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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imperfect Capital Mobility and Local Government Behaviour in a Two-Period Economy (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One clear result in the tax competition literature is that, when head taxes on immobile residents are available, the optimal capital tax rate for local government is zero. However, zero tax rate, when resident taxes are available, is incompatible with the phenomenon actually observed. In most countries, local governments use capital taxes as policy variables for choosing a nonzero tax rate. This paper presents a model of a two-period economy with imperfect mobile capital to explain the behaviour of local government providing capital subsidies on capital. It further examines an equilibrium tax rate where local government’s objectives include Niskanen-type revenue-maximizing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00100
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring Technical Change Under Variable Returns to Scale: A Dual Approach (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, a dual measure of technical change is developed. The measure does not require parametric specification or estimation of the underlying technology, nor the assumptions of constant returns to scale and perfect competition. Imposing these assumptions, the proposed measure is shown to be equivalent to Solow’s productivity residual. Biases attributable to these assumptions are analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00094
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiscal Policy and Welfare in a Small Open Economy with Imperfect Competition (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 51 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the effects of fiscal policy in a two-sector small open economy, with unionized labour markets, and heterogeneous types of imperfect competition in the product markets. By making the marginal propensity to import endogenous, the paper shows that there is no robust or general relationship between the balanced-budget multiplier and the degree of imperfect competition. The fiscal multiplier with distortionary taxes can be positive or negative, depending on the size of the importables sector and the foreign firm’s market share. The normative rule for fiscal policy depends on the size of the fiscal multiplier. An increase in economic activity is insufficient by itself to induce the government to over-supply public goods relative to the Walrasian case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00086
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of the Quasi–market on the Efficiency–equity Trade–off in the Secondary School Sector (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 54 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Britain’s education system was radically transformed during the 1990s following the Education Reform Act (1988). The primary objective of these reforms was to raise educational standards through the creation of a quasi–market based upon greater parental choice and the transfer of control over resources from local education authorities to schools. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of the quasi–market on efficiency and equity in the secondary education sector in England during the 1990s. Two primary questions are addressed. Has the quasi–market led to an improvement in efficiency in the secondary education sector? Has the quasi–market had any adverse consequences on the social segregation of pupils between schools? Using data obtained from the Schools’ Census and the School Performance Tables, we find strong evidence that the quasi–market has led to a substantial improvement in efficiency (as measured by a school’s exam performance and by the productivity of staff) during the 1990s. The same market forces have led to a greater social segregation of pupils between schools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00154
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Under–provision of Inputs in Joint Ventures with Market Power (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 54 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A joint venture with market power benefits from restricting its output which, in turn, requires the partners to restrict the supply of their inputs. However, since each partner benefits only partially from restricting its input, both over–supply their inputs from the viewpoint of the optimal use of market power. We show that this pecuniary negative externality in the partners’ input decisions mitigates the standard under–provision problem that arises in joint ventures. We also show that the degree of this problem declines as demand becomes less elastic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00147
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentation of Rural Labour Contracts: Some Further Evidence (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 54 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper offers an explanation of labour tying commonly observed in seasonally agricultural economies. Employers may either hire regular labourers in the slack season to satisfy all or most of the labour demand in the high season but have underutilised labour in the low–demand season or rely on casual labourers only. Thus farmers hiring regular labour may also hire some casual labour as and when needed to minimise the hoarding costs of regular labour. Secondly, daily regular wages are usually lower than daily casual wages, but regular labourers usually get some wage–advance as well. Thus asset–poor workers have incentives to choose regular labour with interest–free wage advance because they face high marginal costs of credit in the segmented credit markets. The optimum hoarding costs decrease with increase in farm size, but increase with increase in spot market wages. However with improved availability of alternative employment opportunities and/or cheaper credit facilities to the asset–poor labourers, the supply of regular labour is likely to decline. Empirical evidence from the ICRISAT villages in south India seems to be consistent with the primary propositions of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00145
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Logic for Suspicious Players: Epistemic Actions and Belief–Updates in Games (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 54 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper introduces a notion of ‘epistemic action’ to describe changes in the information states of the players in a game. For this, ideas are developed from earlier contributions. The ideas are enriched to cover not just purely epistemic actions, but also fact–changing actions (‘real moves’, e.g. choosing a card, exchanging cards etc.) and nondeterministic actions and strategies (conditional actions having knowledge tests as conditions). The author considers natural operations with epistemic actions and uses them to describe significant aspects of the interaction between beliefs and actions in a game. A logic is used that combines in a specific way a multiagent epistemic logic with a dynamic logic of ‘epistemic actions’. The author presents a complete and decidable proof system for this logic. As an application, the author analyses a specific example of a dialogue game (a version of the Muddy Children Puzzle, in which some of the children can ‘cheat’ by engaging in secret communication moves, while others may be punished for their credulity). Also presented is a sketch of a ‘rule–based’ approach to games with imperfect information (allowing ‘sneaky’ possibilities, such as cheating, being deceived and suspecting the others to be cheating).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00138
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Knowledge–based Algorithm for the Internet Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 54 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using a knowledge–based approach, the authors derive a protocol for the sequence transmission problem, which provides a high–level model of the Internet transmission control protocol (TCP). The knowledge–based protocol is correct for communication media where deletion and reordering errors may occur. Furthermore, it is shown that both sender and receiver eventually attain depth–n knowledge about the values of the messages for any n, but that common knowledge about the messages is not attainable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00140
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Games in Dynamic-Epistemic Logic (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The author discusses games of both perfect and imperfect information at two levels of structural detail: players’ local actions, and their global powers for determining outcomes of the game. Matching logical languages are proposed for both. In particular, at the ‘action level’, imperfect information games naturally model a combined ‘dynamic-epistemic language’– and correspondences are found between special axioms in this language and particular modes of playing games with their information dynamics. At the ‘outcome level’, the paper presents suitable notions of game equivalence, and some simple representation results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00133
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A General Approach to Rational Learning in Games (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides a general framework for analysing rational learning in strategic situations in which the players have private priors and private information. The author analyses the behaviour of Bayesian rational players both in a repeated game and in a recurrent game when they are uncertain about opponents’ behaviour and the game they are playing. The aim of the paper is to explain how Bayesian rational agents learn by playing and to characterize the outcome of this learning process. By studying the concept of ‘conjectural equilibrium’ and analysing the process of convergence of players’ behaviour, the roles played by the notions of merging and of consistency are demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00135
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Price Discrimination, Regulation and Entry in the UK Residential Electricity Market (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The residential electricity market in Great Britain has recently been opened to competition and is served by 14 regional incumbents, and up to 15 entrants in each area. This study finds that the incumbents’ regulated prices are discriminatory between consumers using different payment methods, and that firms are practising third-degree price discrimination between areas. The authors discuss the implications for regulatory policy both in the UK and in other countries where electricity markets are being deregulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00127
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contract Responsibility Systems and Productive Efficiency: A Case Study on State-Owned Enterprises in China[We want to] (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 50 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In late 1994, it became known that around two-thirds of the state-owned enterprises in China were running at a loss or yielding no profit. For more than a decade, China has been searching for a management system for state-owned enterprises to improve their efficiency. Various ‘contract responsibility systems’ have been tried. This paper studies the productive efficiency of enterprises and the impact of various types of management system on productive efficiency. A better understanding of past experiences should enable management reform to move ahead on solid ground. This study is particularly meaningful in view of the present bleak future of state-owned enterprises.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00068
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Note on Auction Quotas with a Foreign Duopoly* (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Bosotn, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A country importing a good from foreign duopolists may improve its welfare by imposing a quota on the good at the free trade quantity and giving a fraction of the quota licences to the duopolists while auctioning off the rest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00122
