of fishers and examinined fish marketing systems and the impacts on the fishing activities, food security, employment opportunities and incomes of fisher-folk communities.

Description: Invertebrates constitute a major link in energy flowculminating into fish production in aquatic ecosystems. Intropical water bodies relatively little research has been done on invertebrate ecology especially their role in fishery production.European scientists through periodic expeditions to Africa in the last quarter of the 20th century carried out the earliest research on zooplankton. Rzoska (1957) listedthese early workers including Stuhlmann (1888), Weltner (1897) and Mrazek (1897-1898).Daday (1907), Verestchagin (1915) and Delachaux (1917) undertook further work during the early twentieth century. These earlyworks provide a useful basis for tracking community changes by comparison with modem investigations. Worthington (1931) provided the first quantitative account of the zooplankton of Lake Victoria along with information on diurnal vertical migrations, compared to a temperate lake. The establishment of the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organisation (EAFFRO) at Jinja in 1947 enabled investigations on the fisheries, algae, invertebrates and water quality aspects of the lake (EAFFRO Annual Reports 1947-1977) to be regularly carried out. Macdonald (1956) made the first detailed observations on the biology of chaoborids and chironomids (IakefJies) in relation to the feeding of the elephant snout fish, Mormyrus kannume. A detailed study of the biology of the mayfly, Povilla adusta Navas with special reference to the diurnal rhythms of activity was carried out by Hartland-Rowe (1957).The search to unravel the ecological role of aquatic invertebrates in the production dynamics of the lake has taken invertebrate research to greater heights through recent investigations including Okedi (1990), Mavut

Description: Aquatic macro-invertebrates encompass all those organisms that be seen with unaided eyes. Most macro-invertebrates are categorised as semi-aquatic in that they are aquatic in early stages, but live as terrestrial organisms as adults, while others like gastropods, bivalves, Oligochaetae, Hirudinae and ostracods are exclusively aquatic. Some of them such as mayflies lay eggs in water and subsequent stages also live in water until adulthood when they emerge to live a terrestrial life. In others, eggs are laid near the water, while some like members of Tendipedidae (midges) lay their eggs on the leaves of aquatic macrophytes and after hatching their larvae creep into water

Description: On Title page: (The Ugandan Version)

Description: Genetic biodiversity is the variation among individuals within and between units of interbreeding individuals (populations) of a species. It includes inheritable and transmittable differences that occur between individuals and/or populations of a given species through reproductive interaction. There exists enormous variability among individuals and/or populations of a species for most living organisms, and most of this variation is inheritable. differences among individuals arise through mutation and via recombination of genes during meiosis. These differences are then transmitted to successive generations through sexual reproduction and maintained in the populations through processes such as natural selection and genetic drift. Unfortunately much of this variation is normally threatened and often in danger of extinction because most focus in conservation of natural resources is put at saving species or habitats than varieties or strains of a species.

Description: On Title page: The Ugandan version

Description: Cichlids are known for their explosive radiation especially in the African Great Lakes marked with a high level of lake endemism. These fishes have been characterized mainly along trophic and habitat differences, by variation in morphological structures such as teeth and jaws and by differences in body shape and coloration. Cichlids are important as a microcosm of macroevolution. The explosive radiation, young evolutionary scale, and the isolation of groups characterized with high levels of endemism and presence of living fossils makes the group important for evolutionary and genetic studies. Lake Victoria region cichlids which are isolated and relatively more recent in evolution were the last to be appreciated in their diversity. Recently Ole Seehausen has found scores of rock fishes in Lake Victoria which were up to then thought to be absent from the Lake and only known to occur in Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika.Greenwood put together the species groups of Lake Victoria, and later in the early 1980's revised the classification of haplochromine species to reflect the phyletic origin and interrelationship of the various groups in Lake Victoria region. Melan Stiassny has been interested in early evolution of cichlids while the likes of Paul Fuerst and Lees Kaufman and Axel Meyer have been interested and are working to explain the speciation mechanisms responsible for the explosive radiation and evolution of cichlids. LocallyS.B Wandera and his student Getrude Narnulemo are spearheading the biodiversity and taxonomic studies of cichlids in Lake Victoria region

Description: On Title page: (The Ugandan Version)

Description: Biodiversity values provide objective data and advice from which policy makes could assess the conservation options and determine optimal policies that would balance the needs of conservation with the socia-economic needs of the people in the area.

