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  • Articles  (18)
  • 04. Solid Earth  (12)
  • volcano monitoring  (6)
  • Applied geophysics
  • Seismic stratigraphy
  • Textbook of geophysics
  • MDPI  (15)
  • Wiley  (3)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: The late Miocene Monte Capanne and Porto Azzurro plutons are investigated by means of coupled U-Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar white mica dating to test the occurrence of long-lived magmatic systems in the upper crust. Zircon crystallized for 〉 1 Myr in both plutonic systems, with supersolidus conditions overlapping for ~220 kyr indicating previously unrecognized co-existence of the two reservoirs. The development of the Porto Azzurro high T-aureole is post-dated by continuous igneous zircon crystallization until ~ 6.0 Ma. By linking crystallization to post-emplacement cooling of late-stage pulses in both western and eastern Elba we constrain long-lived sizeable reservoirs (possibly the same reservoir) in the Tyrrhenian upper crust between ~8 and 6 Ma.
    Description: In press
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 40Ar/39Ar white mica dating ; Elba Island ; long-lived magma reservoirs ; U–Pb zircon dating ; MioceneTyrrhenian crust ; upper crustal granites ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: In this body of work, we showcase a historic virtual geotrail on the eastern flank of the iconic Mt. Etna volcano (Italy), along a series of outstanding geological sites and features subsequent to an important eruption that took place in 1928. A geohistoric account of such a major eruption, is of great interest, since it is the only event since 1669 to have caused the destruction of a town (Mascali) in the Etna region. Volcanologists, educators, the lay public, tourists and volcano explorers can now access a series of “virtual geostops” belonging to this virtual geotrail, such that “visitors” can virtually fly above these sites by scanning a QR code on the printed or electronic version of the present manuscript, as well as on the poster provided as additional material for this manuscript. The virtual geostops that comprise the virtual geotrail were developed using the structure-frommotion (SfM) photogrammetry technique from images captured by using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The main result of our work is the virtual geotrail, subdivided in two parts and composed of eight geostops, each showing outstanding examples of geological features resulting from volcanic phenomena that took place also during 1979. Our approach is designed to support classical field trips, and it can undoubtedly become complementary to traditional field teaching in earth sciences, both now and in the future.
    Description: Published
    Description: 377
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geotrail ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-09-07
    Description: The La Fossa volcano is near the inhabited zone of the island of Vulcano and is a suitable case for studying gas sources of different geological origins. Since the last eruption, fumarolic-solfataric ac-tivity has interested this area with fumarolic emissions, mainly at the top of the volcanic cone and at Vulcano Porto. In recent decades, the anomalous degassing zones on the island have not significantly changed their location. On the contrary, there have been several significant changes in the emission rate due to the addition of volcanic gas. In these zones, CO2 flux from the ground is responsible for a decrease in the indoor air quality. A recent increase in volcanic degassing led to an increase in the gas hazard in the inhabited area of Vulcano Island, and people were temporarily displaced from Vulcano Porto. The results of this study show that a monitoring system can be used for the early detection of transients in soil CO2 flux (φCO2) in the anomalous degassing zone of Vulcano. Syn-chronous monitoring of φCO2 and outdoor air CO2 concentration has shown variations in volcanic degassing that affect outdoor air CO2 concentration in the populated zone of Faraglione.
    Description: This research was funded by Dipartimento di Protezione Civile—Convenzione DPC-INGV 2019–2021 All.B2, WP Vulcani, Task 16; Scientific Advisor and Project Manager: Sergio Gurrieri.
