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  • Articles  (46)
  • information  (17)
  • lexicography  (15)
  • animal rights
  • Springer  (46)
  • Elsevier
  • Philosophy  (29)
  • Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism  (17)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unseen users, unknown systems: Computer design for a scholar's dictionary (1988)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 22 (1988), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: dictionary ; lexicography ; concording ; lemmatizing ; editing ; CD-ROM ; database
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract The Dictionary of Old English computing systems have provided access since the 1970s to a database of approximately three million running words. These systems, designed for a variety of machines and written in a variety of languages, have until recently been planned with computing center billing algorithms in mind. With personal workstations emphasis has shifted to building more elegant user interfaces and to providing the entire DOE database to editors around the world. While the shift from sequential files to random access files and the provision of extensive development tools have changed some of the design process, error checking and protection of the database against accidental intrusion have remained as central issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118604
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic lexicography (1991)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 25 (1991), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: corpora ; databases ; dictionary ; informatiop retrieval systems ; lemmatization ; lexicography ; lexicology ; lexicon ; machine readable ; OED2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This paper offers a brief survey of some important developments in the use of computers in making dictionaries and lexicons. Making a dictionary involves collecting the data, sorting and lemmatizing, editing and printing. Five major types of machine-readable dictionaries have developed from these procedures: Machine Readable Lexicons of individual authors, Machine Readable Dictionaries with codes for linguistic information, Machine Dictionaries with selected information, and Lexical Databases with lexical information abstracted from machine-readable dictionaries. The second edition of the QED is a machine-readable dictionary with codes that may provide the basis for a diachronic lexical database.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141185
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Current approaches to punctuation in computational linguistics (1996)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 30 (1996), S. 457-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: discourse ; information ; natural language syntax ; natural language semantics ; punctuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract Some recent studies in computational linguistics have aimed to take advantage of various cues presented by punctuation marks. This short survey is intended to summarise these research efforts and additionally, to outline a current perspective for the usage and functions of punctuation marks. We conclude by presenting an information-based framework for punctuation, influenced by treatments of several related phenomena in computational linguistics. Varol Akman is a professor of computer engineering at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. From 1980 to 1985, he was a Fulbright scholar at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, where he received a PhD degree in computer engineering. Prior to joining Bilkent in 1988, he held a senior researcher position with the Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. His current research areas include artificial intelligence models of context, computational aspects of situation theory, and in general, language and philosophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00057941
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peeling an Onion: The Lexicographer's Experience ofManual Sense-Tagging (2000)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 34 (2000), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: context/kwd〉 ; corpus ; evaluation ; lexicography ; part-of-speech tagging ; word sense disambiguation ; sense-tagging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract SENSEVAL set itself the task of evaluating automaticword sense disambiguation programs (see Kilgarriff andRosenzweig, this volume, for an overview of theframework and results). In order to do this, it wasnecessary to provide a `gold standard' dataset of `correct' answers. This paper will describe thelexicographic part of the process involved in creatingthat dataset. The primary objective was for a group oflexicographers to manually examine keywords in a largenumber of corpus contexts, and assign to each contexta sense-tag for the keyword, taken from the Hectordictionary. Corpus contexts also had to be manuallypart-of-speech (POS) tagged. Various observationsmade and insights gained by the lexicographers duringthis process will be presented, including a critiqueof the resources and the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002407003264
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “X” meansX: Fodor/Warfield semantics (1994)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 215-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Meaning ; representation ; disjunction problem ; Twin-Earth ; Fodor ; asymmetric causal dependency ; actual ; naturalized semantics ; information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper, we argued that Fodorian Semantics has serious difficulties. However, we suggested possible ways that one might attempt to fix this. Ted Warfield suggests that our arguments can be deflected and he does this by making the very moves that we suggested. In our current paper, we respond to Warfield's attempts to revise and defend Fodorian Semantics against our arguments that such a semantic theory is both too strong and too weak. To get around our objections, Warfield proposes a modified reading of one of Fodor's conditions and proposes adding a new condition to the theory. We show that neither the modified reading nor the additional condition saves the asymmetric causal dependency approach to naturalized semantics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974146