Description: On Title page: The Ugandan version

Description: Most fish in Uganda comes from lakes Victoria, Albert, Kyoga, Edward, George, about 160 minor lakes and rivers. Fish production of most lakes in Uganda has changed considerably since development of most of the fisheries started during the first half of the 20th century. Analysis of the changes that have taken place in these fisheries provides useful information on the potential and management issues associated with fisheries in Uganda. Total national fish catch statistics are not available for the period prior to 1960. The trends in total fish production from the different water bodies between 1961 and 1995 are illustrated in Figure 3. Total fish catches were 60,000 to 71,000 metric tonnes between 1961 and 1965 and increased after 1965 reaching a peak of 245,000 metric tonnes in 1990. The increase from 1965 to the late 1970s followed establishment of introduced Nile perch and Tilapiines to Lake Kyoga which reached a peak in 1978 and then declined. The second peak followed establishment of the same introduced species in Lake Victoria. This too peaked in 1990 after which catches declined. During I970s, most of the fish came from Lake Kyoga while during the 1980s it was from Lake Victoria. Although the above trend shows an increase in total fish catches, historical trends in fisheries have been of decreasing catches especially of more desirable species. This impression can only be appreciated through examination of historical changes in individual fish production systems. The trend in total catches from major water bodies is illustrated in Figure 4. A brief analysis of the fish stocks and fish production from the different water and the efforts to manage the fisheries of the major lakes is given.

Description: On title page: (The Ugandan Version)

Description: Before the introduction and establishment of the Nile perch, Lates nilolicus (L). Lakes Victoria and Kyoga had a diverse fish fauna, dominated by haplochromine cichlids. The haplochromines had evolved into many trophic groups which occupied virtually all trophic levels and contributed to the ecological efficiency of the lakes. Establishment of Nile perch in the main lakes was followed by a decline and in some cases complete disappearance of many haplochromine trophic groups. This is thought to have affected the efficiency of the ecosystem. This study examined the species composition and trophic diversity among haplochromines in Kyoga Minor lakes where Nile perch was not introduced and compared this with historical data from Lake Victoria. Six Kyoga Minor lakes and the main Lake Kyoga (Iyingo) were sampled. Forty one haplochromine species were recorded in the Kyoga lake basin and only fourteen species were recorded from the main Lake Kyoga. Species and trophic diversity of haplochromines were highest in the Kyoga Minor lakes as compared to Lake Kyoga.

Description: On title page: (The Ugandan Version)

Description: There have been considerable changes in fish speciescomposition in Lakes victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo since the Nile perch were introduced. Populations of most of the native species have declined and many species may have become extinct. The original decline in the fish stocks was due to overfishing but the recent and more drastic decline has been attributed to predation by the Nile perch. Nile perch feeds on invertebrates changing to a piscivorous diet with size. Haplochromine cichlids, which were themost abundant fish in Lakes Victoria just before the Nile perch populations started increasing rapidly have been depleted. As more suitable types of prey were depleted in the new habi tats, Nile perch switched to other prey types to the extent of feeding even on its own young. There are, fears that the Nile perch will overshoot its food supply, resulting in a reduction of its own population andsubsequently a collapse in the fishery (FAD 1985).

Description: Nile Perch (Uganda) Project: 3-P-86-0137

Description: This report presents findings of the CAS conducted in the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria in March 2010. The results of the previous ten CASs conducted under the same programme in July, August, September and November 2005; in March, August and December 2006; in March, and August 2007; in February and December 2008 are included to show the emerging trends. The report also presents total annual catch estimates for the Ugandan part of the lake from 2005 to 2010.

Description: Implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) Project for Lake Victoria

Description: Historical analysis has shown that use of destructive fishing gears and methods contributed much to the initial depletion of fish stocks from Lakes Victoria and Kyoga. From about 1930 to 1960, the fisheries of Lake Victoria were managed by controlling the mesh size of gill nets. Gill net s of less than 127 mm (5) stretched mesh had been prohibited on Lake Victoria because they cropped immature Oreochromis esculentus (Ngege) which were at that time the most important commercial species. When the mesh size restriction was repealed in the Ugandan, Tanzanian and Kenya, there was a shift to smaller meshes which cropped immature tilapia and other large species and led to a collapse in the fishery.