    Description: Published
    Description: 266
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: soil CO2 flux ; volcano monitoring ; volcanic unrest ; gas hazard ; air CO2 concentration ; volcanic hazard ; geochemistry ; diffuse degassing ; Vulcano ; Aeolian islands ; geochemical monitoring networdk ; indoor CO2
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Volcano monitoring is the key approach in mitigating the risks associated with volcanic phenomena. Although Antarctic volcanoes are characterized by remoteness, the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption and the 2022 Hunga eruption have reminded us that even the farthest and/or least-known volcanoes can pose significant hazards to large and distant communities. Hence, it is important to also develop monitoring systems in the Antarctic volcanoes, which involves installing and maintaining multiparametric instrument networks. These tasks are particularly challenging in polar regions as the instruments have to face the most extreme climate on the Earth, characterized by very low temperatures and strong winds. In this work, we describe the multiparametric monitoring system recently deployed on the Melbourne volcano (Victoria Land, Antarctica), consisting of seismic, geochemical and thermal sensors together with powering, transmission and acquisition systems. Particular strategies have been applied to make the monitoring stations efficient despite the extreme weather conditions. Fumarolic ice caves, located on the summit area of the Melbourne volcano, were chosen as installation sites as they are protected places where no storm can damage the instruments and temperatures are close to 0 °C all year round. In addition, the choice of instruments and their operating mode has also been driven by the necessity to reduce energy consumption. Indeed, one of the most complicated tasks in Antarctica is powering a remote instrument year-round. The technological solutions found to implement the monitoring system of the Melbourne volcano and described in this work can help create volcano monitoring infrastructures in other polar environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7594
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Antarctica ; extreme weather conditions ; sensor network ; volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: In the last two decades, the rapid growth in continuous Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) networks and improvements in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) imaging allowed the acquisition of continuous and spatially extensive datasets over large regions of Earth, significantly increasing the range of geoscience applications. In addition, the promising results obtained by the scientific community and the free availability of data, which permitted drastic cost reductions, have drawn increasing interest from the administrative managing office for the mapping and monitoring of ground deformation issues. This Special Issue aims to provide a general overview of some geoscience applications of GNSS and InSAR techniques which are commonly used to study the surface deformation related to co- and post-seismic deformation, subsurface movements of magma beneath active volcanoes, soil deformation (e.g., natural/anthropic uplift or subsidence), monitoring of landslide, monitoring of industrial settlements, the motion of ice sheets, etc. The GNSS technique provides a set of 3D geodetic observations at a limited number of points on the ground surface. The continuous technological development in GNSS equipment currently allows collecting measurements at higher rates (up to 100 Hz), offering a wide range of new applications for solid and fluid Earth investigations. The InSAR technique provides a spatially dense set of geodetic observations of ground deformation in the viewing geometry of the satellite sensor, and with a temporal sampling limited to the satellite orbital revisit (up to 6 days with the Sentinel constellations). Any deformation of the ground surface can be measured by comparing two radar images of the same area, collected at different times from approximately the same position in space. InSAR processing advancements also allowed multi-temporal analyses, which sensibly improved the investigation of long-term deformation events. GNSS and InSAR measurements can complement each other and are generally combined to infer the 3D surface deformation over a target region. A review of more than 190 studies dealing with InSAR and GNSS combined measurements has been proposed in Del Soldato et al. [1]. The ground deformation measurements coming from both techniques have been combined for different purposes [1], evidencing how their joint use has been readily employed by the scientific community as well as by stakeholders and environmental managers. In turn, the increasing range of applications started to push the development of new approaches aimed at fast and robust combinations of GNSS and InSAR measurements. In such a frame, Xiong et al. [2] proposed an iterative least squares approach for virtual observation (VOILS) based on the maximum a posteriori estimation criterion of Bayesian theorem while Parizzi et al. [3] developed an approach accounting for the spectral properties of the errors of InSAR and GNSS measurements, hence preserving all spatial frequencies of the deformation detected by the two techniques. Both methods have been tested and validated with both synthetic and real data. Achieved results highlighted that both methods led to significant improvement of the spatial accuracy of the combined deformation field, therefore allowing accurate detection of the ongoing deformations. Several studies included in this Special Issue focused on the co-seismic deformation related to moderate to large earthquakes. De Novellis et al. [4] focused on the March 2021 Thessaly seismic sequence (Central Greece) highlighting the activation of unknown distinct blind fault segments in a sort of domino effect within the seismogenic crustal volume. Caporali et al. [5] analyzed the seismic sequence of November 2019 in Albania and inferred a