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Emergence of a Digital Cinema (1999)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 33 (1999), S. 365-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: aesthetic ; cinema ; Desktop Video ; digital ; DTV ; film ; information ; McLuhan ; paradigms ; production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract Paradigmatic change is driving aesthetic change in cinema. This restructuring is not only transforming what is on the screen, but the means of production that put it there. The interplay of technology and culture, along with their dynamics has made this so. Marshall McLuhan's Laws of Media provide an effective lens with which to examine this change. Some preliminary observations on the shape of digital cinema are offered. However to paraphrase Al Jolson, you ain't seen nothin' yet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002001329060
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can computers carry content ‘inexplicitly’? (1994)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 333-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Emergence ; content ; information ; representation ; computers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I examine whether it is possible for content relevant to a computer's behavior to be carried without an explicit internal representation. I consider three approaches. First, an example of a chess playing computer carrying ‘emergent’ content is offered from Dennett. Next I examine Cummins’ response to this example. Cummins says Dennett's computer executes a rule which is inexplicitly represented. Cummins describes a process wherein a computer interprets explicit rules in its program, implements them to form a chess-playing device, then this device executes the rules in a way that exhibits them inexplicitly. Though this approach is intriguing, I argue that the chess-playing device cannot exist as imagined. The processes of interpretation and implementation produce explicit representations of the content claimed to be inexplicit. Finally, the Chinese Room argument is examined and shown not to save the notion of inexplicit information. This means the strategy of attributing inexplicit content to a computer which is executing a rule, fails.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974198
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The many uses of ‘belief’ in AI (1991)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 1 (1991), S. 55-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Belief ; syntax ; propositions ; meaning ; information ; tractability ; degrees of confidence ; dispositions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Within AI and the cognitively related disciplines, there exist a multiplicity of uses of ‘belief’. On the face of it, these differing uses reflect differing views about the nature of an objective phenomenon called ‘belief’. In this paper I distinguish six distinct ways in which ‘belief’ is used in AI. I shall argue that not all these uses reflect a difference of opinion about an objective feature of reality. Rather, in some cases, the differing uses reflect differing concerns with special AI applications. In other cases, however, genuine differences exist about the nature of what we pre-theoretically call belief. To an extent the multiplicity of opinions about, and uses of ‘belief’, echoes the discrepant motivations of AI researchers. The relevance of this discussion for cognitive scientists and philosophers arises from the fact that (a) many regard theoretical research within AI as a branch of cognitive science, and (b) even if theoretical AI is not cognitive science, trends within AI influence theories developed within cognitive science. It should be beneficial, therefore, to unravel the distinct uses and motivations surrounding ‘belief’, in order to discover which usages merely reflect differing pragmatic concerns, and which usages genuinely reflect divergent views about reality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00360579
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infons as mathematical objects (1992)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 2 (1992), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Constraint ; individuation scheme ; infon ; information ; representation ; type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I argue that the role played by infons in the kind of mathematical theory of information being developed by several workers affiliated to CSLI is analogous to that of the various number systems in mathematics. In particular, I present a mathematical construction of infons in terms of representations and informational equivalences between them. The main theme of the paper arose from an electronic mail exchange with Pat Hayes of Xeroxparc. The exposition derives from a talk I gave at theTheories of Partial Information conference held at the University of Texas at Austin, January 1990.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704457
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Philosophical lexicography: The LIE and the use of the computer (1990)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 24 (1990), S. 375-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: lexicography ; philosophy ; seventeenth century ; eighteenth century ; Latin language ; concordances ; lexicons ; Lessico Intellettuale Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract This manuscript is a description of the research activities of the Lessico Intellettuale Europeo. The Centre works on the lexicographical analysis of philosophical and scientific texts, mainly of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. An important project is the Philosophical Dictionary of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. The LIE series of publications include a number of indices, concordances and lexicons. Another project at the Centre is the Thesaurus Mediae et Recentioris Latinitatis. The Centre also publishes the proceedings of the three-yearly Colloqui internazionali.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186479
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