Description: Nile Perch (Uganda) Project: 3-P-86-0137

Description: In September 2007, the National Fisheries Resources Research Institutecarried out a socio-economic survey on Governance in Co-Management in the fisheries of Lake Victoria. The purpose of the study was to determine the nature and performance of governance of the fisheries resources through co-management structures and systems.

Description: The purpose of the Socio-economic Baseline Survey of the Fishing Communities was to provide information on the fish landing beaches, people involved in fisheries, their livelihood activities and facilities available to them.

Description: Implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) Project

Description: The purpose of the study was to provide an in-depth understanding of information generation, flow and utilization within Uganda’s regional fish trade. The study was carried out at district headquarters, border points, landing sites and border markets, involving DFOs, Customs Officials, BMU executives and market managers.

Description: Implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) Project

Description: This monitoring survey No. 11 undertaken between 4th and 9th September 2012 is the second one to be conducted after completion of construction of Bujagali HydropowerDam. Two pre-construction baseline surveys in April 2000 and April 2006 were conducted and during construction phase, eight monitoring surveys (September 2007,April 2008, April 2009, October 2009, April 2010, September 2010, April 2011, September 2011) were conducted.

Description: Carried out on behalf of Bujagali Energy Limited (BEL)

Description: There has been tremendous growth in international trade on fish and fisheries products in the last four decades. In 1970 the value of internationally traded fishwas estimated at 3 billion; this increased to US$ 15 billion in 1980, US$ 36 billion in 1990 and US$ 55 billion in 2000 (Ahmed, 2003). Recent statistics show that fish trade has surpassed other agricultural commodities that havetraditionally been traded internationally such as coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, cereals, meat, oils and milk. In 2000, fish contributed 22% of the value of all agricultural exports, making it the highest internationally traded food product(Ahmed, 2003). In another perspective, nearly 40% of the world's fish is now sold in the international market.The flow of fish in the international market is highly lopsided. About 50% of fish exportscomefromthedevelopingworld ,ofwhich 20%arefrom low-incomefood deficient countries. Most of this fish, however, is consumed by the developedcountries, which account for nearly 80% of all imported fish. The EU, USA and Japan are the major importers, accounting for over 77% of global fish imports. Thus, while developing countries playa big role in fish production , they consume very little of it, instead preferring to sell for the hard currency.In some fish exporting countries, especially those in Asia, there is some link between fish exports and imports of substitute and complementary foods. Much of the increased earning from fish exports in those countries is explained by a corresponding rise in expenditure on imported foods. This is not the case in many of the fish exporter nations in Africa. In their case, fish exports generate foreign exchange that they use to meet other socio-political objectives; hardly is it aimed at solving the wider food needs. Therefore, one of the most immediate concerns of international fish trade is its impact on food security in the poor exporter nations.

Description: Workshop held in Entebbe, Uganda, 21 February 2003. Annex 5.

Description: Following a general outcry by the population riparian to the Ugandan portion of lake Albert about dwindling fish catches, there was concern both from the FAO Country representative in Uganda and the government of Uganda on the state of the fisheries of this lake. The FAO representative accompanied by an official from the Uganda Fisheries and Fish Conservation Association (UFFCA) visitedthe lake in July 1999 (Appendix I). The Ugandan minister of state in charge of the Fisheries sector also visited the lake in November 1999 (Appendix II). The two were in common agreement that the lake was in a stocks crisis and there was need for remedial measures. It was therefore deemed necessary to initiate a technical report updating the present state of the fisheries resources of this lake.An agreement was thus signed between the author and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations - Sub-Regional Office for Southern Africa inHarare, to undertake this exercise.