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The CES--Translog Production Function, Returns to Scale and AES (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The translog functional form imposes no a priori restrictions on the substitution possibilities between the factor inputs, by relaxing the assumption of strong separability, and the CES–translog cost function specification allows for testing homothetic technology with Hicks-neutral technical change. In this paper an n-factor CES–translog production function is presented which develops the parameters to directly assess scale effects from those due to technology in the production structure. In addition, by applying Shephard’s lemma it was possible to derive the input demand functions, as well as the partial elasticities of substitution and the cross-partial price elasticities of demand for a generalized CES–translog production structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00131
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relevance of Bargaining for the Licensing of a Cost-reducing Innovation* (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Bosotn, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the context of a Cournot duopoly, this paper studies the licensing of a cost-reducing innovation by means of three possible allocation mechanisms: auction, fixed fee, and direct negotiation. Once the use of an arbitrary reserve price (which is not credible) has been excluded, it is no longer true that auction always yields higher profit to the patentee than a fixed fee. However, the authors propose a direct negotiation mechanism which restores the patentee’s profit to the level of an auction with an arbitrary reserve price (which is unimplementable). Direct negotiation is superior to both an auction with a nonarbitrary reserve price and a fixed fee. From the social point of view, however, licensing with a fixed fee is the best option.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00121
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Staggered Wage Setting in Normal and Real Terms: A Comparative Analysis* (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Bosotn, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the behaviour of an economy characterized by staggered wage contract rules specified in nominal and in real terms. It is shown that staggered contracts in real terms imply complex eigenvalues which cause oscillatory paths both for output and unemployment and stonger output losses in response to an unexpected and permanent fall in the growth rate of money supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00125
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality Bargaining and Intermediate Goods Protection* (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Bosotn, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper offers an explanation for the proposition that removing protection from a firm can induce an improvement in product quality. In a vertically separated industry the quality of the final good is dependent on the quality of the intermediate goods used in its production. This model is used to consider removal of protection from the upstream firm (the supplier) which gives the downstream firm (the assembler) greater bargaining power since the option of turning to a foreign supplier becomes more attractive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00124
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategic Choice of Quantity Stickiness and Stackelberg Leadership (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 53 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper re-examines endogenous Stackelberg leader–follower relations by modelling an explicitly dynamic market. We analyze a twice-repeated duopoly where, in the beginning, each firm chooses either a quantity-sticky production mode or a quantity-flexible production mode. The size of the market becomes observable after the first period. In the second period, a firm can adjust its quantity if and only if it has adopted the flexible mode. Hence, if one firm chooses the sticky mode whilst the other chooses the flexible mode, then they respectively play the roles of a Stackelberg leader and a Stackelberg follower in the second marketing period. Somewhat intriguing is the finding that such a Stackelberg-like equilibrium can arise only when the relative weight of the pre-Stackelberg first marketing period is sufficiently high, with time preferences being sufficiently strong.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00115
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unemployment and the Rental Rate of Capital (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper introduces a standard neoclassical production function in an equilibrium search model of the labour market, in order to analyse the effects that changes in the (exogenous) rental rate of capital have on the unemployment rate. When the number of firms is kept fixed, an increase in the rental rate affects unemployment only through its impact on selectivity, with the direction of the change depending on the size of the worker’s unemployment benefits relative to the firm’s search costs. Regardless of the behaviour of selectivity, when the number of firms is determined endogenously, an increase in the rental rate always increases unemployment through a process of job destruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00110
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labour Taxation, Efficiency Wages and the Long Run (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In an efficiency wage economy with variable profits, a shift from payroll to employment taxes will reduce unemployment if the tax level is held constant at the initial wage. However, unemployment will rise if firms are constrained to zero profits in the long run and if tax revenues are constant. This reversal of employment effects occurs because the shift in taxes reduces wages. This implies a budget deficit. Hence, taxes will have to be raised if revenues are held constant. If the firm’s profits cannot change, the tax increase will cause some firms to close down and unemployment will rise. Thus, the predicted employment consequences of changes in the tax structure depend on assumptions about the time horizon and budget constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00112
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  • 21
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    Index to Volume 52, 2000 (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00113
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  • 22
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    Retraining the Unemployed in a Model of Equilibrium Employment (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An equilibrium model of search and matching is developed to analyse the effects of retraining the unemployed on the market for skilled (or semi-skilled) workers. Versions of the model with free entry of vacancies and fixed numbers of jobs are considered. The latter environment exhibits multiple equilibria. While subsidized training (and enforced participation) is justified on employment grounds, it cannot be justified on efficiency grounds. Policies that, ceteris paribus, lower unemployment, also reduce the incentive to train. When such policies are introduced to a training economy, training may cease and unemployment can rise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00111
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  • 23
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    A Walrasian Theory of Commodity Money: Paradoxical Results (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note analyses some implications of the model of commodity money described by Banerjee and Maskin (Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111, 1996, pp. 955-1005) which may seem paradoxical. In order to do this, a general production cost structure is incorporated into the model. Two different results are highlighted. First, the existence of technologies that make counterfeiting a commodity more difficult may exclude it from being used as a medium of exchange. Second, allocative distortions due to problems of asymmetric information may become larger in the presence of such technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00104
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  • 24
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    Market Demand and Income Distribution: a Theoretical Exploration[This paper] (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 49 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper sets out to explore theoretically how a change in the distribution of disposable income affects the market demand for a good or service. With the help of only minimal information on the shape of the Engel curve and the transition from one distribution to the other, a variety of empirically relevant constellations are identified in which the size (or mean income) effect on market demand is counteracted by the distributional effect. Since the determining factors are expressed by relations between summary statistics, the results at the same time provide theoretically sound restrictions on economic approaches to market demand analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00031
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  • 25
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    Index of Survey Articles 1985—1997 (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 49 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00034
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  • 26
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    Welfare effects of pricing in anticipation of Laspeyres price-cap regulation: an example[Thanks are] (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 49 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A monopolist in a simple two-period model knows that a price cap will be imposed on a Laspeyres index of the firm's prices in the second period. (Tariff basket regulation is relevant to some UK utilities.) A simple example is developed to study the welfare changes that result from strategic weight manipulation by the firm as a consequence of its ability to adjust first-period revenue shares and interperiod price relatives. Uniform regulation requiring an equal percentage reduction in all of the regulated firm's prices provides a natural standard for comparison. One particular configuration of parameters induces identical pricing and welfare under the two forms of regulation in the example. Otherwise, compared with uniform regulation in the example, Laspeyres index regulation raises producer welfare but reduces consumer welfare in the first period and may also reduce consumer welfare in the second period. A numerical illustration shows that total welfare may also be lower under Laspeyres regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00024
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Sequential Generalized Lorenz Dominance and Transfer Principles* (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In an important contribution in 1987, Atkinson and Bourguignon proposed dominance criteria which allow us to compare income distributions for heterogeneous populations. They are defined by the unanimous preference of the dominating distribution by a set of welfare functions which satisfy some conditions on the derivatives of utility-of-income functions. This paper contributes to an understanding of some of the orderings considered. In particular it provides a characterization of the sequential generalized Lorenz ordering by transfer principles. The axiomatization illuminates the criterion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8586.00098
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    Entry and Managerial Incentives: A Note (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note reinforces the results in a paper by Sen (International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 11, 1993, pp. 123–37). It is shown that his assumption that the incentive schemes in a two-period model are the same for the two periods is not necessary for the results: only the long-term nature of contracts with managers matters.