NE-dipping reverse seismogenic fault located at a depth of 8 ± 2 km. Sakkas [6] focused on the 30 October 2020 Mw6.9 Samos Island (Aegean Sea) earthquake and suggested that the earthquake nucleated on a two-segments north-dipping listric fault characterized by a predominant dip-slip component and a minor lateral one. The complex deformation field associated with the April 2016 Kumamoto (Japan) seismic sequence was analyzed by He et al. [7] which modelled a four-segment fault geometry with right-lateral strike-slip kinematics coupled with a minor normal slip component. Valerio et al. [8] focused on the 7 November 2019 Mw5.9 earthquake hitting the East-Azerbaijan region and proposed a shallow NE-SW striking and SE-dipping fault as the seismogenic source. All these studies clearly proved that GNSS and InSAR data analysis and modelling are extremely useful tools in helping to constrain the causative fault of moderate to large earthquakes, especially in the case of blind and unknown faults, therefore providing useful information on the seismic hazard estimation of the investigated areas. Active faults can be also affected by long-term creeping during the interseismic period. Geodetic observations are used to investigate co- and post-seismic deformations as well as transient deformations at least when these phenomena yield deformations high enough to be discriminated from long-term trends. However, there could be the possibility that the whole amount of observed long-term deformation could be partially or totally caused by inelastic processes instead of related to the building of elastic stress preparing the next earthquakes. Cambiotti et al. [9] focused on this topic by proposing a novel inverse method aimed at the discrimination of regional deformation and of long-term fault creep by inverting available GNSS measurements. Sparacino et al. [10] performed a seismic and geodetic moment-rates comparison for the western Mediterranean to identify that regions where the total deformation-rate budget is entirely released by crustal seismicity, and the ones where the excess deformation-rate can be released either in aseismic slip across active faults or through large future earthquakes. Achieved results by both studies proven that the geodetic measurements represent an essential part of the seismic-hazard analysis on highly deforming regions. Other studies included in this Special Issue focused on the surface deformation related to the migration of fluids along the magmatic system of active volcanoes. Galvani et al. [11] analyzed twenty years of GNSS and levelling measurements collected on Ischia Island (Italy) and found a deflating source located at a depth of 4 km below the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. Battaglia et al. [12] studied the subsidence of Dallol volcano (Erta Ale ridge of Afar, Ethiopia) and inferred a deflating source located beneath the volcano edifice at a depth ranging in the 0.5–1.5 km interval and characterized by a volume decrease between −0.63 and −0.26 × 106 km3/year. Boixart et al. [13] focused on the Sabancaya volcano (southern Perú), detecting an active deep source of deformation located between the Sabancaya and Hualca volcanoes with a volume change rate of 26 × 106–46 × 106 m3/yr. These studies evidenced that GNSS and InSAR techniques can detect and track with high detail the spatial and temporal evolution of the magmatic system during a volcanic crisis. Both techniques are essential tools for the continuous monitoring of active volcanoes as well as to understand magmatism, refine volcano models, and mitigate volcanic hazards. Another topic addressed in this Special Issue is that of land subsidence which can occur for both natural and anthropic causes. Land subsidence represents a relevant issue that might affect highly developed urban and industrialized areas. Cando Jácome et al. [14] focused on the land subsidence due to the underground mining which is causing the collapse of many buildings in the urban area of Zaruma in Ecuador. The authors proposed a forecasting methodology for the continuous monitoring of the long-term soil subsidence in target areas, largely improving the traditional detection performed with total stations and geodetic marks. Mohamadi et al. [15] designed a PS-InSAR-based workflow on the detection of unusual vertical surface motions in urban areas in order to create temporal vulnerability maps for building collapse monitoring. Both studies highlight that the development of methodologies for the continuous monitoring of the land subsidence is strictly required to improve security standards aimed at the building collapse risk reduction in densely urbanized areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1104
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS ; InSAR ; Crustal deformation ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-07-14
    Description: Two paroxysmal explosions occurred at Stromboli on July 3 and August 28, 2019, the first of which caused the death of a young tourist. After the first paroxysm an effusive activity began from the summit vents and affected the NW flank of the island for the entire period between the two paroxysms. We carried out an unsupervised analysis of seismic and infrasonic data of Strombolian explosions over 10 months (15 November 2018–15 September 2019) using a Self- Organizing Map (SOM) neural network to recognize changes in the eruptive patterns of Stromboli that preceded the paroxysms. We used a dataset of 14,289 events. The SOM analysis identified three main clusters that showed different occurrences with time indicating a clear change in Stromboli’s eruptive style before the paroxysm of 3 July 2019. We compared the main clusters with the recordings of the fixed monitoring cameras and with the Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements, and found that the clusters are associated with different types of Strombolian explosions and different deformation patterns of the summit area. Our findings provide new insights into Strombolian eruptive mechanisms and new perspectives to improve the monitoring of Stromboli and other open conduit volcanoes.