Description: A reduction in native fish stocks and the need to increasefish production for food, recreation, ornamental purposes and to control disease vectors and weeds have often justified and led to introduction of non-native fishes. Some of these introductions have been followed by benefitial and others by undesirable consequences. For instance introduction of the Nile perch Lates niloticus L. and several tilapiine species into lakes Victoria and Kyoga, and the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon into lakes Kariba and Kivu have resulted in increases in the quantity of fish available to the people around them. Predation by Nile perch and competition with introduced tilapiine species in lakes victoria and Kyoga have caused a severe decline and in some cases total disappearance of many of the native fish species.therefore the concern about fish introductions arises

Description: Lake Albert contributes about 10% to the national fish production. It supports a multi-species fishery based on endemic species. To local fishermen, Lake Albert is a lifeline providing food and income.

Description: The National Fisheries Resource Research Institute (NaFIRRI) is one of the semi-automous Public Agricultural Research Institute (PARIs) that operates under the policy guidance by the National Agriculture Research Organisation(NARO). NaFIRRI's mandate is to undertake and promote basic and applied research of National and strategic importance in Aquaculture, capture fisheries, the water environment , social economics and marketing, and information communication management as well as any emergency issues in the fisheries sector.

Description: pamphlet

Description: The fisheries of Lake Albert have come under increasing focus due to several driving forces that have synergistically evolved resulting into concerns from diverse stakeholders. The driving forces include: the commercialization of the fisheries with entry into the value chain of industrial fish processing, a decline in fish stocks especially of the large-size fishes and the emergency of the light - fishing targeting small pelagic fishes. In addition, the assumption by some opinion leaders that light-fishing (use of light) has destroyed the Nile perch fishery of Lake Albert, other factors such as cross-border fishing conflicts, the emergence of oil, an influx of traders in fish-related activities, and the limited regulatory and enforcement regimes for the diverse commercially exploited fish fauna of Lake Albert all require continuous information and action.

Description: The study was confined to the fisheries of Lake George. The fishery of Lake George has been exploited under controlledexploitation but the permitted number of boats was fixed in the 1950s before the human population increased to the current level. Many more people were involved in fishing and it was feared that the fish stocks might not support the human population. The assignment involved preparation of a research proposal, collection of field data and production of a report in a period of eight months.

Description: The purpose of inlake herbicide trials was to assesson the aquatic environment and resources, of in-lakeof weeder 64 (2,4-0 amine) and Rodio (Glyphosate)water hyacinth the effects application to control water hyacinth. The experiments reported here specifically studied the effects of the herbicides on the diversity and abundance of aquatic macrofauna associated with the water weed. Results from this and similar experiments which assessed herbicide efficacy on water hyacinth; dissipation in water, impact on water quality, algal biomass and on diversity and abundance of zooplankton and macrofauna were all to be evaluated as input into the environmental impact assessment exercise required to facilitate decisions on the use of herbicides to control water hyacinth in Uganda.

Description: Kabaka's Lake as the name implies, is a lake that belongs to the Buganda Kingdom which is under the Kabaka of Buganda (King of Buganda) and is located in the central portion of Kampala city. At the launching of "Food for all in Buganda" campaign during November 1999 at Nfuufu in Mukono District -Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) was requested to find means of reactivating the fishery potential of the lake. The lake had been stocked with the Nile perch (Lates niloticus & T. zilli) during 1950s and the fishery was not being efficiently exploited. After restocking, no monitoring was done and therefore it was not known whether the introduced species established themselves. Restocking was mainly aimed at enabling this lake provide a source of food and recreation. The major objective of the study therefore was to establish the present status of the fishery by determining the fish species composition, distribution, relative abundance, population structure of the major fish species, catch rates in the gill net fishery and the biology and ecology of the dominant fish species. The study was conducted during 2000

Description: This report presents the information obtained during catch assessment surveys made by the ADP Fishery Survey of Lake Kyoga and Lake Kwania between August 1990 and July 1991. It supersedes previous interim reports on these surveys.The Kyoga lakes had not been surveyed in a long time. Information on the state of the stocks was largely confined conclusions drawn from data collected along the southern shore of L.Kyoga proper. The effect of harmful/illegal gear types on the stocks was not documented.Part I provides a description of the survey. Part II comprises a review of the fishing strategies. Parts III and IV present the principal results obtained on L.Kyoga and L.Kwania. Part V presents a discussion of the main conclusions.

Description: Interim report published in Jinja, November 1991, revised to cover survey to July 1991 in Haarlem, February 1992.