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    Second-order Locally Consistent Equilibrium: An Extension* (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note shows the existence of a second-order locally consistent equilibrium in the game analysed in 1988 by Bonanno, under assumptions which are weaker and empirically more satisfactory than usual. An example of application to oligopoly theory is also provided.
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    A Note on the ‘Invariance of Market Innovation to the Number of Firms’* (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note disputes the claim by Sah and Stiglitz (Rand Journal of Economics, 1987, pp.  98–108) that their strong invariance result holds in a wide range of situations.
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    Price Rigidities, Inflationary Finance and Long-run Growth* (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 52 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper considers a monopolistically competitive intertemporally optimizing monetary economy featuring long-term growth. Inflation is generated through sluggish price-setting and contributes to budgetary finance through seignorage. This setup permits exploration of the interaction between inflation and growth in a tractable way. Superneutrality holds in the long but not the short run. The budget deficit fuels inflation with a hysteresis. Growth and inflation are negatively correlated in the long run, with causality running from the former to the latter, and positively correlated in the short run regardless of the origin of shocks. Price flexibility precipitates adjustment but appears also to destabilize output.
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    The Gradual Response of Cigarette Demand to Health Information (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 51 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper focuses on the US cigarette industry and uses a gradual switching regression model to estimate changes in the US demand for cigarettes over time. This technique is found to be superior to the use of dummy variables in capturing the health scare. The results show that cigarette demand gradually decreased over a ten-year period coinciding with the release of key health information. Price and advertising elasticities have gradually diminished, which is consistent with a change in the mix of US consumers before and after the switch.
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    Equilibrium in Auction and Bargaining Markets When Agents Can Wait and Search (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 51 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper studies two market structures and two modes of trade. The agents, buyers and sellers, can choose whether to stay or search. The meetings take place randomly, and trades are consummated by auction or by bargaining. There are altogether four possible markets but in equilibrium at most two markets are active simultaneously. There is almost always a unique evolutionary stable equilibrium which consists of an auction market when the numbers of buyers and sellers differ greatly, and two simultaneous auction markets when the numbers are relatively close.
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    Indirect Employment Effects of Foreign Direct Investment into the UK (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 51 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines some of the employment consequences, broadly defined, associated with foreign inward investment. A foreign firm entering an industry in the UK will have a degree of firm-specific advantage over the incumbent firms. This advantage is assumed to manifest itself in terms of a productivity differential over the domestic sector. As such, foreign entry will create factor market disequilibrium in the domestic sector. It is shown that such investment generates ‘employment substitution’ away from UK firms, equivalent to approximately one–fifth of all the jobs created by inward investment.
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    Compulsory Competitive Tendering And Local Government Financial Services: An Analysis Of The Views Of Local Government Accountants In The North West Of England (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Between 1979 and 1997, successive Conservative governments sought to reduce the scale of public sector activity and to introduce competition in the provision of public sector services. A central feature of this policy was the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT). CCT was initially confined to blue collar services but, by means of the Local Government Act 1992, it was extended to white collar, professional services, including financial services. However, though potentially extremely significant, the support for and implications of such a policy are issues which have been inadequately researched. Because of this, research has been under-taken into financial services CCT and has included a questionnaire survey of 300 professionally qualified accountants employed in 17 local authorities in the North West of England, drawn from county councils, district councils and metropolitan authorities. The article presents the findings of the survey, with a particular focus on the views of accountants on CCT in general and financial services CCT in particular. In addition, it provides evidence that the CCT process, irrespective of views on CCT and its appropriateness for specific activities, has changed culture and attitudes in the case of local government finance professionals.
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    Book reviews (2000)
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    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:A. Ganguly, Business Driven Research & Development: Managing Knowledge to Create WealthPA Consulting Group, Going for Growth: Realising the Value of InnovationK. Brockoff, A. K. Chakrabarti and J. Hauschildt, The Dynamics of Innovation: Strategic and Managerial ImplicationsShulin Gu, China’s Industrial Technology – Market Reform and Organizational Change: VNU/INTECH Studies in New Technology and DevelopmentL. Kim, Learning and Innovation in Economic DevelopmentR. Oakey, W. During and S.-M. Mukhtar, New Technology-Based Firms in the 1990s Vol. VIT. Rickards, Creativity and the Management of ChangeR. W. Rycroft and D. E. Kash, The Complexity Challenge. Technological Innovation for the 21st CenturyD. Leonard and W. Swap, When Sparks FlyH. Grupp, Foundations of the Economics of Innovation: Theory, Measurement and Practice
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    R&D as a business – what are the implications for performance measurement? (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There have been considerable changes in the way that Research and Development (R&D) has been managed over recent years, many of which have been influenced by the external environment. These have been discussed in a number of publications with much of the debate centring around the movement from the so-called first generation to fifth generation models of R&D management.What has not been debated to the same extent are the implications of recent and likely future trends in R&D management for the way performance is, and should be, measured. In this paper we focus on these implications, drawing upon both the existing literature on performance measurement (PM) in R&D and our own research into organisations which have chosen to move towards a more profit-centred approach to the management of their technical resources.Finally, we present and discuss the findings of our review, which indicate that although there are common features, some differences, requiring careful consideration by management, can be identified when movement from a cost- to a profit-centred approach occurs.
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    Internal vs. external learning in new product development: effects on speed, costs and competitive advantage (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate how different technology sourcing strategies throughout the new product development process influenced innovation speed, development costs, and competitive advantage. We studied 75 new product development projects from ten large, U.S.-based companies in several industries. Results indicated that: (1) more external sourcing during the early (i.e., idea generation) stage was related with lower competitive success; (2) more external sourcing during the later (i.e., technological development stage was related with slower innovation speed; and (3) development costs tended to rise with greater reliance on external sources of technology, but this result was not statistically significant.
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    Information systems in fast cycle development: identifying user needs in integrated automotive component development (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Product development literature strongly emphasizes the need for open communication between suppliers and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). There is a widespread expectation that computer-aided communication networks will enable organizational members to work more flexibly, to share knowledge and competencies, and to span functional and company boundaries. However, few studies merge the possibilities of new information technologies and the operational needs of specific groups of users, for example product development engineers. The research reported in this paper aims to fill that gap. Through in-depth case studies of two development projects involving one auto OEM, one of its systems suppliers (working directly with the OEM) and five medium-sized expert suppliers (working either directly with the OEM or through the systems supplier), we identify three groups of user needs that are not currently satisfied by existing information system solutions: improvement of coordination and communication; enhancement of the access to new technological information; and support for the development of an organizational memory. We then explore what kind of information systems might help satisfy the above-mentioned needs. Potential barriers to efficient implementation of information systems in terms of the motivation of people using the systems, the reliability of the information, and the willingness to render information more transparent are discussed. It is concluded that when implementing information systems to support operational development work, it is essential to ground the system specification in clearly identified user needs that reflect the double nature of product engineering, namely the continuous interplay between routines and cognitive processes.
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    An investigation of innovation antecedents in small firms in the context of a small developing country (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The present research was conducted in Cyprus, a small developing country. A large number (n=140) of manufacturing small and medium sized firms were surveyed, via a questionnaire administered during personal interviews with the firms’ owners or managers. A research model based on the antecedent factor approach was used. The main variables affecting innovation according to the survey results include: strategy, expenditure on R&D, co-operation with external technology providers, use of technological information sources and overall performance of the firm. Contrary to expectations and literature claims, some environmental variables, e.g. intensity of competition, were not correlated to innovation. Managers and public policy makers in similar contexts can increase the innovativeness of firms by paying attention to its main determinants, as identified by the above research.
