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  • Articles  (14)
  • Information and Knowledge  (7)
  • B52 - Institutional  (4)
  • Occupational Choice  (3)
  • Oxford University Press  (14)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Institute of Physics
  • Geography  (14)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Underlying the crisis affecting peripheral European countries is their structural, long-term loss of competitiveness (Hadjimichalis, 2011, European Urban and Regional Studies , 18: 254–274). This article will focus on the Portuguese case and discuss the institutional constraints that hindered its economy from transitioning towards the production of higher-value added goods and services. It will discuss institutions as the product of a political process laden with power asymmetries and argue that the dominance of a relatively small community at the heart of economic and political life in Portugal has conditioned the development of the economy as a whole. Using this framework, this article will then contribute to the literatures on innovation and technological modernisation and argue that alongside a technical process of catching up there is a political process that can enable or constrain development.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, P16 - Political Economy
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: New university graduates are highly geographically mobile, but, as the literature has shown, often struggle in the labour market, working in non-graduate level jobs or in a field different from the one for which they are qualified. In this context, inter-industry moves can act as complements or substitutes for geographical moves, with graduates reacting to job mismatches by either changing location, industry, or both. Self-selection is also likely; industry movers may differ from non-movers in ways that also affect their career outcomes. We analyse the relationship between migration and inter-industry moves using longitudinal microdata for 7060 recent UK graduates.
    Keywords: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions, J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, J28 - Safety ; Job Satisfaction ; Related Public Policy, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: We show that entrepreneurs are co-located within cities. One plausible source of such spatial clustering is local social interactions, where individuals’ decisions to become entrepreneurs are influenced by entrepreneurial neighbors. Using geo-coded matched employer–employee data for Sweden, we find that sharing residential neighborhood with established entrepreneurs has a statistically significant and robust influence on the probability that an individual leaves employment for entrepreneurship. An otherwise average neighborhood with a 5% point higher entrepreneurial intensity, all else equal, produces between six and seven additional entrepreneurs per square kilometer, each year. Our estimates suggest a local feedback-effect in which the presence of established entrepreneurs in a neighborhood influences the emergence of new local entrepreneurs. Our analysis supports the conjecture that social interaction effects constitute a mechanism by which local entrepreneurship clusters in cities develop and persist over time.
    Keywords: J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, L26 - Entrepreneurship, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R23 - Regional Migration ; Regional Labor Markets ; Population
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: In this article we argue for a process-centred use of the dynamic capabilities-based view of evolution in multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary capabilities. In particular, we consider changes in the scale, scope and specialisation of resources and capabilities at subsidiaries over time by drawing on Dodgshon’s (1998) study of change in empires and societal systems. Following Dodgshon, we classify changes at MNE subsidiaries into processes of (i) expansion or contraction, (ii) reduction, (iii) involution, (iv) aggregation upwards and outwards, (v) accretion and (vi) replacement/substitution, illustrating this framework with reference to the extant literature. We suggest that the potential of this framework lies, in part, in its embrace of both change and inertia within MNEs and at their subsidiaries. It is important to consider both change and inertia if we are to understand the implications of MNE subsidiary evolution national and subnational economic development policy.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: This study explores the worldwide spatial evolution of scientific knowledge production in biotechnology in the period 1986–2008. We employ new methodology that identifies new key topics in biotech on the basis of frequent use of title worlds in major biotech journals as an indication of new cognitive developments within this scientific field. Our analyses show that biotech is subject to a path- and place-dependent process of knowledge production. We observed a high degree of re-occurrences of similar key topics in biotech in consecutive years. Furthermore, slow growth cities in biotech are characterized by topics that are less technologically related to other topics, while high growth cities in biotech contribute to topics that are more related to the entire set of existing topics. Slow growth and stable growth cities in biotech introduced more new topics, while fast growth cities in biotech introduced more promising topics. Slow growth cities also showed low levels of research collaboration, as compared with stable and high growth cities.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L65 - Chemicals ; Rubber ; Drugs ; Biotechnology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Over the past few years a new buzzword has entered academic, political and public discourse: the notion of resilience, a term invoked to describe how an entity or system responds to shocks and disturbances. Although the concept has been used for some time in ecology and psychology, it is now invoked in diverse contexts, both as a perceived (and typically positive) attribute of an object, entity or system and, more normatively, as a desired feature that should somehow be promoted or fostered. As part of this development, the notion of resilience is rapidly becoming part of the conceptual and analytical lexicon of regional and local economic studies: there is increasing interest in the resilience of regional, local and urban economies. Further, resilience is rapidly emerging as an idea ‘whose time has come’ in policy debates: a new imperative of ‘constructing’ or ‘building’ regional and urban economic resilience is gaining currency. However, this rush to use the idea of regional and local economic resilience in policy circles has arguably run somewhat ahead of our understanding of the concept. There is still considerable ambiguity about what, precisely, is meant by the notion of regional economic resilience, about how it should be conceptualized and measured, what its determinants are, and how it links to patterns of long-run regional growth. The aim of this article is to address these and related questions on the meaning and explanation of regional economic resilience and thereby to outline the directions of a research agenda.