Description: The Annual report presents activities carried out by the Organization during the period 1973. It presents scientific work of the Organization which include:Tissue specificity of malate dehydrogenase in Astatoreochromisand two species of haplochromis, report on LaKe Babati Fishery, Observations on Engraulicypris orgenteus(PELLEGRIN) 1904 from Lake Victoria, Commercial trawl fishing on Lake Victoria: Fisheries development and conservation, Lunar periodicity and the breeding of Tilapia niloticain the Northern part of Lake Victoria.

Description: The National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) on behalf of OPEP Consult Ltd undertook a baseline survey of the transition zone (basically along the shoreline) and near shore habitats of the Uganda apart of Lake Edward and Kazinga channel during December 2007 to January 2008. A major objective of the baseline survey was to generate baseline information on the aquatic ecosystem features related to the fisheries and socio-economics of the fish catch including issues raised by residents in the fish landing sites. Therefore, the baseline survey captured information on water quality, the aquatic invertebrate fauna, aspects of fish biology and ecology, the fish catch including facilities at fish landings, value in the catch and related fisheries socio-economic issues perceived by residents in the settled areas along the shores.

Description: A baseline survey for the project which had been conducted in 2009 had gaps that could not allow assessment of project performance in the outcome and impact indicators to be made. This study was, therefore, commissioned to reconstruct the baseline data, aligned to the impact and outcome indicators on the project logframe and results framework, against which project achievements could be assessed.The purpose and scope of the study was to reconstruct the baseline data and analysis describing the situation prior to QAFM Project inception, taking 2008 as the baseline year, which was aligned to the project logframe outcome and impact indicators; to collect data on current status to compare project outcome (and where possible impact) in improved fish handling sites in comparison with the baseline as well as with comparable non-improved fish landing sites as control group.The study was conducted through secondary data search from sources at NaFIRRI, DFR and ICEIDA. Field data collection was carried out using a sample survey covering 312 respondents including boat and gear owners, crew members, processors and traders at eight project and two control landing sites. Key Informant Interviews were conducted with DFOs and BMU leaders in the study districts and landing sites respectively.

Description: Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA)

Description: Quality Assurance for Fish Marketing Project (QAFMP)

Description: Under the Implementation of the Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) for Lake Victoria Result area 4, quarterly gillnet surveys are undertaken to monitor changes in fish stocks and environmental parameters in the shallow nontrawlableareas of the lake For purposes of monitoring surveys, the Ugandan sector of Lake Victoria is divided into 3 zones as shown in Figure 1. During the second quarter of APE2, two gillnet surveys were undertaken in zones 1 and 3 in February and March 2006 respectively. The purpose of the surveys was to monitor changes in the fish stocks and their biological characteristics, water quality, algal dynamics and invertebrate communities; as detailed in the various sections of the report. The surveys followed those conducted in November and December 2006 in the same zones.Results of the surveys showed that the number of fish taxa was higher in the near-shore fleets (0-100m) decreasing towards offshore. The near-shore areas were also associated with high primary productivity and hence secondary production to which Caridina and other invertebrates are part. These organisms are an important source of food for the fish and this may partly account for the high number of fish species recorded in this area of the lake.It was also observed that although Nile perch was the most dominant fish species recorded in all the stations during the surveys, haplochromines, Brycinus sadleri, Brycinus jacksonii Oreochromis niloticus and various mormyrid species contributed significantly to the fish biomass. The presence of many fish species and their coexistence with the predator, Nile perch is attributed to the presence of macrophyte cover and rocky habitats which serve as refugia in the shallow inshore habitats of Lake Victoria. In addition, the vegetated habitats are an important source of food for the fishes. As reported in macro-invertebrate studies, big populations of Caridina and other invertebrates were recorded among macrophyte beds. Caridina is an important source of food for juvenile Nile perch and other fish species so are the other invertebrates especially chironomid larvae, odonata nymphs and molluscs.Resurgence in haplochromine cichlids was observed during the surveys. The presence of haplochromines cichlids in all the sites especially Thruston Bay where it ranked the second by percentage contribution in number, is evidence of the recovery of this group of fishes which had declined largely due to predation by L. niloticus. Caridina nilotica has also increased in biomass and is a major component of the Nile perch diet. This could have reduced predation pressure on the haplochromines by Nile perch and has possibly contributed to recent resurgence in haplochromines cichlids in the lake in the shallow nontrawlable areas of the lake Rastrineobola argentea was found to be an important prey item for Nile perch and other fish species such as Clarias gariepinus. Measures should therefore be taken to ensure sustainable harvesting of Dagaa so that there is enough left to sustain the fishery of Nile perch and other species.