    Description: This work was supported by the project Progetto Strategico Dipartimentale INGV 2019 “Forecasting eruptive activity at Stromboli volcano: timing, eruptive style, size, intensity and duration” (FIRST). This work is also supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network Fellowship of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Programme under Contract Number 765710 INSIGHTS. This work benefited from the EU (DG ECHO) Project EVE n. 826292. This work has been partially supported by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile” (Presidency of the Council of Ministers–Department of Civil Protection; Scientific Responsibility: N.C.). However, this publication does not necessarily represent the official opinion and policies of the department.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1287
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: eruption precursors ; Stromboli volcano ; neural networks ; self-organizing map ; seismo-acoustic signals ; volcano monitoring ; ground-based visible and thermal imagery ; ground deformation ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: Editorial to a Special Issue
    Description: The monitoring of active volcanoes is a complex task based on multidisciplinary and integrated analyses that use ground, drones, and satellite monitoring devices. Over time, and with the development of new technology and increasing frequency of acquisition, the use of remote sensing to accomplish this important task has grown enormously. This is especially so with the use of drones and satellites for classifying eruptive events, detecting the opening of new vents, the spreading of lava flows on the surface or ash plumes in the atmosphere, the fallout of tephra on the ground, the intrusion of new magma within the volcano edifice, and the deformation preceding impending eruptions, and others besides. The main challenge in using remote sensing techniques is to develop automated and reliable systems that may assist the decision-maker in volcano monitoring, hazard assessment, and risk reduction. The integration with ground-based techniques represents a valuable additional aspect that makes the proposed methods more robust and reinforces the results obtained. This collection of papers is focused on several active volcanoes, such as Stromboli, Etna, and Vulcano in Italy; the Long Valley caldera and Kilauea volcano in the USA; and Cotopaxi in Ecuador. The authors make use of several different methods to predict and forecast the volcanoes’ future behavior, using insights from the available data or from new automated routines applied to the analysis of existing data. The aim is to enable rapid assessments of the state of a volcano, discovering the connection between variables apparently not related to each other and to the state of the volcano. The development of new or automated routines is an important step forward in the process of forecasting eruptive activities, and this collection comprises several such examples. This Special Issue on the monitoring of active volcanoes using an integration of remote sensing and ground-based techniques comprises twelve papers. Three are focused on the results obtained for Stromboli volcano (Italy), where eruptive activity varies from moderate Strombolian, often accompanied by summit overflows, to highly explosive paroxysms, which are very dangerous both for the local population and for the many tourists who frequently visit the island. The first paper [1] presents the precursors of the paroxysmal and devastating explosive eruptions occurring in 2019. This paper applied an unsupervised analysis of seismic and infrasonic data, comprising a dataset of 14,289 Strombolian explosions occurring over 10 months, using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural network to recognize changes in the eruptive patterns preceding the paroxysms. The SOM analysis identified three main clusters indicating a clear change in Stromboli’s eruptive style before the paroxysm of 3 July 2019. The main clusters were then compared with the recordings of the fixed monitoring cameras and with the Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements, showing that they were associated with different types of Strombolian explosions and different deformation patterns of the summit area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3626
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanic hazard ; volcano monitoring ; remote sensing ; explosive eruptions ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: La Palma is one of the youngest of the Canary Islands, and historically the most active. The recent activity and unrest in the archipelago, the moderate seismicity observed in 2017 and 2018 and the possibility of catastrophic landslides related to the Cumbre Vieja volcano have made it strongly advisable to ensure a realistic knowledge of the background surface deformation on the island. This will then allow any anomalous deformation related to potential volcanic unrest on the island to be detected by monitoring the surface deformation. We describe here the observation results obtained during the 2006–2010 period using geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Advanced Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (A-DInSAR) and microgravimetry. These results show that, although there are no significant associated variations in gravity, there is a clear surface deformation that is spatially and temporally variable. Our results are discussed from the point of view of the unrest and its implications for the definition of an operational geodetic monitoring system for the island