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    Innovation and collaboration in the geographic information systems (GIS) industry: evidence from Canada and the United States (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the role of collaborative technical activity in the innovation performance of Canadian and US companies in the geographic information systems (GIS) industry. This young but rapidly growing sector produces specialised hardware and software for cartographic applications (computer mapping). Evidence from a sample of 384 companies suggests that innovation is strongly dependent upon in-house R&D. The results also suggest that a firm’s propensity to operate within a collaborative network varies directly with its R&-intensity. A description of the main benefits and costs of collaboration is presented. Although there is no statistical association between innovation and the incidence of external collaboration, the evidence suggests that R&D partnerships contribute to the innovation process in a number of important ways. The key contribution lies in the speed of product commercialisation. A related finding is that collaborators tend to generate radical innovations more frequently than less successful and/or non-collaborators.
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    Results of the 1999 R&D Management Prize Committee (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
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    Topics: Economics
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    Optimal expenditure patterns for risky R&D projects with time-dependent returns (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The basic Lucas model for risky R&D projects is revisited. New solutions for optimal expenditures are explored by exploiting the merits of the theory of differential equations. After applying the calculus of variations, a nonlinear differential equation is presented whose solution provides the optimal control for a constant conditional-completion density function and different time-dependent return models. New, exact, and approximate solutions are presented and discussed. It is found, for the class of risky R&D projects under study, that the behavior over time of the optimal expenditure is functionally similar to that of the expected return.
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    From sponsorship to partnership in academy-industry relations (2000)
    Oxford, Uk and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One practical result of the advent of the knowledge society has been an increased reliance on academic-industry partnerships as important sources for the creation of economic value. This paper argues that this renewed emphasis on knowledge has led to a shift in the nature of the relations between the academy and industry from sponsorship to partnership and the formation of new research institutions that allow researchers and practitioners to engage in continuous rather than problem based dialogue. These developments are illustrated by providing a case study based on the experience of one research team with its industrial partners. The paper presents results pertaining to some of the issues and challenges raised by continuous dialogue in partnerships, and emphasises the creative yet demanding implications of close collaboration between the two communities.
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    Book reviews (2000)
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: R. Boutellier, O. Gassman, and M. von Zedtwitz, Managing Global Innovation: Uncovering the Secrets of Future CompetitivenessK. Pavitt, Technology, Management and Systems of InnovationNational Research Council Committee, Visionary Manufacturing Challenges for 2020H. Geerlings, Towards Sustainability of Technological Innovations in Transport; The Role of Government in Generating a Window of Technological OpportunityK. Brockoff, Industrial Research for Future CompetitivenessL. Groth, Future Organizational Design — The Scope for the IT Based Enterprise
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    The influence of corporate acquisitions on the behaviour of key inventors (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The behaviour of key inventors after the acquisition of their company is examined. Key inventors are identified on the basis of their patenting output. They account for a large number of their company’s high-quality patents. The analysis of 43 acquisitions shows that key inventors leave to a substantial extent their company or they significantly reduce their patenting performance after the acquisition. Factors influencing the behaviour of key inventors after acquisitions are identified. Implications for the effective management of acquisitions as well as suggestions for further research are outlined.
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    Managing learning in informal innovation networks: overcoming the Daphne-dilemma (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article we discuss the nature and productivity of informal innovation networks, i.e. informal collaborative arrangements between organizations engaged in product or process innovation. Such networks can be used in any phase of the innovation process, but their informal nature makes them especially suited for its fuzzy front end. We explore their potential in technology exchange and learning on the basis of a combination of organization network theory and knowledge management theory. We discuss issues in network governance and network operational management and discuss the basic dilemma – which we named the Daphne-dilemma – facing attempts to improve the productivity of informal innovation networks: too little management effort may lead to under-exploitation of their potential and poor productivity, but too much management effort may destroy their informal nature and hence their creative and explorative potential.
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    Career orientations of R&D professionals in Korea (2000)
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    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study empirically examined the relationships between career orientations of R&D professionals in Korea and other personal characteristics such as demographic factors, work-related outcomes, and reward preferences. The results, based on the survey about 1,240 technical people in 15 R&D organizations, revealed five distinctive and independent career orientations: technical, manager, project, technical transfer, and entrepreneurial orientations. The career orientations of R&D professionals are found to be different between private and public sectors and to be associated with their education level and organizational tenure. It is also observed that R&D professionals with different career orientations exhibit different work-related outcomes and reward preferences. For instance, technical-oriented professionals tend to be more educated, to exhibit better job attitudes and technical performances, and to favor professional rewards. While those with manager and transfer orientations are longer-tenured, have more positive job attitudes but lower technical performances, and prefer social status and prestige and career rewards in their organization. Both project- and entrepreneur-oriented professionals exhibit a less positive attitude toward their organizations, but seek different reward schemes: the former pursues challenging R&D projects with autonomy and the latter favors financial returns. Finally, the implications of these findings for managing careers of R&D professionals are discussed.
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    Why did we make that cheese? An empirically based framework for understanding what drives innovation activity (2000)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the more recent product development literature the interplay between R&D skills and competencies and market skills and competencies is seen as a major determinant of successful innovation. The study reported in this article was done in order to cast more light on these two constructs in an industry with low R&D expenditures, but where product development is nevertheless considered to be strategically important. That industry is the food processing industry. The results of a series of case studies indicate that constructs other than R&D and market orientation may be more appropriate for understanding innovation and explaining innovation success in the case material. A new set of constructs focusing on what causes specific innovation activities to occur is proposed and a revised framework is developed.
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    The 9th European Doctoral Summer School in Technology Management (2000)
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    Topics: Economics
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    The role of international design orientation and market intelligence in the export performance of US machine tool companies (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper looks at the role of product design in the export performance of US manufacturing firms in the machine tool (MT) industry. Evidence from a survey of 173 MT companies points to stronger export results among firms that initiate the design process with respect to the needs of foreign buyers. In contrast, firms that enter foreign markets with products that were originally designed for domestic clients typically exhibit weaker export sales. Firms in the latter category spend less on market intelligence than their more internationally-oriented counterparts. For both groups of firms, however, a common finding is that recent interest in export expansion has been driven by rising import penetration (loss of domestic market share). The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of the empirical results for future research on export marketing.
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    Firm management of scientific information: an empirical update (2000)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a model proposed by McMillan and colleagues in 1995. That model posited that research-intensive firms that are more ‘cooperative’ or open in publishing their scientific findings will have higher research and development (R&D) productivity than more secretive firms. In addition, four possible predictors of this scientific information openness are proposed in lieu of two in the 1995 article. Our current effort includes an empirical examination of twenty pharmaceutical firms over thirteen years, and finds substantial support for many of the proposed relationships. In addition, interviews with field practitioners independently confirmed many of the findings. The managerial implications are also discussed.
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    KFAS mechanism of funding research and development: an assessment (2000)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper assesses mechanisms of funding research projects used by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS). KFAS is a leading organization that sponsors research projects in Kuwait and whose endowments come through contributions from private sector companies. The assessment described in the paper relies on time series data covering the period from 1978 to 1996. The analysis shows that KFAS funding of research projects has favored projects in sectors such as agriculture and food resources, and has assigned low priority to prime sectors, such as oil, water, and manufacturing. This reflects a lack of coherence between the organization’s R&D activities and the country’s socioeconomic plans and needs.