Description: A comprehensive Frame survey was carried out on lakes Kwania, Bisina, Nakuwa, Kyoga and other minor lakes in the Lake Kyoga Basin in June 2008 (Figure 1). The Frame survey was coordinated by the Department of Fisheries Resources (DFR) in collaboration with the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) in terms of technical support. The riparian districts through the sub-county fisheries offices and the BMUs provided the enumerators and supervisors. The frame survey captured all the important characteristics of the fisheries and facilities supporting the fisheries and thus provides a strong baseline for future reference of management interventions in the basin.

Description: On title page: THEME 3: Enhancing Integrated Management of Natural Resources. Project: Determination of Appropriate Technologies and Methods for Harvesting and Conservation of Fish Species And Stocks in Lake Albert/Albert Nile and Kyoga Basin Lakes. ARTP II (Extension)

Description: Lake Wamala, a small lake (180 km2) located in Central Uganda and believed to have been part of the main Lake Victoria and only got separated about 4000 years ago, has already undergone different levels of fisheries evolution that warrant using it as a case study to inform changes in other systems. Using resources provided by the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP) II, under the Applied Research Facility, we evaluated the fishing inputs, socio-economic infrastructure and analyzed trends in fishery benefits to guide evolution of management advice.A frame survey was conducted on the entire lake (13th - 23rd March 2012) enumerating all fishing factors and enlisting available and accessible socio-economic infrastructure along the shores of the lake. The lake traverses districts (Gomba, Mityana, and Mubende) with its largest portion lying in Mityana. There are 26 established fish landing sites and about 600 fishers with a similar number of boats on the lake. The total number of boats on the lake is almost equal to the number of fishers; illustrating the common type (paracute) and size (Small, about 4 m) of boats and hence a fishing crew structure of one fisher per boat. Main fishing gears are Gillnets targeting the tilapia (Ngege) and long line hooks (Protperus, Mamba, and Clarias, Male). Almost equal number of boats used the two main gears on the lake (about 300 each). 97% of the gill nets on the lake are small (3.5” (8.9 cm – 4.5” – 11.4 cm) stretched mesh size while 98% of the hoots are large (〈 size 10). The implication is gill net fishers target small tilapia while long line fishers aim at the large mamba and male. Generally the lake has poor socio-economic infrastructure compared to other lakes of Uganda probably due to its geo-morphological setting. The lakes fishing factors have continued to expand with the ever increasing population. There may be need to check the continued entry into the fisheries especially if the increasing effort does not translate into increase in fishery yield.

Description: The fisheries resources of Lakes Albert and Kyoga present a high potential for economic growth, food, employment and foreign earnings. However, livelihoods appear to be compromised with the emergence and rapid spread of HIV/AIDS in the fisher communities of L. Albert and Kyoga. HIV/AIDS is considered a silent epidemic that is unique, posing a great challenge to the fisheries managers, health service providers, development planners and the resource users themselves. Fishers have high HIV prevalence, as well as AIDS-related illnesses and mortality rates. The high HIV prevalence rates among the fishing communities in Uganda is between 10-40% compared to the national rates which lie between 6% and 7%. This indicates that the national programmes have not adequately addressed the plight of the fishing communities of Lakes Albert, and Kyoga and the consequences have been devastating. Men and women living in fishing villages across the world have been found to be between five and ten times more vulnerable to the disease than other communities (Tarzan et al 2005, FAO, 2007). The present prevalence rates among the fishing communities stands at 10 to 40 % (LVFO, 2008). Meanwhile the same fishing communities are the essential labour for the Lakes’ fishery industry which is thriving nationally and internationally. That resource potentially can alleviate poverty and the HIV/AIDS threat. Fishing communities are the hidden victims of the disease, mixing patterns with the general population could act as a reservoir of infection that could spill over into the general population to drive the epidemic. On L. Albert, a quarter of the fisher folk were HIV-positive by 1992 compared to 4% in a nearby Agricultural village. Since then, there have been no targeted studies to address or monitor the prevalence rates eight years later, yet the multiplicity factor is high.HIV/AIDS can be linked to unsustainable fisheries, as the labour force available would not go to deep waters to fish, instead would fish in the shallow waters as a coping mechanism. A further effect is the loss to National and local economies and reduced nutritional security for the wider population. HIV/AIDS remains a significant challenge that has created a mosaic of complexity in the fishery sector. This needs to be addressed. It is, therefore, paramount that a comprehensive study was under taken to address this pandemic and the phenomenon of HIV/AIDS based on the study objectives.1. To determine the trend in HIV/AIDS infection among fishing communities and the factors affecting it2. To assess the impacts of HIV/AIDS on fish production and the implications for fisheries management.