    Description: This research was mainly funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades research project DEEP-MAPS, grant agreement number RTI2018-093874-B-I00. It was also partially supported by the CSIC project 201530E019 and the project GEOSIR, grant agreement AYA2010-17448 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2566
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: A-DInSAR ; GNSS ; gravimetry ; La Palma ; Canary Islands ; volcanic unrest ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The recent signs of reawakening at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) received a great deal of attention due to the issues related to the volcanic risk management in a densely populated area. This paper explores relations between ground deformations, seismicity and geochemical time series in the time span 2004–2016. The aim is to unravel primary processes of unrest and the related indicators which may change in time. Data structure and interactions among variables were examined applying the clustering analysis, the correlations and the Granger causality test. The hierarchical agglomerative clustering detected two sub-periods which were further investigated. In both sub-period causal links were observed between variables while correlations did not appear and vice versa. Thus, well established formal approaches are required to study causal relations. Granger test results indicate that during 2004–2011 the awakening unrest could be mainly ascribed to hydrothermal system pressure fluctuations, probably induced by deep-rooted fluids injection, and that ground deformation together with CO2/H2O appears the most suitable geo-indicators. The 2011–2016 sub-period is characterized by enhanced dynamical connectivity. Granger test results suggest that the unrest is driven by a more localized and shallower thermohydromechanical engine. CO/CO2, He/CH4 and ground deformation velocity are mutually interacting appearing the most suitable geo-indicators.
    Description: INGV Project PRIN n. 20174 × 3P29 FLUIDS
    Description: Published
    Description: 185
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Granger test; ground deformation; degassing; seismicity; volcanic unrest ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: We present a novel inverse method for discriminating regional deformation and long-term fault creep by inversion of GNSS velocities observed at the spatial scale of intraplate faults by exploiting the different spatial signatures of these two mechanisms. In doing so our method provides a refined estimate of the upper bound of the strain accumulation process. As case study, we apply this method to a six year GNSS campaign (2003–2008) set up in the southern portion of the Pollino Range over the Castrovillari and Pollino faults. We show that regional deformation alone cannot explain the observed deformation pattern and implies high geodetic strain rate, with a WSW-ENE extension of 86±41×10−9/yr. Allowing for the possibility of fault creep, the modelling of GNSS velocities is consistent with their uncertainties and they are mainly explained by a shallow creep over the Pollino fault, with a normal/strike-slip mechanism up to 5 mm/yr. The regional strain rate decrease by about 70 percent and is characterized by WNW-ESE extension of 24±28×10−9/yr. The large uncertainties affecting our estimate of regional strain rate do not allow infering whether the tectonic regime of the area is extensional or strike-slip, although the latter is slightly more likely
    Description: Published
    Description: 2921
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: regional deformation ; fault creep ; GNSS velocities ; inverse theory ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: Seismic and geodetic moment-rate comparisons can reveal regions with unexpected potential seismic hazards. We performed such a comparison for the Southeastern Iberia—Maghreb region. Located at the western Mediterranean border along the Eurasia–Nubia plate convergence, the region has been subject to a number of large earthquakes (M ≥ 6.5) in the last millennium. To this end, on the basis of available geological, tectonic, and seismological data, we divided the study area into twenty-five seismogenic source zones. Many of these seismogenic source zones, comprising the Western Betics, the Western Rif mountains, and the High, Middle, and Saharan Atlas, are characterized by seismic/geodetic ratio values lower than 23%, evidencing their prevailing aseismic behavior. Intermediate seismic/geodetic ratio values (between 35% and 60%) have been observed for some zones belonging to the Eastern Betics, the central Rif, and the Middle Atlas, indicating how crustal seismicity accounts only for a moderate fraction of the total deformation-rate budget. High seismic/geodetic ratio values (〉 95%) have been observed along the Tell Atlas, highlighting a fully seismic deformation.