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    Book reviews (2000)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:H. Etzkowitz, A. Webster and P. Healey (eds)Capitalizing Knowledge: New Intersections of Industry and AcademiaHaider A. Khan, Edward Elgar Technology, Development and Democracy. Limits of National Innovation Systems in the Age of PostmodernismJ. Michie and J. Grieve Smith (eds)Globalization, Growth, and Governance: Creating an Innovative EconomyR.G. Cooper Product Leadership – Creating and Launching Superior New ProductsE.R. Corey Technology Fountainheads: The Management Challenge of R&D Consortia
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    Highly skilled globetrotters: mapping the international migration of human capital (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the final years of the twentieth century, brain drain, skills shortages and lack of career opportunities have become issues of major concern for policy-makers concerned with R&D in government, academia, and industry. Labour mobility across political borders, especially among highly skilled labour, provides a solution for the aforementioned concerns to some actors, but engenders problems to others. Drawing on various empirical investigations and on previous studies, this paper attempts to provide a mapping of the various types of human resources mobility across national borders. It argues that various groups of highly skilled persons are driven by different push and pull factors. In addition to immigration legislation, other factors, such as taxation, studying abroad, quality of work, openness in communication, business expansion overseas, labour market supply and demand signals, etc. play important role in the choice of highly skilled migrants to relocate overseas.
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    A fast method for analysing and improving complex software processes (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a simple, fast method (or management tool) for the analysis and improvement of software-intensive complex products and systems (CoPS) called software analysis-software improvement (SA-SI). The tool relies on outside intervention, rapid data collection and structured in-company workshops. The distinctive feature of the method is that it focuses on the ‘soft’, human side of the software development process and examines and compares formal (or rational) processes (‘what should be’) with real, actual practices (‘what is’), in order to identify problems, their causes and strategies for improvement. The tool complements existing formal approaches by delivering a ‘bottom up’, grass roots, practitioner view of real processes in action. The purpose of SA-SI is to help overcome the severe problems of measuring, analysing and improving performance in large scale, complex software projects. An illustrative case example (Company X) is used to show how the tool is applied and how it confronts the problem of actual/real processes differing from ideal/formal processes. It also shows how SA-SI is used to identify process ‘hot spots’(severe problems), analyse their causes and identify solutions. The paper provides guidance on typical problems encountered in running SA-SI and how to overcome them. It also shows how the tool has been modified and extended to deal with other complex domains and innovation management issues. Although SA-SI cannot be a substitute for a change programme, it can play a useful part in complementing ongoing improvement activities. From a research perspective, the method helps link up studies from the organisational development and software fields and assists in ‘closing the loop’ between innovation research and business practice.
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    Communication as a determinant of organizational innovation (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study of 32 small and medium-sized industrial enterprises explored eight distinct aspects of communication, as appraised by the staff (n = 493), and innovative performance, assessed by two indicators: perceived innovation effectiveness and patent statistics obtained from the Patent Register at the National Board of Patents and Registration of Trademarks. The results showed that intra-organizational aspects of communication, such as encouragement of initiatives and critical evaluation of performance, were associated with both indicators of innovative performance. In addition, a participative climate and interaction between the personnel in R&D, marketing and production were related to perceived innovative effectiveness, whereas interaction with clients and other firms related to the number of patents in the organization. The link between communication and innovation was interdependent with the organizational and staff characteristics including the number of personnel, administrative and R&D intensity, the level of vocational training, and the age distribution of the staff.
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    Developing a process for the relative valuation of R&D programmes (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper addresses the issue of R&D programme prioritisation within a manufacturing company in the aerospace industry, in the context of an overall framework for technology management. A review of approaches to R&D project selection leads into a recent case, which describes how the company developed a practical methodology. The benefits of the process and the relevance of the academic contribution are discussed, leading to a practical checklist for in-company development of a prioritisation process.
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    Basic research in Italian industry (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the importance of basic research in the Italian manufacturing sector. Analysis is based mainly on the results of a specific survey on the subject, and the resulting data are processed to test general hypotheses on the innovative strategies of firms and to describe the present situation in Italian industry. From the theoretical point of view, test results appear consistent with the hypotheses put forward on the spontaneous behaviour of firms. From the descriptive point of view, the prospects for Italian industry are far from being reassuring as far as basic research is concerned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00159
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    R&D validation planning: a methodology to link technical validations to benefits measurement (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An important activity in many R&D departments is the internal development of new process technologies and practices to assist in the marketing, design and manufacturing activities of the enterprise. An integral part of this R&D development is the planning and management of validations of potential technology projects. These validations are necessary to determine the technical, financial and organizational feasibility of the projects and to develop data for benefits measurement for further funding of selected projects. This paper describes a methodology for validation planning of new process technologies and practices. The methodology allows for the explicit linkage of a validation to the identification of its financial and strategic benefits. These often diverse measures of worth are integrated using a proven multi-attribute justification approach within the planning methodology. The methodology and the multi-attribute approach also support the comparison of dissimilar projects having different benefits. The methodology acts as an organizational planning tool integrating the needs of the diverse constituencies involved in R&D planning. It also acts as a tool to aid engineers and scientists identify and present the benefits of the proposed technology.
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    Incomplete contracting in an R&D project: the Micronas case (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Systematic empirical evidence on the consequences of incomplete contracts is meagre, because contracts are often classified as business secrets, and are accordingly difficult to obtain for research purposes. In this study we employ the extensive information from the life of a Finnish research joint venture, Micronas, during 1980–1992 to cast light on this issue. Of particular interest is the principal-agent relationship between the owners and the management of the research joint venture. Our investigation confirms the strong message of the incomplete contract theory. Hold-up problems are pervasive in R&D projects, and the allocation of power and ownership is important to the success of the projects.
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    Innovation support for new technology-based firms: the Swedish Teknopol approach (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 30 (2000), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Small and medium sized firms in general and new technology-based firms in particular, serve as promoters of future economical growth. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to understand and satisfy their needs for innovation support services in regard to both the type of service and quality of delivery (e.g. confidentiality, speed).1 Drawing upon a database of 259 new technology-based firms (NTBF) and 106 researchers, we have identified four needs bundles: marketing, technology, financing and soft service support. We have evaluated the effectiveness of the Swedish Teknopol scheme to meet these needs based upon 35 in-depth interviews with NTBFs. The conclusions of the evaluation are presented both for policy makers and NTBF managers.
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    Book reviews (2000)
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:M. Iansiti Technology Integration: Making Critical Choices in a Dynamic WorldR. Mascitelli The Growth Warriors: Creating Sustainable Global Advantage for America’s Technology IndustriesK. Brockhoff Internationalization of Research & Development
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    In this Issue (1999)
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    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00141
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    Using strategic partnerships to create a sustainable competitive position for hi-tech start-up firms (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Alliances and other things (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Every time we talk about alliances it is important to clarify what are we talking about. Obviously an acquisition is not an alliance. A McDonalds franchise is not an alliance. A contract to supply tyres for the new VW Beetle is not an alliance. We consider alliances to be other types of agreements between companies, affecting parts of their operations on a permanent or temporary basis, different from the conventional customer/supplier relationships, generally involving sharing resources in some way, while not preventing competition. We will refer in this presentation to alliances as situations where the partners do not individually have the necessary resources to accomplish whatever is their objective and then, they decide to combine their efforts sharing some of their resources. For example, if six airlines, including United and Lufthansa form the so-called Star Alliance, or if Coca-Cola and Nestle decide to get together to produce, sell and distribute Nestea, these are alliances. However, if General Mills decides to distribute its breakfast cereal in China through Nestle or Jaguar and Louis Vuitton decide to sponsor together a golf tournament, these are a conventional distribution agreement, and a conventional joint promotion. If Philips and Sony agreed in some way on the standards for the minidisk, or the high definition TV, things that I do not imply, I am not sure we could call this an alliance, I would call it just a non-competing agreement. Perhaps with a lot of sense, but, at the end, a non-competing agreement.