Description: Lake Wamala is one of the small lakes in Uganda, and lies between latitudes 0o 15; and 0o 25' N 31o 45' to longitude 32o 00' E, longitude and at an altitude of 1000m above sea level. Following ths 1961 heavy rains the lake expanded from about 100 to 118 sq. km and the swamps covered almost 60 sq km (Okaranon 1993). This lake was first stocked with Oreohromis niloticus eduardianus populary known as Oreohromis niloticus then Oreochromis leucostictus and then Tilapia zillii then after that it was officially opened for commercial fishing in 1960. Despite of the commercial fishery there used to be subsistance fishing that was mainly by the use of wires and hooks and targeted the Clarias and Protopterus species. The lake fishery used to be highly profitable after the opening in 1960; though in 1970s the fishers started complaining of the declining state of the fishery. At that time the O. niloticus had gone down to less than 1 kg per net per night by 1975(Okaranon 1993). Due to it led to scientists undertake fisheries surveys in 1975/78 and later 1988/92 then later on there subsquent survey in 2003. Since that time there has been no work done until March 2012 that both catch assessment and frame surveys undertaken to ensure that management issues are addressed concerning this riparian water body. The main objectives of the survey were:-To assess fish production levels in the commercial fisheries of Lake Wamala (Catch Assessment).To assess the fishing effort and facilities available at the fish landings that supports the fisher folks.

Description: Invertebrates are some of the key food items for fish diets. They thus form an important fish food environment upon which the fisheries thrives in terms of production through dietary support. Invertebrates communities of Lakes Albert and Kyoga have been evaluated and considered the implications for diets and production of commercial fishes.

Description: Lakes Victoria and Kyoga had, a diverse fish fauna, which was important as food for local population and valuable in scientific studies. Over the past twenty years, the diversity of fish in these lakes had declined due to over-exploitation, introduction of new fish species including the piscivorous Nile perch and degradation of fish habitat. Studies of satellite lakes in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins suggested that some of these lakesharboured species which had been lost from the main lakes. In order to better understand the extent, to which these satellite lakes may serve as refugia, a faunal survey was undertaken to determine the distribution and nature of the taxa found. Seven satellite lakes and the eastern end of the main Lake Kyoga adjacent to these minor lakes were surveyed over a two-year period for fish species diversity. A total of 68 fish species were recorded of which 41 were haplochromines. Almost all the native non cichlids which occurred in the main lakes (Victoria and Kyoga) before the Nile perch upsurge recorded. Lakes Nawampasa, Gigati, Kawi, Agu and Nyaguo had the highest fish species and trophic diversity. The trophic diversity of haplochromines (based on Shannon Weaver Index) was highest in Lake Nawampasa (1.28), followed by Gigati (1.25), Kawi(1.18), Agu (0.8), Lemwa (0.81), Nyaguo (0.35) and was lowest in the main Lake Kyoga.Potential threats to these lakes were from collectors of ornamental fish species, especially the haplochromines, the spread of the predatory Nile perch and the water hyacinth, which are already in Lake Kyoga, and the destruction of macrophytes through harvesting of papyrus and reclamation for agriculture. The human population around these lakesharvested the fishes for food but the levels of exploitation were still low because the lakeswere adjacent to main Lake Kyoga, the major supply of fish. Ornamental fish dealers were encouraged to start captive breeding of the fish for export to reduce pressure on thelakes and demonstrations for breeding were set up at FIRI in Jinja. Meetings and seminars were held with some of the communities living around the lakes sampled andthe importance of fish species found in these lakes and the dangers of destructive practices discussed. Representatives of all taxa of fish caught from the lakes werepreserved, catalogued and stored in the FIRI Museum. Results from this survey support the motion that these satellite lakes are important refugia for endemic diversity. Based on survey, we recommend that SaIne of these lakes like Nawampasa, Gigati, Kawi, Aguand Nyaguo could be designated as conservation areas of species threatened in the main lakes. One of the factors that seem to have prevented the spread of Nile perch into Kyoga Minor lakes seems to have been the presence of extensive swamps around these lakes and the low oxygen levels that exist in these habitats. Clearing of swamps and vegetation that separate Kyoga minor lakes from the main lake should be avoided to prevent Nile perch from spreading into these lakes.