    Description: The research performed in this study was partially supported by the Spanish CGL2015-65602-R, CGL2016-80687-R and RTI2018-093874-B-100 projects, and the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 – call made by the University of Jaén 2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 952
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake catalogs ; seismic/aseismic behavior ; GNSS ; earthquake hazards ; Eurasia-Nubia plate ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: Gases present in the Earth crust are important in various branches of human activities. Hydrocarbons are a significant energy resource, helium is applied in many high-tech instruments, and studies of crustal gas dynamics provide insight in the geodynamic processes and help monitor seismic and volcanic hazards. Quantitative analysis of methane and CO2 migration is important for climate change studies. Some of them are toxic (H2S, CO2, CO); radon is responsible for the major part of human radiation dose. The development of analytical techniques in gas geochemistry creates opportunities of applying this science in numerous fields. Noble gases, hydrocarbons, CO2, N2, H2, CO, and Hg vapor are measured by advanced methods in various environments and matrices including fluid inclusions. Following the “Geochemical Applications of Noble Gases”(2009), “Frontiers in Gas Geochemistry” (2013), and “Progress in the Application of Gas Geochemistry to Geothermal, Tectonic and Magmatic Studies” (2017) published as special issues of Chemical Geology and “Gas geochemistry: From conventional to unconventional domains” (2018) published as a special issue of Marine and Petroleum Geology, this volume continues the tradition of publishing papers reflecting the diversity in scope and application of gas geochemistry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 976190
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geochemistry ; Atmosphere ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2021-08-30
    Description: On 13 December 2020, Etna volcano entered a new eruptive phase, giving rise to a number of paroxysmal episodes involving increased Strombolian activity from the summit craters, lava fountains feeding several-km high eruptive columns and ash plumes, as well as lava flows. As of 2 August 2021, 57 such episodes have occurred in 2021, all of them from the New Southeast Crater (NSEC). Each paroxysmal episode lasted a few hours and was sometimes preceded (but more often followed) by lava flow output from the crater rim lasting a few hours. In this paper, we use remote sensing data from the ground and satellite, integrated with ground deformation data recorded by a high precision borehole strainmeter to characterize the 12 March 2021 eruptive episode, which was one of the most powerful (and best recorded) among that occurred since 13 December 2020. We describe the formation and growth of the lava fountains, and the way they feed the eruptive column and the ash plume, using data gathered from the INGV visible and thermal camera monitor- ing network, compared with satellite images. We show the growth of the lava flow field associated with the explosive phase obtained from a fixed thermal monitoring camera. We estimate the erupted volume of pyroclasts from the heights of the lava fountains measured by the cameras, and the erupted lava flow volume from the satellite-derived radiant heat flux. We compare all erupted volumes (pyro- clasts plus lava flows) with the total erupted volume inferred from the volcano deflation recorded by the borehole strainmeter, obtaining a total erupted volume of ~3 × 106 m3 of magma constrained by the strainmeter. This volume comprises ~1.6 × 106 m3 of pyroclasts erupted during the lava fountain and 2.4 × 106 m3 of lava flow, with ~30% of the erupted pyroclasts being remobilized as rootless lava to feed the lava flows. The episode lasted 130 min and resulted in an eruption rate of ~385 m3 s−1 and caused the formation of an ash plume rising from the margins of the lava fountain that rose up to 12.6 km a.s.l. in ~1 h. The maximum elevation of the ash plume was well constrained by an empirical formula that can be used for prompt hazard assessment.