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    Crafting successful strategic technology partnerships (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Despite the trend towards an increasing use of strategic technology alliances, mortality rates of cooperative agreements have always been extremely high. In this paper we argue that rapid economic and technological developments have overthrown traditional thinking about alliances and that firms could benefit from a new perspective on partnering. This new approach is referred to as High Touch Partnering. The new framework stresses the need for a balanced attention to strategic (re-)positioning, establishing adequate alliance capabilities, building business communities with partners and improved partner selection.
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    Framing of international research alliances: influence on strategy (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The need to access knowledge globally is increasingly driving organisations to form international research alliances. When partners in such alliances reside in different nations, respective government policies may impinge on the strategic development and structure of the alliance. In this paper, we discuss the impact of perceived policy stances on the alliance strategy of research and technology institutes (RTIs) and provide a framework for considering possible alliance strategies. We believe that the choice of alliance strategy will depend upon how the RTI ‘frames’ its government’s policy stance. The influence of ‘framing’ on the development of research alliance strategy is illustrated with a case study of an alliance between a New Zealand RTI and an American high technology firm in the emerging superconductivity industry. The paper concludes with a discussion of how use of the alliance strategy framework may impact on organisational practice and the development and interpretation of government policy.
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    Metrics for strategic alliance control (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper develops a feedback control model of product development alliance management. The model allows us to place alliance review, and the metrics for this review, in the context of the control problems facing the alliance manager. We then specify a set of alliance review metrics, and outline the characteristics which they must have. Managers have a pressing need for such metrics, given the management challenges of alliances and the difficulties companies face in making them work effectively. The control model is then expanded to allow for changes in the nature of the alliance itself and inter-project learning. The development of the models and of the metrics is guided by the experiences of a large electronic systems manufacturer in alliances with a number of smaller strategic technology suppliers.
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    Mid-entry technology strategy: the Korean experience with CDMA (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Mid-entry strategy is an R&D strategy designed for an efficient utilisation of scientific and technological resources across the nations. It chooses the entry point of R&D projects in the mid-stage of technical development. The technological situation of developing countries compels them to choose the mid-entry strategies tailored to specific technologies. The development of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) based digital cellular mobile communication system by ETRI, Korea’s government-sponsored research institute, is an example showing the application of this strategy. ETRI utilised scientific resources owned by US based Qualcomm Ltd and co-operated with local companies for the development. In the first half of 1996 the successful commercialisation of the CDMA digital cellular telephone service was launched in Korea, ahead of all other countries. Two Korean mobile communications providers have adopted the system.
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    Performance of alliances: formative stages and changing organizational and environmental influences (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is near unanimous agreement that the performance of alliances usually falls short of expectations. Studies have identified several generic reasons for poor performance: inadequate communication, lack of trust, insufficient complementarity of resources, inappropriate organizational structures and processes, and so on. While we broadly agree with these, knowledge of these self-evident reasons does not seem to have turned the tide of bad news in any way. We show in this paper that it is important to unpack a broad set of antecedent variables, including the ones identified above, and to track them over the crucial formative stages of an alliance. Based on our interviews with 24 senior and middle level managers and professionals of a focal company about 10 of its major alliances, we identify the following four formative stages of an alliance: (1) Recognition, (2) Research, (3) Relationship Set-up, and (4) Ramp up. We show that the primary predictors of success across these stages are not identical, nor their effect uniform. Further, proper completion of all the preceding stages is essential for the success of subsequent stages. We finally show that the compaction of the various successful stages, in particular of the Ramp-Up stage, is one of the best predictors of overall success of an alliance.
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    Strategic alliances, organisational learning and new product development: the cases of Rover and Seat (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The importance of the automotive industry in the global economy is widely recognised. The sector has undergone enormous changes in order to prepare for the fierce competition of the 21st century. Among these transformations, the most relevant are those technologies developed for the rapid evolution of activities linked to new designs, new products, and new manufacturing processes and systems. Innovative Japanese carmakers have stimulated international performance comparisons in these activities.International technology alliances may be one way of gaining access to new competitive technologies. Risks and costs associated with new product development can be shared among the partners and more effective use can be made of manufacturing facilities and production capabilities. Sometimes, an alliance agreement may lead to the deployment of new capabilities. However, in spite of this potential, the literature presents the success rate of alliances at less than 50%.Our study considers two examples of companies that developed international joint ventures (IJVs): Rover with Honda, and Seat with Volkswagen. Since these two European peripheral companies, Rover and Seat, no longer remain as independent firms, we are interested in identifying the reasons leading to the success or failure of these IJVs as regards the New Product Development (NPD) process. In particular, in both cases the paper looks at the problems of the weaker partner becoming increasingly dependent on the other partner and the need for a well-defined strategy to benefit from IJVs.
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    Book reviews (1999)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:A. Tylecote and J. van de Straaten (eds) Environment, Technology and Economic Growth: The Challenge To Sustainable DevelopmentJ. Senker (ed.) and R. van Vliet Biotechnology and Competitive Advantage: Europe’s Firms and the US ChallengeR. Coombs, K. Green, A. Richards and V. Walsh (eds) Technological Change and Organization
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    Globalisation, strategic alliances, acquisitions and technology transfer. Lessons from ICL/Fujitsu and Rover/Honda and BMW (1999)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: As globalisation proceeds major national companies may find themselves involved in domestic mergers and acquisitions, only to have turn later to international co-operation. International strategic alliances, though, often eventually move on to international acquisition, either involving the alliance partner (as in the case of ICL/Fujitsu) or some third party (as in the case of Rover/Honda/BMW). This article draws on research in Britain and Japan to investigate the strategic and technological implications of such co-operative trajectories.Two acid tests appear to determine whether such inter-company co-operations (whether mergers, acquisitions or strategic alliances) are likely ultimately to prove transitory, or whether they will progress towards some more stable inter-action:•Is the arrangement ‘adding value’ technologically?Is it contributing to some process of international integration?•Technological synergies and learning possibilities are often played down initially in domestic acquisitions, and even in international strategic alliances offering particular scope for technology transfer; but they are important in determining long term outcomes.
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    Call for Papers: The R&D Management Conference and Symposium 2000 (1999)
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    Commitment to Innovation: The Impact of Top Management Team Characteristics (1999)
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many organizational and environmental factors influence a firm’s commitment to innovation. Among the organizational factors, the perceptual lens of the top management team and the team’s dynamics are posited to have a significant direct impact on the firm’s commitment to innovation. This study revisits the classic arguments of Hayes and Abernathy and empirically examines several of their propositions.The results clearly indicate a positive relationship between the technical orientation of the TMT/CEO and above-average R&D intensity. This effect remains even after controlling for the impact of performance in prior periods and firm diversification. Overall, these results suggest that establishing a high level of commitment to innovation will be promoted or impeded in many organizations because of the predispositions of the CEO and top management team.