Description: USAID Consortium

Description: Final report of the Biodiversity Support Program, MS83

Description: The massive water hyacinth mats that covered water bodies in the 1990s hadserious social and economic impacts. They affected fishing, transportation,water quality and health of fishing communities as well as production of goodsand services of lake-based institutions (commercial establishments). At peakinfestations, the communities and institutions were aware of and participatedreadily in control effort. However, after the major collapse of hyacinth in 1998,some of them relaxed in their control efforts. The status of knowledge,perception, impacts, preparedness and role of the lakeside communities andinstitutions to control the weed has, therefore, been monitored since the majorresurgence of the weed to find out if the lakeside communities and institutionsstill perceive water hyacinth as a problem and the extent to which they areprepared to sustain control.

Description: On title page: Draft 2

Description: This report presents the results of the second (in 1975) fisheries resource survey for Lake Wamala conducted from 10th to 16th July 1975. The first similar survey covered the period 14th to 20th May 1975. The areas sampled consisted of the river-month areas, the papyrus-fringed inshore waters and the open dee offshore waters. In an effort to find the possible major causes of the decline in catch and seasonal disappearance of fish-hence a solution to the problem(s)-a second fisheries resource survey using multifilament nylon gillnets was conducted on Lake Kijanebalola during the period 17th to 21st July 1975. The first survey was similar and covered the period 21st to 27th May 1975.

Description: The purpose of this report is to describe very briefly the new program of catch assessment surveys in Lake Victoria. The CAS program, less than a year old is a joint venture of EAFFRO and the Fisheries Departments of the partner states, with assistance from FAO Statistician. The program arose out of the need to establish uniform statistically sound system of data collection in Victoria fisheries, has a topic of discussion at past meetings of the Fisheries Technical Committee.

Description: Prepared for the Meeting of the Fisheries Technical Committee, Tanga, Tanzania, August 1972

Description: The traditional lucrative fisheries of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga were based on similar multispecies itchthyofaunas. Man's activities on and around these lakes have both directly and indirectly assisted to modify the natural trends and components of the commercial fisheries. The exotic L.niloticus and O.niloticus together with the native R. argentea form the major component of current commercial landings. The total catches are higher but it is not yet clear whether the increase would endure given the fragility of predator/prey systems. The trophodynamics are still modifying and it is not certain how ecosystem function would be influenced. It is, therefore, prudent and desirable to undertake appropriate research investigations in order to guide the multiobjective activities of man on these lakes.

Description: During 1975, two experimental fisheries resource surveys were conducted on lake wamala from 14th to 20th May and 10th to 16th July. The purpose of the experimental fishing on this lake was to provide information required to genrate enough scientific guidelines and advice for rational exploitation, management, development and utilization of the fishery resources in the lake.

Description: The objective of the bottom trawl survey in July/August 2003, was to monitor the changes in the fish stocks in the Uganda sector of Lake Victoria with particular emphasis on species composition, distribution, abundance and population structure.

Description: Gillnets are popularly used in commercial fishing on both Lake kioga and lake Victoria. On Lake kioga the legal mesh size is from 4½ (114) upwards while on Lake Victoria, a multifishery lake, various mesh sizes are in operation. However, the fishermen on these lakes still use the smaller meshes to be able to harvest certain categories of fish especially Oreochromis species group whose catch rates are already on the decline due to either use of small mesh size nets, high fishing pressure and to L.Kioga in particular, predation by lates niloticus.