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  • Solitary waves  (2)
  • Ca2+ release  (1)
  • Annual Reviews  (2)
  • Basel, Beijing, Wuhan, Barcelona : MDPI  (1)
  • 1
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan, Barcelona : MDPI
    Keywords: Earthquake-tsunamis ; Impulse waves ; Landslide-generated impulse waves ; Landslide-tsunamis ; Long wave run-up ; Seismic tsunamis ; Solitary waves ; Tsunami early warning system ; Tsunami forecasting ; Tsunami hazard assessment ; Tsunami hazard mitigation ; Tsunami-induced overland flow ; Tsunami loading on structures
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent earthquake-tsunamis including the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, with over 230,000 casualties, and the 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami in Japan, with over 18,500 people missing or dead, serve as tragic reminders that such waves pose a major natural hazard to human beings. Landslide-tsunamis, including the 1958 Lituya Bay case, may exceed 150 m in height and if similar waves are generated in lakes or reservoirs (so-called impulse waves), then they may overtop dams and cause significant devastation downstream, such as in the 1963 Vaiont case with around 2,000 casualties. The after-effects due to such catastrophes are not limited to the region immediately impacted by the wave; for example, the 1963 Vaiont case affected hydropower plant planning and management globally and the 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami initiated changes to nuclear power plant policies worldwide. Active prevention of the wave generation is extremely unlikely and limited to rare cases where creeping slides could be stabilized. Scientists and engineers thus work mainly on passive methods to face this hazard. In many cases, the propagation time between generation and shoreline is sufficiently long, allowing early warning systems for evacuation to be an effective passive method. For impulse waves in smaller water bodies, however, the propagation time is too short for an adequate evacuation so further passive methods are critical. Such methods include sea walls, reinforced infrastructure and the provision of adequate freeboards of dam reservoirs. These methods require detailed knowledge of (i) the wave features as a function of the generation mechanism, (ii) the shoreline run-up and (iii) the interaction with structures. Despite a significant increase in research activities after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, there certainly can be — and needs to be — more research with the aim to reduce the destruction caused by tsunamis to us and our environment. This special issue “Tsunami Science and Engineering” is launched to reflect our current understanding of tsunamis and tsunami mitigation, irrespective of the mechanism by which they are generated: earthquakes, landslides, underwater slumps, asteroids etc.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 316 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
    ISBN: 9783038422181
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Annual Reviews
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006): 395-425, doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092129.
    Description: Over the past four decades, the combination of in situ and remote sensing observations has demonstrated that long nonlinear internal solitary-like waves are ubiquitous features of coastal oceans. The following provides an overview of the properties of steady internal solitary waves and the transient processes of wave generation and evolution, primarily from the point of view of weakly nonlinear theory, of which the Korteweg-de Vries equation is the most frequently used example. However, the oceanographically important processes of wave instability and breaking, generally inaccessible with these models, are also discussed. Furthermore, observations often show strongly nonlinear waves whose properties can only be explained with fully nonlinear models.
    Description: KRH acknowledges support from NSF and ONR and an Independent Study Award from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. WKM acknowledges support from NSF and ONR, which has made his work in this area possible, in close collaboration with former graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and MIT.
    Keywords: Solitary waves ; Nonlinear waves ; Stratified flow ; Physical Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 1034976 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: First published online as a Review in Advance on October 24, 2005. (Some corrections may occur before final publication online and in print)
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006): 22.1-22.29, doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105418.
    Description: Superfast muscles of vertebrates power sound production. The fastest, the swimbladder muscle of toadfish, generates mechanical power at frequencies in excess of 200 Hz. To operate at these frequencies, the speed of relaxation has had to increase approximately 50-fold. This increase is accomplished by modifications of three kinetic traits: (a) a fast calcium transient due to extremely high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ pumps and parvalbumin, (b) fast off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin C due to an alteration in troponin, and (c) fast cross-bridge detachment rate constant (g, 50 times faster than that in rabbit fast-twitch muscle) due to an alteration in myosin. Although these three modifications permit swimbladder muscle to generate mechanical work at high frequencies (where locomotor muscles cannot), it comes with a cost: The high g causes a large reduction in attached force-generating cross-bridges, making the swimbladder incapable of powering low-frequency locomotory movements. Hence the locomotory and sound-producing muscles have mutually exclusive designs.
    Description: This work was made possible by support from NIH grants AR38404 and AR46125 as well as the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation.
    Keywords: Parvalbumin ; Ca2+ release ; Ca2+ uptake ; Cross-bridges ; Adaptation ; Sound production ; Whitman Center
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 567086 bytes
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