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, R10 - General, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: Work on clusters during the last few decades convincingly demonstrates enhanced opportunities for local growth and entrepreneurship, but external upstream knowledge linkages are often overlooked or taken for granted. This article is an attempt to remedy this situation by investigating why and how young, single-site firms search for distant sources of complementary competences. The discussion is positioned within a comprehensive framework that allows a systematic investigation of the approaches available to firms engaged in globally extended learning. By utilizing the distinction between problem awareness (what remote knowledge is needed?) and source awareness (where does this knowledge reside?) the article explores the relative merits and inherent limitations of pipelines, listening posts, crowdsourcing and trade fairs to acquire knowledge and solutions from geographically and relationally remote sources.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article builds elements of a theory of peripheral innovation in transnational corporations. Although subsidiaries at the geographical periphery of the global economy and at the organizational periphery of their headquarters often contribute a negligible amount to the corporate global revenues, this article provides evidence on the role of these peripheries in knowledge creation and in enforcing controversial innovations. Based on an embedded and mixed-method case study of the Argentinean subsidiary of the chemical corporation BASF that uses qualitative interviews and a social network survey of knowledge sharing among employees, this article develops three sets of propositions about contextual and network opportunities for creating and enforcing innovations in the periphery of transnational corporations.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article argues that local knowledge building and global (nonlocal) knowledge-accessing practices in economic development are intrinsically interwoven. They generate fundamental feedback loops, which are channeled through and lead to ongoing knowledge circulation. To better understand the nature of the specific mechanisms and conditions underlying these processes, three key areas of research are identified for current and future research. These are related to (i) creative agents and the nature of local creative processes, (ii) community formation and local creativity from ideas to market penetration and (iii) temporary gatherings as translocal knowledge platforms.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L23 - Organization of Production, M21 - Business Economics, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: Acting as temporary clusters, trade fairs can turn into trans-local learning spaces in global industrial communities. However, up to now, how temporary gatherings are related to regional/national economies has not yet been systematically investigated. This article approaches the question with an international comparative study of trade fairs in Asian economies. Generally, consistent with a dynamic interpretation of temporary clusters, trade fairs exhibit a more diverse configuration of participants, being a setting more compatible for knowledge creation, in more developed Asian economies. However, structures of trade fairs are also influenced by organizational features of embedded economies. Further, seven flagship electronics fairs suggest an architecture of global temporary networks of clusters for high-end learning processes in the global knowledge economy.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, O53 - Asia including Middle East, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: I study whether return migrants facilitate knowledge production by local employees working for them at geographically distant research and development (R&D) locations. Using unique personnel and patenting data for 1315 employees at the Indian R&D center of a Fortune 500 technology firm, I exploit a natural experiment where the assignment of managers for newly hired college graduates is mandated by rigid HR rules and is uncorrelated to observable characteristics of the graduates. Given this assignment protocol, I find that local employees with returnee managers file disproportionately more US patents. I also find some evidence that return migrants act as a ‘bridge’ to transfer knowledge from the MNE headquarters to the local employees working for them.
    Keywords: F22 - International Migration, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity, O34 - Intellectual Property Rights, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: Using a network perspective of multinational firms, this article develops conceptions of global cluster networks and global city-region networks that are based on foreign direct investment (FDI) activities. The article first formulates a global cluster-network hypothesis suggesting that multinational cluster firms are more likely to set up new foreign affiliates in other, similarly specialized clusters to keep up with global industry dynamics. Conversely, it is suggested that non-cluster firms are more likely to avoid cluster destinations in their FDIs. Second, it is hypothesized that cluster networks generate connections between city-regions in different countries that are horizontal and vertical in character and thus shape global city-region networks. To test these hypotheses, the spatial patterns of 299 FDI cases from Canada to China between 2006 and 2010 are investigated, generally supporting the hypotheses developed.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: This article takes issue with the reification of proximity in the current debates about the geographies of knowledge production. It aims at developing a more differentiated view on the spatialities of learning by focussing on knowledge practices in which neither physical nor relational proximity are available. More specifically, the article explores on the basis of a ‘netnographic approach’ interactive knowledge collaboration in nine ‘hybrid virtual communities’ that reflect a broad spectrum of organizational set-ups from firm hosted over firm related to independent communities. Our empirical analysis reveals that hybrid virtual communities even in the absence of physical or relational proximity are able to produce economically useful knowledge; that despite the low importance of proximity the physical and material conditions play a crucial role for knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities; and that hybrid virtual communities afford unique technical opportunities and social dynamics that foster learning processes unattainable in face-to-face contexts.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L17 - Open Source Products and Markets
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: This article develops an evolutionary framework of regional resilience with a primary focus on the structural properties of local knowledge networks. After presenting the network-based rationales of growth and structuring of clusters, we analyze under which structural conditions a regional cluster can achieve short-run competitiveness without compromising long-run resilience capabilities. We show that the properties of degree distribution (the level of hierarchy) and degree correlation (the level of structural homophily) of regional knowledge networks should be studied to understand how clusters succeed in combining technological lock-in with regional lock-out. We propose simple statistical measures of cluster structuring to highlight these properties and discuss the results in a policy-oriented analysis. We conclude showing that policies for regional resilience should focus on ex-ante regional diagnosis and targeted interventions on particular missing links, rather than ex-postmyopic applications of policies based on an unconditional increase of network relational density.
    Keywords: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary, D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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