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    Research Collaborations by Multi-National Research Oriented Pharmaceutical Firms: 1988–1997 (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we survey collaborations on research by 22 of the top pharmaceutical companies in the world. In particular, we discuss the benefits and costs of collaborations on research and we review the existing literature on these issues. We present data for these major research-oriented pharmaceutical firms focusing on collaborations that deal with research, the technologies associated with these collaborations, and the firms that collaborate with these 22 multi-nationals.
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    Exploratory Results on the Importance of R&D Knowledge Domains in Businesses with Different Strategies (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A number of studies have described the consequences of the changing patterns in the business environment for R&D departments. Fewer studies have addressed the specific implications of the changing business environment for the agenda of R&D managers. Gupta and Wilemon (1996) have provided R&D managers with a priority list for action designed to be applicable to R&D departments independent of business strategy. However, a substantial body of literature suggests that the priority listing may be different for R&D departments in businesses with different strategies. Against this background this study sets out to determine whether the priority listing is different for Miles and Snow’s (1978) strategic archetypes of prospectors, analyzers, defenders and reactors. A total of 72 R&D managers of businesses competing in industrial markets in the Netherlands provided the data to test for the existence of these differences. The results indicate that the priority listings are indeed different for R&D departments in businesses with different strategies. This finding has important practical implications. The priority listings can be used by R&D managers to assess which R&D capabilities have to be developed in order to match R&D strategy with business strategy and meet the criteria for getting more commercial payback from R&D in a changing business environment.
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    The Purpose and Process of Science: Contrasting Understandings in UK Research Establishments (1999)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is based on an ESRC-funded study into scientists’ perceptions of management. Changes in the organisation, purpose and process of science were heralded with the publication of the White Paper (Cm2250 1993). However, to date there has been little empirical work into how research scientists understand such issues. Our research, based on qualitative interviews conducted with scientist/managers in seven government-funded research establishments, found that scientists’ notions of scientific purpose varied, not just according to the nature of their work, but also evolved as careers progressed and the contexts within which they worked changed (in particular as the need to generate income through commissioned work has increased). The data also reveal a diversity in scientists’ understanding of the relationship between discovery and applied science. Of central importance to R&D managers is the extent to which these scientists saw their aspirations as achievable within the changing context of public sector science. From the data we generate an Ideal Type model of approaches that may be taken to reconcile the imperatives of applied and fundamental research and develop an understanding of the key role of senior management in creating an effective interface with external stakeholders and the development of culture and vision within the laboratory that will enable effective synergy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00133
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    Creative Thinking Ability, Cognitive Type and R&D Performance (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of creative thinking ability and cognitive type to research and development (R&D) performance. One hundred and six researchers in an R&D institute of a petroleum company in Taiwan were given the Circle Test of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Their R&D performance was measured in terms of assigned technical reports, completed service projects, published papers, and a supervisor’s performance rating. Results showed that there was a low but positive correlation between creativity and the first-authored paper and the technical report. The cognitive type was on the other hand associated with the performance rating and the first-authored service project assignment. Implications for R&D management are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00134
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    Real options valuation: the new frontier in R&D project evaluation? (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The real options approach has recently received growing attention in R&D and Technology Management research. Recent empirical findings by Ellis (1997) and Busby and Pitts (1997) also report growing attention and use in practical investment decisions. However, there is a certain concern about the applicability to a wide range of R&D related problems. The theoretical base behind options valuation is derived from the capital markets and thus assumes market conditions that are closer to the theoretical construct of ‘perfect competition’ than most other settings. Even under these conditions, several assumptions made and difficulties left are subject to controversial discussions. Of course these problems even gain importance when the R&D environment with its discontinuities and lack of regulation or institutionalized trade is assumed. This paper describes some basic properties of the real options approach and sheds light on existing problems for the application in R&D project evaluation. On the other hand, roads to application of the method are shown using the Geske model of option evaluation. One main goal of the paper is to broaden and deepen the discussion on real option models in R&D and Technology Management, which has in some cases been limited to stressing the advantages of the method rather than reflecting on applicability and concrete way of application of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00135
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    Shareholder Value, Real Options, and Innovation in Technology-Intensive Companies (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We show how central concepts from technology and innovation management (TIM), sequential models of the New Product Development (NPD) process, and the valuation technique of ‘real options’ can be linked, to provide a valuation framework that can be used in the value-based management of technology-intensive companies.We introduce a binomial option tree which incorporates the flexibility and the risks inherent in the NPD process into its evaluation in a theoretically correct way and is at the same time simple and easy to use. In this way, our options-based approach ties the valuation of hitech and life sciences companies closer to the underlying growth opportunities and incorporates much of the ‘gut feel’ of experienced industry practitioners into the valuation. As a consequence, the approach leads to more defensible valuations and allows powerful insights for the value-based management of technology-intensive companies.In two numerical examples we demonstrate that the theoretically more sound option tree approach in practice can produce different valuations and lead to different decisions than a simple ‘discounted cash flow (DCF) tree’ approach and has therefore potential to improve managerial decision making. Finally, we describe a real life situation where our options-based approach was successfully applied in the valuation for the initial public offering of a biotech company.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00136
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    The Effects of Taxes and Organizational Variables on Research and Development Intensity (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Prior research has failed to reach consensus on which variables explain private-sector research and development (R&D) spending. This study extends prior research explaining R&D spending of firms in the US private sector by regressing R&D intensity on a number of tax and organizational variables. COMPUSTAT data from 113 firms in 1994 are used to estimate the effects of the variables on R&D intensity (used interchangeably with R&D activity). Ordinary least square estimates indicate that firms that were eligible for the R&D credit had higher R&D activity than firms that were ineligible. R&D intensity is a decreasing function of both capital intensity and the debt to capital ratio. Neither management stockholding nor diversification strategy meaningfully influenced R&D activity. The reported results have implications regarding US tax policy towards the tax subsidy for R&D. The results also help to clarify prior findings regarding a number of organizational variables on R&D intensity. One implication of these results for US tax policy is that private sector R&D intensity can be meaningfully influenced by the level of tax subsidy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00137
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    The R&D Mangement Conference 1998. Technology Strategy and Strategic Alliances (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00138
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    Report of the 1998 R&D Management Prize Committee (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00139
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    In This Issue (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00121
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    Book Review (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed:J. Peterson and M. Sharp, Technology Policy in the European Union
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00140
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    Balanced matrix structure and new product development process at Texas Instruments Materials and Controls Division (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00123
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    Managing requirements capture within a global telecommunications company (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many firms engage in research activities with the purpose of finding information about the future state of technology, competition and the market. In parallel, companies absorb knowledge through a variety of social and political processes that also influence decision-making. Such activities enhance understanding of a firm’s internal and external environment, so that it can develop and evaluate new product or service ideas more effectively. How firms manage this process is critical to define and prioritise new product development ideas – how organisations find the ‘right’ idea is critical to ensure future market success. This paper seeks to gain a better understanding of how the knowledge used to create new products and services is acquired, what organisational structures facilitate or impinge this process and how individuals and groups within organisations behave in the very early stages of new product development. An in-depth case study of a global telecommunications company is presented and the management processes for a number of different projects in various divisions of the company are compared and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00122
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    The process of change in relationships between public research and industry: two case studies from France (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper deals with the process through which relationships between public research laboratories and firms develop over time. Two case studies in France illustrate the lengthy and interactive process needed by laboratories and firms in learning to work together. Laboratories and firms need also to think about new R&D strategies and especially a new balance in their activities between research and development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00125