    Description: Funding: This research was funded by the Project FIRST-ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019, (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.). The research has moreover benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri—Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), All. B2-Task 11 “Real-time quantification of Etna’s eruptive activity from fixed thermal cameras and satellite data”. (Scientific Responsibility: G.G.) and Task 9 “Ottimiz- zazione dell’acquisizione dei segnali ad alta precisione degli strainmeter installati in pozzo sull’Etna” (Scientific Responsibility: A.B.). A.B. also benefited from the EC 298H2020-FET OPEN project grant agreement n. 863220 “SiC optical nano-strain-meters for pico-detection in Geosciences” (SiC nano for picoGeo). This paper does not necessarily represent DPC’s official opinions and policies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3052
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna volcano ; paroxysmal explosive and effusive episodes ; volcanic hazard ; volcano monitoring ; remote sensing ; Etna volcano, paroxysmal explosions, volcanic hazard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: The comparison between crustal stress and surface strain azimuthal patterns has provided new insights into several complex tectonic settings worldwide. Here, we performed such a comparison for Egypt taking into account updated datasets of seismological and geodetic observations. In north-eastern Egypt, the stress field shows a fan-shaped azimuthal pattern with a WNW–ESE orientation on the Cairo region, which progressively rotated to NW–SE along the Gulf of Aqaba. The stress field shows a prevailing normal faulting regime, however, along the Sinai/Arabia plate boundary it coexists with a strike–slip faulting one (σ1 ≅ σ2 〉 σ3), while on the Gulf of Suez, it is characterized by crustal extension occurring on near-orthogonal directions (σ1 〉 σ2 ≅ σ3). On the Nile Delta, the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) pattern shows scattered orientations, while on the Aswan region, it has a WNW–ESE strike with pure strike–slip features. The strain-rate field shows the largest values along the Red Sea and the Sinai/Arabia plate boundary. Crustal stretching (up to 40 nanostrain/yr) occurs on these areas with WSW–ENE and NE–SW orientations, while crustal contraction occurs on northern Nile Delta (10 nanostrain/yr) and offshore (~35 nanostrain/yr) with E–W and N–S orientations, respectively. The comparison between stress and strain orientations over the investigated area reveals that both patterns are near-parallel and driven by the same large-scale tectonic processes.
    Description: This research was partially funded by the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020—A call made by the University of Jaén 2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1398
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: strain ; stress ; GNSS ; Egypt ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: A comparative analysis of geodetic versus seismic moment-rate estimations makes it possible to distinguish between seismic and aseismic deformation, define the style of deformation, and also to reveal potential seismic gaps. This analysis has been performed for Egypt where the present-day tectonics and seismicity result from the long-lasting interaction between the Nubian, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The data used comprises all available geological and tectonic information, an updated Poissonian earthquake catalog (2200 B.C.–2020 A.D.) including historical and instrumental datasets, a focal-mechanism solutions catalog (1951–2019), and crustal geodetic strains from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The studied region was divided into ten (EG-01 to EG-10) crustal seismic sources based mainly on seismicity, focal mechanisms, and geodetic strain characteristics. The delimited seismic sources cover the Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea Transform Fault system, the Gulf of Suez–Red Sea Rift, besides some potential seismic active regions along the Nile River and its delta. For each seismic source, the estimation of seismic and geodetic moment-rates has been performed. Although the obtained results cannot be considered to be definitive, among the delimited sources, four of them (EG-05, EG-06, EG-08, and EG-10) are characterized by low seismic-geodetic moment-rate ratios (〈20%), reflecting a prevailing aseismic behavior. Intermediate moment-rate ratios (from 20% to 60%) have been obtained in four additional zones (EG-01, EG-04, EG-07, and EG-09), evidencing how the seismicity accounts for a minor to a moderate fraction of the total deformational budget. In the other two sources (EG-02 and EG-03), high seismic-geodetic moment-rates ratios (〉60%) have been observed, reflecting a fully seismic deformation
    Description: This research has been partially funded in the frame of the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020-call made by the University of Jaén, 2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7836