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    Bibliometric assessment of research performance in Flanders: policy background and implications (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We illustrate the use of bibliometric tools in the evaluation of scientific research conducted at Flemish universities and publicly funded research organisations, and in the assessment of scientific-technological performance in Flanders in the field of information technology. We sketch the policy background of a number of studies conducted during the past 6 years in Flanders. These studies have provided useful information to evaluators and policy makers in Flanders, and have generated indirect effects on policy decisions, as their outcomes were used in the policy debate to raise relevant questions, clarify concepts or distinctions, question assumptions or to substantiate impressions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00124
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    The roles of R&D team leaders in Korea: a contingent approach (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study empirically examines the relationship between the role of R&D project leaders and their team performance using data from 87 project teams in 6 R&D organizations in Korea. The results reveal that:(1) R&D project leaders played five different roles in performing their jobs – strategic planner, team builder, gatekeeper, technical expert, and champion;(2) All but the champion role of a leader is positively related with project team performance;(3) However, this relationship between the role of leader and project team performance varies according to the characteristics of R&D project teams and their tasks.Specifically, it becomes important for a leader to focus less on the team building role as the team gets older. The team building role of a leader, however, is more important for higher performance of relatively certain R&D projects, while for uncertain R&D projects, the strategic planning role appears to be more crucial. Based on these results, this study discusses several managerial and theoretical issues related to the role of a leader in R&D project teams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00126
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    Evaluating failure in the innovation process: the micropolitics of new product development (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For almost 40 years academics from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds have sought to improve our understanding of the innovation process. In this paper, we examine the contribution made by those such as Kotler who have attempted to describe a rational approach to New Product Development (NPD). We argue that such frameworks offer a view of organisational activity which substantially understates the political activity associated with managing the innovation process. Most of those writing from a marketing perspective acknowledge external political influences such as government policies and the leverage of ‘special interest groups’. We focus on the work of Burns and Stalker who clearly recognised the way in which internal political struggles to access resources or to improve career prospects impact on innovation. To analyse the role of micropolitics in the NPD process we describe the case of WEL, a medium-sized manufacturing firm, as managers and engineers attempted to develop an important new product. We conclude that it is essential to incorporate the role of internal politics into any framework which claims to offer a realistic account of NPD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00127
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    Book reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: C.B. Randall, The Folklore of ManagementS.L Brown and K.M. Eisenhardt, Competing on the Edge: Strategy as Structured ChaosN.S. Levy, Managing High Technology and InnovationL. Turner, D. Ray and A. Hayward, The British Research of Japanese CompaniesJ. Howells and J. Michie (eds), Technology, Innovation and CompetitivenessL. Huemer, Trust in Business Relations: Economic Logic or Social Interaction?
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    In this issue (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00111
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    Managing integration and coordination in cross-functional teams: an international study of Concurrent Engineering product development (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study is about the influence of integration and coordination of organisational mechanisms on the effectiveness of the process of product development by cross-functional teams. The sample consists of 50 cross-national Concurrent Engineering (CE) project teams, from companies in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, UK, and USA, in the technology intensive industries of aerospace, automobile, chemical, computer, electronics, shipbuilding, and telecommunications. The study offers a diagnostic tool which measures the effectiveness of the Concurrent Engineering team’s process in terms of the behaviours and attitudes of the engineering/R&D and manufacturing representatives on the product development team: (a) two-way communication, (b) overlapping problems-solving, (c) readiness to use uncertain and ambiguous information released by team counterparts for decision-making, and (d) readiness to release uncertain and ambiguous information to team counterparts. The findings of the study are that integration mechanisms, such as team-based rewards and job rotation, and coordination mechanisms, such as project structure and information technology, and project leader’s management style, support an effective team process, and overcome the negative effect of geographic distance and time-difference in cross-national teams. In addition, there are interesting implications for organisational learning in the practice of Concurrent Engineering for product development, and of the implications of these findings for practice and future research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00128
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    Managing ‘green’ product innovation in small firms (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The growing social and regulatory concern for the environment is leading an increasing number of companies to considering ‘green’ issues as a major source of strategic change. In particular, this trend has major and complex implications on the technological strategy of a company and on its product innovations. Indeed, most authors acknowledge that eco-efficiency will be one of the major challenges for R&D practice and theory in the next decade. Unfortunately, studies usually focus on large corporations. There is a debate as to whether this factor will affect R&D practices and product innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A superficial glimpse at the problem could lead one to think that SMEs will not be major green innovators, especially as far as product technologies are concerned, and that they will simply try to comply with environmental regulations (mainly on production processes).This paper shows that ‘green’ product innovation may occur and may also have strategic implications in SMEs. Starting from the analysis of four selected case studies and using a Precursors Events methodology, this paper illustrates why ‘green’ product innovation cannot be considered a marginal issue for most SMEs, even for those that are not directly affected by environmental regulations. Hence, the paper suggests a contingent framework to support SMEs in the analysis of the drivers of ‘green’ product innovation and in the choice of a proper R&D strategy that explicitly accounts for the eco-efficiency of product technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00112
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    The Chinese steel industry in transition: industry perspective on innovation policy (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is little empirical research on how the Chinese Government should function in innovation management, particularly during its critical period of economic transition. This study explores and investigates the Chinese Government’s innovation management structure, procedures and functions by interviewing government R&D management officials and industrial innovation managers and users. Questionnaires were distributed to industrial innovation practitioners and users of new steel products to solicit their perspectives on innovation policy issues. Findings indicate that current government innovation management procedures have received a tepid welcome from the industries. While there was general agreement that the government should maintain some involvement in industrial innovation, opinions regarding just how the government should intervene differed significantly between producers and users. Producers generally favoured more indirect government involvement. Policy implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00113
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    The threat of organizational downsizing on the innovative propensity of R&D professionals (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Downsizings, re-engineering, and restructuring continue to be strategic initiatives employed by the management of US companies. Although the lay-offs that result from these activities have yielded some short-term benefits for companies, over the long term, the ability of the firm to innovate new products and processes may be compromised.In this article four antecedent variables of individual innovation are identified: a willingness to take risks, a willingness to make suggestions, the degree to which one is motivated by the job, and the degree to which one is motivated by fear. A model is developed and hypotheses proposed to test the effect of the threat of downsizings on these four factors. The results of our study revealed that these threats have a significant effect on all four factors in a direction which is detrimental to the propensity of R&D professionals to be innovative.The article concludes with suggestions for R&D managers in a downsizing environment to foster the innovation process at the individual level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00114
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    R&D performance measurement: more than choosing a set of metrics (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    R & D management 29 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article the results are presented of an empirical study focusing on the effectiveness of R&D performance measurement practices in the Netherlands. First, a theoretical examination of the subject ‘R&D performance measurement’ is given within the context of performance control. A distinction is made between feedback and feed forward control and between the R&D function and the R&D organisation. Subsequently, a description is given of the current practices of R&D performance measurement in terms of measurement purposes, metrics, measurement techniques, norms setting, etc. Furthermore, the influence of contingencies on measurement system design is explored. The data for this research were gathered by means of a survey and nine in-depth interviews. Generally, managers evaluate their measurement systems as being quite valuable, having a positive impact on performance. The findings described in this paper can be used as references for managers to benchmark their R&D measurement procedures: in this respect we distinguish highly and hardly effective measurement procedures. The most important characteristic that seems to distinguish the most effective systems from the less effective ones is customer focus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00115
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