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity ; GNSS ; Strain ; seismic hazard ; Egypt ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: Thermal-infrared remote sensing is used to monitor and study hazardous volcanic phenomena. Thermal cameras are often used by monitoring centers and laboratories. A physical comprehension of their behavior is needed to perform quantitative measurements, which are strongly dependent on camera features and settings. This makes it possible to control the radiance measurements related to volcanic processes and, thus, to detect thermal anomalies, validate models, and extract source parameters. We review the theoretical background related to the camera behavior beside the main features affecting thermal measurements: Atmospheric transmission, object emissivity and reflectivity, camera characteristics, and external optics. We develop a Python package, PythTirCam-1.0, containing pyTirTran, a radiative transfer model based on the HITRAN database and the camera spectral response. This model is compared with the empirical algorithm implemented into a commercial camera. These two procedures are validated using a simple experiment involving pyTirConv, an algorithm developed to recover the radiometric thermal data from compressed images collected by monitoring centers. Python scripts corresponding to the described methods are provided as open-source code. This study can be applied to a wide variety of applications and, specifically, to different volcanic processes, from earth and space.
    Description: This research has received funding from the Italian MIUR project Premiale Ash-RESILIENCE (FOE 2015), from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 731070, and from Pianeta Dinamico INGV project.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 4056
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; image processing ; thermal imaging ; eruption data ; atmospheric transmission ; HITRAN database ; Volcano monitoring thermal cameras
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: This paper presents a detailed geological map at the 1:20,000 scale of the Tocomar basin in the Central Puna (north-western Argentina), which extends over an area of about 80 km2 and displays the spatial distribution of the Quaternary deposits and the structures that cover the Ordovician basement and the Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic units. The new dataset includes litho-facies descriptions, stratigraphic and structural data and new 234U/230Th ages for travertine rocks. The new reconstructed stratigraphic framework, along with the structural analysis, has revealed the complex evolution of a small extensional basin including a period of prolonged volcanic activity with different eruptive centres and styles. The geological map improves the knowledge of the geology of the Tocomar basin and the local interplay between orogen-parallel thrusts and orogen-oblique fault systems. This contribution represents a fundamental support for in depth research and also for encouraging geothermal exploration and exploitation in the Puna Plateau region.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 5492
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geothermal exploration ; U/Th dating ; Southern Central Andes ; central Puna ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: Here we present the results of the inversion of a new geodetic data set covering the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence and the following 1 year of postseismic deformation. Modeling of the geodetic data together with the use of a catalog of 3-D relocated aftershocks allows us to constrain the rupture geometries and the coseismic and postseismic slip distributions for the two main events (Mw 6.1 and 6.0) of the sequence and to explore how these thrust events have interacted with each other. Dislocation modeling reveals that the first event ruptured a slip patch located in the center of the Middle Ferrara thrust with up to 1 m of reverse slip. The modeling of the second event, located about 15 km to the southwest, indicates a main patch with up to 60 cm of slip initiated in the deeper and flatter portion of the Mirandola thrust and progressively propagated postseismically toward the top section of the rupture plane, where most of the aftershocks and afterslip occurred. Our results also indicate that between the two main events, a third thrust segment was activated releasing a pulse of aseismic slip equivalent to a Mw 5.8 event. Coulomb stress changes suggest that the aseismic event was likely triggered by the preceding main shock and that the aseismic slip event probably brought the second fault closer to failure. Our findings show significant correlations between static stress changes and seismicity and suggest that stress interaction between earthquakes plays a significant role among continental en echelon thrusts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4742–4766
    Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 3T. Storia Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: continental tectonics ; source geometry ; geodetic modeling ; coulomb stress ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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